Molecular biology and biological chemistry are studied. Molecular biologist

1. Introduction.

The object, tasks and methods of molecular biology and genetics. The value of the "classical" genetics and genetics of microorganisms in the formation of molecular biology and genetic engineering. The concept of gene in the "classic" and molecular genetics, its evolution. Contribution of methodology of genetic engineering in the development of molecular genetics. Application value Genetic engineering for biotechnology.

2. Molecular base of heredity.

The concept of the cell, its macromolecular composition. The nature of genetic material. The history of evidence of the genetic DNA function.

2.1. Various types of nucleic acids. Biological functions nucleic acids. Chemical structure, spatial structure and physical properties nucleic acids. Features of the structure of genetic material pro - and eukaryotes. Complementary pairs of wastson-scream bases. Genetic code. History of deciphering genetic code. The main properties of the code: Triplet, Code without commas, degeneracy. Features of the code dictionary, codon family, semantic and "meaningless" codons. DNA ring molecules and the concept of superpioplement DNA. Topoisomers DNA and their types. Mechanisms of action topoisomerase. DNA girase bacteria.

2.2. DNA transcription. RNA polymerase pricedness, its subunit and three-dimensional structure. A variety of sigma factors. Promoter of prokary beam genes, its structural elements. Stages of the transcription cycle. Initiation, education of the "open complex", elongation and transcription termination. Transcription Attenuation. Regulation of expression of tryptophan operon. "Ribopers". Transcription termination mechanisms. Negative and positive transcription regulation. Lactose operon. Transcription regulation in the development of lambda phage. The principles of recognition of DNA regulatory proteins (SAR protein and repressor Phage Lambda). Features of transcription in eukaryota. RNA processing in eukaryotes. Tiging, splasing and polyadenylation of transcripts. Splotsing mechanisms. The role of small nuclear RNA and protein factors. Alternative splasing, examples.

2.3. Broadcast, Her stages, Ribosoma function. Localization of ribosomes in the cell. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic types of ribosomes; 70s and 80s ribosomes. Morphology Ribosoma. Division for subparticles (subunits). Codon-dependent binding of aminoacil-TRNA in the elongation cycle. Code-anti-chodon interaction. Participation of the EF1 EF1 (EF-TU) factor in the binding of aminoacil-TRNA with Ribosoma. EF1B elongation factor (EF-TS), its function, sequence of reactions with its participation. Antibiotics affecting the stage of codon-dependent binding of aminoacil-TRNA with ribosome. Aminoglycosidate antibiotics (streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, etc.), the mechanism of their action. Tetracycles as an aminoacyl-trad binding inhibitors with ribosome. Translation initiation. The main stages of the initiation process. Translation initiation in prokaryotm: initiation factors, initiator codons, 3 ¢ RNA-RNA RNA-Ribosomal subcourse and sequence of Chain-Dallarno in mRNA. Eucariot translation initiation: initiation factors, initiator codons, 5 ¢ -Franslated area and CEP-dependent "end" initiation. "Internal" CEP-independent initiation in eukaryotes. Transpeptidation. Transpeptidation inhibitors: chloramphenicol, lincomycin, amizetin, streptogramines, anisomycin. Translocation. Participation of the EF2 elongation factor (EF-G) and GTF. Translocation inhibitors: fusidic acid, vyomycin, their mechanisms of action. Termination of broadcast. Terminating codons. Protein factors for termination of prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Two classes of termination factors and mechanisms of their action. Regulation of translation in prokaryotes.

2.4. DNA replication and its genetic control. Polymerances involved in replication, characteristic of their enzymatic activity. DNA reproduction accuracy. The role of steric interactions between pairs of DNA bases under replication. Polymerase I, II and III E. coli. Polymerase Subunit III. Plug replication, "leading" and "lagging" threads when replication. Fragments of the provision. The protein complex in the replication fork. Regulation of replication initiation at E. SOLI. Termination of replication by bacteria. Features of regulation of plasmid replication. Bidirectional replication and replication by the type of rolling ring.

