Test your lifestyle. Experimental study of the "I" image using the test m

Introduction

Chapter 1. Use psychological test"Who am I" in sociology

Chapter 2. Experimental study of the "I" image using the test of M. Kuhn and T. McPartland "who am I?"

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the work. Sociological research is the collection of new facts and their interpretation in terms of a theoretical model chosen or constructed in accordance with the task at hand using methods that are adequate to the operational definitions of the properties of constructs that underlie this model. Sociology cannot exist without obtaining information of a very different plan - about the opinion of voters, the leisure of schoolchildren, the president's rating, the family budget, the number of unemployed, the birth rate.

The work of a sociologist begins with the formulation of the topic (problem), goals and objectives of the study, defining and clarifying the basic concepts - theoretical concepts, establishing links between them and determining the content of these links (logical, semantic, functional, etc.). This intelligent, creative work, requiring a fairly broad erudition, good knowledge theoretical foundations of sociology. Sociological research begins with working out the problem, setting goals and hypotheses, building a theoretical model, and sampling research methods. The basis of all sociological research is various methods, without the use of which research is not possible.

Studying different spheres of society or different personality traits, etc. the sociologist uses different methods in his work. One of the methods in sociology that allows a comprehensive study of the "I-concept" of a person is the test "Who am I?", The authors of which are the famous sociologists M. Kuhn and T. McPartland. This test allows you to comprehensively study a person's perception of himself. Test M. Kuhn and T. McPartland "Who am I?" is often used in sociology in studies of the personality of the subject and is a technique that gives reliable results.

The aim of the work is to investigate the use of the psychological test "Who am I" in sociology.

Work tasks:

) To study the features of using the test "Who am I?" in sociology.

) Experimentally investigate the “I” image using the test of M. Kuhn and T. McPartland “who am I?”.

The object of the work is the methodology of M. Kuhn and T. McPartland "Who am I?"

The subject of the work is the peculiarities of using the psychological test "Who am I" in sociology.

Research methods: analysis of literary sources on the topic, synthesis, generalization, abstraction, statistical method of data processing, observation, sociological research.

Work structure. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a bibliography.

CHAPTER 1. USE OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST "WHO I AM" IN SOCIOLOGY

Sociological research is a systemic study of social processes and phenomena, characterized by: a comprehensive essential analysis of the subject of research; an empirical way of obtaining data on the studied phenomenon, process; statistical processing of data on individual manifestations of social reality. This is a system of theoretical and empirical methods surveys of social reality using methods of statistical data processing. Sociological research plays a significant role in sociology for two reasons. First, sociological research provides an opportunity for an adequate self-assessment of its purpose and the boundaries of its impact on society and the individual. Secondly, theoretical concepts and special research methods help to draw public attention to significant changes, realistically assess and predict the development of social problems and conflicts that affect specific life situations of clients, and analyze infrastructure. social sphere, to study the expectations and moods of various categories of the population, without which it is absolutely impossible to perform the function social work- to promote positive changes in society and in the position of the individual.

What categories of sociology are the basis of concepts, methods, research practice in sociology? These include: society, personality, social processes, social problems, social groups, social adaptation, gender, social fears, resourcefulness, social conflicts, social deviations, social subjectivity, social role, social mobility, anomie, social action and others. As you can see, the list (it can be continued) is very impressive. Social research in different societies can have a different focus, which is reflected in the models of social infrastructure, personnel training, government educational standards, legal and financial support and others. The basis of all sociological research is various methods, without the use of which research is not possible. Studying different spheres of society or different personality traits, etc. the sociologist uses different methods in his work. One of the methods in sociology that allows a comprehensive study of the "I-concept" of a person is the test "Who am I?", The authors of which are the famous sociologists M. Kuhn and T. McPartland.

The structure and specificity of an individual's attitude to his own "I" have a regulating effect on almost all aspects of human behavior. Self-attitude plays important role in establishing interpersonal relationships, in setting and achieving goals, in ways of forming behavioral strategies, resolving crisis situations as well as professional and personal development... The problem of self-attitude is one of the most acute today. A positive self-attitude provides a person with stable development. In order to develop a certain attitude towards yourself, you need to know your strengths and weak sides... Self-esteem, sympathy, self-acceptance, self-love, a sense of location, self-esteem, self-confidence, self-deprecation, self-blame - this is not a complete list of traits used to denote a holistic self-attitude or its individual aspects. Such a wide variety of concepts was noted in the analysis of various views on the structure of self-attitude. Sometimes behind these terms there are differences in the theoretical orientations of researchers, sometimes - different ideas about the phenomenological content of self-attitude, but more often - just differences in word usage, which are based on poorly reflected preferences. This leads to the fact that some authors consider sympathy to be the basis of self-attitude, others insist that self-attitude is, first of all, experiences of self-worth, expressed in a sense of self-respect, and still others try to reconcile these ideas by highlighting a certain fixed set in self-attitude. aspects or structural elements, but these sets also often turn out to be different and difficult to compare. A number of studies have shown that individual parameters of assessments and self-assessments in different people can be so different that the problem arises of justifying universal fixed measurements obtained on heterogeneous samples of subjects, whether they are the result of averaging individual data. Moreover, each point of view has a well-grounded argumentation. Ultimately, however, discussions about the essence of the relationship turn into disputes about words.

The concept of self-attitude in the context of the meaning of "I" allows to a certain extent to remove these problems, since the meaning of "I" presupposes a certain language of its expression, and this "language" may have some specificity both for different individuals and for different social groups or other social communities. Moreover, the alphabet of this language should be wide enough, because in connection with the contradictory nature of being, the enumeration of activities and the "confrontation of motives", the subject should experience a fairly wide range of feelings and experiences in his address. Of domestic attempts to reconstruct the emotional system of self-attitude, the only study by V.V. Stolin, in which three dimensions of self-attitude are highlighted: sympathy, respect, intimacy. Similar results were obtained by other researchers: L.Ya. Gozman, A.S. Kondratyeva, A.G. Shmelev, but they are only indirectly related to self-attitude, since they were obtained in the study of emotional, interpersonal descriptive traits. A number of irrelevant factors act on self-description or expression of attitude towards oneself, such as: social desirability, tactics of self-presentation (self-presentation), the area of self-disclosure, etc. This gives reason to some authors to believe that such forced self-descriptions of the self-concept are in fact self-reports. it is not the same. The content of these terms is close, but not the same. In their opinion, the self-concept is everything that an individual considers himself or herself, everything that he thinks about himself, all his own ways of self-perception and self-assessment. On the other hand, self-reporting is self-description given for another. This is a statement about yourself. Of course, the self-concept influences these statements. However, there can be no complete identity between them. Self-report, in their opinion, is an example of introspection and as such cannot be considered an objective indicator, not only from the standpoint of modern phenomenological psychology, but even from the standpoint of earlier, traditional directions of psychological thought.

Other researchers believe that the situation of self-reporting initiates a special behavior of the subject - "evoked verbal self-presentation", which is not a direct equivalent of self-attitude, but is associated with it, and this connection should be conceptually and operationally formalized. The formulated understanding of self-attitude as an expression of the meaning of "I" for the subject allows this connection to be conceptually formalized and to explore self-attitude by means of experimental psychosemantics, which has an effective and well-founded apparatus for reconstructing and analyzing group and individual subjective systems of meanings.

The specificity of the space of self-relation, apparently, should have one more feature noted by V.F. Petrenko when working with this kind of spaces: “The peculiarity of the subjective code describing the personality of another or oneself is its integral integrative character, where the units of its“ alphabet ”are not separate signs, but integral categorical schemes, standards, generalized images. The content of such a factor is a holistic construct, which can only be understood by presenting holistic images of people contrasting in these qualities. "

The M. Kuhn and T. McPartland test is a technique based on the use of non-standardized self-description followed by content analysis. The test is used to study the content characteristics of a person's identity. The question "Who am I?" directly related to the characteristics of a person's own perception of himself, that is, with his image of "I" or I-concept. The subject is asked, within 12 minutes, to give 20 different answers to a question addressed to himself: "Who am I?" The subject is also instructed to give answers in the order in which they spontaneously arise, and does not care about consistency, grammar and logic. Within 12 minutes, the subject needs to give as many answers as possible to one question related to yourself: "Who am I?" Each new answer must be started on a new line (leaving some space from the left edge of the sheet). The subject can answer as he wants, to record all the answers that come to his head, since there are no right or wrong answers in this task.

It is also important for the subject to notice what emotional reactions arise in him during the performance of this task, how difficult or easy it was for him to answer this question. " When the subject finishes answering, he is asked to perform the first stage of processing the results - quantitative: The subject must number all the individual answers-characteristics made by him. To the left of each answer, the subject must put its serial number. Assess each of its individual characteristics using a four-digit system:

“+” - a plus sign is put if, in general, the subject personally likes this characteristic;

"-" - a "minus" sign - if, in general, the subject personally does not like this characteristic;

“±” - “plus-minus” sign - if the subject likes and dislikes this characteristic at the same time;

"?" - “question mark” - if the subject does not know at a given moment in time how he exactly relates to the characteristic, he does not yet have a definite assessment of the answer in question.

The mark of your assessment must be placed to the left of the characteristic number. The subject can have estimates of all types of signs, as well as only one sign or two or three. After the subjects have assessed all the characteristics, the result is summed up:

how many answers were received;

how many answers of each sign.

The modification of the test assumes 10 different answers to the question addressed to oneself: "Who am I?" The recorded indicators are the totality of the respondent's answers, their quantitative characteristics, as well as the number of all words in the answer. What is behind a person's application of the "±" score in relation to their characteristics? If the subject uses the plus-minus sign ("±"), this indicates the subject's ability to consider this or that phenomenon from 2 opposite sides, characterizes the degree of balance of the subject, the "balance" of his positions in relation to an emotionally significant phenomenon ... The test subjects are conditionally distinguished belonging to the emotionally polar, balanced and doubting type. A person of an emotionally polar typology includes those who evaluate the totality of all their own identification characteristics only as either liked or disliked by him, he does not at all use the plus-minus sign in the assessment. Such a person is characterized by the presence of maximalism in assessment, differences in emotional states, in relation to such a person they say "from love to hate one step." This is an emotionally expressive person whose relationship with another person strongly depends on how much he likes or dislikes the person.

If the number of signs "±" reaches 10-20% (of the total number of signs), then such a person belongs to a balanced typology. For him, in comparison with a person of an emotionally polar typology, the presence of great stress resistance is characteristic, he quickly resolves conflict situation, knows how to maintain a constructive relationship with different people: with those who like, and with those who do not evoke sympathy; is more tolerant of the shortcomings of another person. If the number of signs "±" exceeds 30-40% (of the total number of signs), then such a person belongs to a doubting typology. Such a quantitative characteristic of the "±" signs occurs in people experiencing a crisis of their own life, and indicates the presence of such a person's character traits as indecision (a person makes a hard decision, doubts, considers different variants).

What is behind a person's application of the "?" regarding their characteristics? The presence of the sign "?" when assessing identification characteristics, it speaks of a person's ability to endure a situation of internal uncertainty, which means that it indirectly indicates a person's ability to change, readiness for change.

This mark of evaluation is used by people quite rarely: one or two marks "?" only 20% of the surveyed put it. The presence of three or more signs "?" in self-assessment, it assumes that a person has crisis experiences. In general, the use by a person in self-assessment of the signs "±" and "?" is a favorable sign of good dynamics in the consultative process. People using these signs, as a rule, quickly reach the level independent decision own problems.

As in the method "Who am I?" features of gender identity are manifested? Sex (or gender) identity is part of the individual self-concept, which stems from the individual's knowledge of his belonging to a social group of men or women, together with the assessment and emotional designation of this group membership. Features of gender identity are manifested:

firstly, in how a person defines his / her gender identity;

secondly, in what place in the list of identification characteristics is the mention of one's gender.

Gender designation can be done:

directly;

indirectly;

be absent altogether.

Direct gender designation - a person indicates his gender in specific words that have a certain emotional content. Hence, four forms of direct sex designation can be distinguished:

neutral;

alienated;

emotionally positive;

emotionally negative.

The presence of a direct gender designation suggests that the sphere of psychosexuality in general and comparing oneself with members of the same gender in particular is an important and internally accepted topic of self-awareness. Indirect gender designation - a person does not indicate his gender directly, but his gender is manifested through social roles (male or female), which he considers his own, or by the endings of words. Indirect methods of gender designation also have a certain emotional content.

The presence of an indirect gender designation indicates knowledge of the specifics of a certain repertoire of sex-role behavior, which can be:

broad (if it includes several gender roles);

narrow (if it includes only one or two roles).

The presence of both direct and indirect variants of emotionally positive designation of one's gender indicates the formation of a positive gender identity, a possible variety of role behavior, acceptance of one's attractiveness as a representative of gender, and allows us to make a favorable forecast regarding the success of establishing and maintaining partnerships with other people. The absence of gender designation in self-identification characteristics is ascertained when the writing of the entire text goes through the phrase: "I am a person who ...". The reasons for this may be the following:

Lack of a holistic understanding of sex-role behavior at a given point in time (lack of reflection, knowledge);

Avoidance of considering one's gender-role characteristics due to the traumatic nature of this topic (for example, displacing the negative result of comparing oneself with other members of the same gender);

Unformed gender identity, the presence of an identity crisis in general.

When analyzing gender identity, it is also important to consider where in the text of the answers there are categories related to gender:

at the very beginning of the list;

In the middle;

This indicates the relevance and significance of the categories of gender in a person's self-awareness (the closer to the beginning, the greater the significance and degree of awareness of the categories of identity). How does reflection manifest itself when performing the “Who am I?” Technique? A person with a more developed level of reflection gives on average more answers than a person with a less developed idea of himself (or more “closed”). Also, the level of reflection is indicated by the subjectively assessed by the person himself the ease or difficulty in formulating answers to the key question of the test. As a rule, a person with a more developed level of reflection quickly and easily finds answers regarding his own individual characteristics. A person, who does not often think about himself and his life, answers the test question with difficulty, writing down each of his answers after some thought. We can talk about a low level of reflection when in 12 minutes a person can give only two or three answers (it is important to clarify that a person really does not know how else to answer a task, and not just stopped writing down his answers due to his secrecy) ... A sufficiently high level of reflection is evidenced by 15 or more different answers to the question "Who am I?"

How to analyze the temporal aspect of identity? The analysis of the temporal aspect of identity must be carried out on the basis of the premise that the success of a person's interaction with others presupposes a relative continuity of his past, present and future "I". Therefore, consideration of a person's answers to the question "Who am I?" should occur from the point of view of their belonging to the past, present or future tense (based on the analysis of verb forms). The presence of identification characteristics corresponding to different temporal regimes indicates the temporal integration of the personality. A special role should be given to the presence and expression in the process of self-description of the indicators of a promising "I-concept", ie, identification characteristics associated with the perspective, desire, intention, dream, which belong to different life areas.

If in the process of self-description the subject is dominated by verb forms in the future tense, then such a subject can be characterized as insecure in his own personality, striving to get away from the difficulties of life at this time due to the fact that the person being tested is not sufficiently realized at the present time. The prevalence of verb forms in the present tense in the process of self-description indicates that the subject is characterized by activity, as well as consciousness own action... What does the analysis of the relationship between social roles and individual characteristics in identity give? The question "Who am I?" logically connected with the characteristics of a person's own perception of himself, that is, with his image of "I" (or I-concept). Answering the question "Who am I?", A person indicates social roles and characteristics-definitions with which he correlates, identifies, that is, he describes social statuses that are significant for him and those features that, in his opinion, are associated with him. Thus, the ratio of social roles and individual characteristics indicates how much a person realizes and accepts his uniqueness, as well as how important it is for him to belong to a particular group of people. The absence in self-description of individual characteristics (indicators of reflexive, communicative, physical, material, active identities) when specifying many social roles ("student", "passer-by", "voter", "family member", "Russian") may indicate a lack of confidence in oneself, about the presence of fears in a person in connection with self-disclosure, a pronounced tendency to self-defense.

The absence of social roles in the presence of individual characteristics may indicate the presence of a pronounced individuality and difficulties in fulfilling the rules that come from certain social roles. Also, the absence of social roles in identification characteristics is possible in a crisis of identity or infantilism of the individual. Behind the relationship between social roles and individual characteristics is the question of the relationship between social and personal identities. Personal identity prevails in people with a high level of certainty of the "I - others" scheme and a low level of certainty of the "we - others" scheme. Successful establishment and maintenance of partnerships is possible by a person who has a clear understanding of their social roles and accepts their individual characteristics.

What does the analysis of the spheres of life represented in the identity give? Conventionally, six main spheres of life can be distinguished, which can be represented in identification characteristics:

Family (kinship, parent-child and marital relations, corresponding roles);

Work (business relationships, professional roles);

Study (the need and need for new knowledge, the ability to change);

Leisure (structuring time, resources, interests);

The sphere of intimate and personal relationships (friendships and love relationships);

Rest (resources, health).

All identification characteristics can be categorized according to the proposed areas. After that, correlate the complaints made by the client, the wording of his request with the distribution of identity characteristics by spheres: to draw a conclusion as to the extent to which the sphere corresponding to the complaint is represented in the self-description, how these characteristics are assessed. What does the analysis of physical identity give? Physical identity includes a description of your physical data, including a description of your appearance, painful manifestations, eating habits, and bad habits. The designation of one's physical identity is directly related to the expansion of the boundaries of the conscious inner world by a person, since the boundaries between “I” and “not I” initially run along the physical boundaries of their own body. It is the awareness of one's body that is the leading factor in the system of human self-awareness. What does the analysis of active identity provide? Active identity also provides important information about a person and includes the designation of occupations, hobbies, as well as self-assessment of abilities for activity, self-assessment of skills, abilities, knowledge, achievements. Identification of your "active I" is associated with the ability to focus on yourself, restraint, balanced actions, as well as diplomacy, the ability to work with your own anxiety, tension, maintain emotional stability, that is, it is a reflection of the totality of emotional-volitional and communicative abilities, the characteristics of existing interactions.

What does the analysis of the psycholinguistic aspect of identity give?

The analysis of the psycholinguistic aspect of identity includes the determination of which parts of speech and which content aspect of self-identification are dominant in a person's self-description.

Nouns:

The predominance of nouns in self-descriptions speaks of a person's need for certainty, constancy;

Lack or absence of nouns - about insufficient responsibility of a person.

Adjectives:

The predominance of adjectives in self-descriptions speaks of demonstrativeness, emotionality of a person;

Lack or absence of adjectives - about the weak differentiation of a person's identity.

The predominance of verbs in self-descriptions (especially when describing areas of activity, interests) speaks of a person's activity, independence; lack or absence of verbs in self-description - about lack of self-confidence, underestimation of their effectiveness. Most often, nouns and adjectives are used in self-descriptions.

The harmonious type of linguistic self-description is characterized by the use of approximately equal numbers of nouns, adjectives and verbs. The difference in the common sign of the emotional-evaluative tone of identification characteristics determines different kinds valence identity:

negative - in general negative categories prevail when describing one's own identity; shortcomings and identification problems are described more ("ugly", "irritable", "I don't know what to say about myself");

neutral - there is either a balance between positive and negative self-identifications, or no emotional tone is clearly manifested in a person's self-description (for example, there is a formal listing of roles: “son”, “student”, “athlete”, etc.);

positive - positive identification characteristics prevail over negative ones (“cheerful”, “kind”, “smart”);

overestimated - manifests itself either in the practical absence of negative self-identifications, or in answers to the question "Who am I?" the characteristics presented in the superlative degree prevail ("I am the best", "I am super", etc.).

The data of the psycholinguistic analysis carried out by a specialist are compared with the results of the self-assessment of the subject. You can conditionally find a correspondence between the sign of the emotional-evaluative tone of identification characteristics and the type of self-assessment of identity, which suggests that the person performing the "Who am I?" the person uses the criteria of emotional assessment typical of other people personal characteristics(for example, the quality "kind" is rated as "+"). This correspondence is a good predictor of a person's ability to adequately understand other people.

The presence of discrepancies between the sign of the emotional-evaluative tone of identification characteristics and the type of self-esteem of identity (for example, the quality of "kind" is assessed by a person as "-") may indicate that the client has a special system of emotional evaluation of personal characteristics, which interferes with the establishment of contact and mutual understanding with others people. As a quantitative assessment of the level of differentiation of identity, a number is used that reflects the total number of identity indicators that a person used in self-identification. The number of indicators used varies for different people, most often in the range from 1 to 14. A high level of differentiation (9-14 indicators) is associated with such personal characteristics as sociability, self-confidence, orientation to one's own inner world, high level social competence and self-control. A low level of differentiation (1-3 indicators) speaks of an identity crisis, is associated with such personal characteristics as isolation, anxiety, self-doubt, difficulty in controlling oneself.

