Miguel Cervantes Brief biography and creativity. Biography of Miguel Servantes

Miguel de Cervantes Saovenova (Span. Miguel de Cervantes saavedra ; Presumably on September 29, Alcala de Enares - April 22, Madrid) - the world famous Spanish writer. First of all, known as the author of one of the greatest works of world literature - the novel "Chernya Hidalgo Don Quixote Laman".

Biography

early years

Church, where Servana, Alkal de Anares were baptized

Miguel Cervantes was born in the family of impoverished nobles, in the city of Alcala de Enares. His father, Hidalgo Rodrigo de Cervantes, was a modesthestheme, mother - Dona Leonor de Cortina - a doough nobleman who lost his condition. In their family there were seven children, Miguel was a fourth child [ ]. ABOUT early stages Survantes life is known very little. The date of his birth is considered to be September 29, 1547 (Day of Archangel Mikhail). This date is set to approximately on the basis of records of the church book and the tradition existing then give the child a name in honor of the Holy, whose holiday falls for a birthday. It is reliably known that Cervantes was baptized on October 9, 1547 in the Church of Santa Maria La Major of Alcala de Enares.

Some biographers argue that Cervantes studied at the University of Salamanca, but there is no convincing evidence of this version. There is also an unconfirmed version that he studied at Jesuits in Cordoba or Seville.

According to Abraham Khaim, President of the Sephardian community of Jerusalem, the mother of Cervantes led her family from the family of baptous Jews. The father of Cervantes was from the nobles, but in his hometown of Alcala de Enares the house of his ancestors, which is located in the center of the Hudria, that is, the Jewish Quarter. Survantes House is located in the former Jewish part of the city [ ] .

Writer activity in Italy

The reasons that Castile come to leave Castile, remain unknown to the reasons. Whether he was a student, or ran from justice, or ran from the royal order for the arrest for wounded Antonio de Sigur for a duel, is another mystery of his life. In any case, having left for Italy, he was engaged in what otherwise they did for his career and other young Spaniards. Rome opened his church rituals and greatness to the young writer. In the city, replete with ancient ruins, Cervantes opened an antique art for himself, and also concentrated his attention on the art of the Renaissance, architecture and poetry (knowledge of Italian literature can be traced in his works). He was able to find in achievements ancient Mira Powerful impulse to the revival of art. Thus, non-leaving love for Italy, which is visible in his later works, was in his own desire to return to early period Renaissance.

Military Career and Battle for Legano

There is another, unlikely, version of the hand loss. Due to the poverty of parents, Cervantes received a scarce education and, not finding livelihood, was forced to steal. I supposedly precisely for theft and deprived of his hands, after which he had to go to Italy. However, this version does not cause confidence - if only because the thieves at that time did not cut the hands, because they were sent to the galleys, where both hands were required.

Duke de Descess, presumably in 1575, gave Miguel recommendatory letters (lost by Migesel in captivity) for the king and ministers, as he reported in his testimony of July 25, 1578. He asked the king about the provision of mercy and help to the brave soldier.

In Algerian captivity

In September 1575, Miguel Cervantes with his brother Rodrigo returned from Naples to Barcelona on board the "Sun" gallery (La Galera Del Sol). On the morning of September 26, on the approach to the Catalan bank, Galera was attacked by Algerian Corsairs. The attackers were resistant, with the result that many members of the Sun team were killed, and the rest were captured and taken away to Algeria. : 236 Recommendative letters found from Miguel Survantes led to an increase in the amount of the required ransom. In Algerian captivity, Cervantes spent 5 years (-), tried four times, and only a miracle was not executed. Captive was often subjected to various torments.

Father Rodrigo de Servantes, according to his petition of March 17, 1578, pointed out that his son "was captured by the gallery" The sun", Under the commander Carrill de Cesada," and that he "got wounded by two shots from the Arkebuses in the chest, and received injury into the left hand, which could not use." The Father had no funds for the redemption of Miguel due to the fact that he had previously bought from the captivity of another his son, Rodrigo, who also was on that ship. The witness of this petition of Mateo de Santistheban noticed that Miguel had already known for eight years, and met him when it was 22 or 23 years old, on the day of battle at Radano. He witnessed that Miguel " on the day of the battle was sick and he had a heat"And he advised to stay in bed, but he decided to take part in the battle. For differences in the battle, Captain knew him with four duats over his usual fee.