2.5. Recombination, Her types and models. General or homologous recombination. DNA double gaps, initiating recombination. The role of recombination in post-solicative reparation of two-dimensional gaps. The structure of hill in the recombination model. Enzymology of overall recombination at E. coli. RecBCD complex. Reca protein. The role of the fingering in ensuring DNA synthesis during DNA damage interrupting replication. Recombination in eukarot. Enzymes of recombination in eukarot. Site-specific recombination. Differences in molecular mechanisms of general and site-specific recombination. Classification of recombinase. Types of chromosomal rearrangements carried out at site-specific recombination. Regulatory role of site-specific recombination in bacteria. Designing of chromosomes of multicellular eukaryotes using the site-specific recombination of the phage.

2.6. DNA reparation. Classification of types of reparation. Direct reparation of thyminic dimers and methylated guanin. Cutting grounds. Glycosylase. Reparation mechanism of unpaired nucleotides (MISMATCH Reparation). Select the refurred DNA thread. SOS-Reparation. The properties of the Polymeraz DNA involved in SOS-Reparations in prokaryotm and eukaryota. The idea of \u200b\u200b"adaptive mutations" by bacteria. Reparation of two-dimensional gaps: homologous post-solicative recombination and combining the non-homologous ends of the DNA molecule. The relationship of replication, recombination and repair processes.

3. Mutation process.

The role of biochemical mutants in the formation of the theory of one gene is one enzyme. Classification of mutations. Point mutations and chromosomal restructuring, the mechanism of their education. Spontaneous and induced mutagenesis. Classification of Mutagens. Molecular mechanism of mutagenesis. The relationship of mutagenesis and reparation. Identification and selection of mutants. Suppression: intragenic, intergrengic and phenotypic.

4. Extcomic genetic elements.

Plasmids, their structure and classification. Final Factor F, its structure and life cycle. The role of Factor F in mobilizing chromosomal transfer. The formation of donors of type HFR and F ". The mechanism of conjugation. Bacteriophages, their structure and life cycle. Villageless and moderate bacteriophages. Lisoches and transduction. General and specific transduction. Migrating genetic elements: transposons and IS sequences, their role in genetic exchange. DNA -Transponders in the genomes of prokaryotism and eukaryot. IS-sequence of bacteria, their structure. IS-sequence as a component of the F-factor of bacteria, which determines the ability to transmit genetic material in conjugation. Transposons of bacteria and eukaryotic organisms. Direct non-relation and replicative transposition mechanisms. View horizontal Transposon transfer and their role in structural reassets (ectopic recombination) and in the evolution of genome.

5. Study of the structure and function of the gene.

Elements of genetic analysis. Cis-Trans complementation test. Genetic mapping using conjugation, transduction and transformation. Building genetic maps. Thin genetic mapping. Physical analysis of the gene structure. Heteroduesx analysis. Restriction analysis. Sequencing methods. Polymerazic chain reaction. Detection of the gene function.

6. Regulation of gene expression. Opero and Regular Concept. Control at the transcription initiation level. Promotor, operator and regulatory proteins. Positive and negative control of gene expression. Control at the level of transcription termination. Catabolit-controlled opers: models of lactose, galactose, arabine and maltose operons. Attenuator-controlled operons: a tryptophan opeker model. Multivalent regulation of gene expression. Global regulation systems. Regulatory response to stress. Postwall control. Sigal transduction. Regulation with RNA participation: small RNA, sensory RNA.

7. Basics of genetic engineering. Restriction enzymes and modifications. Selection and cloning of genes. Vectors for molecular cloning. Principles for the design of recombinant DNA and their introduction to recipient cells. Applied aspects of genetic engineering.

but). Main literature:

1. Watson J., Tuz J., Recombinant DNA: short course. - M.: Mir, 1986.

2. Genes. - M.: Peace. 1987.

3. Molecular biology: structure and biosynthesis of nucleic acids. / Ed. . - M. Higher Shk. 1990.

4. - Molecular biotechnology. M. 2002.