Identification characteristics analysis scale

includes 24 indicators, which, when combined, form seven generalized indicators-components of identity:. "Social Self" includes 7 indicators:

Direct gender designation (boy, girl; woman);

Sexual role (lover, mistress; Don Juan, Amazon);

Educational and professional role-playing position (student, studying at the institute, doctor, specialist);

Family affiliation;

Ethnic-regional identity includes ethnic identity, citizenship and local, local identity;

World outlook identity: confessional, political affiliation (Christian, Muslim, believer);

Group affiliation: the perception of oneself as a member of a group of people (collector, member of society). ... "Communicative Self" includes 2 indicators:

Friendship or circle of friends, perception of oneself as a member of a group of friends (friend, I have many friends);

Communication or the subject of communication, features and assessment of interaction with people (I go to visit, I like to communicate with people; I can listen to people); ... "Material Self" means various aspects:

a description of my property (I have an apartment, clothes, a bicycle);

assessment of their security, attitude to material wealth

(poor, rich, wealthy, I love money);

attitude to the external environment (I love the sea, I do not like bad weather). ... "Physical I" includes the following aspects:

subjective description of your physical data, appearance (strong, pleasant, attractive);

an actual description of your physical data, including a description of your appearance, painful manifestations and location (blond, height, weight, age, I live in a hostel);

food addiction bad habits... ... The "active self" is assessed through 2 indicators:

Classes, activities, interests, hobbies (I like to solve problems); experience (was in Bulgaria);

Self-assessment of the ability to work, self-assessment of skills, abilities, knowledge, competence, achievements, (I swim well, smart; efficient, I know English). ... "Perspective Self" includes 9 indicators:

Professional perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to the educational and professional sphere (future driver, I will be a good teacher);

Family perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to marital status (I will have children, expectant mother, etc.);

Group perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to group affiliation (I plan to join a party, I want to become an athlete);

Communicative perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to friends, communication.

Material perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to the material sphere (I will receive an inheritance, earn an apartment);

Physical perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to psychophysical data (I will take care of my health, I want to be pumped up);

Activity perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to interests, hobbies, specific occupations (I will read more) and the achievement of certain results (I will perfectly learn the language);

Personal perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to personal characteristics: personal qualities, behavior, etc. (I want to be more cheerful, calm);

Evaluation of aspirations (I wish a lot, aspiring person).

Vii. "Reflexive Self" includes 2 indicators:

Personal identity: personal qualities, character traits, description of an individual style of behavior (kind, sincere, sociable, persistent, sometimes harmful, sometimes impatient, etc.), personal characteristics (nickname, horoscope, name, etc.); emotional attitude to myself (I'm super, "cool");

Global, existential "I": statements that are global and that do not sufficiently reveal the differences of one person from another (a reasonable person, my essence).

Two independent indicators:

Problematic identity (I am nothing, I do not know who I am, I cannot answer this question);

Situational state: the experienced state in currently(hungry, nervous, tired, in love, upset).

Analysis of the research data made it possible to single out a number of categories that are subsequently used in content analysis: social groups (gender, age, nationality, religion, profession); ideological beliefs (philosophical, religious, political and moral statements); Interests and hobbies; aspirations and goals; self-esteem.

When evaluating non-standardized self-reports using content analysis as a whole, it should be noted that their main advantage in comparison with standardized self-reports is the potential richness of shades of self-description and the ability to analyze self-attitude expressed in the language of the subject himself, and not in the language of research imposed on him. This, however, is one of the drawbacks of this method - a subject with low linguistic abilities and self-description skills is in a worse position compared to a person with rich vocabulary and self-description skills to convey their experiences. These differences can obscure differences in self-attitude and self-concept in general.

On the other hand, any content analysis limits the possibility of taking into account the individual identity of the subject by imposing a ready-made system of categories, thereby bringing the results obtained by this method closer to those obtained using standardized self-reports. Non-standardized self-reports are also influenced by the strategy of self-presentation, which must be considered when interpreting the results.

Possible directions for the interpretation of this technique:

determination of the number of categories for each subject, as a criterion for the diversity of the subject's life;

analysis of problem areas; the average number of answers given by the subjects;

the number of all words in self-descriptions;

assessment of the general emotional background; the presence of the past, present, future or definitions "out of time";

assessment of the complexity of self-description, as well as what parts of speech are used in self-descriptions (adjectives, nouns, verbs, pronouns, etc.), cluster analysis of all self-descriptions as a criterion of wealth, breadth of the spectrum of self-images.

This technique is widely used in individual counseling. After filling out the methodology, a conversation is conducted with the subject, the number of answers, their content (formal-informal, the severity of one or several topics, the temporal affiliation of the answers) are analyzed. Additional work may be carried out with a list of answers: the choice of the most important features and their description, division into categories (depends on me, depends on others, does not depend on anything, on fate, on rock) - which answers are more?

sociological test kun mcpartland

CHAPTER 2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE "I" IMAGE USING THE TEST BY M. KUN AND T. MCPARTLAND "WHO AM I?"

The study was conducted on the basis of the Peoples' Friendship University of Moscow. The sample of sociological and psychological research consisted of 40 students of the Faculty of Medicine, including 25 boys and 15 girls; the average age at the time of the study was (20.13 ± 1.3) years. The purpose of this study is to conduct a psychosemantic analysis of an important component of the image of the world - the “image of me” of students as representatives of modern youth according to the test “20 statements” by M. Kuhn and T. McPartland (“Who am I?”).

Youth is a relative concept, this category includes high school students who are faced with the choice of their future professional activities, students who have made a decision in this choice, and working youth, mainly correspondence students. It is during these age periods of socialization that a stable formation of the individual as a bearer of certain norms and values of society takes place, self-awareness of the individual develops, a conscious representation of his place in life and in the world as a whole. A person independently begins to decide life important questions... In connection with the change in the values of young people, their way of life, in contrast to past generations, it can be assumed that modern youth looks at the world differently, at their place in it and their attitude to life is distinguished by its new, fresh look.

Directions in the study of the image of the world are determined by the study of its structural elements: cognitive (meaningful), emotional-affective and behavioral. Test "Who am I?" Kuhn and McPartland belongs to a group of psychodiagnostic methods for studying the cognitive component of the image of the world. The methodology allows us to identify an ethnonym (self-name) as an indicator of ethnic identity in a number of other identities: gender, family, professional, personal, etc., and thereby identify the degree of relevance of ethnic knowledge about oneself.

The study of the image of the I was carried out according to the method "Who am I?" Students were offered the following instruction. “Please give 20 different answers to the question“ Who am I ”addressed to myself. Write the first thing that comes to mind in response to a given question, without worrying about logic, grammar, or sequence of answers. Work fast enough, work time is limited. " Opening hours 12 minutes, however, the students were not informed about it.

The study of the modalities of the self-concept was carried out according to the method “Test of differences between ideal and real“ I ”of Butler-Haig. The test includes 50 statements-characteristics of the self-image. In a certain sequence, students must evaluate the proposed characteristics in points from 1 to 5.

In the first stage, assessment is based on how students see themselves; on the second - how they would like to see themselves. At the third stage, students determine the degree of difference between their real and ideal self.

When studying the features of the self-image, various aspects of self-representations were studied: the degree of reflexivity (inclination to self-knowledge), categories, the index of self-activity (IS).

The degree of reflexivity is determined by the number of answers given to the question "Who am I?" in 12 minutes. The average reflexivity for boys is 19.46, and for girls - 19.76. The categorical analysis shows that the most general form of answers was "I -...". Often "I -..." was omitted and the answers were just one or more words ("girl", "student", "person", etc.).

The responses were processed by the method of content analysis. All responses were categorized into one of two categories: objective or subjective mention.

These content categories distinguished, on the one hand, the assignment of oneself to a group or class, whose boundaries and conditions of membership are known to everyone, i.e. conventional, objective mention, and on the other hand - characteristics of oneself that are associated with groups, classes, traits, states or any other points that, in order to clarify them, either require the indication of the student himself, or for this, it is necessary to correlate him with other people, i.e. e. subjective mention.

Examples of the first category are such characteristics of oneself as “student”, “girl”, “husband”, “daughter”, “warrior”, “athlete”, i.e. statements referring to objectively defined statuses and classes.

Examples of subjective categories are happy, very good student, responsible, good wife, interesting, insecure, affectionate, and so on.

The ratio of objective and subjective characteristics reflects the individual "locus score" - the number of objective characteristics indicated by the given respondent when working with the test "Who am I?" The locus score of boys and girls is (7.4 ± 5.0) and (7.2 ± 5.6), respectively.

The self-activity index (IS) is equal to the ratio of all positive evaluative (subjective) answers to all evaluative answers encountered in the self-description of the subject. It is known that usually the index of self-activity obeys the rule of the "golden section": 66% - positive answers, 34% - negative. An overweight of evaluative answers in one direction or another indicates a positive or negative self-intervention.

IP in boys is (77.4 ± 19.5), in girls - (80.8 ± 22.1). More high values This indicator in girls is confirmed by the relative predominance of its positive level (p> 0.05). Higher values of its negative level can also be attributed to the peculiarities of girls' self-activity.

When analyzing the discrepancies between "I-real" and "I-ideal", we used the following aspects of the differences: the general indicator of the discrepancy (the average value in points and no difference in%) and the assessment of an individual statement (the maximum discrepancy and "conflict" discrepancy - in%) ...

The general indicator of discrepancy (ODA) is equal to the total difference between the assessments of I-real and I-ideal for 50 statements. If there is no difference, the overall variance score is 0. The maximum variance on a single statement is 4 points. "Conflict" discrepancy - the presence of the above-mentioned indicator in one student both in the assessment of I-real and I-ideal, i.e. the structure of both modalities then consists of opposite qualities (constructs).

The analysis of the general indicator of the discrepancy indicates, first of all, its low average values, given that the maximum discrepancy can reach 200 points for each student. At the same time, the range of differences for boys is from 0 to 88 points, for girls - from 0 to 77 points.

Gender analysis indicates a lower average ODA among boys (p> 0.05). Moreover, they are more than three times less likely to have no difference (p<0,01).

An analysis of the assessments of individual statements shows that boys have a maximum discrepancy of 4 points 2.4 times more often (p<0,05) и чаще встречается «конфликтное» расхождение (р>0,05).

Research data on self-representations and discrepancies between self-real and self-ideal are presented in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1

Indicators Gender Degree of reflexivity Focus score Index of self-activity Levels of self-activity% (people) Negative Sufficient Positive Young men 19.467.4 ± 5.077.4 ± 19.52.7 (1) 16.3 (6) 81.0 (30) Girls 19.767.2 ± 5.680.8 ± 22.14.5 (6) 9.8 (13) 85.7 (114)

table 2

Aspects of discrepancy Gender Overall indicator of discrepancy Assessment of a separate statement Average value (points) No difference% (people) Maximum discrepancy (%) Conflicting discrepancy (%) Boys 35.7 ± 24.17.3 (4) 1,353.6 Girls 36.7 ± 16 , 62.4 (4) 0.563.0

The analysis of various aspects of self-representations of medical students, first of all, indicates the high values of their reflexivity - self-cognitive activity. This confirms the ideas of E. Erickson about the crisis of identity (a sense of stable possession of one's own I) in adolescence.

The successful completion of this period is indicated by the low locus scores (most of the students' answers are subjective - evaluative - in nature).

According to social science, people organize and direct their behavior in accordance with their subjectively determined personal qualities, and not the role characteristics of the objective social statuses they occupy. High values of the positive level of self-activity (p<0,05) в сочетании с преобладающим субъективным характером самопредставлений указывают на успешный характер психосоциальной адаптации студентов в период возрастного кризиса.

The results of the research will be presented in the form of diagrams.

Diagram 1

Aspects of self-representations of medical students

Analysis of gender differences in the self-image revealed a higher reflexivity in girls. This is confirmed not only by the indicator of the degree of reflexivity, but also by the level of self-activity. Hypothetically, this may indicate a less successful overcoming of the identity crisis by young men.

The results of the study of the self-image are consistent with the previously obtained data on the study of coping behavior of students. High self-cognitive activity of students and a positive level of self-activity can be considered as factors contributing to the choice of the most constructive basic coping strategies and individual coping styles.

Diagram 2

Discrepancies between "I-real" and "I-ideal"

When analyzing the discrepancy between self-real and self-ideal, it is necessary to take into account modern scientific views on this problem.

In Western European literature, the problem of disparity between the real self and the ideal self is investigated in the mainstream of psychoanalytic theory, cognitive and humanistic psychology. Each of them understands the essence and significance of this discrepancy in different ways.

In psychoanalytic theories, it is said about the development of the super-I - the highest instance in the structure of mental life, which plays the role of an internal censor. 3. Freud and A. Freud believed that the super-I and the I-ideal are one and the same phenomenon. Its formation is a necessary stage in the development of personality. At the same time, an excessively strong discrepancy between the I and the super-I becomes the cause of personal conflicts.

The development of the real self and the ideal self is also considered in modern psychoanalytic theory. According to this point of view, the development of the ideal self is the internalization of external, primarily parental, ideals. Representatives of cognitive psychology are of the opinion that the obligatory divergence of the real I and the ideal I accompanies the normal development of a person. As they grow older, more and more demands are made on a person. In a highly developed personality, these requirements become internal, and this leads to the fact that she will see more differences between the ideal I and the real I.

In addition, a highly developed personality also implies a high degree of cognitive differentiation, i.e. such a person tends to look for many subtle nuances in his self-concept. High differentiation leads to the emergence of a significant discrepancy between the self-real and the self-ideal. Studies carried out by representatives of this direction show that people with higher indicators of social maturity also have more significant coefficients of discrepancy between self-real and self-ideal.

In contrast to psychoanalytic and cognitive approaches, in which the discrepancy between the real self and the ideal self is regarded as a normal phenomenon, representatives of humanistic psychology emphasized its negative character. According to K. Rogers, the congruence of these structures correlates with a positive self-concept, which enhances the possibility of social adaptation of a person, and vice versa.

Thus, there are various approaches to understanding the role of this aspect of the self-concept in the social adaptation of the individual.

V.V. Stolin argues that a person's attitude towards himself is not uniform. It highlights at least self-acceptance (autosympathy) and self-respect. The discrepancy between the I-real and the I-ideal, apparently, forms the basis for the development of a person's self-esteem, which is one of the elements of a person's attitude to himself.

Respect or disrespect for oneself is, most likely, a later formation of an attitude towards oneself. Apparently, in the first years, the child develops self-acceptance, which is the internalization of the parental relationship. This aspect of self-attitude is unconditional.

The discrepancy between the I-real and the I-ideal emphasizes how close or far a person has come to his ideal. This is how the conditional nature of this aspect of the relationship to oneself is revealed. It reflects the degree of a person's critical attitude to himself.

The discrepancy between the I-real and the I-ideal, as it were, sets the direction of a person's self-improvement. But this discrepancy should not be too large: ideals should be achievable, real, but a person should not underestimate his capabilities.

Apparently, there is a certain norm of discrepancies between I-real and I-ideal, in other words, a norm in the degree of self-criticality:

) an unnecessarily small discrepancy between these structures indicates the lack of formation of a critical attitude towards oneself, which indicates the immaturity of the self-concept of a person;

) a very large discrepancy, apparently, indicates excessive self-criticism, which can lead to difficulties in the social adaptation of a person.

This analysis is confirmed by the results of our research on the self-image and self-esteem of MSU students. The dominance of a positive level of self-esteem and a high level of self-esteem corresponds to low average ODA values. Perhaps this discrepancy between I-real and I-ideal is "optimal", in which ideals should be achievable, real, but a person should not underestimate his capabilities.

The absence of a difference means an almost complete identification of the real I with the ideal I. This congruence of these structures can be an expression of a positive self-concept, which enhances the possibility of social adaptation of a person, and vice versa. On the other hand, the absence of discrepancy may reflect a low degree of self-critical attitude of the person.

The presence of maximum and "conflict" discrepancies among students can be an indicator of increased problem load and a sign of insufficient psychosocial adaptation. Gender differences between boys and girls in terms of "no difference", maximum and "conflict" discrepancy are also consistent with the results of the study of self-image and self-esteem. The girls were found to have a higher reflexivity (striving for self-knowledge), an evaluative character of self-description, a higher self-activity index and an average score of self-esteem.

High values of the positive level of self-activity (p<0,05) в сочетании с преобладающим субъективным характером самопредставлений указывают на успешный характер психосоциальной адаптации студентов в период возрастного кризиса. Анализ гендерных различий Я-образа выявил более высокую рефлексивность у девушек, что подтверждается не только показателем степени рефлексивности, но и уровнем самоприятия. Это может свидетельствовать о менее успешном преодолении кризиса идентичности юношами.

The discrepancy that we have identified between the I-real and the I-ideal of students, perhaps, is "optimal", in which really achievable ideals are combined with an adequate assessment of their capabilities. This pattern is more typical for girls. Students with a maximum and "conflicting" discrepancy between the real self and the ideal self need psychological counseling.

The results of the conducted sociological research can be used in the work of psychological and social services, in the development of a program for the prevention of various forms of socio-psychological maladjustment, as well as in the content of psychological and pedagogical training of students of this university.

CONCLUSION

One of the methods used in sociological research, which makes it possible to effectively investigate the personal "I-concept" of a person, is the test of M. Kuhn and T. The theoretical basis for the creation of this test is the understanding of personality developed by T. Kuhn, the operational essence of which can be determined through answers to a question " Who am I? ", Addressed to myself (or the question of another person addressed to a person," Who are you? ").

The most important stage in the formation of self-awareness and one's own worldview, the stage of making responsible decisions, the stage of human intimacy, when the values of friendship, love, intimacy can be paramount, is adolescence. The formation of self-awareness in adolescence is carried out through the formation of a stable image of your personality, your "I". Self-awareness as a system of holistic representations of oneself, coupled with their assessment, forms the self-concept.

The self-concept is seen as the collection of all knowledge and self-conceptions. Each of us has a wide range of self-representations, that is, what we think of ourselves now, how we represent ourselves in the future and how we see ourselves in the past. This spectrum of self-representations includes “good” I, “bad” I, hopes for obtaining certain I am. This spectrum also includes I, which we fear and I, what we should be. Such ideas about oneself, the personality's attitudes towards oneself are constantly available for comprehension. Important structural elements (modalities) of the self-concept are I-real and I-ideal. The real self includes attitudes related to how the individual perceives his actual abilities, roles, his current status, that is, with his ideas about what he really is. The ideal self is attitudes associated with the individual's ideas about what he would like to become. Discrepancies (disparity) of these modalities among themselves can be an indicator of a person's self-development. In order to study the self-concept of students, we studied the features of the self-image, as well as the discrepancies between its two main modalities - I-real and I-ideal.

Diagnostic Use of the Who Am I? is hampered by the lack of socio-cultural normative indicators, data on validity and reliability. The theoretical and methodological problems of coding responses have not been resolved either. Compared to standardized self-reporting, the advantages and disadvantages of this technique can be described. Advantages of the technique: it is less influenced by strategies of self-presentation, does not limit the subject to the already specified framework of the selected statements. Disadvantages: more laborious, more difficult for quantitative processing, more susceptible to factors influencing the linguistic abilities of the subjects.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Andrienko E.V. Social Psychology. - M .: Astrel, 2000 .-- 264 p.

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7.Budinaite G. L., Kornilova T. V. Personal values and personal preconditions of the subject // Questions of psychology - 1993. - No. 5. - P. 99-105.

8.Volkov Yu.G., Dobrenkov V.I., Nechipurenko V.N., Popov A.V. Sociology. - M .: Gardariki, 2006 .-- 213 p.

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.Demidov DN The ratio of images I-ideal and I-real. - SPb. GUPM. - 2000 .-- 200 p.

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The test is used to study the content characteristics of a person's identity. The question "Who am I?" directly related to the characteristics of a person's own perception of himself, that is, with his image of "I" or I-concept.

Test instructions

“Within 12 minutes you need to give as many answers as possible to one question related to yourself:“ Who am I? ”. Try to give as many answers as possible. Start each new answer on a new line (leaving some space from the left edge of the sheet). You can answer the way you want, record all the answers that come to your mind, since there are no right or wrong answers in this task.

It is also important to notice what emotional reactions you have in the course of this assignment, how difficult or easy it was for you to answer this question. "

When the client finishes answering, he is asked to perform the first stage of processing the results - quantitative:

“Number all the individual answers you made, characteristics. To the left of each answer, put its serial number. Now evaluate each of your individual characteristics according to a four-digit system:

"+" - a plus sign is put if, in general, you personally like this characteristic;
"-" - a minus sign - if in general you personally do not like this characteristic;
“±” - plus-minus sign - if you like this characteristic and dislike it at the same time;
"?" - "question mark" - if you do not know at this point in time exactly how you relate to the characteristic, you do not yet have a definite assessment of the answer in question.

The mark of your assessment must be placed to the left of the characteristic number. You can have grades of all types of marks, as well as only one mark or two or three.

After you have evaluated all the characteristics, summarize:

how many answers were received,
how many answers of each sign. "

Interpreting test results

How to analyze self-reported identity?

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What is behind a person's application of the "±" score in relation to their characteristics?

The use of the plus-minus sign (“±”) speaks of a person's ability to consider this or that phenomenon from two opposite sides, speaks of the degree of his poise, of the “balance” of his position in relation to emotionally significant phenomena.

You can conditionally distinguish people emotionally polar, balanced and doubting type.

To people emotionally polar type include those who evaluate all their identification characteristics only as like or not like them, they do not use the plus-minus sign at all when evaluating them.

Such people are characterized by maximalism in assessments, fluctuations in the emotional state, about them we can say “from love to hate, one step”. These are, as a rule, emotionally expressive people whose relationships with other people are highly dependent on how much they like or dislike a person.

