How to solve biology 2 part. Dominant genes are known
The biology exam applies to the number of samples and hand over it will be those who are confident in knowledge. The ege on biology is considered a complex subject, as knowledge accumulated over all years of study is checked.
The tasks of the ege Various ones are chosen by biology, confident knowledge is needed for their solution on the main topics of the biology school course. Based on teachers, more than 10 test tasks were developed on each topic.
Themes that need to be studied when performing tasks, see FII. For each task, its own action algorithm is registered, which will help when solving tasks.
Changes in Kim Ege 2019 by biology:
- The job model is changed in line 2. Instead of a task with multiple selection by 2 points, a job task is included with a 1 point table.
- The maximum primary score has decreased by 1 and amounted to 58 points.
The structure of the tasks of the ege on biology:
- Part 1 - These are tasks from 1 to 21 with a brief answer, the execution is given up to about 5 minutes.
Council: carefully read the wording of questions.
- Part 2 - These are tasks from 22 to 28 with a detailed answer, the execution is given by about 10-20 minutes.
Council: literary set out their thoughts, answer the question in detail and comprehensively, let's define biological termsEven if this does not require in tasks. The response should have a plan, not to write with solid text, and allocate items.
What are required from the student on the exam?
- The ability to work with graphic information (schemes, graphs, tables) - its analysis and use;
- Multiple choice;
- Conformity;
- Setting the sequence.
Points for each task on the biology of the exam
In order to get the highest score on biology, you need to dial 58 primary ballotswhich will be translated into a hundred on the scale.
- 1 point - for 1, 2, 3, 6 tasks.
- 2 points - 4, 5, 7-22.
- B point - 23-28.
How to prepare for test tasks on biology
- Repetition of the theory.
- Proper time distribution for each task.
- Solving practical tasks several times.
- Check the level of knowledge by solving tests online.
Register, do and get a high score!
Tasks of part C1-C4
1. What environmental factors contribute to the regulation of the number of wolves in the ecosystem?
Answer:
1) Anthropogenic: Reducing forest area, excessive shooting;
2) Biotic: flaw feed, competition, dissemination of diseases.
2. Determine the type and phase of dividing the cell depicted in the figure. What processes occur in this phase?
Answer:
1) the figure shows mitosis metaphase;
2) the threads of the separation of division are attached to the centerokers of chromosomes;
3) In this phase, two-size chromosomes are built in the equator plane.
3. Why does the soil plow improve the living conditions of cultivated plants?
Answer:
1) contributes to the destruction of weeds and weakens competition with cultural plants;
2) promotes plants with water and mineral substances;
3) Increases the flow of oxygen to the roots.
4. How does the natural ecosystem differ from the agroecosystem?
Answer:
1) greater biodiversity and diversity of food and nutrition circuit;
2) a balanced cycle of substances;
3) long periods of existence.
5. Expand the mechanisms that ensure the constancy of the number and shape of chromosome in all cells of the organisms from generation to generation?
Answer:
1) Thanks to the meyosis, geaploid chromosomes are formed;
2) with fertilization in the zygote, the diploid set of chromosomes is restored, which ensures the constancy of the chromosomal set;
3) The growth of the body occurs at the expense of mitosis, ensuring the constancy of the number of chromosomes in somatic cells.
6. What is the role of bacteria in the cycle of substances?
Answer:
1) Bacteria-heterotrophs - Roduznuts decompose organic substances to minerals, which are absorbed by plants;
2) Bacteria-Avtotrophy (photo, chemotrofas) - production products synthesize organic substances from inorganic, providing a circulation of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, etc.
7. What features are characteristic of mossoid plants?
Answer:
2) MAs are multiplied with both sexual and nonsense with alternating generations: sexual (gametophyte) and cull (sporophyte);
3) Adult plants MCH - sexual generation (Gametofit) and a box with disputes - a cull (sporophyte);
4) fertilization occurs in the presence of water.
8. Proteins tend to live in a coniferous forest and feed mainly seeds of ate. What biotic factors can lead to a reduction in the population of protein?
9. It is known that the Golgi apparatus is particularly well developed in the ferruginative gland cells. Explain why.
Answer:
1) enzymes are synthesized in the pancreas cells, which accumulate in the cavities of the Golgi apparatus;
2) In the Golgi apparatus, enzymes are packaged in the form of bubbles;
3) From the Machinery, enzymes are taken out in the pancreatic duct.
10. Ribosomes from different cells are placed in the test tube, the entire set of amino acids and the same INK and TRNA molecules created all the conditions for protein synthesis. Why will one type of protein on different ribosomes be synthesized in the test tube?
Answer:
1) Primary protein structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids;
2) Matrices for protein synthesis are the same INK molecules, in which the same primary protein structure is encoded.
11. What are the features of the structure are characteristic of the species such as chordovy?
Answer:
1) internal axial skeleton;
2) the nervous system in the form of a tube on the dorsal side of the body;
3) gaps in the digestive tube.
12. Clover grows in the meadow, pollined by bumblebees. What biotic factors can lead to a reduction in the number of clover population?
Answer:
1) reduction of the number of bumblebees;
2) an increase in the number of vegetation animals;
3) reproduction of plants of competitors (cereals, etc.).
13. The total mass of mitochondria in relation to the mass of cells of various rats of the rat is: in the pancreas - 7.9%, in the liver - 18.4%, in the heart - 35.8%. Why in the cells of these bodies a different mitochondrial content?
Answer:
1) mitochondria are cell power stations, the ATP molecules are synthesized and accumulated in them;
2) for the intensive work of the heart muscle, there is a lot of energy, so the content of mitochondria in its cells is the highest;
3) In the liver, the amount of mitochondria compared to the pancreas higher, as there is more intensive metabolism in it.
14. Explain why beef that has not passed sanitary control, it is dangerous to eat in the disgraced or weakly roasted form.
Answer:
1) in the beef meat there may be finns of a bull chain;
2) Adult worm develops in the digestive channel from Finn, and the person becomes the final owner.
15. Name the organoid of the plant cell, shown in the figure, its structures indicated by numbers 1-3, and their functions.
Answer:
1) depicted organoid - chloroplast;
2) 1 - tilacoids of the garnas, participate in photosynthesis;
3) 2 - DNA, 3 - ribosomes, are involved in the synthesis of their own proteins of chloroplast.
16. Why can bacteria be attributed to eukaryotes?
Answer:
1) in their cells the nuclear substance is represented by one DNA annular molecule and is not separated from the cytoplasm;
2) do not have mitochondria, the Golgi complex, EPS;
3) Do not have specialized genital cells, missing meyosis and fertilization.
17. What changes in biotic factors can lead to an increase in the population of a naked slug inhabiting in the forest and feeding mainly by plants?
18. In the leaves of plants, the process of photosynthesis proceeds intensively. Does he happen in mature and immature fruits? Reply explain the answer.
Answer:
1) Photosynthesis occurs in immature fruits (while they are green), since they have chloroplasts;
2) As chloroplasts are converted into chromoplasts, in which photosynthesis does not occur.
19. What stages of gametogenesis are indicated in the figure with letters a, b and in? What kind of chromosomes have cells on each of these stages? What kind of specialized cells does this process lead to the development of any specialized cells?