The news (in the form of letters) about the stay of Miguel in Algerian captivity delivered soldiers Gabriel de Kastanheda, a resident of the Mountain Valley Currence from the village of Salasar. According to his information, Miguel was captured for about two years (that is, from 1575) at the Greek facing in Islam, Captain Arnautriomas.

Latest Mother Miguel from 1580s reported that she asked give permission to export 2000 ducats in the form of goods from the kingdom of Valencia"To buy out her son.

Service in Seville

Intent to go to America

Miguel de Cervantes. Customized novels. Translation from Spanish B. Kryzhevsky. Moscow. Publishing house Fiction" 1983.

Personal life

Almost on death, Cervantes did not cease to work; A few days before the death, he touched the monks. On April 22, 1616, life ended (died of water), which his own carrier himself in his philosophical humor called "long insufficient" and, leaving from which he "drove a stone on his shoulders with the inscription in which the destruction of his hopes was read." However, according to the customs of that time, the date of his death was recorded the date of his funeral - April 23. Because of this, it is sometimes said that the date of death of Cervantes coincides with the date of death of another great writer - William Shakespeare, in fact, Cervantes died 11 days earlier (since, at that time, the Grigorian calendar acted in Spain, and in England, Julian). On April 23, 1616, it is sometimes considered to be the end of the Renaissance. For a long time, no one knew the exact burial site of an outstanding Spanish writer. Only in 2015, archaeologists managed to detect his remains, which solemnly reburied in the Madrid Cathedral of the Holy Trinity.

Heritage

Monument Miguel de Cervantes in Madrid (1835)

The monument to Cervantes was delivered in Madrid only in 1835 (Sculptor Antonio Sola); on the pedestal two inscriptions in Latin and spanish: "Miguel de Cervantes Saovengue, the king of Spanish poets, a year m.d.ccc.xxxv."

World meaning Cervantes keeps mainly on his novel "Don Quixote", full, comprehensive expression of his diverse genius. Satyr's knightly novels who flooded at that time all the literature on that the author declares about the "Prolog", this work is a little small, maybe even regardless of the author's will, passed into a deep psychological analysis of human nature, two scenery activities. - noble, but crushed by the reality of idealism and realistic practicality.

Both of these parties found a brilliant manifestation in the immortal types of the hero of the novel and his squire; In a sharp opposite, they are - and in this is a deep psychological truth, they make up, however, one person; Only the drainage of these both essential parties to the human spirit is a harmonic whole. Don Quixote Raughs depicted in a brush brush adheres to him - if not to think about their inner meaning - cause uncontrollable laughter; But he will soon be replaced by a thinking and sensing reader with another laugh, "Laugh through tears", which is a significant and inherent condition for any great humorous creation.

In the Roman Survantes, in the fate of his hero affected the high ethical form of the world irony. In the beatings and all kinds of other insults to whom the knight is subjected to - with some anti-gravity of them in a literary attitude, is one of the best expressions of this irony. Turgenev noted another very important moment In the novel - the death of his hero: in this moment the whole great value of this person becomes accessible to everyone. When the former squire, wanting to console him, tells him that they would soon go to Knight's adventures, "no," answers the dying, "all this has passed, and I ask for all forgiveness."

Bibliography

• "Galatia", 1585
• "The destruction of Numania"
• "Algerian morals"
• « Sea battle"(Not preserved)
• "Cleaver Hidalgo Don Quixote Laman", 1605, 1615
• "Customized Novels", Collection, 1613
• "Journey to Parnass", 1614
• "Eight comedies and eight intermenids, new, never presented on stage", Collection, 1615
• "Jewelery Persiles and Sikhismunds", 1617

Russian translations

The first Russian translator of Servantes, according to the latest data, is N. I. Tznobishin, who translated the novel "Cornelia" in 1761. Then he was translated by M. Yu. Lermontov and V. A. Zhukovsky.