5. Spin ribosomes and protein biosynthesis. - M.: high school, 1986.

b). Additional literature:

1. Hesin genome. - M.: Science. 1984.

2. Rybchin genetic engineering. - SPb.: SPBSTU. 1999.

3. Patrushev genes. - M.: Science, 2000.

4. Modern microbiology. Prokaryotes (in 2 tt.). - M.: Mir, 2005.

5. M. Singer, P. Berg. Genes and genomes. - M.: Mir, 1998.

6. Snacks of engineering. - Novosibirsk: from the Sib. Univ., 2004.

7. Stepanov Biology. Structure and function of proteins. - M.: V. Sh., 1996.

Comic on Competition "Bio / Mol / Text": Today, the molecular biologist test tube will hold you the world of amazing science - molecular biology! We will start with a historic excursion in the stages of its development, we will describe the main discoveries and experiments since 1933. And also clearly tell about the main methods of molecular biology, which allowed manipulated genes to change and allocate them. The emergence of these methods served as a strong impetus to the development of molecular biology. And even remember the role of biotechnology and touched one of the most popular topics in this area - editing the genome using CRISPR / CAS systems.

General Sponsor of the Competition and Partner of the Nomination "Skoltech" -.

The sponsor of the competition is the company "DEEM": the largest supplier of equipment, reagents and consumables for biological research and production.

The company sponsored the prize of audience sympathies.

"Book" Sponsor of the Competition - "Alpina Non-Fikshn"

1. Introduction. The essence of molecular biology

Learn the basis of the life of organisms at the level of macromolecules. The goal of molecular biology is to establish the role and mechanisms for the functioning of these macromolecules on the basis of knowledge of their structures and properties.

Historically, molecular biology has formed during the development of areas of biochemistry studying nucleic acids and proteins. While biochemistry explores metabolism, chemical composition Living cells, organisms and chemical processes implemented in them, Molecular biology The main attention focuses on the study of transmission mechanisms, reproduction and storing genetic information.

And the object of studying molecular biology is nucleic acids themselves - deoxyribonucleic (DNA), ribonucleic (RNA) - and proteins, as well as their macromolecular complexes - chromosomes, ribosomes, multimenza systems providing biosynthesis proteins and nucleic acids. Molecular biology also borders on the objects of the study and partially coincides with molecular genetics, virology, biochemistry and a number of other related biological sciences.

2. Historical excursion in the stages of the development of molecular biology

As a separate direction of biochemistry, molecular biology began developing in the 30s of the last century. Then then there was a need to understand the phenomenon of life on molecular level For research on the transmission and storage processes of genetic information. Just at that time, the problem of molecular biology was established in the study of properties, structures and interaction of proteins and nucleic acids.

For the first time the term "molecular biology" applied to 1933 william Astbury during the study of fibrillar proteins (collagen, blood fibrin, contracting proteins of muscles). Astbury studied the connection between the molecular structure and biological, physical characteristics of protein data. At first, the occurrence of molecular biology of RNA was considered the component of plants and fungi, and DNA is only animals. A B. 1935 The opening of the DNA of Pea, Andrei Belozersky, led to the establishment of the fact that DNA is contained in each living cell.

IN 1940 The year with a colossal achievement was the establishment of George Bidle and Eduard Tatemom, the causal relationship between genes and proteins. The hypothesis of scientists "One gene is one enzyme" was based on the concept that the specific structure of the protein is regulated by genes. It assumes that genetic information Encoded by a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA, which regulates the primary structure of proteins. Later it was proved that many proteins have a quaternary structure. In the formation of such structures, various peptide chains take part. Based on this, the position of communication between the genome and the enzyme was somewhat transformed, and now sounds like "one gene is one polypeptide."