Answer:
1) A - stage (zone) of reproduction (division), cells diploid;
2) B - stage (zone) of growth, cell diploid;
3) B - stage (zone) of maturation, cells of haploid, spermatozoa develops.
20. What differs in the structure bacterial cells From the cells of organisms of other kingdoms of wildlife? Specify at least three differences.
Answer:
1) missing core, nuclear shell;
2) there is no number of organoids: mitochondria, EPS, Golgi complex, etc.;
3) have one ring chromosome.
21. Why are plants (producers) consider the initial link of the substances and turning energy in the ecosystem?
Answer:
1) create organic substances from inorganic;
2) accumulate solar energy;
3) provide organic substances and energy of the organisms of other elevation of the ecosystem.
22. What processes provide the movement of water and mineral substances on the plant?
Answer:
1) from the root in the leaves water and minerals move along vessels due to transpiration, as a result of which the sucking force occurs;
2) the rising pressure in the plant contributes to the root pressure, which arises as a result of the constant flow of water to the root due to the difference in the concentration of substances in cells and the environment.
23. Consider the cell pictures in the figure. Determine what letters are denotective and eukaryotic cells. Give evidence of your point of view.
Answer:
1) a - prokaryotic cell, b - eukaryotic cell;
2) the cell in Figure and does not have a decorated kernel, its hereditary material is represented by a ring chromosome;
3) The cell in Figure B has a decorated core and organoids.
24. What does the complication of the circulatory system of amphibians appear compared to the fish?
Answer:
1) the heart becomes three-chamber;
2) the second circulation circle appears;
3) The heart contains venous and mixed blood.
25. Why is the ecosystem of mixed forests consider more stable than the ecosystem of the spruce forest?
Answer:
1) in the mixed forest more species than in Elov;
2) in the mixed forest of the food chain are longer and branched than in Elov;
3) In the mixed forest of tiers more than in Elov.
26. The DNA molecule section has the following composition: Gatgathagtgtstts. List at least three consequences to which the random replacement of the seventh tymine nucleotide on cytosine (C) can lead.
Answer:
1) the gene mutation will occur - the codon of the third amino acid will change;
2) in protein can be replaced with one amino acid to another, as a result, the primary protein structure will change;
3) All other protein structures may change, which will entail the appearance of a new feature from the body.
27. Red algae (bugs) live at great depths. Despite this, photosynthesis occurs in their cells. Explain, due to which photosynthesis occurs, if the water thickness absorbs the rays of the red - orange part of the spectrum.
Answer:
1) For photosynthesis, rays are needed not only red, but also the blue part of the spectrum;
2) In the cells of the bugs, there is a red pigment that absorbs the rays of the blue part of the spectrum, their energy is used in the process of photosynthesis.
28. Find the errors in the text. Specify the suggestions numbers in which the errors are made, correct them.
1. Circling is three-layer multicellular animals. 2. They have a gastral or intestinal cavity. 3. Caution cavity includes cutting cells. 4.Cedo-haired have a mesh (diffuse) nervous system. 5. EXPECTRANCE-HAPPY - free-laying organisms.
1) 1 - shepherd - two-layer animals;
2) 3 - cutting cells are contained in ectoderm, and not in the intestinal cavity;
3) 5 - among the intestinal happiness there are attached forms.
29. How does gas exchange take place in lungs and tissues in mammals? What caused this process?
Answer:
1) The gas exchange is based on diffusion, which is due to the difference in the concentration of gases (partial pressure) in the air of Alveol and in the blood;
2) oxygen from the high pressure area in the alveolar air enters blood, and carbon dioxide from the field of high pressure in the blood enters the alveoli;
3) In the tissues of oxygen from the high-pressure region in the capillaries enters the intercellular substance and further into organ cells. Carbon dioxide from the high pressure area in the intercellular substance enters blood.
30. What does the participation of functional groups of organisms in the cycle of substances in the biosphere? Consider the role of each of them in the cycle of substances in the biosphere.
Answer:
1) production products synthesize organic substances from inorganic (carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, phosphorus and other mineral substances), isolated oxygen (except chemotrofs);
2) Consiefs (and others functional groups) organisms are used and converting organic matter, oxidize them in the process of respiration, absorbing oxygen and highlighting carbon dioxide and water;
3) Recurates decompose organic matter to inorganic connections Nitrogen, phosphorus, etc., returning them to Wednesday.
31. The part of the DNA molecule encoding the sequence of amino acids in protein has the following composition: Mr.-T-Mr. A-T-A-M-TT-Tt-Tt-c. Explain to which consequences can cause a random addition to the guanin nucleotide (d) between the seventh and eighth nucleotides.
Answer:
1) the gene mutation will occur - third and subsequent amino acid codes may change;
2) the primary structure of the protein may change;
3) Mutation can lead to the emergence of a new feature in the body.
32. What organs of plants damage the may beetles at different stages of ind-visual development?
Answer:
1) the roots of plants damage the larvae;
2) Tree leaves damage adult beetles.
33. Find the errors in the text. Specify the suggestions numbers in which the errors are made, correct them.
1. Flat worms - These are three-layer animals. 2. To the type of flat worms belongs to a white planarium, a human ascaris and a liver alcohol. 3. Flat worms have an elongated flat body. 4. They have a well-developed nervous system. 5. Flat worms - separate animals, lay eggs.
Errors are allowed in sentences:
1) 2 - to the type of flat worms do not include human ascarid, is a round worm;
2) 4 - in flat worms, the nervous system is developed weakly;
3) 5 - Flat worms - hermaphrodites.
34. What is a fruit? What is its value in the life of plants and livestock?
Answer:
1) the fruit is the generative organ of coated plants;
2) contains seeds with which the reproduction and resettlement of plants occurs;
3) Fruits of plants - food for animals.
35. Most of the species of birds flies for the winter from the northern regions, despite their warm-bloodedness. Indicate at least three factors that cause the flights of these animals.
Answer:
1) Food objects of insectivore birds are not available for mining;
2) Ice cover on reservoirs and snow cover on Earth deprive of vegetative birds;
3) Changing the duration of the daylight.
36. What milk, sterilized or freshly dodient, will contact faster in the same conditions? Reply explain the answer.
Answer:
1) Frequency milk will turn faster, as it has bacteria that caused the product to be fermented;
2) When sterilizing milk, the cells and disputes of lactic acid bacteria die, and the milk is preserved longer.
37. Find errors in the given text. Specify the numbers of offers in which errors are made, explain them.
1. Basic classes like arthropods - crustaceans, spider and insects. 2. Body crustaceans and spoofing different racesmembership on head, chest and abdomen. 3. The body of insects consists of pumped and abdomen. 4. The spider mustache does not. 5. Insects have two pairs of mustache, and in crustaceans one pair.
Errors are allowed in sentences:
1) 2 - the body of crustaceans and spider-sifted consists of pumped and abdomen;
2) 3 - the body of insects consists of heads, chest and abdomen;
3) 5 - in the insects one pair of mustache, and in crustaceans two pairs.
