The first Russian round-the-world cruise travelers. The first Russian circulation floors

The journey around the world of scientists of the Russian Empire, Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern, had the greatest importance for the country and its trade routes. It ran through the waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans and made it possible to explore the paths of communication between the countries of the world.

Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich was born on November 8, 1770 in the family of German judge Johann F. Kruzenshtern. At the age of 12, Kruzenshtern went to school at the church, where he studied for 2 years, then he came to serve in the sea case of cadets. There he was up to 88, until the war began with Sweden.

After the start of Military Action, Ivan Fedorovich was distributed to the vessel "Mstislav", where a number of battles passed. After that, in 1790 awarded the title of lieutenant for participating in victorious battles and excellent service. In 93, he, together with Yuri Lisyansky, sent to England.

After a 6-year service in the UK, thanks to the experience gained there, he suggested the emperor to make a swim around the world, for which she received approval.

After the expedition I.F. Cruzenshtern took up educational and state work. He became the director of the Cadet Cadet, in which he studied himself. After the resignation, he received the title of General and became a noble member of the university in Moscow and the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Also awarded the receipt of many other titles. Kruzenshtern died in 1846.

Lisyan Yury Fedorovich is the famous naval and traveler, captain of the 1st rank and a scientist. He was born on August 2, 1773 in Nizhin in the family of the minister of the Church of Fyodor Lisyansky.

In the period of study in nautical cadet corps He began to be friends with Kruzenshtern I.F. After studying at the age of 13, it is distributed to the vessel "Podiatorslav". Where he took part in many battles, and got the rank of lieutenant for numerous differences in front of the homeland. In 73, he was sent to the UK service. There he received a contusion in 4 years and returned to Russia in 97.

On March 27 of the same year, he was raised to Captain-Lieutenant and appointed captain of the ship "Avtroil". Then he participated in the journey around the world, and from 1807 to 1808 was the commander of the frigates "conception of St. Anne" and "Emgeituten". Passed a large number of Battles and in 1809 resigned.

Kruzenshtern and Lisynsky trip around the world finished, but the latter began to describe it only after leaving military serviceAnd personal notes in the form of the magazine were published in 1812, and in 1814 they were published in the capital of Great Britain. Used Yu.F. Lisya February 22, 1837

Training on the World Travel

In 1799, the ruler of Pavlu I was presented a plan for swimming around the world Kruzenshtern I.F. His goal was to organize the commerce of the fur between Russian Empire And China. Approval was not received.

After killing the ruler in 1801, the idea of \u200b\u200bsuch a journey was supported by the Russian-North American company created in 1799 to master the territory of Kuril and Alaska. And in 1802 permission was issued, the boss was Kruzenshtern.

During the navigation, it was planned to establish a message between the Alaska and the European part of Russia. Also to bring the baggage to Alaska, and then the Foon - to China for the purpose of selling. Half travel expenses paid a company.

Ships decided to purchase. In the UK bought 2 reliable flagships: "Hope" and "Neva". Capital of the first became Kruzenshtern, and the second sailed under the leadership of Lisyansky.

Preparation for the expedition was carried out carefully. Within its framework, many drugs acquired mainly funds against Qingi. The basis of the team was Russian military sailors. The vessel was equipped with modern scientific devices. In swimming, the ships went under the Russian flag of the Navy - Andreevskoye.

History and route map

Kruzenshtern and Lissean around-the-world journey could not commit, because the idea to beat the globe appeared in the middle of the 18th century. At Admiral Military Fleet Grub N.F. The expedition was even planned in 1787 under the command of Molovsky G.I.

However, this did not take place due to the death of the captain in the war with Sweden in the Eland battle on the vehicle "Mstislav." Where and served by Michman, young Kruzenshtern.

A couple of days before sending to swimming, the expedition route was changed. Received an order to deliver to the Embassy of Japan Rezanov N.P. With gifts and accompanying. They are located on the ship "Hope". Subsequently, it turns out that he was given the authority of the chief of swimming. This appointment has become a surprise for its participants.

Europe and the Atlantic Ocean

The path began in 1803 from the bay of Kronstadt. After the stop in Copenhagen, both vessels went to the shores of England. Further the road was south, to the canas.

Here the expedition came in October, and after a couple of weeks the vessel, for the first time in the history of the existence of the Fleet of Russia, the equator was overcame.

Pacific Ocean

During the trip to the "Nadezhda" there was a difficult situation due to the disagreements of Rezanov and Kruzenshtern. The first did not suit the style of the manual. At the beginning of winter, the ships reached the shores of Brazil, having encouraged Cape Horn and being in the Pacific, the expedition had fallen into the storm and the vessel was separated.

The commanders for such a case had an agreement on the meeting places, the first on. Easter, second - oh. Nuku-Khiva (on the Archipelago Marquis Islands). Kruzenshtern ship took from the first meta to the west, and he sent him immediately to the second point of the meeting. "Neva" came to about. Easter, where I stood for several days, and then went to Nuku-Khiva. Here the vessel met.

At this time, at the "Nadezhda" conflict intensified, and the chamber insisted a route at shift, then the entire officer was refused to obey him and fully followed the orders of Kruzenshtern. Fix the situation could not be corrected even when the rezanov presented an order of the emperor.

From the Marquis Islands, ships floated to the north-west and by the end of May were in Hawaii., Where the division of routes happened: Lisynsky headed north to Fr. Kodiak, and Ivan Fedorovich - north-west to the shores of Kamchatka.

To fulfill the order and delivering the ambassador to Japan. In Petropavlovsk, Rezanov tried to punish Kruzhenstern with the help of Koshelev P.I., but the latter managed to eliminate the conflict and reconcile his participants.