Memory

• In honor of the heroine of Novels of Servantes "Gypsy", an asteroid (529) of precision, opened in 1904 (in another version, he received a name on the name of the play of Fija Alexander Wolf, written in 1810).
• In honor of the heroine and hero of the novel "Cherific Hidalgo Don Quixote Laman" are named asteroids (571) Dulcinea (opened in 1905) and (3552) Don Quixote (opened in 1983).
• In 1965, El Salvador Dali made a series of "five immortal Spaniards", which included Servantes, El Sida, El Greco, Velasquez and Don Quixote.
• In 1966, the postage stamp of the USSR dedicated to Cervantes was released.
• In 1976, the crater is named after Servantes Servantes. on Mercury.
• On September 18, 2005, in honor of Cervantes asteroid, on February 2, 1992 by E. V. Elst in the European Southern Observatory, the name "79144 CERVANTS" was assigned.
• Spanish Square in Madrid decorates the sculptural composition, the central figure of which is Cervantes and its most famous heroes.
• Migel Monument Servantsu is installed in Moscow in Friendship Park.
• In honor of Cervantes, the Argentine Squadent Museum of Type "Chourrock" is named.
• Monument to Cervantes is installed in the Spanish city of Toledo.
• Monument to Cervantes is installed in the city of Seville.
• A monument to Cervantes is installed in the Greek city of Nafpaktos (the former name is Lepano).
• The name of Cervantes is called the street in the village of Sosensky Novomoskovsky administrative districts of the city of Moscow.

see also

Notes

1. Cervantes Saoveaven Miguel de // Big Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 tons] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
2. "CERVANTS, MIGUEL DE", THE ENCYCLOPEDIA AMERICANA., 1994

Citizenship:

Spain

Occupation:

Romanist, Novelist, Dramaturgome, Poet, Soldier

Direction: Genre:

Roman, Novella, Tragedy, InterMedia

Miguel de Cervantes Saovenova (Span. Miguel de Cervantes saavedra; September 29, Alcala de Enaren - April 23, Madrid) - the world famous Spanish writer. First of all, known as the author of one of the greatest works of world literature - the novel "Chernya Hidalgo Don Quixote Laman".

Survantes family

Battle at Lepanto

There are several versions of his biography. The first, the generally accepted version states that "in the midst of the War of Spain with the Turks, he entered military service for banners. In the rampant battle, he was everywhere at the most dangerous place and, fighting with a true poetic inspiration, received three wounds and lost his hands. " However, there is another, unlikely, the version of its irreplaceable loss. Due to the poverty of parents, Cervantes received a scarce education and, not finding livelihood, was forced to steal. It was for the theft of him and deprived his hands, after which he had to go to Italy. However, this version does not cause confidence - if only because the thieves at that time did not cut the hands, because they were sent to the galleys, where both hands were required.

Duke de Dissensse, presumably in 1575, gave Miguel recommendatory letters (lost by Mighel with captivity) for His Majesty and ministers, as he reported in his testimony of July 25, 1578. He asked the king about the provision of mercy and help to the brave soldier.

Service in Seville

In Seville, he was engaged in the fleet by order Antonio de Gevara.

Intent to go to America

Effects

Monument Miguel de Cervantes in Madrid (1835)

The world value of Cervantes is based mainly on his novel "Don Quixote", full, comprehensive expression of his diverse genius. Satyr's knightly novels who flooded at that time all the literature on that the author declares about the "Prolog", this work is a little small, maybe even regardless of the author's will, passed into a deep psychological analysis of human nature, two scenery activities. - noble, but crushed by the reality of idealism and realistic practicality.

Both of these parties found a brilliant manifestation in the immortal types of the hero of the novel and his squire; In a sharp opposite, they are - and in this is a deep psychological truth, they make up, however, one person; Only the drainage of these both essential parties to the human spirit is a harmonic whole. Don Quixote Raughs depicted in a brush brush adheres to him - if not to think about their inner meaning - cause uncontrollable laughter; But he will soon be replaced by a thinking and sensing reader with another laugh, "Laugh through tears", which is a significant and inherent condition for any great humorous creation.

In the Roman Survantes, in the fate of his hero affected the high ethical form of the world irony. In the beatings and all kinds of other insults to whom the knight is subjected to - with some anti-gravity of them in a literary attitude, is one of the best expressions of this irony. Turgenev noted another very important point in the novel - the death of his hero: in this moment the whole great meaning of this person becomes accessible to everyone. When his former squire, wanting to console him, tells him that they would soon go to Knight's adventures, "no," the dying dying, "all this has passed everything, and I ask for all forgiveness."