If the number of signs "±" reaches 10-20% (of the total number of signs), then such a person can be attributed to balanced type. For them, in comparison with people of the emotionally polar type, they are characterized by greater resistance to stress, they quickly resolve conflict situations, are able to maintain constructive relationships with different people: both with those that they generally like and with those that do not cause deep sympathy; are more tolerant of other people's shortcomings.

If the number of characters "±" exceeds 30-40% (of the total number of characters), then such a person can be attributed to doubting type. Such a number of "±" signs can be in a person experiencing a crisis in his life, and also indicate indecision as a character trait (when it is difficult for a person to make decisions, he hesitates for a long time, considering various options).

What is behind a person's application of the "?" regarding their characteristics?

The presence of the sign "?" when assessing identification characteristics, it speaks of a person's ability to endure a situation of internal uncertainty, which means that it indirectly indicates a person's ability to change, readiness for change.

This mark of evaluation is used by people quite rarely: one or two marks "?" only 20% of the surveyed put it.

The presence of three or more signs "?" in self-assessment, it assumes that a person has crisis experiences.

In general, the use by a person in self-assessment of the signs "±" and "?" is a favorable sign of good dynamics in the consultative process.
People who use these signs, as a rule, quickly reach the level of independent solution of their own problems.

As in the method "Who am I?" features of gender identity are manifested?

Sex (or gender) identity- This is a part of the individual self-concept, which comes from the individual's knowledge of his belonging to a social group of men or women, together with the assessment and emotional designation of this group membership.

Features of gender identity are manifested:

firstly, in how a person defines his / her gender identity;
secondly, in what place in the list of identification characteristics is the mention of one's gender.

Gender designation can be done:

directly,
indirectly
be absent altogether.

Direct gender designation- a person indicates his gender in specific words having a certain emotional content. Hence, four forms of direct sex designation can be distinguished:

neutral,
alienated,
emotionally positive
emotionally negative.

Forms of direct sex designation

Direct gender designation suggests that the sphere of psychosexuality in general and comparing oneself with representatives of the same sex in particular are important and taken internally the theme of self-awareness.

Indirect gender designation- a person does not indicate his gender directly, but his gender is manifested through social roles(male or female) which he considers to be his, or by word endings... Indirect methods of gender designation also have a certain emotional content.

Indirect ways to indicate gender

Indirect gender designation speaks of knowledge of the specifics of a certain repertoire of sex-role behavior, which can be:

broad(if it includes several gender roles)
narrow(if it includes only one or two roles).

Availability of both direct and indirect optionsemotionally positive designation of one's gender speaks of the formation of a positive gender identity, a possible variety of role behavior, acceptance of one's attractiveness as a representative of gender, and allows one to make a favorable forecast regarding the success of establishing and maintaining partnerships with other people.

Lack of gender designation in self-identification characteristics it is stated when the writing of the entire text goes through the phrase: “ I am a person who ...". The reasons for this may be the following:

lack of a holistic understanding of sex-role behavior at a given point in time (lack of reflection, knowledge);
avoidance of considering one's gender-role characteristics due to the traumatic nature of this topic (for example, displacing the negative result of comparing oneself with other members of the same gender);
lack of formation of gender identity, the presence of an identity crisis in general.

When analyzing gender identity, it is also important to consider where in the text of the answers contains categories related to gender:

at the very beginning of the list,
In the middle
at the end.

This indicates the relevance and importance of gender categories in human self-awareness ( the closer to the beginning, the greater the significance and degree of awareness categories of identity).

How does reflection manifest itself when performing the “Who am I?” Technique?

A person with a more developed level of reflection gives on average more answers than a person with a less developed idea of himself (or more "closed").

Also, the level of reflection is indicated by the subjectively assessed by the person himself ease or difficulty in formulating answers the key question of the test.

As a rule, a person with a more developed level of reflection quickly and easily finds answers regarding his own individual characteristics.

A person, who does not often think about himself and his life, answers the test question with difficulty, writing down each of his answers after some thought.

Low level of reflection you can say when in 12 minutes a person can give only two or three answers (it is important to clarify that the person really does not know how else to answer the task, and not just stopped writing down his answers due to his secrecy).

About a high enough level reflection is evidenced by 15 or more different answers to the question "Who am I?"

How to analyze the temporal aspect of identity?

Analysis of the temporal aspect of identity it is necessary to carry out on the basis of the premise that the success of a person's interaction with others presupposes a relative continuity of his past, present and future "I". Therefore, consideration of a person's answers to the question "Who am I?" should occur from the point of view of their belonging to the past, present or future tense (based on the analysis of verb forms).

The presence of identification characteristics corresponding to different time regimes indicates temporal integration of personality.

Particular attention should be paid to the presence and expression of self-description indicators of prospective identity(or perspective "I"), that is, identification characteristics that are associated with perspectives, wishes, intentions, dreams related to various areas of life.

The presence of goals, plans for the future is of great importance for the characteristics of the inner world of a person as a whole, reflects the temporal aspect of identity, aimed at a further life perspective, performs existential and target functions.

Dominance in self-description verb forms describing actions or experiences in the past time, speaks of the presence in the present of dissatisfaction, the desire to return to the past due to its greater attractiveness or trauma (when the psychological trauma is not processed).

Domination in self-description future tense verb forms speaks of self-doubt, the desire of a person to get away from the difficulties of the present moment due to insufficient realization in the present.

Dominance in self-description present tense verbs speaks of the activity and conscientiousness of human actions.

For counseling on marriage and family issues, it is most important how the topic of family and marital relations is reflected in the identification characteristics, how present and future family roles are presented, how they are assessed by the person himself.
So, one of the main signs of psychological readiness for marriage is reflected in the self-description of future family roles and functions: "I am a future mother," "I will be a good father," "I dream of my family," "I will do everything for my family," etc.
A sign of marital and marital trouble there is a situation when a married man or a married woman in self-descriptions does not in any way indicate their real family, marital roles and functions.

What does the analysis of the relationship between social roles and individual characteristics in identity give?

The question "Who am I?" logically connected with the characteristics of a person's own perception of himself, that is, with his image of "I" (or I-concept). Answering the question "Who am I?", A person indicates social roles and characteristics-definitions with which he correlates, identifies, that is, he describes social statuses that are significant for him and those features that, in his opinion, are associated with him.

Thus, ratio of social roles and individual characteristics talks about how much a person realizes and accepts its uniqueness, as well as how much he belonging to a particular group of people is important.

Lack of self-description of individual characteristics(indicators of reflexive, communicative, physical, material, active identities) when specifying a variety of social roles ("student", "passer-by", "voter", "family member", "Russian") may speak of lack of self-confidence, the presence a person has fears in connection with self-disclosure, a pronounced tendency to self-defense.

Also, the absence of social roles in identification characteristics is possible in a crisis of identity or infantilism of the individual.

Behind the relationship between social roles and individual characteristics is the question of the relationship between social and personal identities. Moreover, under personal identity understand the set of characteristics that makes a person similar to himself and different from others, social identity the same is interpreted in terms of group membership, belonging to a larger or smaller group of people.
Social identity prevails when a person has a high level of certainty of the "we - others" scheme and a low level of certainty of the "I - we" scheme. Personal identity prevails in people with a high level of certainty of the "I - others" scheme and a low level of certainty of the "we - others" scheme.
Successful establishment and maintenance of partnerships is possible by a person who has a clear understanding of their social roles and accepts their individual characteristics. Therefore, one of the tasks of spousal counseling is to help the client to understand and accept the peculiarities of their social and personal identities.

What does the analysis of the spheres of life represented in the identity give?

Conventionally, six main spheres of life can be distinguished, which can be represented in identification characteristics:

family (kinship, parent-child and marital relations, corresponding roles);
work (business relationships, professional roles);
study (the need and need for new knowledge, the ability to change);
leisure (structuring time, resources, interests);
the sphere of intimate and personal relationships (friendships and love relationships);
rest (resources, health).

It is generally accepted that the characteristics of oneself, which the person writes at the top of their list, to the greatest extent actualized in his consciousness, are more conscious and significant for the subject.

The discrepancy between the topic of the complaint and the request to the area that is presented more vividly and problematic in self-description indicates a lack of deep self-understanding of the client or that the client did not immediately decide to talk about what really worries him.

What does the analysis of physical identity give?

Physical identity includes a description of your physical data, including a description of your appearance, painful manifestations, food addictions, bad habits.

The designation of one's physical identity is directly related to the expansion of the boundaries of the conscious inner world by a person, since the boundaries between "I" and "not-I" initially run along the physical boundaries of their own body. It is the awareness of one's body that is the leading factor in the system of human self-awareness. Expansion and enrichment of the "self-image" in the process of personal development is closely related to the reflection of one's own emotional experiences and bodily sensations.

What does the analysis of active identity provide?

Active identity also provides important information about a person and includes the designation of occupations, hobbies, as well as self-assessment of ability to work, self-assessment of skills, abilities, knowledge, achievements. Identification of one's "active I" is associated with the ability to focus on oneself, restraint, balanced actions, as well as diplomacy, the ability to work with one's own anxiety, tension, maintain emotional stability, that is, it is a reflection of the totality of emotional-volitional and communicative abilities, the characteristics of existing interactions ...

What does the analysis of the psycholinguistic aspect of identity give?

Nouns:

The predominance of self-descriptions of nouns speaks of a person's need for certainty, constancy;
Lack or absence of nouns- about insufficient human responsibility.

Adjectives:

The predominance of adjectives in self-descriptions speaks of demonstrativeness, emotionality of a person;
Lack or absence of adjectives- about the weak differentiation of human identity.

Verbs:

The predominance of self-descriptions of verbs(especially when describing the spheres of activity, interests) speaks of the activity, independence of a person; lack or absence of verbs in self-description - about lack of self-confidence, underestimation of their effectiveness.

Most often, nouns and adjectives are used in self-descriptions.

Harmonious type linguistic self-description is characterized by the use of approximately equal numbers of nouns, adjectives and verbs.

Under valence identity the predominant emotional-evaluative tone of identification characteristics in the self-description of a person is understood (this assessment is carried out by the specialist himself).

The difference in the general sign of the emotional-evaluative tone of identification characteristics determines different types of valence identity:

negative- in general, negative categories prevail when describing one's own identity; shortcomings and identification problems are described more ("ugly", "irritable", "I don't know what to say about myself");
neutral- there is either a balance between positive and negative self-identifications, or no emotional tone is clearly manifested in the self-description of a person (for example, there is a formal listing of roles: “son”, “student”, “athlete”, etc.);
positive- positive identification characteristics prevail over negative ones (“cheerful”, “kind”, “smart”);
overpriced- manifests itself either in the practical absence of negative self-identifications, or in answers to the question "Who am I?" the characteristics presented in the superlative degree prevail ("I am the best", "I am super", etc.).

Availability positive valence can be a sign of an adaptive state of identity, as it is associated with persistence in achieving goals, accuracy, responsibility, business orientation, social courage, activity, self-confidence.

The other three types of valence characterize a maladaptive state of identity. They are associated with impulsivity, inconsistency, anxiety, depression, vulnerability, self-doubt, restraint, and shyness.

The data of the psycholinguistic analysis carried out by the specialist are compared with the results of the client's self-assessment.

You can conditionally find correspondence between a sign of an emotional-evaluative tone of identification characteristics and kind of self-assessment of identity, which suggests that the person performing the "Who am I?" a person uses the criteria of emotional assessment of personal characteristics typical for other people (for example, the quality "kind" is evaluated as "+"). This correspondence is a good predictor of a person's ability to adequately understand other people.

Availability discrepancies between the sign of the emotional-evaluative tone of identification characteristics and the type of self-esteem of identity (for example, the quality "kind" is assessed by a person as "-") may indicate that the client has a special system of emotional evaluation of personal characteristics, which interferes with the establishment of contact and mutual understanding with other people.

Matching types of valence and self-esteem

How to assess the level of differentiation of identity?

As a quantitative assessment of the level of differentiation of identity, a number is used that reflects the total number of identity indicators that a person used in self-identification. The identification characteristics analysis scale is found.

The number of indicators used varies from person to person, most often in the range from 1 to 14.

High level of differentiation(9-14 indicators) is associated with such personal characteristics as sociability, self-confidence, orientation towards one's inner world, a high level of social competence and self-control.

Low level of differentiation(1-3 indicators) speaks of an identity crisis, is associated with such personal characteristics as isolation, anxiety, self-doubt, difficulty in controlling oneself.

Identification characteristics analysis scale

It includes 24 indicators, which, when combined, form seven generalized indicators-components of identity:

I. "Social Self » includes 7 indicators:

direct gender designation(boy, girl; woman);
sexual role(lover, mistress; Don Juan, Amazon);
educational and professional role position(student, studying at the institute, doctor, specialist);
family affiliation, manifested through the designation of a family role (daughter, son, brother, wife, etc.) or through an indication of family relations (I love my relatives, I have many relatives);
ethnic and regional identity includes ethnic identity, citizenship (Russian, Tatar, citizen, Russian, etc.) and local, local identity (from Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Siberian, etc.);
ideological identity: confessional, political affiliation (Christian, Muslim, believer);
group affiliation: perception of oneself as a member of a group of people (collector, member of society).

II. "Communicative Self" includes 2 indicators:

friendship or a circle of friends th, perception of oneself as a member of a group of friends (friend, I have many friends);
communication or subject of communication, features and assessment of interaction with people (I go to visit, I like to communicate with people; I can listen to people);

III. "Material Self" implies various aspects:

a description of my property (I have an apartment, clothes, a bicycle);
assessment of their security, attitude to material wealth (poor, rich, wealthy, I love money);
attitude to the external environment (I love the sea, I do not like bad weather).

IV. "Physical Self" includes such aspects:

subjective description of your physical data, appearance (strong, pleasant, attractive);
an actual description of your physical data, including a description of your appearance, painful manifestations and location (blond, height, weight, age, I live in a hostel);
food addictions, bad habits.

V. "Active Self" evaluated through 2 indicators:

occupations, activities, interests, hobbies(I like to solve problems); experience (was in Bulgaria);
self-reported ability to function, self-assessment of skills, abilities, knowledge, competence, achievements, (I swim well, smart; efficient, I know English).

Vi. "Perspective Self" includes 9 indicators:

professional perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to the educational and professional sphere (future driver, I will be a good teacher);
family perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to marital status (I will have children, expectant mother, etc.);
group perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to group affiliation (I plan to join a party, I want to become an athlete);
communicative perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to friends, communication.
material perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to the material sphere (I will receive an inheritance, earn an apartment);
physical perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to psychophysical data (I will take care of my health, I want to be pumped up);
activity perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to interests, hobbies, specific occupations (I will read more) and the achievement of certain results (I will perfectly learn the language);
personal perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to personal characteristics: personal qualities, behavior, etc. (I want to be more cheerful, calm);
assessment of aspirations(I wish a lot, aspiring person).

Vii. "Reflexive Self" includes 2 indicators:

personal identity: personal qualities, character traits, description of an individual style of behavior (kind, sincere, sociable, persistent, sometimes harmful, sometimes impatient, etc.), personal characteristics (nickname, horoscope, name, etc.); emotional attitude towards myself (I am super, "cool");
global, existential "I": statements that are global and that do not sufficiently reveal the differences of one person from another (Homo sapiens, my essence).

Two independent indicators:

problematic identity b (I am nothing, I do not know - who I am, I cannot answer this question);
situational state: current state of being experienced (hungry, nervous, tired, in love, upset).

Sources of

Kuhn's test. Test "Who am I?" (M. Kuhn, T. McPartland; modification of T. V. Rumyantseva)/ Rumyantseva T.V. Psychological counseling: diagnostics of relationships in a couple - SPb., 2006. P.82-103.

In counseling on self-determination, various diagnostic techniques can be used, the choice of which depends on the specifics of the problem and the nature of the counselor's training. Let's take a look at some of them.

Technique "Twenty statements", or "Who am I?" M. Kuhn and T. McPartland

Appointment. The test by M. Kuhn and T. McPartland was created to study the individual's attitudes towards himself and is widely used to identify the content characteristics of identity: primarily cognitive, as well as value-motivational, affective, and behavioral.

General information. The methodology of M. Kuhn and T. McPartland in the literature has several different designations: "test of personality attitudes towards oneself" or "test of 20 statements", "test of twenty statements for self-attitude", test "20 answers", questionnaire "Who am I?" etc.

It represents free self-descriptions with subsequent content-analytical processing, i.e. refers to the methods of pestapdartized self-reports, which have their advantages (the ability to analyze self-description and self-attitude expressed in the language of the subject himself) and disadvantages (difficulty in self-description, ambiguity of interpretation).

Despite the shortcomings and seeming simplicity, the test of twenty statements is one of the most popular and demanded methods for studying various aspects and types of identity. So, using this methodology, sex, gender, age, ethnic (national), family, professional, personal and other self-identities are investigated. The availability of the test procedure makes it possible to use it not only for research, but for psychotherapeutic, corrective purposes. Various modifications of the methodology are used in the practice of counseling and the work of training, psychotherapeutic groups.

We present the classic version of the test, as well as its modifications, developed by different authors for different purposes and tasks.

Classic version of the test

Theoretical basis. The test was developed within the framework of the Iowa School of Symbolic Interactionism.

Examination procedure. The test is a simple procedure for working with the subject, who is asked to answer the question "Who am I?" 20 times in writing. The test will take 12 minutes to complete. Processing responses using the "Who am I?" includes quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data obtained.

Equipment, incentive material. A sheet of paper containing instructions.

Instructions: "Below on the page you see 20 numbered empty rulers. Be so kind as to write on each of them the answer to the simple question" Who am I? " Just write 20 different answers to this question. Answer as if you are answering yourself and not someone else. Arrange the answers in the order in which they come to your head. Do not worry about their consistency or importance. Write quickly. because your time is limited. "

Processing of results. Responses are processed using the content analysis method. All test answers fall into one of two categories: objective or subjective mention. Objective references are those characteristics that are associated with the attribution of oneself to conventional groups or classes, whose boundaries and everyone knows the terms of membership. The characteristics of oneself associated with groups, classes, traits, states or any other points that, in order to clarify them, require the indication of the respondent himself, or for this it is necessary to correlate him with other people, are subjective references. Examples of the first category are such self-characteristics as "student", "girl", "husband", "Christian", "native", "daughter", "older child", "studying advertising", ie. statements referring to objectively defined statuses and classes. Examples of subjective categories are happy, tired, very good student, too fat, good wife, interesting.

In the analysis, all objective statements belong to one group, while all "non-answers" (ie, the remaining blank lines of the list) and subjective statements fall into another group.

An individual "locus score" is the number of objective characteristics indicated by a given respondent when working with the "twenty statements" test.

Initial positions of interpretation. The creation of the test is based on the assumption that human behavior is organized and directed by the individual's attitudes towards himself.

The authors of the test assume that the question "Who am I?" is a question that is logically related to what the individual identifies with, i.e. with social status and those features that, in his opinion, are associated with it. “The request to report such characteristics as“ as if he answers only to himself ”is aimed at identifying his general attitudes towards himself, and not individual specific attitudes that can be artificially associated with the test situation or arise under the influence of the experimenter. twenty statements related to the idea of one's own identity proceeds from the recognition by researchers of the complex and multifaceted nature of individual statuses, as well as from their interest in the question of whether the order of responses is related to the status of an individual in society, and to the problem of studying the range of personality attitudes towards oneself ".

The researchers believe that the formulations given operationally define the "personal I" of the tested as a kind of interiorization of the individual position in the social system, and the order of answers is a reflection of the "I-concept" model. This theoretical approach suggests that differences in the identification of the "personal self" are equivalent to differences in how individuals in society associate their destiny with a number of possible reference groups.

According to the authors, the data obtained using the "20 statements" test fully confirm that people organize and direct their behavior in accordance with their subjectively determined identifications, therefore, to predict the behavior of an individual, it is necessary to know his subjective definition of his identity.

Interpretation Scale Modifications

In addition to the above classic division of the answers to the test "20 statements" into two categories "objective - subjective", there are many different private classifiers, directly created by researchers in accordance with the topic of their work.

L. Zucher's interpretation scale. The most famous is the interpretation scale developed by L. Zucher. Developing the ideas of M. Kuhn, Zucher analyzed the answers of the subjects to the question "Who am I?" and proposed to sort them into the following four categories: "physical I" (as an object in time and space), "social I" (place in a group, social role), "reflexive I" (individual style of behavior, character traits), "oceanic I "(abstract reflection regardless of the specific social situation). Zucher showed that models of self-identity are not rigidly fixed, they are associated with the context of life, but many people still describe themselves in these four categories.

In other works, the number of categories for analysis has been increased. Let us present, for example, the classifiers of domestic researchers.

I.A.Konevoy's interpretation scale. In a study by I. A. Koneva, devoted to identifying the features of the "I" image of younger adolescents with mental retardation, the author's modification of the method of M. Kuhn and T. McPartland was used, including an interpretation scale of six categories.

Let us present the procedure for conducting and the features of processing the results in this modification of the "Who am I?" Test.

Everyone is handed out blank sheets of paper, briefly communicating the purpose of the work ("to find out what children of your age think of themselves").