In November, "Nadezhda" has already arrived at the shores of Nagasaki, stood there for many months, the team returned to Petropavlovsk the path lying through the Korean Strait in the Japanese Sea and the Laperus Strait - in Okhotsk. On September 23, the ship sailed from the shores and followed in the South China Sea, and on November 8 off the coast of Macau.

"Neva" in July 1804 came to about. Kodyak and spent there for more than a year, heading on Macau. On the way, the ship passed by Hawaii, where they were stranded near the unknown Island, which later received the name of Lisyansky.

Sowing from the mel, the ship in November went around the south side of Formozo and entered the South China Sea. Here they were already waiting for Kruzenshtern with the team. More detailed route can be viewed in Fig. one.

Fig.1. Route round-the-world travel Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky.

Graf Fedor Tolstoy

Kruzenshtern and Lisyan around the world held in the company of Graf Fyodor Tolstoyhaving sent together with the team of Ivan Fedorovich in swimming at the Hope. More unknown as he managed to be there.

According to relatives, Maria Kamenskaya, he entered the expedition under the guise of a cousin, his namesake, Fedor Petrovich Tolstoy, who refused to travel because of the sea disease. Perhaps the count made it to avoid punishment in the Preobrazhensky regiment.

In the path, Tolstoy was not burdened by official duties and led free life, sometimes, making unpredictable actions. Often he became the instigator quarrels as with ordinary crew members and captain. Also allowed evil jokes towards those who did not like.

For example, he drank a priest who accompanied the ship under the command of Lisyansky, and glued his beard to the deck and seal it. To be released, it was necessary to cut the beard.

Or once, when there was no Cruisesttern, the count passed into his cabin along with Orangutan, who was on board, found a traveler's record there and taught a monkey, how to pour ink paper. After left a pet one, and he destroyed all the papers.

This behavior was caused by a repeated conclusion of Tolstoy. Ultimately, Kruzenshtern landed him during the parking lot on Kamchatka. Further path is known only from the words of the graph. He got to Sitka and stayed there for several months. He then visited the Far East, the Volga region, in Siberia and in the Urals. His road ended in St. Petersburg in August 1805

Kamchatka

On July 14, 1804, Nadezhda entered the Avachin Bay. Then no more than 200 shower of the population lived in Petropavlovsk. The general of Koshelev, Governor Nizhnekamchatsk, arrived here, who at that time was the capital of the peninsula. He assisted the team member in the restoration of damage to the vessel and helped prepare for visiting Japan.

The artist and doctor also came across ashore. And Tolstoy was forcibly landed due to scandalous behavior. After 47 days, August 30, the ship continued his journey and sailed in the direction of Japan.

Here "Nadezhda" returned after the Japanese "captivity". Although Kruzenshtern got a strict ban on this, he headed along the shore in the West and even struggle to the map. Here, his hard tempered by fighting character. He felt confident in the sea. Severted several times to the shore, here it was possible to establish contact with residents of the local island Hokkaido - Ainanami.

In the spring of 1805, the ship arrived in the Sakhalin Bay Aniva, where the command of the administration of Japan was. The study of these places was prevented by Rezanov, who insisted at the speedy sail to Kamchatka, where he could report on the results of the ancillary visit.

On June 5 of this year, the team returned to Petropavlovsk, where the ambassador went to the shore and sent the report to Emperor, and he himself headed for Alaska on a vessel with a merchant. Exactly a month later, Kruzenshtern renewed the way and headed for Sakhalin. He could not get around him completely. At the end of August, the ship again stuck to the Avachinsk bay, where preparations for the road in Macau took place.

Japan

Japan is enough isolated country where foreigners and any ships in their ports were perceived as hostile ones. This made it possible to preserve the Japanese identity of their culture, protect the country from colonization and trade expansion.

Trade was carried out only with merchants of the East India company in the port of Nagasaki. For this reason, there were no accurate cards, and Kruzenshtern was at random, removing the path of Japan.

On October 8, 1804, the ship arrived to the shores of Nagasaki. On board there were several Japanese, who were there due to the crash of their ships. They acted as translators. Immediately, the representative of Japan arrived on the ship to obtain information, who and why sailed. After this meeting, the cruise store was allowed to enter the harbor with the help of Japanese Lotsmana.

There was almost half a year to sleep here. The emperor of Japan did not accept gifts and Rezanov and did not agree to join the negotiations. All this time, the Japanese supplied Russian food. They also equip them on the road with everything necessary, but banned return trip Through the western shores of Japan. On April 5, 1805, Nadezhda went back after the diplomatic mission.

Travel "Neva"

Cruisenstern and Lisyanian almost at the very beginning of its round-the-world journey went to the sea due to the storm. "Neva", under the command of Yuri Fedorovich, on July 10, 1804, it was moored to the shores of the first permanent destination of Russians on the territory of America, the island of Kadiak.

The ship went into the harbor on the south side, called the Holy Paul. This place was the management center. Here the team learned that the Archangel Fortress, located in the Sitka Bay, was attacked by local Indians. The fortress was completely burned, and the population is interrupted.

Here Lissean received a message from the Russian ruler A.A. Baranova, who arrived to beat the fortress, asking for help. A month, August 15, after repairing damage and unloading, the ship went to the shores of the Sitka.

On the road left 5 days, and on August 20, the "Neva" was already in place. The joint efforts of Baranov and Lisyan have developed a plan of operation, where the sailors and armament of the ships played a major role in restoring relations with the Indians. Later, near the fortress, the settlement was laid - Novoarhangelsk. And on November 10, the ship went back to Kodiak.