Miguel de Cervantes Saovenova (Iz. Miguel de Cervantes Saaavedra; September 29, 1547, Alcala de Enares, Castile - April 23, 1616, Madrid) - the world famous Spanish writer and soldiers.
Born in Alcala de Enares (prov. Madrid). His father, Hidalgo Rodrigo de Cervantes (the origin of the 2nd surname of Cervantes - "Saoveavena," standing on the titles of his books, was not established), was a modest surgeon, noble blood, mother - Dona Leonor de Cortina; Their numerous family constantly lived in poverty, which did not leave the future writer throughout his sorting life. Very little is known about the early stages of his life. Since the 1970s. In Spain, a version is distributed about jewish origin Survants, who influenced his work, probably, his mother, led her family from the family of baptized Jews.
The family of Cervantes often moved from the city to the city, so the future writer could not get a systematic education. In 1566-1569, Miguel studied in the Madrid city school at the famous Humanist Grammar Juan Lopez de Oyos, follower of Erasmid Rotterdam.
In the literature, Miguel debuted four poems published in Madrid on the protection of his teacher Lopez de Oozy.
In 1569, after a street skirmish, which ended with the injury of one of its participants, Cervantes fled to Italy, where he served in Rome in the retinue of Cardinal Aquaviva, and then recruited the soldiers. On October 7, 1571 took part in the maritime battle at Dadano, was injured in the forearm (his left hand for his whole life remained inactive).
Miguel Cervantes participated in the military campaigns in Italy (was in Naples), Navarino (1572), Portugal, and also carried out a trip to Oran (1580s); Served in Seville. Also participated in a number of maritime expeditions, including Tunisia. In 1575, having a letter of recommendation (lost by Mighel with a captivity) from Juan Austrian, commander-in-chief of the Spanish army in Italy, sailed from Italy to Spain. Galen, on which Servana and his younger brother Rodrigo were attacked by Algerian pirates. In captivity spent five years. I tried to run four times, but every time I failed, only a miracle was not executed, in captivity was subjected to various torments. In the end, the brotherhood of the Holy Trinity was bought from captivity and returned to Madrid.
In 1585, he married Catalyna de Salazar and released the Pastoral Roman "Galatea" ("La Galatea"). At the same time, his plays be held in Madrid theaters, unfortunately, unfortunately, in the overwhelming majority. From the early dramatic experiments of Cervantes, the tragedy "Numania" and "comedy" "Algerian morals" have been preserved.
Two years later, he moved from the capital to Andalusia, where for ten years he first performed the position of the supplier "Great Armada", and then - tax collector. For the financial shortage in 1597 (in 1597 it turns out to be imprisoned in Seville prison for a period of seven months on charges of embezzlement of state money (a bank in which Cervantes kept the collected Podachi, burst) was planted in a Seville prison, where he began to write a novel " Cleaver Hidalgo Don Quixote Laman ("Del Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quixote De La Mancha").
In 1605 he was released to freedom, and in the same year the first part of Don Quixote was published, immediately became incredibly popular.
In 1607, Cervantes arrived in Madrid, where he spent the last nine years of life. In 1613, he published a collection of "output novels" ("Novelas Ejemplares"), and in 1615 - the second part of the Don Quixote. In 1614 - in the midst of the work on her Servantes - a substrate continuation of the novel, belonging to Peru Anonymous, hidden under the alias "Alonso Fernandez de Alevanieda" appears. In the prologue to the "false kihot" contained rude attacks in person personally, and its content demonstrated complete misunderstanding by the author (or authors?) Fake all the complexity of the original plan. In Lia-kikote, there is a number of episodes, plotting with episodes from the second part of the Roman Servantes. The dispute researchers about the priority of servants or anonymous cannot be allowed finally. Most likely, Miguel Cervantes specially included in the second part "Don Quixote" recycled episodes from the composition of Alelenedy, in order to once again demonstrate their ability to transform into artly in artistic relationships (similar to his treatment with a knightly epic).
"The second part of the Chistride Caballero Don Quixote Laman" was published in 1615 in Madrid in the same printing house as "Don Quixote" of the edition of 1605. For the first time, both parts of Don Quixote saw the light under one cover in 1637.
The last book "Los Trabajos de Persiles Y Sigismunda"), the loving adventure novel in the style of the ancient novel "Ethiopic" Cervantes finished just three days before the death, followed April 23, 1616; This book was published by a widow writer in 1617.
A few days before the death, he touched the monks. The grave for a long time remained lost, because on his tomb (in one of the churches) there were no inscriptions. The monument was put in Madrid only in 1835; On the pedestal Latin inscription: "Mikhail Cervantes Saovengue, the king of Spanish poets." In honor of Cervantes, a crater on Mercury is named.
The first Russian translator of Cervantes according to the latest data is N. I. Oznobishin, who translated the novel "Cornelia" in 1761.