It is proposed to write your name and only the first letter of the last name in the upper right corner of the sheet (to preserve the anonymity of the subjects). Then it is proposed to number the page but vertically from 1 to 20 (display on the board is possible).

Instructions are given. It is being clarified whether everything is clear. On the question of the students about the content of self-characteristics, a monotonous answer is given: "Write everything that you think about yourself."

After 15 minutes, regardless of how many judgments the subjects were able to write, they are asked to finish the work and cordon off the significance of each judgment on a scale from 1 to 3 points:

3 - the answer is of great importance to me;
2 - the answer is average to me;
1 - the answer has little meaning to me.

The values of the criteria are written on the board.

Instructions "." Please write 20 different answers to one question "Who am I?" (written on the board), arrange the answers in the order in which they come to your mind. Answer like this, as if you are answering yourself and not someone else. I promise that all your notes will remain with me: neither parents nor teachers will know about them. Try to write quickly, you only have 15 minutes. "

Processing of results. Responses are processed by the method of content analysis and counting the number of self-characteristics. According to I.A.Koneva, the latter reflects the general level of self-presentation.

As in the classic version of the "Who am I?" Methodology, content analysis is used to highlight two aspects of the subject's "I" image:

a) an objective aspect, including social and behavioral self-characteristics: a teenager describes himself mainly in terms of his social roles, statuses and actions;
b) the subjective aspect, including motivational self-characteristics: the teenager describes himself in terms of emotions, attitudes and desires.

The ratio of these aspects is interpreted as a characteristic of the adolescent's subjective activity in terms of self-knowledge and indicates a certain level of reflexivity development. So, objective self-characteristics state the obvious, "external" features of the "I" image, and the subjective ones show hidden tendencies, the "internal picture" of the "I" image, which presupposes its own internal activity in the process of introspection.

In addition, a content analysis of the "I-image" modalities is carried out. The analysis is based on the classification of modalities of the "I" image, developed by I.S.Kon in relation to the "I" image of an adult, and includes the following characteristics:

1) physical self-characteristics;
2) social identities;
3) personal dispositions.

Based on the data of her own research, according to which the emerging image of the "I" of a younger adolescent is very dynamic and represents a developing system, I. A. Koneva modified the classification of modalities of the image of I. S. Kon in relation to adolescents. The classification includes the following parameters:

1) physical self-characteristics.
2) social identities:
- a) characteristics of their actions and deeds;
- b) characteristics of their social statuses and roles;
3) personal dispositions:
- a) self-characteristics through the characteristics of others;
- b) characteristics of their preferences and desires;
- c) characteristics of their own personal qualities.

Thus, the presented modification of the test "Who am I?" focuses on identifying cognitive, value-motivational and behavioral aspects of adolescent identity.

N. L. Ivanova's interpretation scale. In the study by N.L. Ivanova, dedicated to social identity and general patterns of transformation of identification structures, a scale for analyzing identification characteristics was used with the following 20 indicators:

personal qualities (kind, sincere, persistent, sometimes harmful, sometimes impatient, nickname);
educational and professional role-playing position (student, studying at the university, teacher, player, poet);
family affiliation (daughter, son, brother, name, etc.);
ethnic identity (Russian, Tatar, etc.);
sex-role identity (boy, girl);
local, local identity (from Yaroslavl, Kostroma, etc.);
religious identity (Christian, Muslim, believer);
citizenship (citizen of the country, Russian);
friendship (friend, perception of oneself as a member of a group of friends);
activity (wants to play football, likes to solve problems);
communication (wants to visit, likes to communicate with people);
the perspective of the activity, wishes, dreams related to the activity (I will be a good teacher);
the prospect of communication, wishes, dreams related to people (I will have good friends);
self-esteem of the ability to work (I swim well);
self-assessment of social skills (I can communicate with different people);
subjective description of your physical data, appearance (strong, pleasant, attractive);
an actual description of your physical data, including a description of your appearance and location (blond, height, weight, age, live in a hostel);
the state of being experienced at the moment (hungry, nervous, tired, in love, upset);
a description of my property (I have an apartment, clothes, a bicycle);
global, existential "I" (reasonable man, my essence).

Additionally, an analysis of identity was carried out in accordance with six generalized indicators.

1. "Reflexive Self" - characteristics associated with personality traits, positive or negative self-assessments, for example, kind, good, smart.
2. "Social I" - characteristics related to social status, group affiliation, for example, student, family member.
3. "Physical Self" - characteristics associated with the idea of their psychophysical data, for example, tall, handsome.
4. "Material I AM" - characteristics associated with the awareness of their material capabilities, the perception of oneself as the owner of certain things, for example: I have a house.
5. "Activity I AM" - characteristics related to the idea of my particular occupation, for example: I like to grow flowers.
6. "Communicative I AM" - characteristics related to focus on communication and interaction, for example: I have many friends.

I. S. Kletsina's Interpretation Scale. The scale developed by I. S. Kletsina is aimed at identifying the role of gender characteristics in the structure of the "self-concept" of a person, as well as studying the content characteristics of a person's identity.

It is proposed to distinguish the following six categories.

1. Family and interpersonal roles (this category includes answers like: I am a mother, wife, son, husband, girlfriend, etc.).
2. Professional roles (I am a future psychologist, student, entrepreneur, researcher).
3. Other social roles, mainly these roles relate to the sphere of leisure (I am a collector, amateur fisherman, sportsman, reader, viewer).
4. Feminine characteristics - personality traits traditionally attributed to the image of a woman (I am caring, sensitive, dependent, gentle, dreamy).
5. Masculine characteristics - personality traits stereotypically associated with the image of a man (I am strong, courageous, purposeful, independent, independent, aggressive).
6. Neutral characteristics, personality traits that are not included in the stereotypical characteristics of masculinity-femininity (I am cheerful, beautiful, kind, loyal, neat, hardworking, lazy).

Interpretation of results. The first three categories make up the content of the social identity of the subjects. The following three categories are considered by the author of the scale as components of personal identity.

Separately, it becomes clear whether there is a characteristic denoting gender in self-descriptions (I am a man (woman), a young man (girl)), and the order of its mentioning is determined. The first three places, according to I. S. Kletsina, testify to the importance of this characteristic in the structure of the "self-concept" of the individual.

After processing the results, the number of characteristics in each of the selected categories is calculated, the results obtained are entered into a table (Table 3.6).

Table 3.6

Results of processing the test "Who am I?"

The interpretation of the results is carried out on the basis of S. Bam's theory of gender scheme and information on gender stereotypes, which is based on the following reasoning: “To be a man or a woman means to constantly be in the conditions of gender assessment. to be men and women.The ratio of their own ideas to the generally accepted plays an important role in the psychological well-being of the individual.In accordance with gender stereotypes of masculinity-femininity, men should be competent, dominant, independent, aggressive, self-confident, tend to reason logically, are able to control their feelings, and women - more passive, dependent, emotional, caring and tender. Compliance with stereotypes about the roles of men and women suggests that for women the main social roles are family roles, for men - professional roles. Men are usually assessed based on professional success, and women - according to family and children. "

According to I. S. Kletsina, a large number of gender-labeled self-definitions indicates that gender identity occupies a leading position in the structure of the "self-concept" of the individual. If among the first sin of answers there is self-description indicating gender, and family roles and feminine characteristics in women dominate professional and masculine ones (vice versa in men), then we can conclude that this tested person has a sex-hypothesized “I-concept”.

I. S. Kletsina notes that if gender is not mentioned at all or is mentioned at the end of the list, while categories such as "other social roles" and "neutral characteristics" have a greater number of references than other categories, then we can conclude that it is not typified. "I am the end."

Response processing implies the determination of the emotional-evaluative component of the "I-concept" by the ratio of positive and negative statements about oneself.

Thus, the stage of processing the protocols of the "Who am I?" with individual self-descriptions includes the assignment of each answer to a separate indicator in accordance with the scale of analysis of identification characteristics using content analysis (a method for identifying and assessing the characteristics of information contained in texts and voice messages). The data obtained for each client is entered into a general table of primary values, on the basis of which further statistical analysis can occur.

Modification of the method "Who am I?" T.V. Rumyantseva.

Appointment. This modification of the execution and processing of the test was developed by the author for the work of a psychologist-consultant with a client in the process of counseling and assumes his active participation .

Instructions: "Within 12 minutes, you need to give as many answers as possible to one question relating to yourself:" Who am I? " there are no right or wrong answers in this task. It is also important to notice what emotional reactions you have in the course of this task, how difficult or easy it was for you to answer this question. "

“+” - the plus sign is put when, in general, you personally like this characteristic;
- a minus sign is put when, in general, you personally do not like this characteristic;
“±” - the sign “plus minus at the same time” is put when you both like and dislike this characteristic at the same time;
"?" - the “question” sign is put when you do not know at a given moment in time how you exactly relate to it, you do not yet have a definite assessment of the answer in question.

The mark of your assessment must be placed directly above the characteristic itself. You can have ratings for all types of marks, as well as for only one mark, or two or three. After you have evaluated all the characteristics, summarize: how many answers were received in total, as well as how many answers were given to each sign. "

Initial positions and interpretations.

1. The concept of identity refers to the field of self-awareness of the individual and consists of a generalization of the reactions of the person himself to the opinion of the people around him. A special role in this is played by primary groups (family, friends, neighbors, etc.), which directly influence the formation of an idea of oneself and one's place among other people.
2. Identity appears as a result of interaction with other people, assimilation of social norms, values, methods of activity, ie. is a kind of reflection of generalized interactions (interactions) that take place in the course of personal, informal, direct communication.
3. According to J. Mead, there are two main logically related types (levels) of identity - unconscious and conscious, which demonstrate the transition from the norms, roles and habits of the other person unconsciously accepted by a person to a meaningful attitude towards himself and his behavior. So, the presence of a conscious identity in a person speaks of his personal freedom (relative), the ability to think about the goal and tactics of his behavior.
4. The transition from unconscious to conscious identity is possible only in the presence of reflection. A person realizes his identity, reflecting on himself with the help of the language acquired in social interaction (with the help of the categories developed in the language).
5. Identity performs a number of functions - orientational, structural, target, existential. It functionally gives integrity, continuity and certainty to the personality, provides similarity with some people and categories and differences from others, underlies the regulation of behavior in appropriate conditions.
6. Identity provides both the processes of differentiation and integration of "I". Differentiation is manifested in the certainty of boundaries, integrity and independence of the "I". Integration of the "I" manifests itself in the subjective unification of oneself with other people, which is carried out on the basis of comparing and evaluating others.
7. Identity is a complex personality formation with a multilevel structure, includes various types, components and indicators of identity. The scale of analysis of identification characteristics can be represented in the form of seven generalized components of identity: "social I", "communicative I", "physical I", "material I", "active I", "reflexive I", "perspective I". Problem and situational identities act as independent components.
8. The structure of identity is internally contradictory, it reflects, on the one hand, a person's striving for uniqueness, on the other, the desire to be understood and accepted by a significant social environment.
9. The researcher (consultant) deals not with the experienced personality itself, but with the presentation or presentation of identity, depending on the social context of self-identification.
10. People organize and direct their behavior in accordance with their subjective ideas about themselves, expressed in identity. Therefore, knowledge of a person's identity makes it possible to predict a person's behavior, which is built on the basis of interiorization (taking in) the objective social statuses he occupies.

The method of presenting the identification characteristics can be different due to the given instructions, which allow variations in the manner and methods of responses. Therefore, the answers can be verbal (using words), graphic (using pictures) or mixed.

The experience of using and analyzing the data of this technique shows that the graphical method of execution is characteristic of about 5-7% of people performing the test.

As a rule, these are people with a well-developed imaginative sphere. The preference for the graphic method occurs in people with pronounced psychosomatic reactions (when a person reacts to a stressful problem situation with bodily symptoms, for example, headache, fever, etc.), difficulties in verbal designation of their experiences and life experience, which, as a rule, is associated with a lack of open discussion of various emotional situations in the parental family.

When presented verbally, identification characteristics are given by a person either in the form of a list of answers (often already numbered), or as a text of an essay consisting of separate sentences.

First of all, in the course of a meaningful analysis of the implementation of the "Who am I?" the following personal manifestations of the subjects are studied:

features of gender identity (attitude towards it);
features of self-esteem of identity;
level of reflection;
features of temporary identity.

Processing of the method "Who am I?" includes consideration of such points as:

determination of the level of differentiation of identity;
the use of such signs as "plus minus at the same time" ("±") and a question mark ("?") by the surveyed in the process of assessing the identification characteristics;
the ratio in the answers of the designation of social roles and individual characteristics;
the psycholinguistic aspect of the answers;
reflection in the identification characteristics of the main spheres of life;
representation in responses of various components of identity.

First, let us dwell in more detail on identifying with the help of

methodology "Who am I?" those personal characteristics of the client, information about which is very important for family, marital counseling.

First of all, let's note how in the method "Who am I?" features of gender identity are manifested.

We will proceed from the assumption that gender (or gender) identity is a part of the individual "I-concept", which comes from the individual's knowledge of his belonging to a social group of men or women, together with the assessment and emotional designation of this group membership.

Gender identity acts as the central meaning-forming element of the personality, since it influences the value-semantic sphere, thinking and behavior of a person.

Thus, gender identity has a cognitive-affective nature, in accordance with which it should include cognitive (knowledge of belonging to the communities of men or women), as well as motivational-value components of identity.

Features of gender identity are manifested, first, in how a person designates his gender identity; secondly, in what place in the list of identification characteristics is the reference to gender. The designation of one's gender can be done directly, indirectly, or absent altogether.

Direct gender designation - a person indicates his gender in specific words that have a certain emotional content. Hence, four forms of direct sex designation can be distinguished: neutral, alienated, emotionally positive and emotionally negative (Table 3.7).

Table 3.7

Forms of direct sex designation

The presence of a direct gender designation suggests that the sphere of psychosexuality in general and comparing oneself with representatives of the same gender in particular is an important and internally accepted topic of self-awareness.

Indirect gender designation - a person does not indicate his gender directly, but his gender is manifested through social roles (male or female), which he considers his own, or by the endings of words (Table 3.8). Indirect methods of gender designation also have a certain emotional content.

The presence of an indirect gender designation indicates knowledge of the specifics of a certain repertoire of sex-role behavior, which can be broad (if it includes several gender roles) or narrow (if it includes only one or two roles).

Table 3.8

Indirect ways to indicate gender

The absence of gender designation in self-identification characteristics is stated when the writing of the entire text goes through the phrase: "I am a person who ..." This can be caused by various reasons:

1) lack of a holistic understanding of sex-role behavior at a given point in time (lack of reflection, knowledge);
2) avoidance of considering their sex-role characteristics due to the traumatic nature of the new topic (for example, displacing the negative result of comparing oneself with other representatives of one's own Iola);
3) unformed gender identity, the presence of an identity crisis in general.

When analyzing gender identity, it is also important to take into account where in the text of the answers there are categories related to gender: at the very beginning of the list, in the middle, at the end. This indicates the relevance and significance of the categories of gender in a person's self-awareness (the closer to the beginning, the greater the significance and degree of awareness of the categories of identity).

All these hypotheses should be confirmed in other methods. So, it is important to compare the manifestations of gender identity in the methodology "Who am I?" and a drawing of a man.

Now let's look at how you can analyze your self-reported identity.

Self-esteem is an emotional-evaluative component of the "I-concept". Self-esteem reflects the attitude towards oneself in general or towards certain aspects of one's personality and activities.

Self-esteem reflects the degree to which a person develops a sense of self-esteem, a sense of his own worth and a positive attitude towards everything that is included in the sphere of his "I". Self-esteem determines the interpretation of the acquired experience and the expectations of a person regarding himself and other people.

The main conditions for the development of self-esteem are communication with others and a person's own activities. In communication, a person learns the evaluation criteria, their types, forms, methods of social comparison and evaluation; in individual experience, they are tested, tested in practice.

The self-assessment process can take place in two ways:

1) comparing the level of their claims with the objective results of their activities (constructive method);
2) comparing oneself with other people (can be constructive in a situation where the experience of other people is taken into account to expand the options for solving problems).

However, regardless of whether self-esteem is based on a person's own judgments about himself or interpretations of the judgments of others, individual ideals or culturally set standards, self-esteem is always subjective; at the same time, its indicators can be adequacy and level.

Self-esteem can be adequate and inadequate.

The adequacy of self-esteem expresses the degree to which a person's ideas about himself correspond to the objective grounds of these ideas. The level of self-esteem expresses the degree of real, ideal or desired ideas about oneself.

Adequate self-esteem consists in the ability to realistically realize and evaluate both one's own strengths and weaknesses, behind it is a positive attitude towards oneself, self-esteem, self-acceptance, and a sense of one's own worth. Also, adequate self-esteem is expressed in the fact that a person sets for himself really achievable goals and objectives that correspond to his own capabilities, is able to take responsibility for his failures and successes, is confident in himself, is capable of life self-realization. Self-confidence allows a person to regulate the level of aspirations and correctly assess their own capabilities in relation to various life situations.

Note that a person with adequate self-esteem behaves freely and at ease among people, knows how to build relationships with others, is satisfied with himself and others. Therefore, adequate self-esteem is a prerequisite for the formation of confident sex-role behavior.

Inadequate self-esteem testifies to a person's unrealistic assessment of himself, a decrease in criticality in relation to his actions, words, while often a person's opinion of himself differs from the opinion of others about him.

Distinguish between inadequate overestimated self-esteem - overestimation of himself by the subject and inadequate underestimated self-esteem - underestimation of himself by the subject.

People with overestimated self-esteem, on the one hand, hypertrophically assess their merits: they overestimate and attribute them, on the other hand, they underestimate and exclude their shortcomings. They set themselves higher goals than those that can actually be achieved, they have a high level of claims that does not correspond to their real capabilities. A person with high self-esteem is also characterized by an inability to take responsibility for his failures, is distinguished by an arrogant attitude towards people, conflicts, constant dissatisfaction with his achievements, egocentrism. Inadequate self-esteem of one's capabilities and an overestimated level of aspirations cause excessive self-confidence.

People with low self-esteem tend to set themselves lower goals than they can achieve by exaggerating the significance of failure. After all, low self-esteem presupposes rejection of oneself, self-denial, a negative attitude towards one's personality, which are caused by an underestimation of one's own successes and merits.

With low self-esteem, a person is characterized by another extreme, the opposite of self-confidence - excessive self-doubt. Uncertainty, which is often not objectively substantiated, is a stable personality trait and leads to the formation of such traits as humility, passivity, "inferiority complex" in a person.

In the method "Who am I?" self-esteem of identity is determined as a result of the ratio of the number of "+" and "-" evaluations that were obtained when evaluating each of his answers by the subject (client) at the stage of quantitative processing.

The types of self-assessment obtained as a result of the analysis are shown in Fig. 3.1.

Rice. 3.1. Types of personality self-esteem

Self-esteem is considered adequate if the ratio of positively assessed qualities to negatively assessed ("+" to "-") is 65-80% by 35-20%.

Self-esteem is considered inadequately overestimated, if the number of positively assessed qualities in relation to negatively assessed ("+" to "-") is 85-100%, i.e. a person notes that he either has no shortcomings, or their number reaches 15% (of the total number of "+" and "-").

Self-esteem is considered inadequately underestimated, if the number of negatively assessed qualities in relation to positively assessed ("-" to "+") is 50-100%, i.e. a person notes that he either has no merits, or their number reaches 50% (of the total number of "+" and "-").

Self-esteem is unstable if the number of positively assessed qualities but the ratio of negatively assessed ("+" to "-") is 50-55%. Such a ratio, as a rule, cannot last long, is unstable, uncomfortable.

The experience of counseling shows that people with inadequate and unstable self-esteem most often seek psychological help, and the effectiveness of achieving the goal of counseling is largely determined by the productivity of work on the formation of adequate self-esteem in the client.

Now let's dwell on the manifestation of reflection when performing the "Who am I?"

Test requirement "Who am I?" to give statements related to the idea of one's own identity, proceeds from the recognition by researchers of the complex and multifaceted nature of the "I-concept". It is assumed that a person with a more developed level of reflection gives on average more answers than a person with a less developed idea of himself (or more "closed").

Also, the level of reflection is indicated by the subjectively assessed by the person himself the ease or difficulty in formulating answers to the key question of the test.

As a rule, a person with a more developed level of reflection quickly and easily finds answers regarding his own individual characteristics. A person, who does not often think about himself and his life, answers the test task with difficulty, writing down each of his answers after some thought.

Experience with this technique shows that a low level of reflection can be talked about when a person can give only two or three answers in 12 minutes (it is important to clarify that a person really does not know how else to answer a task, and not just stopped write down your answers due to your secrecy). A sufficiently high level of reflection is evidenced by 15 or more different answers to the question "Who am I?"

Analysis of the temporal aspect of identity. The very concept of identity contains a component of time, since it connects together a person's ideas about himself, which appeared at various stages of his life history. According to many researchers (K.L. Abulkhanova, G.M. Andreeva, A. Kronik, A. Maslow, J. Nutten, E. Erickson), awareness of time performs an important function - it is the basis for determining the meaning of life and contributes to adequate behavior person with other people.