Also, 5 days later, "Neva" entered the harbor of St. Paul, where it remained to winter. In six months, the ship, scoring the trims of food, water and furs, rushed towards the sink to load the fur that brought the rams.

In the 20th of June 1805, when the ship arrived, the world has already reigned in the new settlement, and houses were rebuilt. After uploading the cooked Pushnin, Lysisansky seed to Macau on September 2.

China

On November 20, 1805, Kruzenshtern has already come to Macau, where he was waiting for the "Neva" until December 3. This is a colony of Portuguese on the shores of China. Here they had to stay for more than 2 months. The situation was not the most friendly, had to adapt to the local foundations.

But the commanders showed their abilities and won in the fight against merchants and endured fur on the running European goods: tea, china, and so on.

Return

January 31, 18006 "Neva" and "Nadezhda" began the way home. He passed in the pride of the Strait, which he led to the Indian Ocean on February 21. In April, the ships again dispersed near the Cape of Good Hope, but the captains had an agreement in case of which to meet off the coast. Saint Helena.

"Hope" under the leadership of Kruzenshtern I.F. arrived at the island on May 3, 1806. Here the commander learned about the war with the French and decided, without waiting for Lisyansky, to swim to the north through the northern coast of England to avoid a meeting with the French fleet in La Manche.

At this time, Lisya Yu.F. I decided to get from the Chinese shores to the European without stopping in ports. There was no excess cargo on the ship, and the holds were filled with provisions. "Neva" passed by the shores about. Holy Elena and her team did not know about the military actions of France, so they boldly headed in the strait of La Mans, and then stuck off the coast of Great Britain.

Having stood there for 2 weeks, July 13, Lissean took a course to Russia, and on August 5th was already in place. Kruzenshtern arrived only on August 19.

Recognition and importance

Kruzenshtern and Lissean around-the-world journey performed to perform certain tasks, and it absolutely justified itself from an economic point of view. Thanks to the expedition, merchants received a large profit. And its participants received recognition, glory and forever write down their names.

All travel participants received awards from Emperor Alexander I:

• the entire officer composition was raised by 1 Chin;
• the command was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3 thousand rubles;
• lieutenants received 1 thousand rubles;
• cardhemarines at 800 rubles. indefinite content;
• the lower ranks were able to retire and 55-70 rubles. Pennsion;
• all participants were awarded a medal released specifically for them.

The expedition lasted 3 years, from 1803 to 1806, on 2 ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" under the command of Kruzenshtern I.F. and Lisyansky Yu.F. According to her results, their works describing the path were issued. The journey has been greater importance as for russian historyand her science.

Interesting facts about Kruzenshtern, Lisyansky and their joint journey

Kruzenshtern and Lissean were the greatest and interesting personalities, and from life interesting and filled interesting facts and cases:

The journey around Lisyansky's light and Kruzenchtern became a sign in the history of Russia and the world as a whole.

It followed the names of scientists and travelers in world historyAnd the country has brought economic benefits and new knowledge.

Article clearance: Svetlana Ovsynikov

Video on the topic: Kruzenshtern and Lissean. Trip around the world

In the footsteps of great travelers: Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lysyansky:

215 years ago, the first in the history of the Russian Fleet around the world began. The expedition on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", which were commanded by Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyan, lasted three years. Around the world, according to experts, became a marker of the maturity of the Russian fleet and opened a new era in his history. The expedition made it possible to make a number of geographical discoveries and gave a trip to life with such people as the pilot placer of Antarctica Faddey Bellinshausen and the Pacific Researcher Otto Koceb. On the glorious page in the history of the Russian fleet - in the material RT.

Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lissean became friends in the walls of the Maritime Cadet Corps, which was at the time in Kronstadt. Ivan was an outcomes from the russian German nobleman, the descendant of the German diplomat Philip Kruzenshtern. He was born in 1770 in the family of the judge, youth spent in Estonia. Yuri was for three years younger than his friend. To study in Kronstadt came from Malorossia - was the son of the Archpriest of the Church of John the Theologian in the city of Nezhin. Young people easily found a common language and together dreamed of distant wanders.

"The first Russian round-the-world expedition under the leadership of Grigori Mulovsky was to take place in 1788. But the war was prevented by the war with Sweden, "said Professor SPbSU RT, Dr. historical sciences Kirill Nazarenko.

Kruzenshtern and Lissean dreamed of participating in the journey under the leadership of Mulovsky, but fate ordered differently. Because of the war, young people were eagerly released from the sea corps and sent to the acting fleet. 17-year-old Michman Kruzenshtern was still under the command of Molovsky, but not in an expedition, but on the vehicle "Mstislav", who participated in the War with the Swedes. Ivan distinguished himself in battles and was marked by the commander. However, Mulovsky died in the battle of Eland Island, and the first world journey of Russian sailors was transferred to an indefinite period.

After participating in the battles of 1790, Kruzenshtern was produced in Lieutenants. In 1793, he was sent to study at the Royal Navy Britain. Ivan took part in hostilities against French ships off the coast of North America, and then through South Africa reached India and China. To take foreigners on the ships going to Asia, the British did not want, and Kruzenshtern had to go to India on the frigate, barely kept on the water, which was afraid to hire English sailors.

"From the standpoint of the XXI century, we, of course, see the geographical mission, but in those days everything was not so definitely. It is impossible to say with confidence that then it was more important - to inflict Russian names on a map or organize trade in cotton skins with China, "the expert emphasized.

Before the start of the navigation, Alexander I personally examined the ships and remained with them satisfied. The content of one of them assumed the imperial treasury, and the other is a Russian-American company. Both slut officially walked under the military flag.