IN 1944 The American biologist Oswald Everie with colleagues (Colin McLeeod and McLin McCarthy) proved that the substance causing the transformation of bacteria is DNA, not protein. The experiment served as proof of the role of DNA in the transfer of hereditary information, crossing outdated knowledge about the protein nature of genes.

In the early 50s, Frederick Sayger showed that the protein chain is a unique sequence of amino acid residues. IN 1951 and 1952 The scholar has determined the full sequence of two polypeptide chains - bull insulin IN (30 amino acid residues) and BUT (21 amino acid residues), respectively.

At about the same time, in 1951–1953 GG, Erwin Chargaff formulated the rules on the ratio of nitrogenous bases in DNA. According to the rule, regardless of the species differences in living organisms in their DNA, the amount of adenine (a) is equal to the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of guanine (G) is equal to the amount of cytosine (C).

IN 1953 The year has been proven by the genetic role of DNA. James Watson and Francis Creek based on the DNA radiograph obtained by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins established the spatial structure of DNA and put forward a later suggestion of the mechanism of its replication (doubling) underlying heredity.

1958 Year - the formation of the central dogma of molecular biology by Francis Cryc: the transfer of genetic information goes in the direction of DNA → RNA → Protein.

The essence of the dogma is that there are a certain directed flow of information from DNA in the cells, which, in turn, is a source genetic text consisting of four letters: a, t, g and c. It is recorded in a double DNA spiral in the form of sequences of these letters - nucleotides.

This text is transcribed. And the process itself is called transcription. During this process, the synthesis of RNA occurs, which is identical to the genetic text, but with honors: in RNA instead t costs u (uracil).

This RNA is called information RNA (iRNK.), or matrix (mRNA.). Broadcast The IRNNA is carried out using a genetic code in the form of triplet sequences of nucleotides. During this process, the text of the DNA nucleic acids and RNA from four-letter text in the twenty-bouquet text of amino acids takes place.

Natural amino acids exist only twenty, and letters in the text of nucleic acids four. Because of this, a translation from the four-buggy alphabet is taken into twenty-bounted by means of a genetic code in which any amino acid corresponds to each three nucleotide. This can be made of four letters of a total of 64 three-letter combinations, despite the amino acids 20. It follows from this that the genetic code must have a property of degeneracy. However, at that time, the genetic code was not known, besides, it did not even begin to decipher, but the cry has already formulated its central dogma.

Nevertheless, there was confidence that the code should exist. By that time it was proved that this code had triplength. This means that specifically three letters in nucleic acids ( codewise) They meet any amino acid. These codons are only 64, they encode 20 amino acids. This means that several codons correspond to each amino acid.

Thus, it can be concluded that the central dogma is a postulate, which states that in the cell there is a directed flow of information: DNA → RNA → Protein. Creek made focus on the main content of the central dogma: there can be no return flow of information, the protein is not able to change genetic information.

This is the main meaning of the central dogma: the protein is not able to change and transform information into DNA (or RNA), the flow always goes only in one direction.

After this, after that, a new enzyme was opened, which was not known in the formulation of the Central Dogma, - reverse transcriptasewhich synthesizes DNA on RNA. The enzyme was opened in viruses, in which genetic information is encoded in RNA, and not in DNA. Such viruses are called retrovirus. They have a viral capsule with RNA enclosed in it and a special enzyme. Enzyme and reverse transcriptase, which synthesizes DNA on the matrix of this viral RNA, and this DNA is then served as genetic material for further development Virus in a cage.

Of course, this discovery caused a large shock and many disputes among molecular biologists, since it was believed that, based on the central dogma, this could not be. However, the cry immediately explained that he never said that it was impossible. He spoke only that the flow of information from the protein to nucleic acids could never occur, and already inside the nucleic acids of any kind of processes are quite possible: DNA synthesis on DNA, DNA on RNA, RNA on DNA and RNA on RNA.

After the formulation of the central dogma, a number of questions still remained: as an alphabet of four nucleotides, components of DNA (or RNA), encodes a 20-letter alphabet for amino acids from which proteins consist? What is the essence of the genetic code?