The analysis of the temporal aspect of identity must be carried out on the basis of the premise that the success of a person's interaction with others presupposes a relative continuity of his past, present and future "I". Therefore, consideration of a person's answers to the question "Who am I?" should occur from the point of view of their belonging to the past, present or future tense (based on the analysis of verb forms).

The presence of identification characteristics corresponding to different temporal regimes indicates the temporal integration of the personality.

Special attention should be paid to the presence and expression of indicators of perspective identity (or "perspective self") in self-description, i.e. identification characteristics that are associated with prospects, wishes, intentions, dreams and relate to various areas of life. The presence of goals, plans for the future is of great importance for the characteristics of the inner world of a person as a whole, reflects the temporal aspect of identity, aimed at a further life perspective, performs existential and target functions.

At the same time, it is important to take into account that a sign of psychological maturity is not just the presence of aspiration for the future, but some optimal ratio between the orientation towards the future and acceptance, satisfaction with the present.

Note that the predominance of verb forms describing actions or experiences in the past tense in self-description indicates the presence of dissatisfaction in the present, a desire to return to the past due to its greater attractiveness or trauma (when psychological trauma has not been reworked).

The dominance in self-description of the verb forms of the future tense speaks of a person's desire to get away from the difficulties of the present moment due to insufficient realization in the present, of self-doubt.

The predominance of present tense verbs in self-description speaks of the activity and conscientiousness of a person's actions.

For counseling on marriage and family issues, the most important thing is how the topic of family and marital relations is reflected in the identification characteristics, what representation are present and future family roles, how they are assessed by the person himself.

So, one of the main signs of psychological readiness for marriage is the reflection in the self-description of future family roles and functions: "I am a future mother," "I will be a good father," "I dream of my family," "I will do everything for my family," etc. etc. A sign of marital and marital trouble is a situation when a married man or a married woman in self-descriptions does not in any way indicate their real family, marital roles and functions.

Now let us consider the level of differentiation of identity, which is associated with the level of reflection of a person.

The role of differentiation of identity has been mentioned since E. Erickson. Low differentiability of identity is regarded as an identity crisis.

As a quantitative assessment of the level of identity differentiation, a number reflecting the total number of identity indicators used by a person in self-identification can be used.

Experience in applying the "Who am I?" shows that the number of indicators used varies for different people, most often in the range from 1 to 14.

According to the research by T.V. Rumyantseva, a high level of differentiation (9-14 indicators) is associated with such personal characteristics as sociability, self-confidence, orientation towards one's inner world, a high level of social competence and self-control.

A low level of differentiation (1-3 indicators) speaks of an identity crisis, is associated with such personal characteristics as isolation, anxiety, self-doubt, difficulty in controlling oneself.

Also important information about the client, his personal characteristics is given by the analysis of the material related to the use by the client in assessing the identification characteristics of such marks of assessment as "plus minus at the same time" ("±") and a question mark ("?").

Let us recall that the sign "plus minus at the same time" ("±") was put by a person when he liked and did not like some characteristic at the same time. Thus, the use of this sign of assessment speaks of a person's ability to consider a particular phenomenon from two opposite sides, the degree of his poise, the balance of his position with respect to emotionally significant phenomena.

From this point of view, one can conditionally single out emotionally polar, balanced, doubting people.

Emotionally polar people are those people who evaluate all their identification characteristics only as like or not like them, they do not use the plus or minus sign at all when evaluating them. Such people are characterized by maximalism in their assessments, fluctuations in the emotional state, concerning them, one can say "from love to hate, one step." These are, as a rule, emotionally expressive people whose relationships with other people are highly dependent on how much they like or dislike a person.

If the number of "±" signs reaches 10-20% (of the total number of signs), then such a person can be classified as a balanced type. For such people, in comparison with the polar type, they are characterized by greater resistance to stress, they quickly resolve conflict situations, are able to maintain constructive relationships with different people: both those they generally like and those that do not cause deep sympathy for them; are more tolerant of the shortcomings of others.

If the number of signs "±" exceeds 30-40% (of the total number of signs), then such a person can be classified as a doubting type.

Such a number of "±" signs can be in a person experiencing a crisis in his life, and also indicate the manifestation of indecision as a character trait (when it is difficult for a person to make decisions, he hesitates for a long time, considering various options).

Using the "?" when assessing identification characteristics, it speaks of a person's ability to endure a situation of internal uncertainty, which means that it indirectly speaks of a person's ability to change, readiness for change.

After all, the presence of any question in relation to oneself presupposes a situation of uncertainty in the process of finding an answer (there is no answer at the moment - there is some kind of uncertainty). The very statement of the question indicates that a person has a research position regarding himself, which is a necessary element for him to make changes in his life in the desired direction.

This mark of evaluation is used by people quite rarely: one or two marks "?" only 20% of the surveyed put it.

Three or more "?" in self-assessment, it assumes that a person has crisis experiences.

In general, the use by a person in self-assessment of the signs "±" and "?" is a favorable sign of good dynamics in the consultative process. People who use these signs, as a rule, quickly reach the level of independent solution of their own problems.

It is important to correlate all self-assessment data with the results of the psycholinguistic analysis, which will be presented below. So, it is necessary to see how the self-assessment of identity coincides or differs from the emotional-evaluative tone of identification characteristics revealed in the course of the psycholinguistic analysis.

Analysis of the relationship between social roles and individual characteristics in identity. The question "Who am I?" logically connected with the characteristics of a person's own perception of himself, i.e. with his image of "I" (or "I-end"). Answering the question "Who am I?" he describes social statuses that are significant to him and those traits that, in his opinion, are associated with him.

Thus, the ratio of social roles and individual characteristics indicates how much a person realizes and accepts his uniqueness, as well as how important it is for him to belong to a particular group of people.

Therefore, the absence in self-description of individual characteristics (indicators of reflexive, communicative, physical, material, active identities) when specifying a multitude of social roles ("student", "passer-by", "voter", "family member", "Russian") may indicate insufficient self-confidence, about the presence of fears in a person in connection with self-disclosure, a pronounced tendency to self-defense.

In other words, behind the relationship between social roles and individual characteristics is the question of the relationship between social and personal identities. At the same time, personal identity is understood as a set of characteristics that makes a person similar to himself and different from others, while social identity is interpreted in terms of group membership, belonging to a larger or smaller group of people.

Social identity prevails when a person has a high level of certainty of the "we - others" scheme and a low level of certainty of the "I - we" scheme; personal identity prevails in people with a high level of certainty of the "I - others" scheme and a low level of certainty of the "we - others" scheme.

Successful establishment and maintenance of partnerships is possible for a person who has both a clear idea of his social roles and accepts his individual characteristics. Therefore, one of the tasks of counseling is to help the client to understand and accept the peculiarities of their social and personal identities.

The predominance of nouns in self-descriptions speaks of a person's need for certainty, constancy; the lack or absence of nouns indicates a lack of human responsibility.

The predominance of adjectives in self-descriptions speaks of demonstrativeness, emotionality of a person; the lack or absence of adjectives indicates a weak differentiation of a person's identity.

The predominance of verbs (especially when describing areas of activity, interests) speaks of the activity, independence of a person; lack or absence of verbs in self-description is associated with lack of self-confidence, underestimation of their effectiveness.

Note that most often in self-descriptions, the use of nouns and adjectives predominates.

A harmonious type of linguistic self-description is characterized by the fact that a person uses an approximately equal number of nouns, adjectives and verbs.

Now let us consider such a psycholinguistic aspect of identity as valence of identity, which is understood as the predominant emotional-evaluative tone of identification characteristics in a person's self-description (this assessment is carried out by the specialist himself).

The difference in the common sign of the emotional-evaluative rut of identification characteristics determines different types of identity valence:

negative - generally negative categories prevail when describing one's own identity, more shortcomings and identification problems are described ("ugly", "irritable", "I don't know what to say about myself");
neutral - there is either a balance between positive and negative self-identifications, or no emotional tone is clearly manifested in the self-description of a person (for example, there is a formal listing of roles: "son", "student", "athlete", etc.);
positive - positive identification characteristics prevail over negative ones ("cheerful", "kind", "smart");
overestimated - manifests itself either in the practical absence of negative self-identifications, or in answers to the question "Who am I?" superlative characteristics prevail ("I am the best", "I am super", etc.).

The presence of positive valence can be a sign of an adaptive state of identity, as it is associated with persistence in achieving goals, accuracy, responsibility, business orientation, social courage, activity, and self-confidence.

The data of the psycholinguistic analysis carried out by the specialist are compared with the results of the client's self-assessment.

You can conditionally find a correspondence between the sign of the emotional-evaluative rut of identification characteristics and the type of self-assessment of identity (Table 3.9), which suggests that the person performing the "Who am I?" the person uses the criteria of emotional assessment of personality characteristics typical for other people (for example, the quality "kind" is evaluated as "+"). This correspondence is a good predictor of a person's ability to adequately understand other people.

Table 3.9

Matching types of valence and self-esteem

Analysis of the spheres of life represented in identity. Conventionally, six main spheres of life can be distinguished, which can be represented in identification characteristics:

family (kinship, parent-child and marital relations, corresponding roles);
work (business relationships, professional roles);
study (the need and need for new knowledge, the ability to change);
leisure (structuring time, resources, interests);
the sphere of intimate and personal relationships (friendships and love relationships);
rest (resources, health).

It is possible to distribute all the identification characteristics but to the proposed areas. After that, correlate the complaints made by the client, the wording of his request with the distribution of identity characteristics by spheres: to draw a conclusion as to the extent to which the sphere corresponding to the complaint is represented in the self-description, how these characteristics are assessed.

It is generally accepted that those characteristics of oneself that a person writes down at the beginning of his list are most actualized in his consciousness, are more conscious and significant for the subject.

The discrepancy between the topic of the complaint and the request to the area that is presented more vividly and problematic in self-description indicates either insufficient self-understanding of the client, or that the client did not immediately decide to talk about what really worries him.

Analysis of identity components. Consideration of the components of identity can be based on the indicators of the scale of identification characteristics of T. V. Rumyantseva.

Previously, we have to some extent represented such components of identity as "social I", "perspective I", "reflexive I". Let us now consider some of the manifestations of the "physical I" and the "active I".

Physical identity includes a description of their physical characteristics (appearance, painful manifestations, eating habits, bad habits, etc.).

The importance of considering this component of identity is determined by the role of physical data in the subjective world of young people, for whom appearance is one of the main objects of care and attention. It is the appearance that is the first "filter" when choosing a partner.

Important information about a person is also provided by such a component of identity as the "active I", which includes the designation of occupations, hobbies, as well as self-assessment of abilities for activity, self-assessment of skills, abilities, knowledge, achievements. Identification of one's "active I" is associated with the ability to focus on oneself, restraint, balanced actions, as well as diplomacy, the ability to work with one's own anxiety, tension, to maintain emotional stability, i.e. is a reflection of the totality of emotional-volitional and communicative abilities, the characteristics of existing interactions.

The described version of the "Who am I?" can be used in the framework of individual and family counseling in combination with such techniques as "Projective drawing of a person" and "Sex-role portraits".

Scope of application. In addition to being widely used for research purposes, the Who Am I? finds its application in the framework of psychological counseling (individual, family, organizational).

In the study of the transformation of the identity of university students in the changing social conditions T.V. Rumyantseva used 26 indicators of the analysis of identification characteristics, which, when combined, formed seven generalized indicators-components of identity. This classification scale is based on the "Who am I?" are the classification indicators

N.L. Ivanova, which were supplemented and modified in accordance with the objectives of the study. So, taking into account the information available in the literature on the importance and role of the temporary, goal-forming aspect of identity aimed at the further life perspective, performing existential and target functions, several indicators were introduced into the general classifier, which represent a separate component of identity called "perspective self". In essence, the indicators of the perspective component of identity reflect the perspective aspect of the other main components of identity, which are part of its general structure, aimed at the future. Another indicator introduced into the general classifier of answers is an indicator called "problem self" (more on the content of these indicators will be written later).

Let us characterize the indicators-components of the identity of this scale.

1. "Social Self" includes seven indicators:
- direct gender designation (boy, girl; woman);
- sexual role (lover, mistress; Don Juan, Amazon). These two indicators make up gender identity;
- educational and professional role-playing position (student, studying at the institute, doctor, specialist);
- family affiliation, manifested through the designation of a family role (daughter, son, brother, wife, etc.) or through an indication of family relations (I love my relatives, I have many relatives);
- ethnic-regional identity includes ethnic identity, citizenship (Russian, Tatar, citizen, Russian, etc.) and local, local identity (from Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Siberian, etc.);
- ideological identity: confessional, political affiliation (Christian, Muslim, believer);
- group affiliation: the perception of oneself as a member of a group of people (collector, member of society).
2. "Communicative Self" includes two indicators:
- friendship or circle of friends, perception of oneself as a member of a group of friends (friend, I have many friends);
- communication or a subject of communication, features and assessment of interaction with people (I go to visit, I like to communicate with people; I can listen to people).
3. "Material I" means various aspects: a description of my property (I have an apartment, clothes, a bicycle); assessment of their security, attitude to material wealth (poor, rich, wealthy, I love money); attitude to the external environment (I love the sea, I do not like bad weather).
4. "Physical I" includes the following aspects: subjective description of their physical data, appearance (strong, pleasant, attractive); an actual description of your physical data, including a description of your appearance, painful manifestations and location (blond, height, weight, age, I live in a hostel); food addictions, bad habits.
5. The "active self" is assessed through two indicators.
occupations, activities, interests, hobbies (I like to solve problems); experience (was in Bulgaria);
self-assessment of the ability to work, self-assessment of skills, abilities, knowledge, competence, achievements (I swim well, smart; efficient, I know English).
6. "Perspective Self" includes nine indicators:
- professional perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to the educational and professional sphere (future driver, I will be a good teacher);
- family perspective - wishes, intentions, dreams related to marital status (I will have children, a future mother, etc.);
- group perspective - wishes, intentions, dreams related to group affiliation (I plan to join a party, I want to become an athlete);
- communicative perspective - wishes, intentions, dreams related to friends, communication;
- material perspective - wishes, intentions, dreams related to the material sphere (I will receive an inheritance, I will earn money for an apartment);
- physical perspective - wishes, intentions, dreams related to psychophysical data (I will take care of my health, I want to be pumped up);
- an activity perspective - wishes, intentions, dreams related to interests, hobbies, specific occupations (I will read more) and the achievement of certain results (I will perfectly learn the language);
- personal perspective - wishes, intentions, dreams related to personal characteristics: personal qualities, behavior, etc., for example, I want to be more cheerful, calm;
- assessment of aspirations (I wish a lot, aspiring person).
7. "Reflexive Self" includes two indicators:
- personal identity, namely personal qualities, character traits, description of an individual style of behavior (kind, sincere, sociable, persistent, sometimes harmful, sometimes impatient, etc.), personal characteristics (nickname, horoscope, name, etc.) ; emotional attitude towards yourself (I am super, cool);
- global, "existential I" - statements that are global and that do not sufficiently show the differences of one person from another (a reasonable person, my essence).

Also, two independent indicators were identified: "problem self", or problem identity (I am nothing; I do not know who I am; I cannot answer this question); "situational I", or situational state - the experienced state at the moment (hungry, nervous, tired, in love, upset).

Thus, the analysis of identity was carried out in accordance with seven generalized indicators.

1. "Social I" - characteristics associated with social status, group affiliation, for example, student, family member, Russian.
2. "Communicative I" - characteristics associated with focus on communication and interaction, a circle of friends, for example: I have many friends.
3. "Physical I" - a description of oneself as an object in time and space; characteristics associated with the idea of their psychophysical data, for example, tall, handsome.
4. "Material I" - characteristics associated with the awareness of their material capabilities, the perception of oneself in the role of the owner of certain things, attitude to material objects, the external environment, for example: I have a house.
5. "Active Self" - characteristics associated with representation

about my specific occupations, interests, assessment of competencies, for example, quick-witted, I like to grow flowers.

6. "Reflexive I" - characteristics associated with personal qualities, positive or negative self-assessments, for example, kind, good, as well as statements that are global and do not sufficiently show the differences of one person from another.
7. "Perspective I" - characteristics associated with prospects, wishes, intentions, dreams in various areas (personal-individual, physical, activity, material, social, communicative).
See: Rumyantseva T.V., Transformation of the identity of medical students in changing social conditions: author. dis. ... Cand. psychol. sciences. Yaroslavl, 2005
See: Ivanova N.L., Rumyantseva T.V. Social Identity: Theory and Practice

We offer very interesting psychological tests that will help you better understand yourself and other people. You can test your soul mate or parents, as well as learn a lot about your friends and colleagues! Despite the game form, these are quite serious tests that psychologists often use. Those who like to "adjust" their answers to the "correct" ones in tests should not cheat here, since these tests are associative, designed exclusively for the subconscious, and, as you know, it does not know how to dissemble. Even if some conclusions seemed unfounded to you, try not to deny everything at once, but to listen to the voice of the subconscious, it contains a huge amount of useful information.

The tests are best done in a calm and relaxed environment.
Do not read the key to the test until you have passed it to the end, otherwise it will not work - your subconscious mind should work independently of your consciousness!
For the test to give reliable results, forget about reality - let your imagination draw any pictures for you (imagine that you are in a fairy tale where anything can happen!), And answer the first thing that comes to your mind; do not try to predict the "correct" answers.
If you will be testing others, you need to carefully study the keys to the tests and remember the main points so that your interpretation is interesting. And, of course, try to be correct!

I myself have conducted similar tests many times (I am a psychologist by education), and they always went "with a bang": everyone participates with pleasure, then listens with interest and discusses the interpretation, plus they want to continue. I hope you will be satisfied too.

Associative tests

Imagine yourself in situations that will be offered to you, and then describe what you saw, answering the test questions. To make it easier to decipher the results, write your answers on a piece of paper.

Walk in the woods

Imagine you are walking through the woods. Describe what kind of forest it is. Is it sunny or cloudy there, what kind of trees grow there, are there many of them, how far from each other do they grow? Is it good for you in this forest? What time of year and what time of day? Are you alone (alone)? What are you doing in the forest. For what purpose did you go here?

Suddenly you see something glistening in the grass. Lean over and see the key. What is he? What will you do with it - pick it up or walk by? Did the find make you happy?

Suddenly you notice a bear. What kind of bear, what is he doing? How did he treat you? How do you react to it?

There is a spring ahead. Will you drink from it, wash your face?

Suddenly a dwarf comes up to you. He is trying to get your attention, spinning under his feet. What is your reaction? You are angry? Do you feel sorry for him? He keeps pestering you - what are you doing?

You go to the river bank. Imagine a river very clearly: what kind of water is there, what is the speed of the current, what is the bottom, are there stones at the bottom. Do you like the shore?

I want to please you: this is your house, there is a sign on the door that informs you about it. What does the sign look like and what exactly is written on it?

You opened the door and entered the house. Take a look around. Are you comfortable here? Is it clean or disorderly? How many rooms are there in this house? Which? Name and describe them.

Take a look into the basement. What do you see? Will you go in there? If so, how do you feel there? Do you want to stay or will you leave as soon as possible?

You go up to the attic. What does he look like? What's stored there? Is it tidy in the attic or rubbish everywhere? How long will you spend there?

You are leaving the house. With regret or with joy? Do you want to return there as soon as possible?

Seagulls fly over the sea. High, low, near you or far away? Can you hear them? What feelings do they evoke?

You see the ship. What ship, how far from the coast? Can you get to it? Will you do it?

The key to the test

The forest symbolically reflects the society that surrounds you and your attitude towards people. The happier you are in the forest, the more positive your attitude towards people; the more frightening picture your imagination has painted (gloomy trees, impenetrable thicket), the more difficult it is for you to prove yourself; you are not very happy with others and feel that they do not understand or underestimate you. If it seems to you that the forest is too crowded, then most likely you are tired of your close environment, crowds of people in the subway, office or apartment.

The key is your attitude to everything new that life brings. Your willingness to accept change shows whether you picked up the key or threw it away, whether you were happy with it or not.

The bear symbolizes your reaction to potential danger. If you hide or freeze from fear - most likely you are too passive in life, if you throw yourself at a bear - too active.

Your willingness to drink from the spring shows your willingness to meet love. Are you ready for genuine, true and pure love to appear in your life? Or did you find yourself in a littered manhole?

The sea represents the sensual, emotional side of love. By how turbulent it seems to you, it is fashionable to judge what kind of relationship you are attracted to.

A fence is a symbol of obstacles that exist on any path in life. Pay attention to which fence you have - a symbolic fence or the Great Wall of China. The way you climbed over the fence shows how easily you overcome obstacles. If something suddenly appeared in your imagination or someone who helped you in overcoming, it means that you do not rely on yourself much, and you are accustomed to help and support as a matter of course. By the way, in vain, your relatives and friends will not always stand in a deserted forest, waiting for you to need their help.

If you could not get over, then perhaps now you are facing some kind of problem that seems insoluble to you.

Nora is your perception of hidden danger. If you boldly climbed into the hole, you are a brave, reckless or too inquisitive person.

Your attitude towards the dwarf will show how merciful you are. There are people who kick him, and there are those who carry him on their shoulders.

The river is a symbol of the flow of your life. Remember how swift the flow seemed to you, how clear the water is. The bottom and stones on it also show life's difficulties.