Experts emphasize that the personality of the expedition leader was the result of a weighted decision of the Russian authorities. "Despite the initial Cruise Initiative, St. Petersburg hypothetically had hundreds of other candidates. The head of the expedition was to be simultaneously both a good maritime officer, and an excellent organizer, and a businessman, and a diplomat. As a result, they decided that all the same Crowenchtern had the optimal ratio of all these qualities, "said RT, Chairman of the Moscow Club of Fleet History Konstantin Strelbitsky.

Officers in their teams Kruzenshtern and Lisyan choked for themselves. Among them, the future discoverer of Antarctica Faddey Bellinshausen and researcher of the Pacific Ocean Otto Kotzebu. The sailors were gained solely from the number of volunteers, offering them a very significant salary at the time - 120 rubles per year. Kruzenchtern offered to bring to the team of British sailors, but he rejected this idea.

The candidates of the Participants of the Expedition were "lowered from above" - \u200b\u200bwe are talking, in particular, about the messenger of Rezanov with a retinue, several scientists and "good-apartments" young people from among the representatives of the St. Petersburg Social Society. And if with scientists, Cruzenshtern easily found a common language, then serious problems arose with the rest.

First, among the representatives of the "secular society" turned out to be an adventurer and duelist Guard Lieutenant Count Fedor Tolstoy, who decided to hide the time from Russia to avoid punishment for the next misconduct. On the ship Tolstoy behaved defiantly. Once he showed his hand-made monkey, how to smear in ink paper, and launched it into a cabin to the cruise sector, as a result of which part of the records of the expedition was completely lost. Another time he was drinking a ship's priest and glued his beard to the deck. In a close team, such behavior was fraught with big challenges, so in Kamchatka Kruzenshtern abacted to the shore.

Secondly, during the swimming of the secret instructions, it turned out that the Messenger of Rezans, hesitated the sailors with his big retinue, was also endowed with extremely broad powers. As a result, Kruzenshtern and Rezans were constantly quarreling and eventually stopped talking, exchanging instead of notes.

The team supported her boss. Rezanov was furiously furious by the military and promised to judge the crew, and Kruzenchtern personally - to execute. The head of the expedition responded to this coldly and stated that he would go on trial right on Kamchatka, even before his departure to Japan, which would automatically break the mission of the envoy. The ruler of the Kamchatka region Pavel Koshelev with great difficulty recruited them. At the same time, the rezans wrote in their memoirs that he apologized to the whole crew, and all other eyewitnesses argued that this rezanov had to apologize to Cruise.

Closed Japan

The expedition was published from Kronstadt on August 7, 1803. The ships went into a number of European ports and the island of Tenerife, and on November 26, the equator crossed. The Russian flag for the first time in history was raised in the southern hemisphere. December 18, ships came to the shores South America And they made a stop in Brazil. When they again took the course to the south, Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky agreed that if the boom could tell the ships in the area of \u200b\u200bCape Mountain, they would meet either at Easter Islands, or at Nukagiv Island. So came out. Having lost each other in the fog, "Hope" and "Neva" again united in one group only off the coast of Nukagiv, where Russian sailors were welcomed by Polynesians. After Nucgyiv, the expedition reached the Hawaiian Islands and divided: Kruzhenstern moved to Kamchatka, and Lisansky - on Alaska.

In Petropavlovsk, the head of the expedition, solving the problem with Tolstoy, finding out the relationship with rezanov and replenishing the stocks of the products, took the course to Japan. There they were met too friendly. The state adhered to a rigid isolationist policies and from Europeans - with a number of reservations - supported trade relations only with the Dutch.

On September 26, 1804, Nadezhda arrived in Nagasaki. Russian sailors were not allowed to go out into the city, providing for rest only the fenced site on the shore. Rezanov allocated a comfortable house, but did not leave it. After a long expectation, an imperial official came to the Russian messenger. Rezanov forced to fulfill the sufficiently humiliating demands of the Japanese etiquette - he spoke with the representative of the emperor standing and without shoes.

However, all these unpleasant procedures have not led to any results. Gifts of the Russian king, the Japanese emperor returned and refused economic relations. Under the curtain of the negotiations of Rezanov was able to only take the soul, heating the Japanese officials. And Kruzenshtern was delighted with the fact that he had the opportunity to explore the Western shores of the Japanese islands to which it was prohibited. It was no longer afraid to spoil non-existent diplomatic relations.

Rezans after a failed mission left as an inspector to Alaska, where he acquired the court of "Juno" and "Avos" and went to California to solve the supply of Russian America's supply issues. There, the 42-year-old diplomat became acquainted with the 15-year-old daughter of the local Spanish governor Concepcion Arguuelo and offered her hand and heart. The girl agreed, the engagement took place. Rezanov immediately went to Russia, so that through the emperor to get the resolution of Pope to marriage with a Catholic, but she was cold in Siberia, he fell away from the horse and broke his head. He died in Krasnoyarsk. Having learned about the fate of the groom, the beautiful Spanish retained him loyalty and finished her days in the monastery.

While Kruzenshtern visited Kamchatka and Japan, Lisya arrived at Alaska. At this time, there began provoked, according to one of the versions, American merchants of the war between the Russian-American company and its allies on the one hand and the Union of Indian tribes of the Tribetes - on the other. "Neva" in this situation turned out to be very terrible military power And contributed to the victory of the Russians, led to the truce. After booting on Alaska furs, Lysyansky took the course to China. There he was already expected by Kruzhenstern, who had time to visit Hokkaido and Sakhalin.

Friends managed to sell furs quite profitably and download the shops of the ships by Chinese goods. After that, "Hope" and "Neva" went home. IN Indian Ocean Ships again lost each other and returned to Kronstadt with a difference in a few days in August 1806.