38. Prove that rhizome plants - a modified escape.
Answer:
1) rhizome has nodes in which rudimentary leaves and kidneys are located;
2) At the top of the rhizomes there is an upheat kidney, which determines the growth of escape;
3) Applying roots are departed from the rhizomes;
4) The internal anatomical structure of the root is similar to the stem.
39. To combat insect pests, a person applies chemicals. Indicate at least three changes in the lifetime of the oak in case of it chemical method All the vegetation insects will be destroyed. Explain why they will happen.
Answer:
1) the number of insectopillary plants will dramatically decrease dramatically, as the vegetative insects are pollinators of plants;
2) the number of insectivore organisms (consideration of the II of the order) is sharply reduced, or they will disappear due to disorders of the power circuits;
3) A part of the chemicals that destroyed insects will fall into the soil, which will lead to a violation of the vital activity of plants, the death of the soil flora and fauna, all violations can lead to the death of the oak.
40. Why treatment with antibiotics can lead to a violation of the intestinal function? Name at least two reasons.
Answer:
1) antibiotics kill useful bacteria living in human intestines;
2) fiber splitting, water absorption and other processes are disturbed.
41. What part of the sheet is indicated in the figure of the letter A and from which structures it consists? What functions do these structures perform?
1) the letter A is marked with a vascular fibrous beam (vein), the bundle includes vessels, sithoid tubes, mechanical fabric;
2) vessels provide water transport in leaves;
3) Synotoid tubes provide transport of organic substances from leaves to other organs;
4) Mechanical tissue cells give strength and are a leaf frame.
42. What are characteristic signs kingdom of mushrooms?
Answer:
1) The body of mushrooms consists of threads - gifs forming the fungne;
2) multiply by sexual and canso (disputes, fungal, killing);
3) grow throughout life;
4) In a cage: The shell contains a chitin-like substance, a spare nutrient - glycogen.
43. In a small reservoir formed after the river spill, the following organisms were found: infusories-shoes, daphnia, white planearies, large strip, cyclops, hydra. Explain whether this reservoir can be considered the ecosystem. Give at least three evidence.
Answer:
The named temporary reservoir cannot be called the ecosystem, as in it:
1) there are no producers;
2) there are no relegates;
3) There is no closed circulation of substances and violated the power chains.
44. Why under the harness, which is imposed to stop bleeding from large blood vessels, put a note with the time of its overlay?
Answer:
1) reading the note, you can determine how much time has passed after the imposition of the harness;
2) If after 1-2 hours it was not possible to deliver the patient to the doctor, then it should be loosen a harness for a while. It will warn the tissue color.
45. Name the structure of the spinal cord, designated in the figure of 1 and 2 figures, and describe the features of their structure and function.
Answer:
1) 1 is a gray substance formed by neuron bodies;
2) 2 - white substance formed by long neurons processes;
3) The gray substance carries out a reflex function, white substance - conduction function.
46. \u200b\u200bWhat role do salivary glands play in digestion in mammals? Specify at least three functions.
Answer:
1) the secret of the salivary glands wets and disinfect food;
2) Saliva is involved in the formation of food lumps;
3) Saliva enzymes contribute to the splitting of starch.
47. As a result of volcanic activity in the ocean, an island was formed. Describe the sequence of formation of the ecosystem on the recently formed area of \u200b\u200bthe sushi. Specify at least three items.
Answer:
1) the first to settle microorganisms and lichens, which ensure the formation of the soil;
2) plants, disputes or seeds of which are submitted by wind or water on the soil;
3) As animals appear in the ecosystem, animals appear in the ecosystem, primarily arthropods and birds.
48. Experienced gardeners make fertilizers in the grooves located along the edges of the priority circles of fruit trees, and do not distribute them evenly. Explain why.
Answer:
1) the root system grow up, the suction area moves beyond the root tip;
2) Roots with a developed suction zone - root hairs - are located at the edges of the priority circles.
49. What kind of modified escape is presented in the picture? Name the elements of the structure indicated in the figure in the figures 1, 2, 3, and the functions they perform.
Answer:
1) bulb;
2) 1 - a juicy scaled leaf, in which nutrients and water are stored;
3) 2 - apparent roots, ensuring the absorption of water and mineral substances;
4) 3 - kidney, ensures the growth of escape.
50. What are the features of the structure and vital activity of the moss? Specify at least three items.
Answer:
1) most of the moss - leafy plants, some of them have rhizoids;
2) Mids are poorly developed by a conductive system;
3) Mixes are multiplied with both sexual and non-generation methods, with alternating generations: sexual (gametophyte) and cruel (sporophyte); Adult plants MCH - sexual generation, and a box with disputes - an affordable.
51. As a result of a forest fire, part of the spruce forest burned out. Explain how its self-healing will occur. Specify at least three stages.
Answer:
1) the first developing grassy light-loving plants;
2) Then the shoots of birch, aspen, pines, whose seeds came with wind, formed a fine or pine forest.
3) Shadowish fir trees are developing under the canopy of light-affiliated rocks, which are subsequently completely outset by other trees.
52. To establish the cause of the hereditary disease, the cells of the patient were investigated and a change in the length of one of the chromosomes was detected. Which research method made it possible to establish the cause of this disease? What kind of mutation is it connected?
Answer:
1) the cause of the disease is established with the help of the cytogenetic method;
2) The disease is caused by chromosomal mutation - the loss or addition of the chromosome fragment.
53. What letter in the figure is indicated by Blastuly in the development cycle of the lancing. What are the features of the formation of Blastuly?
Answer:
1) Blastuly is indicated by the letter r;
2) Blastuly is formed when crushing the zygota;
3) Blastuly dimensions do not exceed the size of the zygota.
54. Why are mushrooms allocate in the special kingdom of the organic world?
Answer:
1) the body of mushrooms consists of thin branching threads - gifs, forming mycelium, or fungne;
2) mycelium cells are inhabit carbohydrates in the form of glycogen;
3) mushrooms can not be attributed to plants, since there are no chlorophyll and chloroplasts in their cells; The wall contains chitin;
4) Mushrooms can not be attributed to animals, as they suck the nutrients with the entire surface of the body, and not swallow in the form of food lumps.
55. In some forest biocenoses to protect the chicken birds, a massive shooting of day predatory birds was carried out. Explain how this event is reflected in the number of chicken.
Answer:
1) Initially, the number of chicken increased, since their enemies were destroyed (naturally regulating numbers);
2) then the number of chicken decreased due to the lack of feed;
3) the number of patients and weakened individuals has increased due to the spread of diseases and the lack of predators, which also affected the decrease in the number of chicken.
56. Wool-blessing wool coloring is changed throughout the year: winter hare is white, and in summer gray. Explain what type of variability is observed in the animal and how the manifestation of this feature is determined.
Answer:
1) the hare is observed a manifestation of a modification (phenotypic, non-hereditary) variability;
2) The manifestation of this feature is determined by the change in the conditions of the habitat (temperature, length of the day).
57. Name the stages of the embryonic development of the lancing, designated in the figure with letters A and B. Expand the features of the formation of each of these stages.
A B.