Home is yourself. As much as you like it there, you are just as good with yourself.

A sign on the door tells you who you think you are (some have a surname-name-patronymic, some have all regalia and merit, and some have a surname scrawled on the side with chalk)

The rooms that you saw during the test are those aspects of your life that are most important to you. Where you like everything - everything is fine, if there is disorder in any of the room, there may be problems in this area of life.

The basement is your perception of your own unconscious. If you feel bad in the basement, then you may be at odds with it. You are afraid of your dreams, you do not want to remember many moments of the past, you are afraid to look into the future. And this is not very good, because unconscious fears create anxiety and overexertion.

The attic is a metaphor for all education, culture, intelligence, all social skills that have been imparted to you. If it’s a mess, then perhaps you don’t know why you put so much effort into getting your diploma.

Seagulls are your relatives. Submit your own comments on loudness, obsession and proximity.

The ship is your dream. How beautiful it is and how attainable it is, it is easy to judge by what kind of ship and at what distance from the coast you see it. Can you even get to it?

Under the blue sky

Imagine a clear blue sky without a single cloud. Just thinking about it should improve your mood at least a little. Now take a look at the surrounding landscape with the eyes of consciousness. Which of the following pictures looks most soothing and relaxing to you?

1.White snowy plain.

2. Blue sea space.

3. Mountains covered with greenery.

4. Field overgrown with yellow flowers.

The key to the test

Blue has the ability to calm the soul. Even if you just imagine a certain picture in blue tones, you will feel how your pulse slows down, your breathing becomes deeper. Other colors also have a specific meaning. The picture that you have painted in your mind reveals your hidden talent, which is found in the depths of your calm mind.

1 white snowy plain

You are endowed with a special sensitivity that allows you to understand situations at a glance and unravel complex problems without any evidence or explanation. You have everything you need to be a shrewd and determined person, and even a little visionary. Trust your intuition; it will always guide you to the right decisions.

Commentary: human contemplator

2.Blue sea

You have a natural talent for interpersonal relationships. People respect your ability to connect with others and how you help people from different groups to come together. By your mere presence, you help others work more calmly and efficiently, making you an invaluable member of any project or any team. When you say, “Nice work. Keep up the good work ”- people know that you really think so. And for them it becomes even more important.

Commentary: human organizer

3 green mountains

You have the gift of expressive communication. It seems like you can always find the right words to express what you are feeling, and people very soon become aware that they felt exactly the same. They say that shared joy multiplies, shared sadness decreases. It seems like you can always help others find the right side of this equation.

Commentary: human psychotherapist

4 a field overgrown with yellow flowers

You are a treasure trove of knowledge and creativity, full of ideas and almost endless potential. Stay in harmony with other people and never stop working to make your dreams come true, and then nothing will be impossible that you cannot achieve.

Commentary: a person is a generator of ideas who sometimes tries to embrace the immensity.

Blue bird

One day, a bluebird unexpectedly flies into your room window and gets trapped. Something about this lost bird attracts you, and you decide to keep it with you. But to your surprise, the next day the bird changes color from blue to yellow! This very unusual bird changes color every night - on the morning of the third day it is bright red, on the fourth day it turns completely black.

What color is the bird when you wake up on the fifth day?

1. The bird does not change color, it remains black.

2. The bird returns to its original blue color.

3. The bird turns white.

4. The bird turns golden.

The key to the test

The bird that flew into your room seems like a symbol of good luck, but suddenly it changes color, making you worry that the happiness will be short-lived. Your reaction to this situation demonstrates how you react to difficulties and uncertainties in real life.

1. Those who said that the bird remained black are pessimistic about life.

Do you tend to believe that if the situation once worsened, it will never return to normal again? Maybe you need to try thinking in this way: if everything is so bad, then it won't get any worse. Remember, there is no rain that does not end, and there is no night after which the dawn does not come.

2. Those who answered that the bird turned blue again are practical optimists.

You believe that life is a mixture of good and bad; and that it is not worth fighting this reality. You accept troubles calmly and let things take their course without undue worry or stress. This look allows you to safely withstand the waves of disasters and not let them carry you away.

3. Those who believe that the bird has turned white behave calmly and decisively under pressure.

You don't waste time worrying and indecisiveness, even when a crisis develops. If the situation becomes too bad, you feel that it is better to stop this unprofitable business in time and look for another path to your goal, than to get bogged down in unnecessary grief. This approach means that everything seems to happen naturally and in your way.

4. Those who said that the bird became golden can be described by the word “fearless”.

You don't know what pressure is. For you, every crisis is an opportunity. You can be compared to Napoleon, who said: "... Impossible is not a French word." But be careful not to let your boundless confidence get the better of you. The line between fearlessness and recklessness is very thin.

Walk

Turn on your imagination and answer the FIRST thing that comes to your mind.

1. You are not alone (alone). You are walking in the woods. Who are you walking with?

2. You go deeper into the forest. Do you see the beast? What is this beast?

3. What will happen between you and the beast?

5. Is your dream home fenced in?

6. You enter the house and go into the dining room, where you see the dining table. Describe what you see on and around the table.

7. You leave the house through the back door, there is a cup in the grass. What is it made of?

8. What will you do with the cup?

9. You come to the border of the property, and suddenly you see that you are standing at the edge of the reservoir? What is this body of water?

10. How will you get across the body of water?

The key to the test

1. The person you are walking with is the most important to you in your life. You are alone - you are most interested in your own person, or you do not feel the support of others enough to evaluate it properly and pay attention.

2. The size of the beast represents your perception of the scale of your problems. A mythical creature is your desires and fantasies, if it scares you, then these are ordinary fears that you need to get rid of.

3. The way you act when meeting an animal represents how you solve your problems (passively / aggressively / avoiding / ignoring)

4. The size of the house indicates the degree of your desire to solve your problems. Windows and doors indicate the search for a solution.

5. The absence of a fence indicates your openness. You are always glad to people. If there is a fence, this indicates a closed character. You prefer that people do not come to you without warning you about it.

6. If your answer doesn't mention food, people, or flowers, then you are usually not so happy.

7. The strength of the material from which the cup is made reflects how you perceive your relationship with the person you indicated in answer # 1. For example, foam, plastic, paper are disposable materials. Metal and plastic are more durable materials. A surface rusty with old age indicates stability and habit, affection. A broken or scratched surface indicates a relationship in which there are grievances or omissions.

8. What you do with the cup indicates how you deal with the person mentioned in the first answer. Look for the keyword in the description.

9. The size of the pond represents the degree of your sexual desire.

10. How wet you get indicates the relative importance of your sex life to you.

Big walk

1. Imagine that you are walking in a desert area. You go for a long time. And suddenly you see water. What is it (stream, well, pond, sea)? Describe what you see. Your actions?

3. On the way, you encounter a palace. Food on the table, jewelry in chests, and not a single living soul. Your actions?

4. You still continued on your way. Ahead is the forest. Describe it: what kind of trees are there, light or dark, are there mushrooms and berries?

5. What animals live in this forest?

6. You walked through the forest, you were pretty tired and suddenly you see that someone has forgotten food on the stump. Describe what it is and what it looks like.

7. Suddenly a bear comes out to meet you. What is he, describe. What's going on between you?

8. So, you avoided danger and continued on your way. You go out to the edge and see a house. Describe it in detail.

9. A horse is tied near the house. What is she like? What will you do?

11. You went to the sea and you see a seagull. Describe it.

The key to the test

1. Water is love as you understand it. For some, it is boundless, like the sea, clean and bright, for others - a dirty, shallow puddle (I think there are no comments here). Do you touch the water with your hand and that's it? So, you think that you need to know when to stop in everything. Throwing yourself into the water entirely? This means that you will plunge into love with your head. There is also a sea of beer with swimming naked girls (what kind of love can we talk about here?), And a mirage (how sad it is when people do not believe in love).

2. The key is your chance. Take it - it means that you are ready to use any opportunity to change your life for the better, if you leave it, it means that you prefer to go with the flow. Turn it over in your hands and recognize it as unfit - you can miss your chance in life, just not noticing it.

3. The palace is your relationship to wealth. Do you have a full blast there? The delights of life are not alien to you. Do you even want to stay? This means that material well-being is the main thing for you in this life. Trying to take as much jewelry with you as possible? This means that you can step on the throat of another to achieve your goal. If you don't even want to go there and even spend the night on the street, then most likely you are afraid to be happy and calm, afraid of envy and are not sure of the future.

4. The forest is the thoughts in your head. Birch grove - you are a clean and bright person who loves the world and sunshine. A dense, impassable thicket? You have a lot of complexes and fears. A lot of mushrooms and berries means that you are trying to see the good in everything.

5. The animals that you will settle in this forest are your friends, the people around you. Bunnies-squirrels-hedgehogs? You love people and are not afraid of communication. Is the forest full of scary eyes and sounds? Are there many predators? You don't trust people and are afraid of them.

6. Food on a stump - these are your addictions in food and in its design. A person who presents a jug of milk with a piece of fresh bread or a pie on a clean napkin is unpretentious in food, but neat. If a biscuit is lying on the stump or a mushroom grows, a person clearly does not care what to eat. If meat cuts, caviar and vodka - well, what can I say. One even presented a self-assembled tablecloth. And if a person does not want to eat suspicious food, most likely, he is simply squeamish.

7. A bear is how you perceive danger. Who wants to fight the beast is a desperate brave man who does not give up in the face of danger. Whoever seeks salvation in a tree or pretends to be dead - he is trying to leave, wait out the danger, maybe it will bypass him? Is your bear huge, scary and hungry? This means that you are prone to exaggeration. Have you seen a cute little teddy bear? You clearly underestimate the dangers, because cubs never walk without a mother bear!

8. The house is your home. Tall light carved tower? Well, you are an esthete and neat. An old ramshackle hut overgrown with cobwebs? Probably, in your real house "the devil will break his leg", but in the soul - confusion. Is there smoke coming out of the chimney, does someone heat the stove and bake pies? You feel that the family loves you (or strongly dreams about it). Lots of windows and doors? Your home and your heart are open to friends. Is it all boarded up? You don't like to bare your soul. Does anyone live in this house? Probably, you are not understood in the family.

9. The horse is your life partner. Calm, affectionate horse? This is a loyal and reliable friend. A horse-fire that rears up all the time and tries to throw it off? I'm afraid you are choosing the wrong men with whom you can connect your life. Your horse was mad, but under your gentle palm resigned and allowed himself to be saddled? You are a dreamer and do not believe that a man cannot be fundamentally remade. You will not sit on the horse, but will you lead it on the bit? Perhaps you are too democratic and afraid to claim your rights. And don’t say you don’t know how to ride a horse, this is a fairy tale! You just don't believe in yourself. How, did you let her go at all? It means that you are afraid of a serious relationship.

10. The wall is an obstacle that seems insurmountable. Have you decided to turn back or go around the wall in the hope that sooner or later it will end? You do not fight for your happiness and give up in the face of difficulties. Did you dig a hole or find a weak spot in the wall? This means that you can achieve your goal not by washing, so by rolling. Did you jump over the wall on horseback? Your spouse will solve all problems for you. Do you have a magic wand or something like that? It means that you believe in a lucky chance and hope that everything can be solved by itself, miraculously, without your participation.

11. The seagull is you, how you see yourself. Lonely and sobbing, or in search of food for chicks, or a brave hunter, or a beautiful white bird. One girl said: "Flying in the sky is stupid and aimless" - comments are unnecessary here.

Simple moves

Psychologists have long understood that you can define a person's character by asking him to make just a few simple movements. If you want to check - use this test.

1. Interlace your fingers. Was the thumb of the left hand (L) or right (R) on top? Write down the result.

2. Stand in "Napoleon Pose" with your arms crossed over your chest. Which hand is on top?

3. Try to simulate thunderous applause by clapping your hands up and down. Which palm is upstairs?

The key to the test

PPP - You have not believed in fairy tales since childhood. Growing up, you were always full of common sense: no promises of the founders of "MMM" or salesmen trying to hand you a set of self-sharpening knives could confuse you. You are used to obeying the Traffic Regulations and following the instructions for using the microwave oven, and this is probably why you are rarely covered with mud by a passing car. In addition, the equipment in your home works flawlessly. You have got a truly iron logic, so if you really wanted to substantiate your own opinion, no one would dare to argue with you. One thing is bad - you are completely unable to look at things from an unexpected angle, and therefore some of your friends and colleagues sincerely consider you a pedantic bore and reproach you with a complete lack of imagination. However, you have nothing to do with these slightly abnormal dreamers.

PPL - You can stand at a supermarket counter for an hour and never have to choose between parsley and celery. Each decision is given to you with great difficulty, and therefore you are trying to shift the torment of choice onto someone more courageous. And in vain. After all, no one, except you, knows how to remarkably foresee the positive and negative consequences of this or that act. Therefore, you should trust your own opinion a little more, and not listen to the advice of friends, colleagues, parents and supermarket sellers. After all, the amount of time you usually spend thinking is more than enough time to correct any mistake.

PLP - You are not yet in charge of a large concern and have not acquired a personal driver and a couple of hundreds of subordinates? Then you still have everything ahead, because you are a born leader. You have always managed to brilliantly organize any business, whether it be rearranging furniture in an apartment or a camping trip around the house with an overnight stay. At first, you are considered a stubborn upstart and arrogant, but then those around you recognize your organizational gift and rush headlong to carry out your orders. And in order for recognition to come as quickly as possible, try to give commands a little softer and do not forget about words like "please" and "thank you."

PLL - If you have not yet been invited to play in the amateur performances, the cultural sector of your neighborhood has suffered a grievous loss. You have a downright natural talent for all kinds of reincarnations, which, by the way, you skillfully use at least in order to beg for time off in the service, saying that you are sick. Men / women go crazy with you, because you are never bored, but you rarely remain faithful to them for more than two months. In addition, you are distinguished by an extraordinary sense of humor and a stock of all kinds of practical jokes. Girlfriends / friends consider you to be a slightly fickle and frivolous person and from time to time try to urge you to be prudent. Do not listen, they are with envy!

BOB - People around you sincerely consider you the kindest and most reliable creature, and therefore, without a twinge of conscience, they sit on your neck. You devote all your free time to solving other people's problems, and then you are surprised to find that there is sorely not enough time for your own affairs and worries. Your bosses regularly provide you with urgent and unpaid work, and friends periodically ask for help with repairs, walking the dog, or babysitting. In general, kindness is a commendable quality, but try to show reasonable selfishness at least occasionally. You will see, life will seem much more pleasant to you.

LLP - Even a brick falling on your head cannot cool your optimism. You are constantly in a good mood, which annoys your more sullen friends a lot. You are very fond of fun gatherings and cultural events and persistently try to attract all your acquaintances to your entertainment, without worrying too much about the fact that they want to spend a quiet evening in front of the TV, hugging a box of chocolates. So it’s in your style to drop into someone’s house in the middle of the night and entertain the host with your chatter until the morning. If you showed a little less persistence and a little more tact in your desire to stir up those around you, their attitude towards you would not suffer in the least. In general, your energy would be for peaceful purposes.

LLL - When you need to find a non-standard solution to a problem, for example, squeeze a huge sofa into a narrow doorway or cook a festive dish, having a pack of spaghetti and a little pepper from the products, you have no equal. But boring everyday affairs and routine work make you really bored. This is probably why the bosses consider you a talented lazy person, and your friends / friends are sure that with your abilities you could achieve more. Well, I must admit that their opinion is very close to the truth. Therefore, if you want to receive worldwide recognition, a Nobel Prize, or at least a salary increase, you will have to show a little perseverance and hard work.

Cube, ladder and flower

Imagine this simple picture: sky, horizon and desert. Now try to place some objects in this landscape. The more detailed and colorful the better. If this makes it easier, you can use a pencil and paper.

So, imagine a cube in this desert. What does he look like? What is it made of? Where it is located? What condition is he in? Now imagine a ladder. What is it made of? What size? How many bars? How is it located relative to the cube? Imagine a flower (flowers). How many are there? What are these flowers? How are the cube and stairs positioned? Imagine a horse (horse). Colour? The size? What she does? Where is it located in the picture? Finally, imagine a storm in this landscape. Where it occurs in relation to the rest of the subject. How does it work? What is this storm?

The key to the test

Cube symbolizes a person's idea of himself. A large half-sheet cube - exaggerated attention to oneself, an inflated ego, an inflated self-esteem. A small cube is shyness, a person considers himself insignificant, they do not understand him. A cube lying on the ground feels reality well, stands firmly on its feet. A cube in the distance - it feels forgotten, on the sidelines of life. A cube buried in the sand - a person feels depressed, under the burden of external circumstances. A cube in the air is a dreamer, a rich imagination, but disconnected from reality. The cube protrudes beyond the horizon line - big ambitions (and vice versa). The cube stands on its edge - an unstable life. A cube made of durable material - self-confidence, solidity. A cube of gold - considers itself priceless. Glass cube - purity and innocence. A cube filled with something muddy hates itself. Empty inside - feels empty, dissatisfied.

Ladder symbolizes the closest social structure of a person (friends, relatives). Long, with many crossbars - sociability, a large circle of friends. Staircase made of unusual material - feels that his friends are strange, not like everyone else. The staircase is in poor condition - thinks that people around him are spoiled. The staircase is far from the cube - it does not let others into private life, it is surrounded by an armor. The staircase is leaning against the cube - he believes that he does a lot for his friends, gives them more than they do, weak people surround him. Staircase on a cube - friends / family are suppressive, they interfere too much in personal life. Staircase under the cube - feels supported. Sturdy staircase - surrounded by reliable people, or aspiring to it.

Flowers- the role of children in human life. Number - how many would like to have children: if there are many - most likely, a person works with them (for example, a teacher) or wants to be surrounded by them, work with them. Flowers close to the cube - very much in need of children. Brightly blooming flowers - dreams of the bright destiny of children. Crumpled flowers - surrounded by spoiled children. Flowers bend in the wind - he is afraid of difficulties in his children. Everywhere and cover the cube - children tire it. Beautiful flowers (roses, poppy) - loves children very much.

Horse or horse symbolizes a person's idea of the current sexual partner, if about the future, then what he wants. Strong, big - you need a reliable partner. Color indicates character, temperament, brightness, coldness, etc. Close to the cube - needs emotional and physical intimacy with a partner. Far away - in no hurry to fully open up to a partner. A horse (horse) bites, sniffs, licks a cube - his idea of petting. Small, obedient horse (horse) - wants to dominate the relationship. Unbridled horse (horse) - a wayward partner is needed. Attached - wants to always keep the partner under control. The horse (horse) does something with the ladder - the relationship of a partner with his loved ones. Horse (horse) in the distance - feels abandoned.

The storm symbolizes a person's attitude to life's problems. A storm in the distance - there are practically no troubles now. Approaching - afraid of a crisis in life. Leaves - troubles recede. Big storm - he feels himself in a huge pit of failures. The storm is passing by - problems affect him little. Small thunderstorm - not particularly afraid of the upcoming problems.

Travel

1. Imagine that you are in the desert. Describe your appearance: how do you look, your clothes, what do you have in your hands? Do not forget about the desert: how do you feel in it, what does it look like?

2. You wander for a long time and suddenly - an oasis! - a wonderful small lake with crystal clear water and a small spreading palm tree. Your actions?

3. We continue our journey. On the way you come across a huge herd of horses. There are any horses that only exist in the world. Which one will you choose for yourself? And by the way, a stallion or a mare?

4. Now you are riding a horse in the desert. You have already traveled several hundred kilometers, and the horse's strength is running out. But good luck - on the way you come across another oasis. Lake, palm tree - everything is as it should be. True, someone hung a sign on the palm tree: "The water is poisoned." And I want to drink so much !!! Your actions?

5. The sign lied, and you are on your way again. On the way, you come across a new herd of horses. The old horse is completely exhausted and must be replaced. Who will you choose this time? What are you going to do with your old horse?

6. You are finally in the city. A dwarf comes out of the open gate to meet him. What will you do?

7. They said goodbye to the dwarf and the horse. You happen to be holding the keys to your alleged apartment in this city. You go up the stairs, open the door and ... Describe what your apartment should ideally look like. Is it dark or light? Are there any people or pets? Imagine!

8. After resting at home, you leave the entrance. On the way, you come across an animal. What is this beast? (You can name any animal - from a dog to a polar bear) And how does he behave towards you?

9. You find yourself in front of a very (very!) High wall. You have to get over it, and you can't see the end and edge. How will you get out of the situation?

10. On the other side of the wall, you find yourself in a luxurious apple orchard. There are any varieties of apples in it - green, red, yellow, unripe, overripe, volunteers. The garden is just huge, but you have to choose the best fruit for yourself. How long will you be looking for him? Describe it externally. Will you eat it now or keep it in reserve?

11. From the garden you find yourself on the edge of the abyss. You have to cross it over a narrow bridge that can only hold one person. You have already passed halfway, when a small nasty dwarf appears to meet, out of nowhere. This midget categorically refuses to give way. How to solve the problem?

The key to the test

1. The desert is your life and your attitude to it. If your desert is a calm, hot area, framed by sand dunes and sparse thorns, then life turns out to be the same: even and peaceful, with a number of everyday problems. But if you are wearing a bulletproof vest and you have a Kalashnikov assault rifle in your hands, there is a reason to think about whom you are so aggressive and distrustful. By the way, if you took only a player with you to the desert and forgot to put on a panama hat, it means that you are not a very practical person. And in general, in essence, still a child.