Another high-quality level of the Russian fleet

During the expedition, Japan, Sakhalin and Alaska were examined, discovered in honor of Lisyansky Island as part of the Hawaiian archipelago and received the name of the Cruisestrian reef south of the Midway Atoll. In addition, Russian sailors denied myths about the existence of several islands in the northern part of the Pacific, invented by European navigators. All officers - the expedition participants received the next ranks, orders and major cash premiums. Lower ranks - medals, right to resign and pension.

Kruzenshtern was engaged in science and served in the Marine Cadet Corps, which eventually headed in 1827. In addition, he entered the leading tips of a number of government agencies And he was an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Lissean in 1809 resigned and took up literary activities.

According to Konstantin Strelbitsy, the moment for sending the first round-the-world expedition was very well chosen. "Just at this time, the fleet did not participate in active hostilities and was in allied or neutral relations with most of the main fleets of the world. Expedition participants perfectly coped with the task of mastering new sea trapes. The Russian fleet moved to another quality level. It became clear that Russian sailors are able to withstand many years of swimming and successfully act as part of the group, "he noted.

An important milestone in the history of the Russian fleet, Kirill Nazarenko also believes Kirill Nazarenko. "Around the world swimming in itself has become an important marker of changes in the qualitative condition, the maturity of the Russian fleet. But it also became the beginning of a new era russian discoveries. Before that, our research was associated with the North, Siberia, Alaska, and in 1803, Russian geographic science was published in the world ocean, "the expert emphasized.

According to him, the choice of Kruzenshtern as the head of the expedition was successful. "His name stands today in one row with such outstanding seafarers as Cook and Lapewo. And it should be emphasized that Kruzenshtern was significantly educated by the same Cook, "Nazarenko said.

According to Konstantin Strelbitsy, the first round-the-world expedition brought the Russian fleet the invaluable experience, which was necessary to transfer to new generations of sailors. "Therefore, the name of the Kruzenchtern has become a real brand for the marine corps," the outcome of Strelbitsy.

The first half of the swimming (from Kronstadt to Petropavlovsk) was marked by the eccentric behavior of a Tolstoy-American (which was to land in Kamchatka) and Kruzenshtern conflicts with N. P. Rezanov, who was sent by Emperor Alexander I as the first Russian envoy to Japan to establish trade between trade Countries and was officially approved as the Head of the Expedition.

With difficulty, avoiding the troubles here, Cruzenshtern on May 20 passed the strait between the islands of Onnekotan and Haramukotan, and on May 24, again arrived at the Petropavlovsk port. On June 23, he went to Sakhalin to end the description of his shores, 29 was the Kuril Islands, a strait between Raucok and Mataua, who is named by hope. July 3 arrived at the cape of patience. Exploring the shores of Sakhalin, he bypassed the northern tip of the island, descended between him and the mainland shore to the latitude of 53 ° 30 "and in this place found on August 1, found freshwaterwhich concluded that the mouth of the Amur River is not far away, but due to the rapidly decreasing depth, it was not decided to go ahead.

The next day, anchored in the bay, called the bay of hope; August 4th went back to Kamchatka, where the ship's correction and replenishment detained him until September 23. When leaving the Avachin's lip because of the fog and snow, the ship almost got stranded. On the way to China, he was in vain sought the islands shown in the old Spanish maps, set aside several storms and came to Macau on November 15. November 21, when "Nadezhda" was already quite ready to go to the sea, the ship "Neva" came with a rich cargo of fur products and stopped in Voopa, where the ship "Nadezhda" passed. In early January 1806, the expedition graduated from their trading cases, but was detained by the Chinese port authority without any particular reason, and only on January 28, the Russian ships left the Chinese shores.

In 2006, the 200th anniversary of the end of the first Russian round-the-world swimming was noted. To this date, the Russian geographical society planned to reissue the descriptions of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky travel, "South Sea Atlas" Kruzhenstern, first publish in Russian Language Langoria Langesdorf, an unknown version of the Note of the merchant Fedor Shemelina, an unpublished diary - Lieutenant Yermolaya Levishtern, incanya, or forgotten diaries And letters of Nikolai Rezanov, Makara Ratmanova, Fedor Romberg and other participants in the swimming. It was also scheduled to publish a collection scientific articles The main aspects of the preparation, holding and results of the navigation.

Several artistic and non-counseled books are devoted to the swimming in Cruisesttern and Lisyansky. In particular, Nikolai Chukovsky in the third part of the popular book about the great navigators "Frigate drivers" (1941) tells about the expedition. The Roman V. P. Karapivina "Islands and Captains" (1984-87) is also dedicated to the first Russian army.

According to the story of E. Fedorovsky "Fresh Wind Ocean", the feature film "Wanderer" was removed, one of the plot lines of which is an expedition.

Notes

Sources

• I. F. Kruzenshtern. "Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships" Nadezhda "and" Neva ""
• Yu. F. Lisya. "Travel around the world on the ship" Neva "in 1803-1806"

Literature

• Lupach. V. S, I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisya, State Publishing House of Geographical Literature, Moscow, 1953, 46 Art.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuriy Fedorovich Lisynsky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788-1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes; Commanded in 1793 by volunteers in England for service in English fleet, fought with the French off the coast of North America. Both had the experience of swimming in tropical waters; In English courts, several years later they went to Antille about you and in India, and Kruzenshtern reached South China.