The first ideas about the existence of a genetic code formulated Alexander Downs ( 1952 G.) and Georgy Gamov ( 1954 G.). Scientists have shown that the sequence of nucleotides should include at least three links. Later it was proved that such a sequence consists of three nucleotides called codon (triplet). Nevertheless, the question of which nucleotides are responsible for the inclusion of which amino acids to the protein molecule remained open until 1961.

A B. 1961 The year Marshall Nirenberg together with Henrich Mattei used a broadcast system in vitro.. The role of the matrices took an oligonucleotide. It consisted of only the remains of uracil, and the peptide synthesized with it included only the amino acid of the phenylalanine. Thus, for the first time, the codon value was set: the UUU codon encodes phenylalanine. The field of them Har Koran found out that the sequence of Ucucucucucucucucucucucucuis encoding a series of amino acids serine leucine-serine leucine. By and large, thanks to the works of Nirenberg and the Quran, 1965 The year genetic code was completely solid. It turned out that each triplet encodes a certain amino acid. And the order of codons determines the order of amino acids in protein.

The main principles of the functioning of proteins and nucleic acids were formulated by the beginning of the 70s. It was recorded that protein synthesis and nucleic acids are carried out according to the matrix mechanism. The molecule matrix carries the encoded information about the sequence of amino acids or nucleotides. When replication or transcription, the matrix serves DNA when broadcasting and reverse transcription - IRNK.

Thus were created prerequisites for the formation of directions of molecular biology, including genetic engineering. And in 1972, Paul Berg with colleagues developed a molecular cloning technology. Scientists received the first recombinant DNA in vitro.. These outstanding discoveries have formed the basis of a new direction of molecular biology, and 1972 Year since the date of birth of genetic engineering is considered.

3. Methods of molecular biology

Colossal successes in the study of nucleic acids, the structure of DNA and protein biosynthesis led to the creation of a number of methods having great importance In medicine, agriculture and science as a whole.

After studying the genetic code and the basic principles of storage, transfer and implementation of hereditary information, special methods have become necessary for the further development of molecular biology. These methods would allow manipulations with genes, change and allocate them.

The emergence of such methods occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. This gave a huge impetus to the development of molecular biology. First of all, these methods are directly related to the receipt of genes and their implementation in the cells of other organisms, and even with the possibility of determining the sequence of nucleotides in genes.

3.1. Electrophoresis DNA

Electrophoresis DNA It is a basic method of working with DNA. DNA electrophoresis is used together with almost all other methods to highlight the desired molecules and further analysis of results. The electrophoresis method itself in the gel is used to separate DNA fragments in length.

Pre-or after electrophoresis gel is processed by dyes that are able to contact DNA. Fluorescent dyes in ultraviolet light, it turns out a picture of gel strips. To determine the lengths of DNA fragments, they can be compared with mackers - sets of fragments of standard lengths that are applied to the same gel.

Fluorescent proteins

In the study of eukaryotic organisms, fluorescent proteins are handled as genes-márkers. The gene of the first green fluorescent protein ( green Fluorescent Protein, GFP) allocated from jellyfish Aqeuorea Victoria., after which they were introduced into different organisms. After the genes of fluorescent proteins of other colors were isolated: blue, yellow, red. To get proteins with the properties of interest, such genes were modified artificially.

In general, the most important tools for working with the DNA molecule are enzymes that carry out a number of DNA transformations in cells: DNA polymerase, DNA ligase and restrictase (restriction endonucleases).

Transgenesis

Transgenesis It is called the transfer of genes from one organism to another. And such organisms are called transgenic.

Recombinant protein preparations are just obtained by the method of transferring genes into microorganisms cells. Basically, such protein preparations are interferons, insulinSome protein hormones, as well as proteins for the production of row of vaccines.