2. Oasis and palm - this is your relationship to passions. If you, without hesitation, rush to swim, then in life you often take risks and do not mind trying forbidden pleasures. And if you gently wet your feet and move on, then it is difficult to seduce you.

3. Horses are sexual partners. If you have chosen a horse of the opposite sex (stallion or mare), then everything is in order with orientation and bisexuality does not threaten you. But if it's the other way around ...

The way you choose your horse indicates which qualities in your partner play the main role for you. Beauty, for example, or personal characteristics.

4. Poisoned water is a conflict situation between you and your partner. Your actions with a horse indicate how you behave with your soul mate - you try to blame it (you try the water on a horse) or you decide to “take the hit” (you drink yourself).

5. A new herd is separation from the previous one and the search for a new one. Your actions in relation to the first horse show exactly how you part with people: you ruthlessly throw, immediately rushing to look for a replacement, or vice versa - you try to maintain friendly relations. If the second time you choose a horse of the same sex as yours, this is already serious. If the first and second horses are similar, then you are looking for a specific person.

6. The dwarf is your health. How attentive and friendly you are to the dwarf, the same way you care about your own body.

7. The apartment is your inner world. If the room is large, with open windows and there is a lot of light in it, then you are an open, friendly person, “with your soul wide open”. If the windows are closed, you like to dwell on your problems, and if it is dark in it, then, apparently, you often fall into depression. The presence of animals means hidden guilt for some kind of wrongdoing, and those people who live in your apartment are the closest ones.

8. The animal at the entrance is how others see you. Who are you for them - an affectionate kitten or a ragged pooch?

9. The wall means your ability to cope with depression and a gloomy state of mind. If the wall seems insurmountable to you, then, accordingly, it is simply dangerous to leave you alone in difficult moments. But if you bravely put your foot on a protruding brick, you can only envy your self-control.

10. Orchard - your sexual desires, temperament and fantasies. Inveterate womanizers will immediately cling to the most juicy fruit, picky bores with a complex character will choose for a long time, insecure young ladies will first take Antonovka, but then they will think about it and change it to another variety. But if you choose a carrion, then sex is not at all the main and not even secondary in your life. It doesn't seem to mean anything to you at all.

11. Conflict with a dwarf is your relationship with other people. If you do not waste time talking, but simply push the enemy off the bridge, then in reality you are capable of anything and often behave like a notorious villain. Attempts to resolve the conflict peacefully indicate a penchant for diplomacy. In general, the more original the solution to the problem, the more flexible and inventive you are in life (with which we congratulate you!).

Simultaneously

Imagine a situation: you are at home alone, and here simultaneously:

The phone rang!
The child cried!
The tap has burst and water is about to flow to the floor!
It's raining, and your laundry is drying on the balcony!
Doorbell!

Describe your actions in sequence: what you will do first, what - second, and so on.

The key to the test

This test is for priorities. The first on the list is your main (at least for the moment) area of life.

A child is a family

Water is money

Phone - work

Door - friends, acquaintances

Lingerie - sex

Favorite animal

1. Name your favorite animal. What is it like? What qualities he has that you like and what you don't like. It is better to describe internal qualities (independence, playfulness) than external ones (long hair, beautiful eyes).

2. Now remember the animal, which you also like very much, but still slightly less than the animal from question 1. What qualities does it have?

3. Finally, think of the animal in third place. It's also very good, but you like the first two more. And what are his inner qualities?

The key to the test

1. The first animal, its qualities - how you think about how other people present you, how they see you.

2. The second animal is how other people see, evaluate you in reality.

3. Finally, the third animal is what you really are. Whether you like it or not ...

UFO

You are walking down the street, and suddenly a flying object descends from the sky onto the roadway. Answer the following questions:

1. What is it - an airplane, a helicopter, an alien saucer, a balloon or something else?

2. Is the landing of this object accompanied by casualties and destruction?

3. Why do you think THIS landed here?

4. Will you go your own way, stop for a few minutes or get stuck here for a long time - to find out the reasons and details of the incident?

The key to the test

1. The flying object symbolizes the lie for which you are ready. The more it is, the more lies in your life. Well, if this is an unidentified flying object, then, lying, you often break away from reality.

2. The presence of sacrifice and destruction means that you are not too afraid of the consequences of your lies. The more destruction, the more indifferent you are to the consequences and even exposure.

3. Your version of this event - these are the reasons that usually lead you to cheat. An emergency on board means you are lying only in cases of emergency.

4. The time you spend at the scene symbolizes the remorse that torments you about your deception.

Painting

You are standing in front of a painting in a museum, with your hands behind your back and are trying your best to penetrate the artist's plan, when suddenly a complete stranger comes up to you and says something to you. Which of the following does the stranger tell you?

1. "Isn't this picture beautiful?"

2. "What do you think of this picture?"

3. "Sorry, do you have time?"

4. "You know, I myself am an artist"

The key to the test

When a stranger unexpectedly speaks to you, there is always a mixed sense of fear and anticipation. In this fictional scenario, the words spoken by the stranger actually reflect how you react to casual and non-casual encounters with other people. Your answers reveal the impression you make when you first meet a person.

1. "Isn't this picture beautiful?"

Your friendly and positive personality makes a great impression on just about everyone you meet. Your only concern should be that people may not take you seriously at first.

2. "What do you think of this picture?"

You are the type of person who likes to find out the temperament of another person before starting to communicate. People can sense your indecision, and this can influence their reaction. With your prudent approach, you will never step on anyone's foot, but you may end up living on someone else's terms.

3. "Sorry, do you have time?"

Half of the people perceive you as a completely normal person, but to the other half, you look a little strange. When you first meet, you get the impression that you live your own pace and are a person that some might call eccentric. You don't attach much importance to what others may think or feel. Good or bad, this is your secret.

4. "You know, I myself am an artist."

The first time you meet someone, you give the impression of a somewhat nervous and overly active person. You may be trying too hard to please, but the harder you try, the worse the impression you make. Don't worry so much about people thinking well of you - they'll like you better if you just relax.

Stage

You are a singer (singer), and a real star. And today you have a performance in a huge hall - you will have to sing "live". You go on stage and realize that you cannot perform (for example, your voice has disappeared). The music is playing, and you are silent, the audience begins to understand that something is wrong, to be indignant, someone is trying to break through to the stage.

1. Do you hear an indistinct hum from the auditorium or can you distinguish individual screams?

2. Who is trying to break into the scene: a man, a woman, or several people at once?

3. Does anyone manage to break through to the stage? If so, is this person trying to hit you? Does he scream or silently look into the eyes?

4. Will you try to calm down the audience and explain what is the matter, or will you leave the stage as soon as possible without explanation?

The key to the test

This test helps to answer the question "What are you afraid of in this life?"

1. An obscure hum from the audience suggests that your fears are usually not too specific. Perhaps they are even mystical. Conversely, the clearer the shouts, the more definite the fears. If you have a good idea of this situation, then perhaps shouting will help you understand what you are specifically afraid of.

2. If a man breaks into the scene - it means that men usually cause fear in you, if a woman breaks into the scene - the threat comes from women, several people break through - fear is caused by the crowd.

3. Have you been hit or are you trying to hit? It means that you are very afraid of physical pain or injury.

4. If you run away from the stage, then, alas, you do not know how to overcome your fears. The longer you explain to the audience, the more successfully you fight your fears.

Trash can

You are walking down the street, thinking about something of your own, and suddenly you come across a trash can and overturn it. What is falling out from under the lid of this trash can?

The key to the test

Your idea of the contents of the trash can reveals the things inside you that you are trying to hide from prying eyes.

1. Nothing falls out - the tank is empty.

People who gave such an answer try to live without boasting, without showing off. What you see is what you have. It is this simplicity that gives them their charm.

2. A pile of assorted unpackaged garbage is thrown into the street.

Those of you who said that the tank was full of assorted unpackaged garbage may seem straightforward and outspoken people from the outside, but in fact, they have a whole bunch of unexpressed feelings inside them. Outwardly, these feelings appear only as a general dissatisfaction, but if you think about it carefully, then were there moments when you held yourself back so as not to say what you really felt.

3. Apple cores, gnawed chicken bones and other leftovers.

People who imagine a pile of kitchen waste suppress their appetites and their natural urge to eat. You may be on a diet. Or trying to save money by cutting down on your food expenses. Whatever the reason, it costs you dearly. There is no need to go to extremes, but it is likely that you will benefit from an evening with friends at a restaurant.

4. Well knitted black plastic trash bag.

People who have seen a well-knit trash bag have strong self-control. Perhaps too strong. You hate showing your weakness or complaining - your pride won't let you. But letting others know how you really feel is not a sign of weakness. Loosen the ropes holding the bag and let some air in until the debris rotts and starts to stink.

Who am I?

1. Name your favorite color and give it 3 definitions (adjectives) - what it is, why you like it.

2. Name your favorite animal and also give it 3 definitions, indicating what you like about this animal.

3. Name your favorite state of water (body of water: sea, lake, puddle, stream, etc.), give it 3 definitions (why do you like it).

4. Imagine waking up in a white room with no windows or doors. Write down 3 thoughts that come to your mind while doing this.

The key to the test

1. With these three adjectives you described your ideal "I": how you want to look in the eyes of others.

2. These three adjectives describe your social self. This or that you look in the eyes of others.

3. This is how you are in sex.

4. This is how you think about death.

our life

This test has three stages.

1) pig, tiger, sheep, horse, cow

Arrange these animals in order from # 1 (the most pleasant) to # 5 (the most annoying for you).

2) dog, cat, rat, coffee, sea

Write for each of these words one adjective that you think most closely resembles it.

3) yellow, orange, red, white, green.

For each of these colors, pick one person whom you know, and who, in your opinion, is most associated for you with this particular color. It is better if you are intimately familiar with these people.

The key to the test

1) these are your life priorities, you put them in their places.

pig is a career
tiger - pride / dignity
sheep - family
horse - money
cow - love

2) the key to stage 2:

the dog is you
cat is your partner
the rat is your friend
coffee - you are in sex
the sea is your life

in the depths of your soul, you consider yourself, your partner, etc. exactly as you wrote it.

3) the key to step 3:

yellow - you will never forget this person
orange is your real friend
red - you really love this person
white is your soulmate
green - a person you will remember all your life, your spiritual teacher

Lbat mouse in a cave

Imagine: you are lost in a deep cave, wandering along a huge network of winding passages and trying to find your way out. And then suddenly one bat flies up and whispers something in your ear ... Which of the following phrases does it say?

1. "I know where the exit is."

2. "Let me help you and show you the way out of here."

3. "Keep looking!"

4. "You will never get out of here."

The key to the test

In this scenario, the magic bat serves as a symbol of guidance and help to those who are lost and struggling to find their way back. By imagining what the bat might have told you, you see how you yourself react to those who need your help.

1. "I know where the exit is." You act like a know-it-all. There is no doubt that you always want to lend a helping hand or give advice, but sometimes you try to help in a situation when your help is not needed, and therefore, as a result, you look like an annoying, interfering person.

2. "Let me show you the way out of here." Your big heart and dedication serve as a shining example to others. People feel your strength and care, and when a problem arises, your presence alone reassures them.

3. "Keep looking." You maintain your distance while respecting the other person's space. This does not mean that you do not want to help, it is just that when asked for advice, you limit yourself to the absolute minimum, inspiring people to solve their problems on their own. And this principle of hands-off is arguably the best approach when you help others find their way to maturity and independence.

4. "You will never get out of here." When you see someone on the ground, your first desire is to kick them. It may be natural to feel pleasure in other people's failures, but there is nothing good about it. Your attitude will not win you many friends or help you keep the ones you have. Be careful.

Egg

Invite the guests to imagine that they are in front of an egg. What color and size it is does not matter, the main thing is to determine who it belongs to: turtle, snake, dinosaur or chicken.

The key to the test

Since the egg is a symbol of the future generation, the choice of the egg shows what people expect from children in the future.

Snake symbolizes wisdom, education and wealth. Therefore, dreams of such a future often do not come true.

Turtle- a symbol of health and longevity. Turtles who choose an egg are especially worried about children.

Egg selection dinosaur testifies to the dream of seeing children as unique personalities. Of course, they will have their mistakes, but parents hope that these mistakes will be at least original.

Choice chicken eggs indicate that a person does not have crazy plans related to children. It is enough that they are.

However, we should not forget: no matter what we wish for our children, no matter what pictures they draw in their imagination, children will choose their own path in life.

Butterfly and robot

To reveal unconscious feelings and personality traits, invite guests to take a piece of paper each and draw a butterfly and a robot.

The key to the test

Butterfly Is a symbolic expression of spiritual qualities. If the wings are round, you are open and trust people; if the wings have sharp ends, you are careful and distrustful. If there are circles and ovals on the wings - you know about your problems, but are used to solving them on your own, if there are squares or a grid - it's hard for you to cope with difficulties alone. If the antennae and eyes are well drawn, you are a sensitive person. If there are no antennae and eyes, you are prone to introspection. If the butterfly's body is graceful - you have excellent intuition, if it is fat - bodily pleasures are not alien to you, if it is absent - you live only a spiritual life to the detriment of a material one.

Robot symbolizes the type of your thinking. If he is humanoid - you have a humanitarian character, if he looks like a car - technical. The more dynamic the robot pose, the more creative ideas you have. An armored robot with many details shows your ability to defend your ideas. The presence of locators, antennas means openness, interest in everything new.

WITH legal proceedings

If you were an actor and received an offer to play one of the persons acting in the courtroom, what role would you choose: lawyer, prosecutor, accused, witness?

The key to the test

The role you have chosen shows how you deal with a crisis.

Advocate. You manage to maintain equanimity and composure. But sometimes, as an ardent fighter for justice, you can explode if the situation calls for it. The combination of equanimity and passion helps in solving any problem that confronts you.

Prosecutor. You are always calm, even if everyone around you is panicking. People around you are aware of this and treat you with respect, ask for help in difficult cases. It seems that where you are, there are problems. But all these situations are not stressful for you, because inside you are absolutely indifferent to everything that happens.

Accused. When faced with difficulties, you begin to reflect on what was done wrong, looking for the reasons for what is happening, and not solving the problem. To feel more confident, you try to maintain relationships with those who are successful in this life and, in your opinion, have no problems.

Witness. You enjoy helping others, but this participation leads to the conclusion that in any situation you should rely only on yourself. This is how you act in a difficult case: you independently try to find the right way out and deal with a limited number of people.

New dwelling

Imagine that you have found a suitable home for yourself and are ready to buy it. During the inspection, no one rushed you, and you asked all the questions that interest you. Nevertheless, before making a final decision, you would like to take another look at one of the premises of your future home. What part of the house requires additional inspection?

Bathroom.
Bedroom.
Dining room / kitchen.
Veranda / garden.

The key to the test

And now the test results. Finding a new home is equal to striving to improve your physique and appearance. Accordingly, that part of the house in which an increased interest is shown are actions that a person can take for his physical self-improvement.

The bathroom symbolizes the desire for inner purification. Those who are unhappy with the bathroom feel that they are not exerting enough strength for their development.

Those who wished to once again examine their future bedroom are concerned not so much with diet or physical activity as with the efforts that will have to be made to achieve the desired results.

The cuisine will be chosen by those who are not ready to build their body by limiting themselves in food.

If you want to take another look at the garden, then, most likely, the tension and constant stress interfere with visiting the pool or gym.

Let this test be the first step towards a healthy lifestyle!

Cats

You can love or hate cats, but these animals have lived next to humans for so long! Unlike dogs, they do not carry newspapers to the owner, do not give their paws, but despite all these "sins", their arrogant indifference and complete impenetrability guarantee them a safe place in the human world. Each person perceives cats in their own way. Which of the following phrases is more in line with your ideas about these animals?

They love to bask in the sun.
These are mysterious and mysterious animals.
It's so nice to iron them.
They are non-companion creatures.

The key to the test

In psychology, a cat is the embodiment of the soul, or your true self. The answer you choose reflects the positive and negative aspects of your true self.

1. They love to bask in the sun.

Describing a cat's favorite pastime, you understand that all creatures have the right to behave as they please. This suggests that you easily get along with people and quickly find a common language with any person. People almost always feel comfortable around you. However, due to this ease of communication, you can sometimes give the impression of a person who is superficial and indifferent to others.

2. These are mysterious and mysterious animals.

The features of the feline character that caught your attention are the qualities that you have in yourself. Your true self is a kaleidoscope of ever-changing pictures. To those who love you, you seem to be an eternal and endless mystery, which they are happy to solve anew every time. On the other hand, those who do not have time to guess riddles may prefer not to get involved with a person who is more troublesome than beneficial.

3. They are so pleasant to iron.

It seems to you that the world was created so that you can use and enjoy it at your pleasure. Such a view can manifest itself in the form of calm self-confidence or simply excessive egocentrism.

4. They are non-companion creatures.

There is a sense of loneliness in your response. You prefer to express yourself in the emotional and social spheres of life, as a result of which you come across as a sympathetic and sincere person who shows genuine concern for people. However, this same quality makes you overly sensitive.

Reading a magazine

Imagine that you have picked up a new magazine and you have the opportunity to read it. How do you usually do it?

Read in order from the first to the last page.
Choose articles that may be of interest, and ignore the rest.
Flip through at random and read what is worthy of attention.
Since the order of the headings is unchanged, you read the articles in the order to which you are accustomed.

The key to the test

The way they plan their time when reading a magazine shows how people manage their resources, primarily financial ones.

Those who read the magazine in order rationally spend every penny. They do not like to be strapped for money, keep track of finances and therefore feel comfortable.

Those who choose only articles of interest are spenders. They buy what they don't always need and promise themselves to start saving next time.

People who read the magazine at random consider themselves to be frugal, and those around them are greedy. Shopping is not made impulsively, and it is forgotten that it is not we who serve the money, but they serve us.

Reading a magazine according to the same scheme indicates the habit of always spending money in the same way, regardless of changes in life. Even if they win the lottery, such people will make purchases at sales, and if they have debts, they will not deny themselves anything.

Tasty

Imagine that you are lost in a dark forest and are already beginning to experience the first pangs of hunger when you unexpectedly stumble upon a house consisting of sweets. How will you deal with this delicacy?

I will eat everything.
I will try to taste as many different types of sweets as possible.
I will find the tastiest part and only eat it.
Actually, I don't really like sweets.

The key to the test

Sweet and all that you can eat on the go is food that is consumed at any time of the day or night. In the same way, we make new acquaintances - without any intent or intention. That is, your tactics of eating a sweet house coincide with your approach to choosing friends and friendship issues.

1. I will eat everything.

When dealing with people, you are honest and open. Your sincerity is akin to the innocent enthusiasm of a child. However, you should remember that not everyone is ready to answer you with the same sincerity and frankness.

2. I will try to taste as many different types of sweets as possible.

The world is full of people, and you would love to get to know each of them. You have the gift of seeing the best in people. However, your desire to taste a little bit of everything can be interpreted as unwillingness to develop a relationship with any one person.

3. I will find the tastiest part and only eat it.

If you are fortunate enough to meet someone with similar interests, tastes and aspirations, you will be quite satisfied with this communication. However, it may very well be that by limiting your communication to one type of relationship, you are fencing off from a whole treasure trove of no less beautiful experiences.

4. Actually, I don't really like sweets.

The life of a person who does not fit into the generally accepted framework has its own charms, and you like to view the world not from the thick of the crowd, but a little from the side. However, your attempts to isolate yourself from what is happening around you give others a reason to perceive you as someone who is trying too hard to be different. Don't be afraid to seem ordinary.

Cloudberry

Tell the guests a story and write down their answers to your questions, then transcribe this test after the story.

Imagine that you are walking through the forest and suddenly stumble upon a clearing where ripe strawberries grow. There is no one around, and only a hedge separates from the free treat. How high is this fence? But here you somehow make your way into the clearing and begin to feast on large berries. How many berries will you eat?

The owner of the clearing suddenly appears and begins to swear. What will you tell him in return? Right after all was said and done, how did these berries taste like to you? How do you feel after this little adventure is over?

The key to the test

Strawberries are a well-known symbol of sex drive and desire. How you envision the script will help you understand your attitudes towards sex, love affairs, and taboo romance.

The height of the fence determines your own level of self-control and resistance to sexual temptation. The higher the fence appeared, the stronger the internal prohibitions. People who envision a completely enclosed space display astounding resilience. Anyone who said that there is only wire at the knee level is ready to easily succumb to temptation.

The number of berries eaten is the number of people you can get carried away with at the same time. If you said that you stopped after eating just one berry, then most likely you are monogamous or, despite the temptation, remain faithful to your other half. For those of you who have gone to double digits, you may need to seriously consider slowing down your libido.

Excuses to the owner - an explanation to others and to yourself about your insatiability. They reflect how you would defend yourself if you were caught cheating. Possible options: "Sorry, I won't be there anymore", "The strawberry was very tasty!", "I wanted it and ate it, it's my business!"