Returning to Russia, I. Kruzenshtern in 1799 and 1802. Represented projects around the world's swimming pools as the most advantageous direct trading message between the Russians of the Baltic Sea and Russian America. In Pavel I, the project did not pass, with young Alexander I accepted him with the support of a Russian-American company that took possession of half of the costs. In early August 1802, I. Kruzenshtern was approved by the head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

Y. Lisya in 1800 returned from India through England to his homeland. In 1802, after his appointment in a circulation expedition, he traveled to England to buy two boats: Tsarist officials believed that Russian ships would not stand around the world's voyage. Kruzenshtern has achieved with great difficulty so that the team on both ships is equipped with exclusively domestic sailors: Russian noble engnas argued that "the enterprise will not succeed with Russian sailors." Slot "Hope" (430 tons) commanded I. Kruzenshtern, the ship "Neva" (370 T) - Y. Lisya. On board "Hope" was Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, the son-in-law G. I. Shelikhov, one of the directors of the Russian-American company. He went to Japan with a retinue as a messenger to conclude a trade agreement. At the end of July 1803, the ships came out of Kronstadt, and after three months, the south of the Great Cape OGs (near 14 ° C. sh.) I. Cruzenshtern found that both slut demolishes a strong current - the interpassate counterchange of the Atlantic was found. Ocean. In mid-November, for the first time in the history of the Russian Fleet, the court crossed the equator, and on February 19, 1804, Cape Horn was rented. In the Pacific Ocean, they separated. Y. Lisyansky by agreement headed for about. Easter, focused on the coast and got acquainted with the life of residents. Nukuhiva (one of the Marquis O-Greats) he caught up with the "hope", and together they switched to Hawaiian about you, and then the ships followed different ways: I. Kruzenshtern - in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky; Y. Lysyansky - to Russian America, to about. Kodiak.

Having received a letter from A. A. Baranov, testifying to his difficult situation, Y. Lissean arrived at the Alexander's archipelago and provided military assistance to A. Barana against Indians-Tvlkitov: these "Koloshi" (so they called Russians), incited by disguised agents of Pirate American, destroyed Russian fortifications on about. Sitka (oh. Baranova). In 1802, the Baranov built a new fortress there - Novoarhahangelsk (now the city of Sitka), where the center of Russian America soon moved. At the end of 1804 and in the spring of 1805, Y. Lysisani, together with the Nevi's nastrod, Daniel Vasilyevich Kalinin described in Alaska's bay about. Kodiak, as well as part of the Alexander archipelago. At the same time, west of. Sitka D. Kalinin discovered about. Cruzov, who was previously considered by the peninsula. Large island north of about. Sitka Y. Lysyansky called the name V. N. Chichagov. In the autumn of 1805, the "Neva" with the cargo of the fur switched from the Sitka in Macau (South China), where it was connected with "hope". On the way were open uninhabited about. Lisyansky and Reef Neva, ranked at the Hawaiian archipelago, and to the south-west of them - the reef of Kruzhenstern. From the canton, where it was possible to sell fur, Y. Lisyansky for 140 days made an unparalleled non-stop transition around Cape Good Hope In Portsmouth (England), but at the same time served with "hope" in foggy weather in the southeast bank of Africa. August 5, 1806. He arrived in Kronstadt, completing circumnavigation, the first in the chronicles of the Russian Fleet.

Petersburg authorities to Y. Lysyansky reacted cold. He was assigned the next rank (half of the 2nd rank), but on this, his naval career ended. Description of your swimming "Travel around the world in 1803-1806. On the ship "Neva" (SPb., 1812), he published at his own expense.

"Nadezhda" was anchored by Petropavlovsk in mid-July 1804. Then I. Kruzenstend delivered Nagasaka N. Rezanov, and after negotiations ended with complete failure, in the spring of 1805, returned with the Messenger to Petropavlovsk, where he broke up with him. On the way to Kamchatka I. Kruzenshtern proceeded the eastern passage to the Japanese Sea and filmed the West Bank about. Hokkaido. Then he passed the strait of the lapere into the Bay of Aniva and fulfilled there a number of definitions of the geographical position of the notable points. Interesting to order still poorly studied the eastern coast of Sakhalin, he came down on May 16 Cape Aniva, moved to the north along the coast. I. Cruzenshtern discovered a small Bay of Mordvinov, described the rocky oriental and northern low-lying shores of the Bay of patience.

Achieve the cape of patience and continue the shooting to the north prevented powerful ice floes (end of May). Then I. Kruzenshtern decided to postpone the descriptions of the work and go to Kamchatka. He headed east to the Kuril Ridge and the Strait, now wearing his name, reached the Pacific Ocean. Suddenly, four islets opened in the West (O speech). The approach of the storm forced the "hope" to return to the Okhotsk Sea. When the storm subsided, the vessel of the Nizhrani Strait proceeded in the Pacific Ocean and on June 5th arrived at the Petropavlovsk Harbor.

To continue the research of the Eastern Coast of Sakhalin I. Kruzenshtern in July, the sheds of hopes in the Okhotsk Sea to Sakhalin Cape patience. Withstanding the storm, on July 19, he began shooting to the north. The coast is up to 51 ° 30 "s. Sh. Did not have large bends - only minor notches (the mouth of small rivers); in the depths of the island there were several rows of low mountains (the southern end of the Eastern Range), stretching parallel to the shore and north noticeably towering. After four days The storms accompanied by a dense fog (the end of July), "Nadezhda" was able to approach the shore, which became lowland and sandy. In 52 ° C. sh. Sailors saw a small bay (two other south, they missed). The low-albeit coast continued Next to the north, while on August 8, 54 ° C. sh. I. Kruzenshtern did not find a high shore with a big cape, named after Lieutenant Yermolaya Levensktern. The next day, with cloudy and misty weather, "Nadezhda" warked out the northern end of Sakhalin and entered into A small bay (Northern), the entrance and the weekend of it received the names of Elizabeth and Mary.