In Spain, 1605 was extremely prosperous for culture. As for politics and economics, he did not promote the Spanish people anything new. The Empire of Karl V, where "the Sun never rolled out," still occupied the leading position on the world stage. However, the base for the economic crisis has already begun. But before his peak was still very far.

The Spanish kingdom led endless wars on land and at sea. The goal they had one - to preserve and even more expand their immense possessions in Europe, America, Asia and Africa. They have increased significantly after 1581, when Portugal joined Spain and handed it all his colonies.

During this period of time, victories over the reserves inhabitants of Flanders and German troops were observed. Successful struggle for power in colonies with England, Holland and France. But all these loud events could not be compared in their importance with the event, at first glance, modest and insignificant.

In January 1605, a novel of the famous elderly writer appeared in the book shops of Madrid, and besides the disabled. It was called this work "Clear Hidalgo Don Quixote Laman." Since the appearance of this book has passed more than 400 years. Who now remembers Karl V, Philip II, Philip III, other kings and commander? These people were lost in the series of centuries, and the immortal work continues to live a full-blooded life and finds more and more fans.

Who was the author of the Great Creation? Called it Miguel de Cervantes Saovenova (1547-1616). This person is notable for the fact that the need pursued him with the appearance of the world and to the grave itself. The writer himself in his poem "Journey to Parnass" speaks of himself as a man who exhausted damned poverty. Even when he was already in the Zenith of Glory, they said about him that he was an old man, soldier, Hidalgo and poor man.

Having learned about this, the French wonderedly exclaimed: "And such a great writer Spain has not enriched and does not contain a state account?" To which the Spaniards answered: "His great creations makes it necessary to write a need. Therefore, I praised God that he never lived in wealth, for his masterpieces, being a beggar, he enriches the whole world."

Biography Servantes.

Childhood

According to the record of baptism in one of the churches of the city of Alcala de Enaren, on September 29, 1547 at the Volnopractive Leekar Rodrigo de Cervantes and his wife, Leonora de Kortinas, a boy was born - the future creator of Don Quixote. In the family he was the 4th child. In total, the children numbered six. Three girls and three boys.

For the Father, the future great writer had a noble noble origin. But in the XVI century, the genus reached and came into decay. Rodrigo suffered deafness and never occupied any judicial and administrative posts. He became just a lake that from the point of view of idalgia did not mean practically nothing. The writer also belonged to the poor noble family.

In a material relation, the family lived very badly. Rodrigo in search of earnings constantly moved from the city to the city, and the wife with children followed him. But the eternal need did not enter the family life of contention and scandals. Rodrigo and Leonor loved each other, and their children lived in a friendly soldered team.

Permanent moving had rather positive than negative side For little Miguel. Thanks to them, he with early years I met a genuine, not a shared life of ordinary people.

In 1551, hearing with his family settled in Valladolid. At that time, this city was considered the capital of the kingdom. But a year was held, and Rodrigo was arrested for non-payment of debts to the local realmist. The meager property of the family went with the hammer, and again began a vagabond life. The family went to Cordon, then returned to Valladolid, and then moved to Madrid and, finally, asslaved in Seville.

At the 10th age, Miguel entered the board of Jesuits. In it, he remained 4 years from 1557 to 1561 and received secondary education. Further studies took place in Madrid at the famous Spanish teacher and Humanist Juan Lopez de Oozy. In the meantime, the family of the young men finally ruined. In this regard, Miguel had to think about making themselves to earn their bread and help the impoverished family.