The description of the sensations and tastes of the berries indicates feelings and memories after a love affair. Possible options: "In fact, they were not as tasty as they seemed at first", "I did not experience anything special, but at least some entertainment", "The berries were so sweet, juicy and especially delicious for their taboo."

The tale of Cinderella

Among the many tales, the story of Cinderella is the most popular. Which of the scenes in this old tale attracts you the most?

Bullying stepmother and sisters over Cinderella.
Cinderella turns into a princess.
Cinderella loses her slipper while running away from the palace.
The prince puts a slipper on Cinderella.

The key to the test

Why do you like the selected scene? Psychologists say that it correlates with the weaknesses of the person who chose it.

1. Bullying stepmother and sisters over Cinderella.

Cinderella is pushed around by everyone, scolded, and, of course, it is a pity for her. But the other side of this scene is a sense of superiority and arrogance. The one who chose this scene has a very good opinion of himself and sometimes looks down at others. It is necessary to learn to relate to others with greater warmth.

2. Cinderella turns into a princess.

In real life, little happens with the wave of a magic wand, and becoming a princess is a fairy tale. The one who chose this scene is not a practical and responsible person, who deeply hopes that his problems can be solved in the same incredible way.

3. Cinderella loses her slipper while running away from the palace.

The choice of the scene with the loss of a shoe indicates the degree of dependence on others. You should not rely on others, you must learn to make responsible decisions yourself.

4. The prince puts on a shoe for Cinderella.

A happy ending is always great, but ... after a holiday, ordinary everyday life always comes. All desires and dreams are predictable: a good salary, a brilliant career, a family with children. But there are qualities that distinguish people from the crowd and can make a simple man in the street a one-of-a-kind person? ..

Comic games

Target

Guests are given blank sheets of paper and pencils. The presenter asks them to draw a large circle on the sheet, inside which there are 4 more circles (the drawing is obtained in the form of a target of 5 circles). In the middle you need to put a point and draw 2 perpendicular lines through it. The result will be 4 sectors.

In each of the four sectors, you need to write:

in the first, smallest circle - letters Р, П, С, Л in any order.
in the second circle from the center - numbers from one to four in each sector, also in any order
in the third - one for each sector of the name of the bird, fish, animal, insect
in the fourth - 4 adjectives characterizing a person's character traits can be cool (for example: sexy, spiteful, sparkling, caring, romantic, greedy, charming, anxious, eloquent, etc.)
in the last circle - 4 any proverbs or sayings (it can also be catch phrases, funny statuses or jokes of "Russian Radio")

Signed (so as not to get confused) "targets" are handed over to the presenter, who puts them on display or shows them in turn. This is followed by "decryption".

It turns out that the letters in the center of the circle mean P - work, P - bed, S - family, L - love; numbers - where each of the guests has work, family, bed and love, animal + adjective - who he is in work, bed, family and love; a proverb is the motto of a given person in work, family, bed, love.

For example, it can turn out: a cute puppy in bed, a greedy jackal in love, a fair horse in the family and a mischievous hedgehog at work. I will not give examples of mottos, try it yourself - it turns out a lot of fun!

My other half

This comic test is designed for couples. Men and women, without peeking at each other, write on a piece of paper in a column, under the numbers, ten names of animals (insects, birds, reptiles).

The facilitator then reads out the fauna representatives recorded by the women, with the words of your husband:

Affectionate, like ...
Strong like ...
Sociable, like ...
Authoritative as ...,
Independent like ...,
Smiling like ...
Neat like ...
Amorous as ...,
Bold as ...,
Handsome as ...
Then the representatives of the fauna, chosen by the husband, are named, with the words Your Wife:
In transport like ...
With relatives like ...,
With work colleagues like ...,
In a store like ...,
At home like ...
In a cafe or restaurant like ...,
With the boss as ...,
In a friendly company like ...,
In bed like ...
In the doctor's office like ...

Who you are?

Prepare a sheet of paper and pencils or pens for guests in advance. While the guests have not left the table, offer them this fun game. Each of the guests on his sheet writes under the serial numbers in one column interspersed with 10 names of pets, animals, birds or insects. Then the hostess (or the presenter) asks the questions in order, and everyone, in turn, reads to the first question what is written on the sheet at number 1, then to the second, what is written at number 2, etc.

Questions:

Who are you at home?
Who are you alone?
Who are you in a public place?
Who are you without clothes?
Who are you after dinner?
Who do others associate you with?
Who do you associate yourself with?
Who are you at night?
Who are you with your friends?
Who are you really?

Scales: self-esteem; social, communicative, material, physical, active, perspective, reflective self

Test purpose

Test instructions

It is also important to notice what emotional reactions you have in the course of this assignment, how difficult or easy it was for you to answer this question. "

When the client finishes answering, he is asked to perform the first stage of processing the results - quantitative:

... "+" - a plus sign is put if, in general, you personally like this characteristic;
... "-" - a minus sign - if in general you personally do not like this characteristic;
... “±” - plus-minus sign - if you like this characteristic and dislike it at the same time;
... "?" - "question mark" - if you do not know at this point in time how you exactly relate to the characteristic, you do not yet have a definite assessment of the answer in question.

The mark of your assessment must be placed to the left of the characteristic number. You can have grades of all types of marks, as well as only one mark or two or three.

After you have evaluated all the characteristics, summarize:

How many answers were there,
... how many answers of each sign. "

Test

Processing and interpretation of test results

How to analyze self-reported identity?

Self-esteem represents the emotional-evaluative component of the self-concept. Self-esteem reflects the attitude towards oneself in general or towards certain aspects of one's personality and activities.

Self-esteem can be adequate and inadequate.

Adequacy self-assessment expresses the degree of correspondence of a person's ideas about himself to the objective grounds of these ideas.

The level of self-esteem expresses the degree of real, ideal or desired ideas about oneself.

Self-esteem of identity is determined as a result of the ratio of the number of "+" and "-" ratings that were obtained when the subject (client) evaluated each of his answers at the stage of quantitative processing.

Self-esteem is considered adequate, if the ratio of positively assessed qualities to negatively assessed ("+" to "-") is 65-80% by 35-20%.

Also, adequate self-esteem is expressed in the fact that a person sets for himself really achievable goals and objectives that correspond to his own capabilities, is able to take responsibility for his failures and successes, is confident in himself, is capable of life self-realization.

Self-confidence allows a person to regulate the level of aspirations and correctly assess their own capabilities in relation to various life situations.

A person with adequate self-esteem behaves freely and at ease among people, knows how to build relationships with others, is satisfied with himself and others. Adequate self-esteem is a prerequisite for the formation of confident sex-role behavior.

Distinguish between inadequate overestimated self-esteem - overestimation of himself by the subject and inadequate underestimated self-esteem - underestimation of himself by the subject.

Self-esteem is considered inadequately overpriced, if the number of positively assessed qualities in relation to negatively assessed ones (“+” to “-”) is 85-100%, that is, a person notes that he or she has no shortcomings, or their number reaches 15% (of the total number of “+ " and "-").

People with overestimated self-esteem, on the one hand, hypertrophically assess their merits: they overestimate and ascribe them, on the other hand, underestimate and exclude their shortcomings. They set themselves higher goals than those that they can actually achieve, they have a high level of claims that does not correspond to their real capabilities.

A person with high self-esteem is also characterized by an inability to take responsibility for his failures, is distinguished by an arrogant attitude towards people, conflicts, constant dissatisfaction with his achievements, egocentrism. Inadequate self-esteem of one's capabilities and an overestimated level of aspirations cause excessive self-confidence.

Self-esteem is considered inadequately underestimated if the number of negatively assessed qualities in relation to positively assessed (“-” to “+”) is 50-100%, that is, a person notes that he or she has no merits, or their number reaches 50% (of the total number of "+" and "-").

With low self-esteem, a person is characterized by another extreme, the opposite of self-confidence - excessive self-doubt. Uncertainty, often not objectively justified, is a stable personality trait and leads to the formation in a person of such traits as humility, passivity, “inferiority complex”.

Self-esteem is unstable, if the number of positively assessed qualities in relation to negatively assessed ("+" to "-") is 50-55%. Such a ratio, as a rule, cannot last long, is unstable, uncomfortable.

What is behind a person's application of the "±" score in relation to their characteristics?

You can conditionally distinguish people emotionally polar, balanced and doubting type.

If the number of signs "±" reaches 10-20% (of the total number of signs), then such a person can be attributed to balanced type... For them, in comparison with people of the emotionally polar type, they are characterized by greater resistance to stress, they quickly resolve conflict situations, are able to maintain constructive relationships with different people: both with those that they generally like and with those that do not cause deep sympathy; are more tolerant of other people's shortcomings.

If the number of characters "±" exceeds 30-40% (of the total number of characters), then such a person can be attributed to doubting type... Such a number of "±" signs can be in a person experiencing a crisis in his life, and also indicate indecision as a character trait (when it is difficult for a person to make decisions, he hesitates for a long time, considering various options).

What is behind a person's application of the "?" regarding their characteristics?

This mark of evaluation is used by people quite rarely: one or two marks "?" only 20% of the surveyed put it.

The presence of three or more signs "?" in self-assessment, it assumes that a person has crisis experiences.

In general, the use by a person in self-assessment of the signs "±" and "?" is a favorable sign of good dynamics in the consultative process.

People who use these signs, as a rule, quickly reach the level of independent solution of their own problems.

As in the method "Who am I?" features of gender identity are manifested?

Features of gender identity are manifested:

First, in how a person defines his / her gender identity;
... secondly, in what place in the list of identification characteristics is the mention of one's gender.

Gender designation can be done:

Directly,
... indirectly
... be absent altogether.

Direct gender designation- a person indicates his gender in specific words that have a certain emotional content. Hence, four forms of direct sex designation can be distinguished:

Neutral,
... alienated,
... emotionally positive
... emotionally negative.

Forms of direct sex designation

Forms of designation	Examples of	Interpretation
Neutral	"Man Woman"	Reflexive position
Alienated (distant)	"Male Human", "Female"	Irony, a sign of a critical attitude towards one's gender identity
Emotionally positive	"Attractive girl", "cheerful guy", "femme fatale"	Sign of acceptance of one's attractiveness
Emotionally negative	"An ordinary guy", "an ugly girl"	A sign of a critical attitude towards one's gender identity, internal trouble

Direct gender designation suggests that the sphere of psychosexuality in general and comparing oneself with representatives of the same sex in particular is an important and internally accepted topic of self-awareness.

Indirect gender designation- a person does not indicate his gender directly, but his gender is manifested through social roles (male or female), which he considers his own, or by the endings of words. Indirect methods of gender designation also have a certain emotional content.

Indirect ways to indicate gender

Method of designation Examples of designation of identity

Indirect gender designation speaks of knowledge of the specifics of a certain repertoire of sex-role behavior, which can be:

. broad(if it includes several gender roles)
. narrow(if it includes only one or two roles).

The presence of both direct and indirect variants of emotionally positive designation of one's gender speaks of the formation of a positive gender identity, a possible variety of role behavior, acceptance of one's attractiveness as a representative of gender, and allows one to make a favorable forecast regarding the success of establishing and maintaining partnerships with other people.

Lack of gender designation in self-identification characteristics it is stated when the writing of the entire text goes through the phrase: "I am a person who ...". The reasons for this may be the following:

1.Lack of a holistic understanding of sex-role behavior at a given point in time (lack of reflection, knowledge);
2. avoidance of considering their sex-role characteristics due to the traumatic nature of this topic (for example, displacing the negative result of comparing oneself with other members of the same gender);
3. the lack of formation of gender identity, the presence of an identity crisis in general.

When analyzing gender identity, it is also important to consider where in the text of the answers there are categories related to gender:

At the very top of the list,
... In the middle
... at the end.

How does reflection manifest itself when performing the “Who am I?” Technique?

A person with a more developed level of reflection gives on average more answers than a person with a less developed idea of himself (or more “closed”).

Also, the level of reflection is indicated by the subjectively assessed by the person himself the ease or difficulty in formulating answers to the key question of the test.

As a rule, a person with a more developed level of reflection quickly and easily finds answers regarding his own individual characteristics.

A person, who does not often think about himself and his life, answers the test question with difficulty, writing down each of his answers after some thought.

About a high enough level reflection is evidenced by 15 or more different answers to the question "Who am I?"

How to analyze the temporal aspect of identity?

The presence of identification characteristics corresponding to different temporal regimes indicates the temporal integration of the personality.

Particular attention should be paid to the presence and expression in self-description of indicators of perspective identity (or perspective "I"), that is, identification characteristics that are associated with prospects, wishes, intentions, dreams related to various spheres of life.

At the same time, it is important to take into account that a sign of psychological maturity is not just the presence of aspiration in (the future, but some optimal ratio between orientation to the future and acceptance, satisfaction with the present.
The predominance in self-description of verb forms describing actions or experiences in the past tense indicates the presence of dissatisfaction in the present, the desire to return to the past due to its greater attractiveness or trauma (when the psychological trauma has not been processed).

The dominance in self-description of the verb forms of the future tense speaks of self-doubt, a person's desire to get away from the difficulties of the present moment due to insufficient realization in the present.

The predominance of present tense verbs in self-description speaks of the activity and conscientiousness of a person's actions.
For counseling on marriage and family issues, it is most important how the topic of family and marital relations is reflected in the identification characteristics, how present and future family roles are presented, how they are assessed by the person himself.

So, one of the main signs of psychological readiness for marriage is the reflection in the self-description of future family roles and functions: “I am a future mother,” “I will be a good father,” “I dream of my family,” “I will do everything for my family,” etc. etc.

A sign of marital and marital trouble is a situation when a married man or a married woman in self-descriptions does not in any way indicate their real family, marital roles and functions.

What does the analysis of the relationship between social roles and individual characteristics in identity give?

Thus, ratio of social roles and individual characteristics speaks about how much a person realizes and accepts his uniqueness, as well as how important it is for him to belong to a particular group of people.

The absence of social roles in the presence of individual characteristics can speak of the presence of a pronounced individuality and difficulties in fulfilling the rules that come from certain social roles.
Also, the absence of social roles in identification characteristics is possible in a crisis of identity or infantilism of the individual.

Behind the relationship between social roles and individual characteristics is the question of the relationship between social and personal identities. At the same time, personal identity is understood as a set of characteristics that makes a person similar to himself and different from others, while social identity is interpreted in terms of group membership, belonging to a larger or smaller group of people.

Social identity prevails when a person has a high level of certainty of the "we - others" scheme and a low level of certainty of the "I - we" scheme. Personal identity prevails in people with a high level of certainty of the "I - others" scheme and a low level of certainty of the "we - others" scheme.

Successful establishment and maintenance of partnerships is possible by a person who has a clear understanding of their social roles and accepts their individual characteristics. Therefore, one of the tasks of spousal counseling is to help the client to understand and accept the peculiarities of their social and personal identities.

What does the analysis of the spheres of life represented in the identity give?

Conventionally, six main spheres of life can be distinguished, which can be represented in identification characteristics:

1.family (kinship, parent-child and marital relations, corresponding roles);
2. work (business relationships, professional roles);
3. study (the need and need to acquire new knowledge, the ability to change);
4. leisure (structuring time, resources, interests);
5. the sphere of intimate and personal relationships (friendships and love relationships);
6. rest (resources, health).

It is generally accepted that the characteristics of oneself, which a person writes down at the beginning of his list, are most actualized in his consciousness, are more conscious and significant for the subject.
The discrepancy between the topic of the complaint and the request to the area that is presented more vividly and problematic in self-description indicates a lack of deep self-understanding of the client or that the client did not immediately decide to talk about what really worries him.

What does the analysis of physical identity give?

Physical identity includes a description of your physical data, including a description of your appearance, painful manifestations, food addictions, bad habits.

What does the analysis of active identity provide?

What does the analysis of the psycholinguistic aspect of identity give?

Nouns:

The predominance of nouns in self-descriptions speaks of a person's need for certainty, constancy;
... Lack or absence of nouns - about insufficient responsibility of a person.

Adjectives:

The predominance of adjectives in self-descriptions speaks of demonstrativeness, emotionality of a person;
... Lack or absence of adjectives - about the weak differentiation of a person's identity.

Verbs:

Most often, nouns and adjectives are used in self-descriptions.

Harmonious type linguistic self-description is characterized by the use of approximately equal numbers of nouns, adjectives and verbs.

The difference in the common sign of the emotional-evaluative tone of identification characteristics determines different types of identity valence:

Negative - in general negative categories prevail when describing one's own identity, shortcomings and problems of identification are described more ("ugly", "irritable", "I don't know what to say about myself");
... neutral - there is either a balance between positive and negative self-identifications, or no emotional tone is clearly manifested in a person's self-description (for example, there is a formal listing of roles: “son”, “student”, “athlete”, etc.);
... positive - positive identification characteristics prevail over negative ones (“cheerful”, “kind”, “smart”);
... overestimated - manifests itself either in the practical absence of negative self-identifications, or in answers to the question "Who am I?" the characteristics presented in the superlative degree prevail ("I am the best", "I am super", etc.).

The data of the psycholinguistic analysis carried out by the specialist are compared with the results of the client's self-assessment.

You can conditionally find a correspondence between the sign of the emotional-evaluative tone of identification characteristics and the type of self-assessment of identity, which suggests that the person performing the "Who am I?" a person uses the criteria of emotional assessment of personal characteristics typical for other people (for example, the quality "kind" is evaluated as "+"). This correspondence is a good predictor of a person's ability to adequately understand other people.

Matching types of valence and self-esteem

How to assess the level of differentiation of identity?

As a quantitative assessment of the level of differentiation of identity, a number is used that reflects the total number of identity indicators that a person used in self-identification.

The number of indicators used varies from person to person, most often in the range from 1 to 14.

Low level of differentiation(1-3 indicators) speaks of an identity crisis, is associated with such personal characteristics as isolation, anxiety, self-doubt, difficulty in controlling oneself.

Identification characteristics analysis scale

It includes 24 indicators, which, when combined, form seven generalized indicators-components of identity:

I. "Social Self" includes 7 indicators:

1.direct designation of gender (boy, girl; woman);
2.sexual role (lover, mistress; Don Juan, Amazon);
3. educational and professional role-playing position (student, studying at the institute, doctor, specialist);
4. family affiliation, manifested through the designation of a family role (daughter, son, brother, wife, etc.) or through an indication of family relations (I love my relatives, I have many relatives);
5. Ethnic-regional identity includes ethnic identity, citizenship (Russian, Tatar, citizen, Russian, etc.) and local, local identity (from Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Siberian, etc.);
6. ideological identity: confessional, political affiliation (Christian, Muslim, believer);
7. group affiliation: the perception of oneself as a member of a group of people (collector, member of society).

II. "Communicative Self" includes 2 indicators:

1. friendship or a circle of friends, the perception of oneself as a member of a group of friends (friend, I have many friends);
2. communication or a subject of communication, features and assessment of interaction with people (I go to visit, I like to communicate with people; I can listen to people);

III. "Material Self" implies various aspects:

Description of my property (I have an apartment, clothes, bicycle);
... assessment of their security, attitude to material wealth (poor, rich, wealthy, I love money);
... attitude to the external environment (I love the sea, I do not like bad weather).

IV. "Physical Self" includes such aspects:

Subjective description of your physical data, appearance (strong, pleasant, attractive);
... an actual description of your physical data, including a description of your appearance, painful manifestations and location (blond, height, weight, age, I live in a hostel);
... food addictions, bad habits.

V. "Active Self" evaluated through 2 indicators:

1.classes, activities, interests, hobbies (I like to solve problems); experience (was in Bulgaria);
2. self-assessment of the ability to work, self-assessment of skills, abilities, knowledge, competence, achievements, (I swim well, smart; efficient, I know English).

Vi. "Perspective Self" includes 9 indicators:

1. professional perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to the educational and professional sphere (future driver, I will be a good teacher);
2. family perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to marital status (I will have children, expectant mother, etc.);
3. group perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to group affiliation (I plan to join a party, I want to become an athlete);
4. communicative perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to friends, communication.
5. material perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to the material sphere (I will receive an inheritance, earn an apartment);
6. physical perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams associated with psychophysical data (I will take care of my health, I want to be pumped up);
7. an activity perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to interests, hobbies, specific occupations (I will read more) and the achievement of certain results (I will perfectly learn the language);
8. personal perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to personal characteristics: personal qualities, behavior, etc. (I want to be more cheerful, calm);
9. assessment of aspirations (I wish a lot, an aspiring person).

Vii. "Reflexive Self" includes 2 indicators:

1.personal identity: personal qualities, character traits, description of an individual style of behavior (kind, sincere, sociable, persistent, sometimes harmful, sometimes impatient, etc.), personal characteristics (nickname, horoscope, name, etc.) ; emotional attitude towards myself (I am super, "cool");
2. global, existential "I": statements that are global and that do not sufficiently show the differences of one person from another (a reasonable person, my essence).

Two independent indicators:

1. problematic identity (I am nothing, I don’t know who I am, I cannot answer this question);
2. situational state: the state of being experienced at the moment (hungry, nervous, tired, in love, upset).

Sources of

Kuhn's test. Test "Who am I?" (M. Kuhn, T. McPartland; modification T.V. Rumyantseva) / Rumyantseva T.V. Psychological counseling: diagnostics of relationships in a couple - SPb., 2006. P.82-103.