In other cases, cell cultures of eukaryotes or transgenic animals are used, more than, Cattle that highlights the desired proteins in milk. Thus, antibodies, blood coagulation factors and other proteins are obtained. The transgenesis method is used to obtain cultivated plants resistant to pests and herbicides, and with the help of transgenic microorganisms, wastewater purifies.

In addition to the above, transgenic technologies are indispensable in scientific research, because the development of biology occurs faster using the methods for modifying and transferring genes.

Restrictase

Recognized sequences are symmetrical, therefore all sorts of gaps can occur either in the middle of such a sequence, or with a shift in one or both threads of the DNA molecule.

When splitting any DNA restrictase, the sequence at the ends of the fragments will be the same. They will be able to connect again because they have complementary areas.

It is possible to obtain a single molecule by sewing sequence data using DNA ligase. Due to this, it is possible to combine the fragments of two different DNA and receive recombinant DNA.

3.2. PCR

The method is based on the ability of DNA polymeraz to hold the second DNA thread on complementary threads as well as the DNA replication process in the cell.

3.3. DNA sequencing

The rapid development of the sequencing method allows to effectively identify the features of the organism under study at the level of its genome. The main advantage of such genomic and post -genomic technologies is to increase the ability to study and study the genetic nature of human diseases in order to take the necessary measures in advance and avoid diseases.

Due to major research, it is possible to obtain the necessary data on the various genetic characteristics of different groups of people, thereby developing medicine methods. Because of this, the identification of genetic liabilities to various diseases today is tremendous.

Such methods are widely applicable almost all over the world, including in Russia. Because of scientific progress, such methods are introduced into medical research and medical practice as a whole.

4. Biotechnology

Biotechnology - Discipline, which studies the possibility of using living organisms or their systems to solve technological tasks, and still creating living organisms with the necessary properties by genetic engineering. Biotechnology applies methods of chemistry, microbiology, biochemistry and, of course, molecular biology.

The main directions of development of biotechnology (the principles of biotechnological processes are introduced into the production of all industries):

1. Creation and production of new types of food and animal feed.
2. Receipt and study of new strains of microorganisms.
3. The removal of new varieties of plants, as well as the creation of means to protect plants from diseases and pests.
4. The use of biotechnology methods for the needs of ecology. Such methods of biotechnology are used to process waste disposal, wastewater treatment, used air and soil rehabilitation.
5. Production of vitamins, hormones, enzymes, sera of medicine. Biotechnologists develop improved drugs that were previously considered incurable.

Large achievement of biotechnology is genetic engineering.

Genetic Engineering - a collection of technologies and methods for producing recombinant RNA and DNA molecules, separation of individual genes from cells, carrying out manipulations with genes and introducing them to other organisms (bacteria, yeast, mammals). Such organisms are capable of producing final products with the necessary, modified properties.

Methods of genetic engineering are aimed at constructing new, previously not existing combinations of genes in nature.

Speaking about the achievements of genetic engineering, it is impossible not to affect the topic of cloning. Cloning - This is one of the methods of biotechnology, used to obtain identical descendants of various organisms with the help of a powerful reproduction.

In other words, cloning can be represented as the process of creating genetically identical copies of the body or cells. And the cloned organisms are similar or at all are identical not only by external signs, but also on genetic content.

Non-tested lamb Dolly in 1966 became the first cloned mammal. It was obtained due to the core transplant of the somatic cell in the egg plasma of the egg. Dolly was a genetic copy of the sheep donor coder cell. In natural conditions, the individual is formed from one fertilized egg, having received half a genetic material from two parents. However, with cloning, the genetic material was taken from the cell of one individual. First, the zigota removed the kernel in which the DNA itself is located. After which the kernel was removed from the cage adult individual Sheep and implanted him in that deprived zigo nucleus, and then she was transplanted to an adult individual in the uterus and provided an opportunity for growth and development.

Nevertheless, not all cloning attempts turned out to be successful. In parallel with the cloning of Dolly, the experiment on the replacement of DNA was carried out by 273 other egg cells. But in one case, it was possible to fully develop and grow a living adult animal. After Dolly, scientists tried to clone and other types of mammals.