Answer:
1) a - gastrol - stage of a two-layer embryo;
2) b - neuroula, has the routines of the future larvae or an adult organism;
3) The gastrol is formed by pouring the wall of the blastuly, and the neural plate is laid in the neuroral, which serves as a regulator to lay the rest of the organ systems.
58. Name the main signs of the structure and life of bacteria. Specify at least four features.
Answer:
1) bacteria - milking organisms that do not have a decorated core and many organides;
2) according to the method of nutrition of bacteria - heterotrophs and autotrophs;
3) high reproduction rate by division;
4) anaerobes and aerobes;
5) Adverse conditions are experiencing in a state of dispute.
59. What is the difference between ground-air environment from water?
Answer:
1) oxygen content;
2) differences in fluctuations in temperature (a wide amplitude of oscillations in ground-air);
3) degree of illumination;
4) density.
Answer:
1) Sea cabbage has a property accumulating chemical element iodine;
2) iodine is necessary for normal function thyroid gland.
61. Why is the cage of infusoria-shoes consider a holistic organism? What organides of the infusories-shoes are indicated in the figure figures 1 and 2 and what functions do they perform?
Answer:
1) The cage of infusoria performs all the functions of an independent organism: metabolism, reproduction, irritable, adaptation;
2) 1 - small kernel, participates in the interpretation;
3) 2 - a large core, regulates the processes of vital activity.
61. What are the features of the structure and life of mushrooms? Specify at least three signs.
62. Explain what harm to plants are caused by acid rains. Give at least three reasons.
Answer:
1) directly damage organs and plant tissues;
2) pollute the soil, reduce fertility;
3) Lower plant productivity.
63. Why, during take-off or landing, passengers recommend sucking lollipops?
Answer:
1) the rapid change in pressure during takeoff or landing of the aircraft causes an unpleasant sensation in the middle ear, where the initial pressure on the eardrum is preserved longer;
2) Glotting movements improve air access to the auditory (Eustachiyeva) pipe through which the pressure in the middle ear cavity is aligned with pressure in the environment.
64. What is the difference between the circular system of arthropods from the circular worms circulated system? Specify at least three signs that prove these differences.
Answer:
1) in arthropods, the circulatory system is unlocked, and in the ringed worms closed;
2) in arthropods there is a heart on the dorsal side;
3) There are no heart-hearted worms, its function is performed by a ring vessel.
65. What type of animal is shown in the figure? What is indicated by numbers 1 and 2? Name other representatives of this type.
Answer:
1) to the type of shepherd;
2) 1 - Ektoderma, 2 - intestinal cavity;
3) Coral polyps, jellyfish.
66. What are morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptation to the temperature of the medium in warm-blooded animals?
Answer:
1) Morphological: heat insulating covers, subcutaneous layer of fat, change in body surface;
2) physiological: enhancing the intensity of the evaporation of sweat and moisture during breathing; narrowing or extension of vessels, change in the level of metabolism;
3) behavioral: construction of nests, holes, change in daily and seasonal activity Depending on the temperature of the medium.
67. How is the admission of genetic information from the kernel in Ribosoma?
Answer:
1) Synthesis of IRNA occurs in the kernel in accordance with the principle of complementarity;
2) IRNK - a copy of the DNA section containing information on the primary protein structure, moves from the kernel to the ribosome.
68. What does the complication of ferns appear compared to mkhami? Give at least three signs.
Answer:
1) the ferns appeared roots;
2) in ferns, unlike mosses, a developed conductive tissue was formed;
3) In the development cycle of ferns, the useless generation (sporophyte) prevails over the sexual (Gametophyte), which is represented by a stroke.
69. Name the germs of the spinal animal, indicated in the figure in the figure 3. What type of fabric and which organs are formed from it.
Answer:
1) an embryonic leaflet - Entoderma;
2kan epithelial (intestinal epithelium and respiratory organs);
3) Organs: intestines, digestive glands, respiratory organs, some glands of internal secretion.
70. What role do birds play in biocenosis of the forest? Give at least three examples.
Answer:
1) regulate the number of plants (distribute fruits and seeds);
2) regulate the number of insects, small rodents;
3) serve food for predators;
4) Fertilize the soil.
71. What does the protective role of leukocytes in the human body manifest?
Answer:
1) leukocytes are capable of phagocytosis - devout and digestion of proteins, microorganisms, dead cells;
2) Leukocytes take part in the development of antibodies that neutralize certain antigens.
72. Find errors in the given text. Specify the number of offers in which they are made, correct them.
According to the chromosomal theory of heredity:
1. The genes are located in chromosomes in linear order. 2. Each occupies a certain place - allele. 3. The genes of one chromosome form a clutch group. 4. The number of clutch groups is determined by the diploid boron chromosomes. 5. Disturbation of the adhesion of genes occurs during the conjugation of chromosomes in the Maizo Proofase.
Errors are allowed in sentences:
1) 2 - the location of the gene - locus;
2) 4 - the number of clutch groups is equal to the chromosome haploid set;
3) 5 - the grip of the genes occurs during crossing rider.
73. Why Green Evglen Some scientists belong to plants, and others - to animals? Indicate at least three reasons.
Answer:
1) is capable of heterotrophic nutrition, like all animals;
2) is capable of active movement in search of food, like all animals;
3) Contains chlorophyll in the cell and is capable of autotrophic nutrition like plants.
74. What processes occur at the Energy Exchange stages?
Answer:
1) at the preparatory stage, complex organic substances are split up to less complex (biopolymers - to monomers), the energy is dissipated as heat;
2) in the process of glycolysis, glucose is cleaved to pyruogradic acid (or lactic acid, or alcohol) and 2 ATP molecules are synthesized;
3) At the oxygen stage, peer-grade acid (pyruvate) is split to carbon dioxide and water and 36 ATP molecules are synthesized.
75. In the human body formed on the body, the wounded wound over time is prolonged, however, the suppuration may occur. Explain what properties of blood is due.
Answer:
1) Bleeding is suspended due to blood clotting and thrombus formation;
2) the suppuration is due to the accumulation of dead leukocytes that implemented phagocytosis.
76. Find errors in the text given, correct them. Specify the number of the pre-clauses in which the errors are made, explain them.
1. Great importance In the structure and livelihoods of organisms have proteins. 2. These are biopolymers whose monomers are nitrogenous bases. 3. Proteins are part of the plasma membrane. 4. Many proteins are performed in a cell enzymatic function. 5. Inheritance information about the signs of the body is encrypted in protein molecules. 6. Protein and TRNA molecules are part of the ribosomes.
Errors are allowed in sentences:
1) 2 - protein monomers are amino acids;
2) 5 - hereditary information on the signs of the body is encrypted in DNA molecules;
3) 6- The ribosoma includes RRNA molecules, and not TRNA.
77. What is myopia? In which part of the eye the image is focused near the portrait person? What distinguishes congenital and acquired forms of myopia?
Answer:
1) Myopia is a disease of the organs of vision, in which a person poorly distinguishes remote objects;
2) near the portrait person the image of items occurs before the retina;
3) with congenital myopia, the shape of the eyeball (extends);
4) Acquired myopia is associated with a change in (increasing) crystal curvature.