Youth

Poor nobles at that time were 3 roads: to go to church, serve at the courtyard or in the army. The future great writer chose the 2nd path. Huang Lopez de Oyos gave his student a letter of recommendation letter, and he settled on the service for the Ambassador of Pia Pia V, Monsignor Julio Aquavivo-Aragon. In 1569, together with the Ambassador, Cervantes left Madrid to Rome in the position of Cerilery (Kleiska).

In the service of Aquava, the future writer stayed the year, and in 1570 he entered the service to the Spanish regiment deployed in Italy. This gave him the opportunity to visit Milan, Venice, Bologna, Palermo and thoroughly get acquainted with Italian skills of life, as well as the richest culture of this country.

On October 7, 1571, a maritime battle was held at Lepanto. In it, the Fleet of the Sacred League (Spain, Vatican and Venice), the headlong defeated the Turkish squadron, which put the end of the Turkish expansion in the East Mediterranean. However, for Miguel, this battle ended sadly. He received 3 firearms: two in the chest and one in the left forearm.

The last wound turned out to be fatal. The young man practically ceased to own the left hand "to the right glory" - as he himself later spoke. After that, the future great writer was in the hospital, where he stayed until the beginning of May 1572. But, after writing out of the hospital, no military service left. He expressed a desire to serve further, and was enrolled in the regiment deployed on Corfu Island. On October 2, 1572 already participated in the battle of Navarin, and a year later he was sent to North AfricaWhere he returned to Italy and continued his military service in Sardinia, and then in Naples.

On September 20, 1575, Miguel, together with his younger brother Rodrigo, who also served in the army, climbed the Galel "Sun" and left for Spain. But this trip ended tragically. The ship took the pirates to the board and delivered the captured brothers in Algeria. Miguel had advisory letters with them, and pirates considered it an important and rich person. They requested a huge redemption in the amount of 500 gold escudo.

To make a prisoner with a conspiracy, they kept it in chains and with an iron ring on the neck. He wrote letters to his homeland, and the greedy Algerians waited for redemption. So many 5 years have passed. During this time, a young man showed himself a man noble, honest and persistent. With his courageous behavior, he even earned respect for such a puzzle as Gassan Pasha.

In 1577, native accumulated money and bought Rodrigo. Miguel had to wait for a long 3 year. The king refused to redeem his faithful soldier, and the native cost of incredible efforts gathered the amount of 3,300 reals. This money was transferred to Gassana Pasha, and he was apparently glad to get rid of dangerous man. On September 19, 1580, Cervantes were released from Algerian captivity, and on October 24 he left Algeria, in order to stand in a few days to his native Spanish land.

Life after captivity

Spain met its compatriot Nelskovo. In his homeland, he was not needed to anyone, and the family was in a terrible state. Father completely flawed and abandoned medical practice. He died in 1585. But even before his death, Miguel became the head of the family. To feed yourself and your loved ones, again returned to military service. In 1581, he traveled to North Africa as a military courier and at the same time was at the duke alba rate in Tomara.

At this time, Miguel had an extramarital daughter Isavel de Saoveoverov. In 1584, the future writer married 19-year-old Catalina de Salasar-and-Poevos. The girl had a small dowry, and the financial situation of the family did not improve.

In 1587, Miguel went to the south of the country in Andalusia. It was a center for trade relations with American colonies. He opened wide opportunities for a commercial initiative. Writer Donkey in Seville and received the place of the Commissioner for the billets for the invincible Armada. It was Klondike for bribery and unclean personalities. Other food commissars for the year did a whole condition, and Miguel lived on a modest salary and tried to lead everything to be honest.

As a result, he gave a bunch of enemies, and he was accused of conceiving money. All this has ended with a 3-month conclusion in 1592. In 1594, he was sent by the collector of tax arrears in the Kingdom of Granada. Miguel Ryano took up a new thing. He collected the amount of 7400 reals and translated this money to the Seville bank. But he declared himself bankrupt, and the tax collector was presented with a cash claim. Cervantes could not prove that he gave all the money collected by the state. In 1597, he was again put in prison for 3 months. In 1604, the writer broke up with Seville and moved to Valladolid. Soon the family joined him.