After a short parking lot, during which there was a meeting with Gilyaki, I. Kruzenshtern surveyed the East Coast of the Sakhalin Bay: he wanted to check whether Sakhaln island, as it was in Russian maps of the XVIII century, or peninsula, as claimed by J. F. Lapetruz. The northern entrance to the Amur Liman depths turned out to be insignificant, and I. Kruzenshtern, having come to the "not solventing the conclusion" that Sakhalin - Peninsula returned to Petropavlovsk. As a result, it first inflicted for the first time and described more than 900 km of the eastern, northern and north-west coast of Sakhalin.

In the fall of 1805, Nadezhda visited Macau and Canton. In 1806, she moved to oh. St. Helena, where was in vain waited for the "Neva", then he rebuilt from the North of the UK and on August 19, 1806 Retaned to Kronstadt, without losing a single sailor from diseases. This expedition made a significant contribution to geographic science, a number of non-existent islands and clarifying geographical position Many items. Participants in the first world swimming performed a variety of oceanic observations: they opened interpassate anti-countercords in the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean; conducted measurements of water temperature at depths up to 400 m and determining its specific gravity, transparency and colors; found out the cause of the sea glow; There were numerous data on the pressure of the atmosphere, tides and lowers in a number of world ocean areas.

Swimming Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky - the beginning of a new era in the history of Russian navigation.

In 1809-1812 I. Kruzenshtern has published three volumes of his "Travel around the world in 1803-1806. on ships "Hope" and "Neva". This work translated in many european countriesImmediately conquered general recognition. In 1813, "Atlas to the journey around the world of Captain Kruzenshtern" came out; Most of the cards (including general) was composed of Lieutenant by Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen. In the 20s Kruzenshtern published the "South Sea Atlas" with an extensive text, which is now a valuable literary source for the historians of the opening of Oceania and is widely used by Soviet and foreign specialists.

In the history of the first halves XIX. century known a number of brilliant geographic studies. Among them, one of the most prominent places belongs to Russian world travel.

Russia B. early XIX. Century occupies a leading place in organizing and conducting round-the-world swimming and ocean research.

The first swimming of Russian ships around the world under the authorities of Captain-Lieutenant, I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lysyansky lasted three years, like most round-world swimming of that time. This journey in 1803 begins a whole epoch of wonderful Russian world expeditions.

Yu.F. Lysyansky received an order to go to England to buy two vessels intended for round-the-world swimming. These vessels, "Nadezhda" and "Neva", Lysyansky bought in London for 22,000 pounds sterling, which was almost the same in gold rubles at the rate of that time.

The price for the purchase of "Hope" and "Neva" was actually 17,000 pounds of sterling, but they had to pay 5,000 pounds for correcting them. The ship "Nadezhda" has already had three years since its descent on the water, and "Neva" is only fifteen months. "Neva" had a displacement of 350 tons, and "Hope" - in 450 tons.

In England, Lisya bought a number of sexts, lel-compasses, barometers, hygrometer, several thermometers, one artificial magnet, Arnold and Pettigton's chronometers and another. Chronometers were checked by Academician Schubert. All other tools were the work of Truton.

Astronomical and physical instruments were designed to observe longitude and latitudes and vehicle orientation. Lisyansky took care to acquire a whole pharmacy of drugs and anti-cutting agents, since in those days the qing was one of the most dangerous diseases during long-term swimming. In England, equipment for the expedition was also purchased, including convenient, durable and appropriate clothing for the team, including various climatic conditions. There was a plating set of linen and dresses. Mattres, pillows, sheets and blankets were ordered for each of the sailors. Ship provisions were the best. The crowns prepared in St. Petersburg did not deteriorate over two years, just like Solonia, the ambassador of which the domestic salt was produced by a merchant. The team of "Hope" consisted of 58 people, and "Neva" from 47. They were selected from volunteer sailors, which were so much that all those wishing to participate in a world tour could have been enough to recruit several expeditions. It should be noted that none of the team members participated in long-haul swims, since in those days the Russian ships did not descend the south of the northern tropics. The task that stood in front of the officers and the expedition team was not easy. They had to cross the two ocean, wake dangerous Cape Horn, famous for their storms, rise to 60 ° C. Sh., Visit a number of little shovels, where navigators could expect not the pitched stones and other dangers that could not be expected to the card and anywhere. But the command of the expedition was so confident in its "officer and ordinary composition" that rejected the offer to take on board several foreign sailors familiar with the conditions far Swabs. From foreigners, as part of the expedition was the naturalists of Tilesius Four-Tilena, Langesdorf and Astronomer Gornger. Gorner was a Swiss by origin. He worked in the Seeberg Observatory known at the time, the leader of which recommended him by Rumyantsev. The expedition also accompanied the painter from the Academy of Arts.

The artist and scientists were together with the Russian Messenger in Japan, N. P. Rezanov, and his retinue on board a large ship - "Hope". "Hope" commanded Kruzhenstern. Lisyansky was instructed by the command "Neva". Although the commander of the "Hope" and the head of the expedition on the marine ministry was listed by Cruise, but in the instructions transferred to Alexander I, the Russian ambassador in Japan, N. P. Rezanov, it was called the main head of the expedition. This dual position was the cause of conflict relationship between rezanov and cruise. Therefore, Kruzenshtern has repeatedly applied with reports to the management of a Russian-American company, where he wrote that he was called on the highest command to command over the expedition and that "Outowing Rezanov's entrusted" without his knowledge, to which he would never have agreed that his position "is not Only in viewing for sails, "and so on. Soon the relationship between the rezanov and cruise student aggravated so much that a riot occurred among the crew of the Hope.