78. What is the difference between the skeleton of the head of a person from the skeleton of the head of man-like monkeys? Specify at least four differences.
Answer:
1) the predominance of the brain department of the skull over the facial;
2) reduction of the jaw apparatus;
3) the presence of a chiffer protrusion on the lower jaw;
4) Reducing the abnormal arcs.
79. Why is the volume of urine secreted by a person's body per day, is not equal to the volume of liquid drunk during the same time?
Answer:
1) part of the water is used by the body or is formed in the metabolism processes;
2) part of the water evaporates through the respiratory organs and sweat glands.
80. Find the errors in the given text, correct them, enter the number of the offers in which they are made, write down these proposals without errors.
1. Animals are heterotrophic organisms, they feed on ready-made organic substances. 2. distinguish single-cell and multicellular animals. 3. All multicellular animals have bilateral body symmetry. 4. Most of them have developed various vehicle organs. 5. The circulatory system has only arthropods and chord. 6. Post-emptilic development in all multicellular animals are direct.
Errors are allowed in sentences:
1) 3 - bilateral symmetry of the body have not all multicellular animals; For example, she has a radial (radial);
2) 5 - the circulatory system is also available in ringed worms and mollusks;
3) 6 - Direct post-emptilic development Inherent not all multicellular animals.
81. What is the value of blood in human vital activity?
Answer:
1) performs transport function: delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and cells, removal of carbon dioxide and exchange products;
2) performs a protective function due to leukocyte and antibodies;
3) participates in humoral regulation of the body's life activity.
82. Use information about early stages Embrygenesis (zygote, Blastulyu, Gastrol) to confirm the sequence of the development of the animal world.
Answer:
1) the zygota stage corresponds to a single-cell organism;
2) Stage of Blastuly, where cells are not differentiated, similar to colonial forms;
3) the embryo at the stage of gastruly corresponds to the structure of the intestinal (hydra).
83. The introduction of large doses of drugs into vein is accompanied by their dilution with saline (0.9% NaCl solution). Explain why.
Answer:
1) the introduction of large doses of drugs without dilution can cause a sharp change in blood composition and irreversible phenomena;
2) The concentration of physiological solution (0.9% NaCl solution) corresponds to the concentration of salts in the blood plasma and does not cause the death of blood cells.
84. Find the errors in the text given, correct them, specify the number of the pre-clauses in which they are made, write these offers without errors.
1. Animal type of arthropods have an outer chitinous cover and segic limbs. 2. The body from their majority consists of three departments: heads, chest and abdomen. 3. All arthropods have one pair of mustache. 4. They have sophisticated (facet). 5. The blood system in insects is closed.
Errors are allowed in sentences:
1) 3 - in one pair of the mustache, not all arthropods have (there are no spooforms, but in crustaceans - two pairs);
2) 4 - not all arthropods have complex (facet) eyes: they have simple or absent, in the insects, along with complex eyes, there may be simple;
3) 5 - the circulatory system in arthropods is unlocked.
85. What are the functions of the human digestive system?
Answer:
1) Mechanical processing of food;
2) chemical processing of food;
3) Movement of food and removal of untapped residues;
4) suction of nutrients, mineral salts and water in blood and lymph.
86. What is characterized by biological progress in flowering plants? Specify at least three signs.
Answer:
1) a large variety of populations and species;
2) a wide settlement on the globe;
3) adaptability to life in different environmental conditions.
87. Why should food be carefully chewed?
Answer:
1) Well-fated food is quickly impregnated with saliva in the oral cavity and begins to digest;
2) Well-facing food is quickly soaked with digestive juices in the stomach and intestines and therefore it is easier to digest.
88. Find errors in the given text. Specify the number of offers in which they are made, correct them.
1.Population is a combination of freely crossing individuals of one species, for a long time Inhabiting the general territory.2. The populations of the same species are relatively isolated from each other, and their individuals do not cross each other. 3. The genuofund of all populations of one species is the same. 4. The population is an elementary unit of evolution. 5. A group of frogs of one species living in a deep puddle for one summer is a population.
Errors are allowed in sentences:
1) 2 - populations of one species are partially isolated, but individuals of different populations can be cross;
2) 3 - gene pool of different populations of one species differ;
3) 5 - a group of frogs is not a population, since a group of individuals is considered to be a population if it is big number Generations takes the same space.
89. Why in summer with long-term thirst it is recommended to drink salted water?
Answer:
1) in the summer, the person intensifies sweating;
2) with then mineral salts are derived from the body;
3) Sliced \u200b\u200bwater restores the normal water-salt balance between the tissues and the inner medium of the body.
90. What is proved by the person's belonging to the class of mammals?
Answer:
1) the similarity of the structure of organs of organs;
2) the presence of hair cover;
3) the development of the embryo in the uterus;
4) Fingering offspring with milk, care for offspring.
91. What processes support constancy chemical composition blood plasma man?
Answer:
1) processes in buffer systems maintain the reaction of the medium (pH) at a constant level;
2) Neurohumoral regulation of the chemical composition of the plasma is carried out.
92. Find errors in the text. Specify the numbers of the offers in which they are made, explain them.
1.Population is a combination of freely crossing individuals different species, for a long time inhabiting the total territory. 2. The mining group characteristics of the population are the number, density, age, sexual and spatial structure. 3. The combination of all population genes is called the Genofond. 4. The population is a structural unit of wildlife. 5. The number of populations is always stable.
Errors are allowed in sentences:
1) 1 - the population is a combination of freely crossing individuals of one species, for a long time inhabiting the general territory of the population;
2) 4 - the population is a structural unit of the form;
3) 5 - the number of populations may vary in different seasons and years.
93. What are the structures of the bodies of the body ensure the protection of the human body from the effects of temperature factors? Explain their role.
Answer:
1) subcutaneous fatty tissue protects the body from cooling;
2) sweat glands form sweat, which during evaporation protects against overheating;
3) the hair on the head protect the body from cooling and overheating;
4) Changing the lumen of skin capillaries regulates heat transfer.
94. Give at least three progressive biological signs of the person, which he acquired in the process of long-term evolution.
Answer:
1) an increase in the brain and the brain department of the skull;
2) straight and appropriate changes in the skeleton;
3) Liberation and development of your hand, opposition to the thumb.
95. What division of meiosis is similar to mitosis? Explain what it is expressed and to which set chromosome in the cell leads.
Answer:
1) similarity with mitosis is observed in the second division of meiosis;
2) All phases are similar, sister chromosomes (chromatids) are divergent to the cell poles (chromatids);
3) The resulting cells have a haploid set of chromosomes.
96. What is characterized by arterial bleeding from venous?
Answer:
1) with arterial bleeding blood scarlet;
2) beats from the wound a strong jet, fountain.
97. The scheme of which process occurring in the human body is shown in the figure? What is the basis of this process and how does the composition of the blood change? Reply explain the answer.
capillary
Answer:
1) the figure shows the gas exchange scheme in the lungs (between the light bubble and the capillary of the blood);
2) The basis of gas exchange is the diffusion - the penetration of gases from the place with a large pressure in place with less pressure;
3) As a result of gas exchange, the blood is saturated with oxygen and turns from venous (A) to arterial (b).