One of their types of genetic engineering is editing genome.

The Crispr / Cas tool is based on the element of the immune protective system of bacteria, which scientists have adapted to implement any changes to the DNA of animals or plants.

CRISPR / CAS is one of the biotechnological methods of manipulating individual genes in cells. There are tremendous many applications of such technology. CRISPR / CAS allows researchers to find out the function of different genes. To do this, simply cut the studied gene from DNA and explore which functions of the body were affected.

Some practical applications Systems:

1. Agriculture. Due to CRISPR / CAS systems, agricultural crops can be improved. Namely, make them more delicious and nutritious, as well as heat resistant. It is possible to give plants and other properties: for example, cut out of nuts (peanut or hazelnut) allergen gene.
2. Medicine, hereditary diseases. Scientists have a goal of applying CRISPR / CAS to remove from the human mutation genome, due to which diseases such as sickle cell anemia can develop, such as CRISPR / CAS, you can stop the development of HIV.
3. Gene drive. CRISPR / CAS can change not only the genome of a single animal or plant, but also a genuofund of the species. This concept is known as "Gene Drive". Any living organism transmits half genes to its offspring. But the use of CRISPR / CAS can increase the likelihood of gene transfer to 100%. This is important in order for the desired sign faster to spread throughout the population.

Swiss scientists have significantly improved and modernized the CRISPR / CAS genome editing method, thereby expanding its capabilities. Nevertheless, scientists could only modify one gene at a time using CRISPR / CAS system. But now researchers of the Swiss Higher Technical School Zurich developed a method with which it is possible to simultaneously modify 25 genes in the cell.

For the newest technique Specialists used CAS12A enzyme. Genetics for the first time in history successfully cloned monkeys. "Popular Mechanics";

The molecular biologist is a researcher in the field of medicine, the mission of which consists, no much, in the salvation of humanity from dangerous diseases. Among such diseases, for example, oncology, today has become one of the main causes of mortality in the world, only a little inferior to the leader - cardiovascular diseases. New methods for early diagnosis of cancer oncology, prevention and treatment of cancer are the priority of modern medicine. Molecular biologists in the field of oncology are developing antibodies and recombinant (genetically designed) proteins for early diagnosis or targeted delivery of drugs in the body. Specialists of this sphere use the most modern achievements science and technology to create new organisms and organic substances In order to further use their further use in research and clinical activities. Among the methods that use molecular biologists - cloning, transfection, infection, polymerase chain reaction, sequencing genes and others. One of the companies interested in molecular biologists in Russia, Praimbiomed LLC. The organization is engaged in the production of antibodies to diagnose oncological diseases. Such antibodies are mainly used to determine the type of tumor, its origin and malignant, that is, the ability to metastasis (spread to other parts of the body). Antibodies are applied to thin sections of the tissue under study, after which they are binding to cells with certain proteins - markers, which are present in tumor cells, but are absent in healthy and vice versa. Depending on the results of the study, further treatment is appointed. Among the Praimbiomed clients are not only medical, but also scientific institutionsSince antibodies can be used for solving research tasks. In such cases, unique antibodies can be made, capable of contacting the protein under study, under specific task By special order. Another promising area of \u200b\u200bresearch of the company is targeted (target) delivery of medicines in the body. In this case, the antibodies are used as transport: with their help drugs are delivered directly to affected organs. Thus, treatment becomes more efficient and has less negative consequences for the body than, for example, chemotherapy, which affects not only cancer, but also other cells. The profession of a molecular biologist in the coming decades is expected to be increasingly popular: with an increase in the average life expectancy of a person, the number of oncological diseases will increase. Early diagnosis of tumors and innovative treatment methods with the help of substances obtained by molecular biologists will save life and improve its quality to a huge number of people.

interview

Sergei Pirogov - participant of preparations for the biology of biology organized by "elephant and giraffe" in 2012
Winner of the International Universiade on Biology
Winner of Lomonosov Olympiad
The winner of the regional stage All-Russian Olympiad Biology in 2012
Learn to Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov at the Biological Faculty: The Department of Molecular Biology, on the 6th course. It works in the laboratory of biochemical genetics of animals of the Institute of Molecular Genetics.