The Russian Messenger in Japan, after a number of trouble and insults, was forced to be removed into his cabin, from which he did not go before arriving in Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka. Here Rezanov turned to Major Major Koshelev, a representative of local administrative power. A context was appointed against Kruzenchtern, which adopted an unfavorable character for him. Given the situation, Kruzenchtern publicly apologized to Rezanov and asked Koshelieva not to make a consequence of further stroke. Only due to the courtesy of Rezanov, who decided to stop the case, Kruzenshtern escaped major troubles that could have a fatal consequence for his career.

The given episode shows that the discipline on the ship "Nadezhda", who commanded Kruzhenstern, was not at the height, if such a high and telessed person, as a Russian envoy in Japan, could be subjected to the crew and the very captain of the "Hope" of a number of insults. It is not by chance that the fact that "Hope" has been in a very risky position for his swim several times, while "Neva" only once sat on the coral reef and, moreover, in such a place where it was impossible to expect by cards. All this suggests that the generally accepted idea of \u200b\u200bthe leading role of Kruzenchtern in the first Russian round-the-world journey is not true.

Although the first part of the way to England and then through Atlantic Ocean Bypassing Cape Horn Ships should have done together, but then the Sandwich (Hawaiian) islands they had to disconnect. "Hope", according to the plan of the expedition, followed Kamchatka, where she had to leave their cargo. Then the Kruzenchter should be traveled to Japan and deliver the Russian ambassador N. P. Rezanov with a retinue. After that, "Nadezhda" had to return to Kamchatka again, take the cargo of the Ferns and take it to the canton for sale. The path "Neva", ranging from the Hawaiian Islands, was completely different. Lysyansky was supposed to go "a north-west, to the island of Kadiaku, where the main office of the Russian-American company was at that time. Here the wintering" Neva "was assumed, and then she had to take the cargo of the Ferns and deliver it to Canton, where it was appointed Meeting of both ships - "Neva" and "Hope". From the canton, both ship were to go to Russia past the Cape of Good Hope. This plan was carried out, albeit with retreats caused by storms, long separating ships, as well as long-lasting stops for the necessary fixments and replenishing food.

The naturalists who were present on the ships were collected by valuable botanical, zoological and ethnographic collections, were observed over sea currents, temperature and water density at depths to 400 m, tides, bets and vibrations of the barometer, systematic astronomical observations to determine longitude and latitudes and set the coordinates of the whole A number of visited expeditions of items, including all the harbors and islands, where there were parking.

If the special tasks of the expedition in Russian colonies were successfully completed, it cannot be said about that part of the expedition plans, which was associated with the organization of the embassy to Japan. Embassy N. P. Rezanov was not crowned with success. Although he was surrounded by the attention and all sorts of signs of honorable and respect for arrival in Japan, he failed to tie a trade relationship with this country.

On August 5, 1806, the "Neva" was safely arrived at the Kronstadt raid. The cannon salutes "Neva" and the response volitions of the Kronstadt fortress were killed. Thus, "Neva" stayed in swimming for three years and two months. August 19, "Nadezhda" arrived, which was in round-the-world swimming for fourteen days longer than the "Neva".

The first Russian round-the-world swimming was the era in the history of the Russian fleet and delivered the world geographic science A number of new information about low-investment countries. A number of islands that were visited by Lisíansky and Kruzenshtern, were only shortly before those are open with navigators, and their nature, the population, his customs, beliefs and the farm remained almost completely unknown. Such were Sandwich (Hawaiian) islands, open in 1778 by the Cup, less than thirty years before their visit to Russian sailors. Russian travelers could observe the life of Hawaiians in her natural state, not yet changed by contact with Europeans. The Marquis and Washingtons of Islands, as well as the Easter Island, were small. It is not surprising that the descriptions of the Russian round-the-world travel made by Kruzenchtern and Lisyansky, opened a largest interest in the wide range of readers and were translated into a number of Western European languages. Materials collected during the journey "Neva" and "Hope" were of great value to study the primitive peoples of Oceania and the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Our first Russian travelers observed these nations in the stage of generic relations. For the first time, they described in detail a kind of peculiar, ancient Hawaiian culture with its immutable laws "taboi" and human sacrifices. Rich ethnographic collections collected on the ships "Neva" and "Nadezhda", together with the descriptions of customs, beliefs and even the language of the Pacific Ocean, served as valuable sources for studying the Pacific Islands of Peoples.

Thus, the first Russian round-the-world journey played a large role in the development of ethnography. A lot of the great observation and accuracy of the descriptions of our first round-world travelers contributed to this.

It should be noted that numerous observations over the marine currents, temperature and density of water, which were produced on the ships "Hope" and "Neva", gave impetus to development new Science - Oceanography. Until the first Russian round-the-world travel, similar systematic observations by navigators were usually not produced. Russian sailors turned out to be great innovators in this regard.

The first Russian round-the-world swimming opens the whole pleiad of brilliant round-the-world travels committed under the Russian flag.

During these travels, excellent frames of sailors were created, which have gained long-range experience and high qualifications in a saber fleet of navigation art.

It is interesting to note that one of the participants of the first Russian round-light sailing of the Kotseb, which mowed as a cadence on the ship "Nadezhda", subsequently carried out no less interesting worldwide swimming on the Rurik ship, equipped with the means of Count Rumyantsev.

The expedition on the ships "Neva" and "Nadezhda" was laid the route of a new way to Russian North American colonies. The supply of their necessary food and goods has been carried out since then by the sea, these continuous discharges revived colonial trading and in many ways contributed to the development of North American colonies and the development of Kamchatka.

Freamed the sea connections of Russia with the Pacific Ocean, external trade developed significantly. A number of valuable observations along the long-distance runs of the first Russian round-world journey laid a solid scientific basis for difficult distant navigation art.