98. What impact is hypodynamine (low motor activity) on the human body?
Answer:
Hydodine lands:
1) to a decrease in the level of metabolism, an increase in adipose tissue, overweight;
2) weakening the skeletal and heart muscles, an increase in the load on the heart and a decrease in the endurance of the body;
3) stagnation of venous blood in the lower limbs, extension of blood vessels, circulatory disorders.
(Other formulations of response, not distorting its meaning are allowed.)
99. What features have plants living in arid conditions?
Answer:
1) the root system of plants penetrates deep into the soil, gets to groundwater or is located in the surface layer of the soil;
2) Some plants have water during drought in the leaves, stems and other organs;
3) The leaves are covered with waxing, published or modified in spines or needles.
100. What is the need for an iron ion ions in the blood of a man? Reply explain the answer.
Answer:
2) Erythrocytes provide oxygen transport and carbon dioxide.
101. According to what vessels and what blood enters the heart chambers designated in the figure figures 3 and 5? What circulation is connected with each of these heart structures?
Answer:
1) in the chamber, indicated by the number 3, comes venous blood from the upper and lower hollow veins;
2) in the chamber, indicated by the number 5, arterial blood from the pulmonary veins is fed;
3) The heart chamber, indicated by the number 3, is associated with a large circulation circle;
4) The chamber of the heart, indicated by the number 5, is associated with a small circulation circle.
102. What are vitamins, what are their role in the vital activity of human organism?
Answer:
1) vitamins - biologically active organic substances necessary in small quantities;
2) they are part of enzymes, participating in metabolism;
3) increase the body's resistance to adverse effects of the external environment, stimulate the growth, the development of the body, the restoration of tissues and cells.
103. The shape of the body of the butterfly of Kalima resembles a sheet. How was the similar body shape for a butterfly formed?
Answer:
1) the appearance of various hereditary changes in individuals;
2) Saving natural selection individuals with a modified body shape;
3) reproduction and distribution of individuals with a body shape resembling sheet.
104. What is the nature of the majority of enzymes and why do they lose their activity with raising the level of radiation?
Answer:
1) most enzymes - proteins;
2) Denaturation occurs under the action of radiation, the structure of the protein-enzyme changes.
105. Find errors in the given text. Specify the number of offers, in which they are made, correct them.
1. Plants, like all living organisms, eat, breathe, grow, breed. 2. According to the method of nutrition, plants refer to autotrophic organisms. 3. With the breath of the plant absorb carbon dioxide and excrete oxygen. 4. All plants multiply seeds. 5. Plants, like animals, are growing only in the first years of life.
Errors are allowed in sentences:
1) 3 - with the breath of the plant absorb oxygen and isolated carbon dioxide;
2) 4 - the seeds are multiplied by the seeds only flowering and viced, and algae, mosses, and satellites - disputes;
3) 5 - plants are growing throughout life, have unlimited growth.
106. What is the need for an iron ion ions in the blood of a man? Reply explain the answer.
Answer:
1) iron ions are part of the hemoglobin of erythrocytes;
2) the hemoglobin of erythrocytes ensures the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, since it is able to bind to these gases;
3) The flow of oxygen is necessary for the energy metabolism of the cell, and carbon dioxide is its final product to be deleted.
107. Explain why people of different rates are referred to in one. Give at least three evidence.
Answer:
1) similarity of the structure, processes of vital activity, behavior;
2) genetic unity - the same set of chromosomes, their structure;
3) The interracial marriages appear offspring capable of reproduction.
108. In ancient India, a suspect in the crime was offered to swallow the handful of dry rice. If he could not succeed, the guilt was considered proven. Give the physiological substantiation of this process.
Answer:
1) Swallowing is a complex reflex act, which is accompanied by salivation and irritation of the root of the tongue;
2) With strong excitement, the salivation is sharply inhibited, it becomes dry in the mouth, and the swallowing reflex does not occur.
109. Find errors in the given text. Specify the numbers of the offers in which they are made, explain them.
1. The composition of the food chain of biogeocenosis includes producers, consversions and relegates. 2. The first link of the food chain are consversals. 3. Consumers in the light accumulates the energy learned during photosynthesis. 4. Oxygen is released in the dark phase of photosynthesis. 5. Recurates contribute to the liberation of energy accumulated by consultations and producers.
Errors are allowed in sentences:
1) 2 - the first link are producers;
2) 3 - Consumes are not capable of photosynthesis;
3) 4 - oxygen is allocated in the light phase of photosynthesis.
110. What are the causes of Malokrovia in humans? Indicate at least three possible causes.
Answer:
1) big blood loss;
2) defective nutrition (lack of iron and vitamins, etc.);
3) violation of the formation of erythrocytes in the blood-forming organs.
111. Osovidka fly is similar to the color and body shape with the ax. Name the type of its protective device, explain its value and the relative character of the fitness.
Answer:
1) the type of device - mimicry, imitation of the color and shape of the body of an unprotected animal protected;
2) the similarity with the axle prevents a possible predator about the danger to be wasted;
3) Fly becomes mining of young birds, which have not yet developed the reflex on the wasp.
112. Make a food chain using all objects mentioned below: humus, spider-crusader, hawk, big tit, indoor fly. Determine third-order consumers in the composed chain.
Answer:
1) Underwear -\u003e Room Fly -\u003e Spider-Cross -\u003e Big Tit -\u003e Hawk;
2) A third order console is a big tit.
113. Find the errors in the text. Specify the proposals numbers in which errors are made, correct them.
1. Killed worms - These are the most highly organized crossing of other types of worms. 2. Ring worms have an impaired blood system. 3. Body ring worm consists of identical segments. 4. The body cavity in the ringed worms is missing. five. Nervous system Ring worms are represented by a regiphaning ring and a spinal nervous chain.
Errors are allowed in sentences:
1) 2 - Killed worms have a closed circulatory system;
2) 4 - ringed worms have body cavity;
3) 5 - the nervous chain is located on the abdominal side of the body.
114. Name at least three aromorphoses from land plants, which allowed them to master the land. Justify the answer.
Answer:
1) the occurrence of coating fabric - epidermis with stories - promoting protection against evaporation;
2) the appearance of a conductive system providing transportation of substances;
3) Development of mechanical tissue that performs the reference function.
115. Explain what is connected with a large variety of sample mammals in Australia and the absence of them on other continents.
Answer:
1) Australia separated from other continents during the heyday of the silence before the appearance of placental animals (geographical insulation);
2) The natural conditions of Australia contributed to the divergence of signs of sample and active speciation;
3) On other continents, the shortcuts were ousted by placental mammals.
116. In which cases, the change in the DNA nucleotide sequence does not affect the structure and functions of the corresponding protein?
Answer:
1) If, as a result of the replacement of the nucleotide, another codon occurs, encoding the same amino acid;
2) if the codon formed as a result of the replacement of the nucleotide, encodes another amino acid, but with similar chemical propertiesnot changing the structure of the protein;
3) if changes in nucleotides will occur in intergenic or non-functioning DNA sections.
117. Why is the relationship between the pike and the dip in the ecosystem of the river consider con-curtains?
Answer:
1) are predators, feed on similar food;
2) dwell in one reservoir, need similar conditions for life, mutually oppress each other.