- Seryozha, if the readers have questions, they will be able to ask them?

Yes, of course, you can ask questions at least immediately. In this field:

Click to ask a question.

- Let's start with the school, did you seem to be not a supercourse school?

I studied at a very weak Moscow school school, such an average school. True, we had a wonderful teacher on MHC, thanks to which we had a large nominal "art historical" orientation of the school.

- What about biology?

We had a very old elderly biology, a deaf and sharp woman, whom everyone was afraid. But love for her subject did not add. Since my childhood, I was passionate about biology, from five years. I read everything myself, mainly fond of anatomy and zoology. So school subjects existed in parallel with my own interests. All changed the Olympics.

- Tell me more about it.

In the 7th grade, I first took part in municipal Stage (Of course, almost almost all subjects, as it was the only student whom the teachers had the grounds to send). And became the winner of biology. Then the school reacted to it as a funny, but not too interesting fact.

- Did it help you at school?

I remember that despite the brilliant study, it was often obtained from the teacher on the biology of the fourths with the soldiers like "in the figure of the cut of the bulb of the root should be painted brown, and not gray." All this was quite depressing. In the 8th grade, I again went to the Olympics, but for some reason I did not send me on biology. But became the winner and prize for other subjects.

- What was in grade 9?

In grade 9 did not go to the district stage. There I unexpectedly scored a weak, borderline, which turned out to be through regional stage. It had a powerful motivating force - awareness of how much it turns out I don't know how many people, all this know (how many such people on the scale of the country I was even afraid to imagine).

- Tell me how you were preparing.

Intensive independent lesson, raids on bookstores and thousands of last year's tasks have been a healing effect. I scored one of the largest points for the theory (which was also completely sudden to me), went to the practical stage ... and failed him. At that time, I still did not know about the existence of a practical stage.

- did the Olympiad affect you?

My life has changed radically. I learned about many other Olympics, especially loved Sko. Subsequently, many showed good results, some won, thanks to Lomonosov, received the right to enter without exams. In parallel, I won the Olympics on the history of the art, to which I was unevenly breathing and so on. True, it was not friendly with practical tours. In the 11th grade, I still got to the final stage, but Fortune was not favorable and this time I did not have time to fill the matrix of responses theoretical stage. But it allowed not to worry much for practical.

- You met with many olympodics?

Yes, I still believe that I was very lucky with the circle of my peers, pretty expanded my horizons. Another side of the Olympics, in addition to motivation, more harmoniously study the subject was acquaintance with the Olympiadons. Already at that time I noticed that horizontal communication is sometimes more useful than vertical - with teachers at the charges.

- How did you enter the university? Choose the faculty?

After grade 11, I entered the Biofak MSU. Just most of my then comrades made a choice in favor of the FBB, but then the priority role was played by the fact that I did not become the winner of Osteros. So I would need to take the internal exam in mathematics, and in it, especially the school - the highest I loved much more - I was not strong. And at school there was very weak preparation (we did not even prepare for almost the whole). In terms of interest, then I guess that, ultimately, you can come to any result, regardless of the place of receipt. Subsequently, it turned out that there are a lot of FBI graduates who were moving in preferably wet biology, and vice versa - many good bioinformatics began with lovers. Although at that moment it seemed to me that the contingent was not as an example of a weaker FBBSH. In this, I certainly became mistaken.

Did you know?

interesting

Did you know?

interesting

In the elephant camp and the giraffe there are shifts on biochemistry and molecular biology, where schoolchildren with experienced teachers from Moscow State University are experiments, and are also preparing for the Olympiads.

© Interview Prew Denis Rakes. Photos kindly provided Sergey Piroggers.