118. Find errors in the given text. Specify the proposals numbers in which errors are made, correct them.
1. Basic classes like arthropods - crustaceans, spider and insects. 2. Insects have four pairs of legs, and spider-shaped - three pairs. 3. River cancer has simple eyes, and the spider-crusade is complex. 4. Poworkoons on the trouser are pawless warts. 5. The spider-cruster and the May beetle breathe with the help of light bags and trachees.
Errors are allowed in sentences:
1) 2 - insects have three pairs of legs, and spoofy - four pairs;
2) 3 - river cancer has complex eyes, and a spider-crusade - simple;
3) 5 - May Beetle has no light bags, and there are only trachea.
119. What are the features of the structure and vital activity of hay mushrooms? Name at least four features.
Answer:
1) have a fungne and fruit body;
2) reconstruct disputes and fungny;
3) by the method of nutrition - heterotrophs;
4) Most form mycorrhiza.
120. What aromorphoses allowed the ancient amphibian to master the land.
Answer:Master Class
1) the appearance of light breathing;
2) the formation of dissected limbs;
3) The appearance of a three-chamber heart and two circles of blood circulation.
"Preparation for OGE on biology"
Task analysis №28; №31; №32 of the second part of the OGE on biology
Master class designed and conducted by teacher biology I category
Isacova Natalia Vladislavovna
(MOU "Emmaus School" Tver)
Goals and objectives master class By biology
1. Subject to the specification of control and measuring materials on biology in OGE 2016-2017
2. to know with the codifier of content elements and requirements for the level of training of graduates of general educational institutions for OGE on biology.
3.Dine skills and job skills basic level difficulties.
Equipment: Presentation, Develion OGE on biology 2016-2017; codifier of elements of the content and requirements for the level of training of graduates of general education institutions for OGE 2016-2017 on biology (project); Specification Kim (project).
Teacher's introductory word
We will get acquainted with the instructions for performing work:
The examination work consists of two parts that include 32 tasks. PART ISODER 28 tasks with a brief response, part II contains 4 tasks with an expanded answer.
For execution examination Takes 3 hours (180 minutes).
Answers to Jobs 1-22 are written in the form of one digit, which corresponds to the number of the correct response. Record this digit in the response field in the text of the work, then transfer to the answer form No. 1.
Answers to tasks 23-28 are written as a sequence of numbers. Record this sequence of numbers in the response field in the text of the work, then transfer the response form No. 1.
Tasks 29-32 should be given a deployed answer. Tasks are performed on the answer form No. 2.
When performing tasks, you can use the draft. Records in Chernovik are not taken into account when evaluating work.
The points you received for completed tasks are summed up. Try to perform as much tasks as possible and dial the greatest number Points.
We will get acquainted with the criteria for estimating examination work.
1. For the correct execution of tasks 1-22 1 point is set.
2. The right answer to each of the tasks 23-27 2 points are displayed.
3. For a response to tasks 23-24 1 point is set, if the response shows two any figures presented in the response standard and 0 points, if only one digit is correct or not specified.
4. If the examiner indicates the response more characters than necessary, then for each extra symbol decreases 1 point (up to 0 points).
5. The full correct answer to the task 28 3 points are exhibited; 2 points are set if the wrong symbol is written on any response position, which is presented in the response standard; 1 score is set if there are not those symbols that are presented in the reference standard and 0 points in all other cases are recorded on any two positions of the answer.
So, we will proceed to the analysis of the task number 28 of the second part of the OGE on biology.
In order for our work to be productive, let's remember the shape of the leaves, the types of leaves (housing).
(Slides 3-11).
We begin the analysis of the task number 28 model option №1 2017.
1. Determine the type of sheet if the sheet has a petiole, then the type of paper is cuff. If there is no petiole leaf - a leaf is sedentary.
2. Determine the housing of the sheet. This leaf is the housing of the peristry (mesh), since the sheet is pronounced by one powerful vein, located in the middle.
3. Form sheet. In order to determine the form of a sheet, it is necessary to carry out dotted lines in the figure and using the sample represented in the task to determine the form of a sheet (work with an interactive board).
4. Determine the type of sheet using a ruler and pencil. We carry out dotted lines. If the length is equal to or exceeds the width of 1-2 times, the type of sheet on the length and width of ovidoid, oval, or back-ovid-shaped .. This sheet is width - 3 cm, a length of 4.5 cm means the form of this sheet of io-shaped (work with interactive board).
5. It was possible to determine the edge of the sheet. Carefully consider the samples offered in Kim, choose a suitable sample for our sheet. The sheet is solid-extreme, since there are no teeth around the edges. 
Task №28 performed successfully.
We proceed to the analysis of the task number 31 of the Model option No. 1 2017.
1. We read the task condition.
2. Schedule in the text questions on which we must answer (what we have to calculate).
3. And we need to specify: Morning training energy consumption, recommended dishes, lunch calorics and the number of proteins in it
4. Playing the calculation of the energy consumption of the morning workout. To do this, we will use Table No. 3 "Energy Costs at different types physical activity. "
From the terms of the task, we know that Olga is engaged in large tennis, which means the energy value will be 7.5 kcal / min.
(The value is taken from Table No. 3, taking into account the sport, which Olga is engaged in). We need to calculate the energy consumption of the morning two-hour training. So 120 min. (2 hours of training) x 7,5kkal. (Energy cost of physical activity) and we will get energy consumption of the morning training 900 kcal. (120 x 7.5 \u003d 900 kcal.)
To compile the menu, we use Table No. 2 of the Count "Energy Value".
Menu: Sandwich with meat cutlet (energy. Value - 425 kcal.)
Vegetable salad (energy. Value-60 kcal.)
Ice cream with chocolate filler (energy. Value - 325 kcal.)
Tea with sugar (two teaspoons) - Energy. Value - 68 kcal.
+60 + 325 + 68 \u003d 878 kcal. (calorieness of the recommended lunch).
39+ 3 + 6 \u003d 48
The task is successful.
We will analyze the task number 32 of the Model option No. 1 2017.
Why did the coach pay particular attention to Olga on the content of proteins in the dishes ordered? Specify at least two arguments.
Task №32 follows from the task number 31.
1. The bull is the main building material for the body. Muscles, ligaments, leather and internal organs consist of the protein.
2. The reference is the source of energy.
The task is completed, thanks for the work!
Instruction
To solve genetic tasks use certain types of research. The hybridological analysis method was developed by G. Mendel. It allows you to identify the patterns of inheritance of individual symptoms during sexual reproduction. Essence this method Simply: When analyzing certain alternative features, they can be traced in the offspring. There is also an accurate accounting for the manifestation of each alternative feature and each individual offspring.
The main laws of inheritance were also developed by Mendel. The scientist brought three laws. Subsequently, they are the laws of Mendel. The first is the law of uniformity of hybrids of the first. Take two heterozygous individuals. When crossing, they will give two types of weights. The offspring of these appear in the 1: 2: 1 ratio.
The second law of Mendel is the law of splitting. It is based on that the dominant gene does not always suppress recessive. In this case, not all individuals among the first generation reproduce the signs of parents - the so-called intermediate character of inheritance appears. For example, when crossing homozygous with red flowers (AA) and white flowers (AA), offspring is obtained with pink. Incomplete dominance is quite common. It meets in some biochemical signs.
The third law and the latter is the law of independent combination of signs. For the manifestation of this law, compliance with several conditions: there should be no lethal genes, the dominance should be complete, the genes must be in different chromosomes.
The mansion is the tasks of genetics of the floor. There are two types of genital chromosomes: X-chromosome (female) and Y-chromosome (men's). The floor having two identical genital chromosomes is called homogamen. Paul, defined various chromosomes, called heterobate. The floor of the future individual is determined at the time of fertilization. In sex chromosomes, in addition to genes that carry information about the field are also contained by others who do not have any attitude towards this. For example, a gene responsible for blood clotting bears women's X chromosome. Captured with the floor signs are transmitted from the mother to sons and daughters, from the Father - only to daughters.
Video on the topic
Sources:
- solving Tasks in Biology Genetics
- on dihybrid crossing and inheritance
All challenges on genetics are usually reduced to several main types: settlement, to clarify the genotype and to find out how the sign is inherited. Such tasks can be schematic or illustrated. However, to successfully solve any problem, including genetic, it is necessary to carefully read its condition. The decision itself is based on the implementation of a number of certain actions.
You will need
- - notebook;
- - textbook on genetics;
- - a pen.
Instruction
You must first determine the type of task proposed. To do this, you will have to find out how many gene couples for the development of the proposed signs, what features are considered. Learn homo- or heterozygous in this case is cross each other, and is also associated with the inheritance of a certain feature with sex chromosomes.
Find out which of the proposed signs is (weak), and which is dominant (strong). At the same time, when solving a genetic problem, it is necessary to repel from the prerequisite that the dominant sign in the descendants will always appear phenotypically.
Determine the number and type of weight (sex). It should be borne in mind that Gamets can only be haploid. Accordingly, the distribution of chromosomes during their division occurs evenly: each of the weights will contain only one chromosome taken from the homologous pair. As a result, the offspring receives in the "half" set of chromosome from each of its own.
Make a schematic record of a genetic problem in the notebook. At the same time, dominant signs for the homozygous studied AA combination for heterozygous - AA. The indefinite genotype has a_. The recessive sign is recorded in the form of a combination of AA.
Analyze the results obtained and write this numeric ratio. This will be a response to genetic task.
Video on the topic
In many similar tasks, the genotype of individuals offered to the crossing is not specified. That is why it is so important to be able to independently determine the genotype of parents along the phenotype or the genotype of their offspring.
When studying genetics, great attention is paid to the tasks, the solution of which should be found using the laws of the inheritance of genes. Most studied natural Sciences Solving Tasks by genetics It seems one of the most difficult things in biology. Nevertheless, it is located on a simple algorithm.
You will need
- - Tutorial.
Instruction
To begin with, carefully read the task and write a schematic condition using special characters. Indicate, what genotypes parents have, and what a phenotype is matching. Write down the children in the first and second generations.
Mark which gene is dominant, and what is recessive if it is in the condition. If the task is given splitting, also specify it in a schematic record. For simple tasks sometimes just write down the condition to understand the decision tasks.
To successfully solve the problem, you need to understand which section it: monohybrid, dihybrid or polyhybrid crossing, inheritance, adhesive with the floor or a sign is inherited genes. To do this, consider which cleavage of the genotype or phenotype is observed in the offspring in the first generation. The condition may indicate the exact number of individuals with each genotype or a phenotype, or the percentage of each genotype (phenotype) from. These data must be brought to simple.
Please note whether the offspring does not distinguish signs depending on the floor.
Each type of crossing is characterized by its special splitting and phenotype. All this data is contained in the textbook, and you will be convenient to write these formulas on a separate sheet and use them when solving problems.
Now that you have discovered a splitting, according to the principle of which the hereditary signs are underway in your task, you can learn genotypes and phenotypes of all individuals in the offspring, as well as genotypes and phenotypes of parents participating in crossing.
Everything tasks by biology are divided into tasks By molecular biology and tasks in genetics. In molecular biology There are several topics in which there are tasks: Proteins, nucleic acids, DNA code and energy exchange.
Instruction
Decide tasks On the topic "Proteins" using the following formula: M (min) \u003d A / B * 100%, where M (MIN) is a molecular weight, a - atomic or molecular weight of the component, B is the percentage component. The average molecular weight of one acid residue is 120.
Calculate the necessary values \u200b\u200bon the topic "nucleic acids", adhering to Chargaff: 1. Adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and guanin is a cytosine;
2. The rate of purine bases is equal to the number of pyrimidine bases, i.e. A + r \u003d t + c. DNA molecule chains The distance between nucleotides is 0.34 nm. Relative molecular weight One nucleotide is 345.
Tasks on the topic "DNA code" decide with the help of a special table of genetic codes. Thanks to her, you will learn what acid encodes one or another genetic code.
Calculate the answer you need for tasks on the topic "Energy Exchange" by the reaction equation. One of the frequently found is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6SO2 + 6N2O.
Find on genetics according to a special algorithm. First, determine which genes are dominant (A, B), and which recessive (A, B). The dominant is called the gene, the sign of which is manifested both in homozygous (AA, AA) and in heterozygous state (AA, BB). The recessive is called the gene, the sign of which is manifested only at a meeting of the same genes, i.e. in a homozygous state. For example, peas with yellow seeds crossed with peas with seeds. The resulting pea plants were all yellow. Obviously, yellow color is a dominant sign. Record the solution to this tasks So: a - the gene that is responsible for the yellow color of the seed, and the gene responsible for the green color of the seeds.: AA X AA
G: a, a
F1: Aasy tasks This type with several features, then one feature indicate a or a, and the second B or b.
The study of genetics is accompanied by solving problems. They clearly show the law of the law inheritance. Most students are the solution of these tasks seems incredibly difficult. But, knowing the solution algorithm, you can easily handle them.
Instruction
You can select two main types. In the first type of tasks, genotypes of parents are known. It is necessary to determine the genotypes of descendants. First, determine which allel is dominant. Find an allele. Write down the genotypes of parents. Write all possible types of weights. Connect. Determine the splitting.
In the tasks of the second type, the opposite is normal. It knows the splitting in the offspring. It is required to determine the genotypes of parents. Find the same as in the tasks of the first type, which of the alleles is dominant, which is recessive. Determine Possible types of Games. For them, determine the genotypes of parents.
To solve the task correctly, read it carefully and analyze the condition. To determine the type of task, find out how many pairs of features are considered in the task. Pay attention also to how many pairs of genes control the development of signs. It is important to find out homozygous or cross it, what is the type of crossing. Determine, independently or adhesive genes, how many genotypes are formed in the offspring and is there any inheritance with the floor.
Let's start solving the problem. Make a summary condition. Record the genotype or phenotype of individuals involved in crossing. Determine and mark the types of the resulting Games. Record the genotypes or phenotypes of offspring derived from crossing. Analyze the results, write them down in a numerical ratio. Write the answer.
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