Don Quixote and his faithful squire Sancho Pansa

Creation

The first large and unfinished novel in prose and verses "Galatia" was launched in 1582, and saw the light in 1585. In the XVIII century, this work was as successful as "Don Quixote". In our time, the novel for some reason is unjustly forgotten. This is a story about the love of 2 shepherds, Ehomo and auxiliary to beautiful Galatee. The first part of the novel, which saw the light consists of 6 chapters. Each chapter describes 1 day of rivalry of 2 in love with young men. But the marriage of Galatei with one of the shepherds the author wanted to give in the 2nd part, which he never wrote.

Roman is of interest not acute plot line, but inserted episodes. The best of them is a story about the adventures of Nisida, Timbrio, forms and Sileryo. This is one of the central places of the work.

As for dramaturgy, Miguel de Servantes wrote about 30 plays. Of these, you can call "Algerian morals", "Destruction of Numania" and "Sea Battle". Numania is considered the peak of the Spanish theater during the Golden Age. 2 stories were also written: "Rinconte and Cortadillo" and "Jealous Extremadeth". They came out in 1613 in the collection of "edifying novel".

IN beginning of XVII Century The writer created the poem "Journey to Parnass", as well as "Pershiles and Sikhizmundy" and the collection "Eight comedies and eight intermeni". In 1602, work began on the immortal creation "Don Quixote".

Roman about the noble knights Don Quixote and his faithful squire Sancho Press consists of 2 parts. The second part was written 10 years later and was finished in 1613. It appeared in November 1615, and the first part, as mentioned, in January 1605.

But the second that was preceded by a fallated Tom, written by some Alonso Fernandez Avelen. He saw the light in the summer of 1614. Genuine name of the author of the fake is unknown to this day. Miguel himself learned about the subled "Don Quixote" when he wrote 59 chapter. This news plunged him into irritation and, most likely, accelerated death. However, it should be noted that the substrate second part was written by a literary literal language, but the success of readers did not have and passed, in general, unnoticed.

Between the first and second parts of the Great Roman, the second on the literary significance was created - "Customized Novels". They were such brilliantly that they were praised even the literary enemies of Cervantes. The collection includes 12 leaders with a variety of plots. Here you can call love stories: "blood strength", "two girls", "Señora Cornelia". Satirical sharp: "On the conversation of dogs", "deceived marriage." Psychological: "Jealous Extremadr".

Monument to Cervantes

End of life path

Last years Life Great Writer lived in Madrid. In this city he moved in 1608. He lived with his family in the poor quarter. "Don Quixote" did not improve the financial situation. In 1609 and 1611, native sisters of Miguel died. Wife accepted monastic stop. Daughter divorced her first husband and concluded a second marriage.

The latter was the already mentioned novel "Pershiles and Sierhismunds". It was finished on April 16, 1616. In bookstores appeared in April 1617, and the writer died on April 23, 1616. Survantes were buried at the Farm of the Slaves of Holy Communion, whose member he consisted from 1609.

In the preface to his last creation, the brilliant Spaniard appealed to readers with such words: "Sorry, joy! Sorry, fun! Sorry, fun friends! I'm dying in the hope of an ambulance and joyful meeting with you in the world. This ended the long-suffering, but performed grandeur and nobility the life of the Great Writer and Citizen.

Next year, he retrained to the sailor, began to participate in expeditions organized by the King of Spain together with Señoria Venice and Dad. A hike against the Turks ended for Cervantes sadly. On October 7, 1571, a battle took place at Dadano, where the young sailor received a serious wound of hand.
In 1575, Cervantes remained treated in Sicily. After recovery, it was decided to return to Spain, where it was possible to get the rank of captain in the army. But on September 26, 1575, the future writer was captured to the Pirates-Turks, who crossed him to Algeria. The captivity lasted until September 19, 1580, while the family did not collect the amount needed to redeem. Hopes for remuneration in Spain were not justified.

Life after the army

Settling in EskiSias, which next to Toledo, 37-year-old Cervantes finally decided to marry. This happened in 1584. The wife of the writer was the 19-year-old Catalina de Palacios. Utility family life did not work out, there were no children from the pair. The only daughter Isabel de Saoveoverov is the result of the extramarital connection.
In 1585, the former soldier received the position of Commissioner for the purchase of olive oil and grain for invincible Armada in Andalusia. The work was severe and ungrateful. When Cervantes, on the orders of the king, retalued the clergy wheat, was excited from the church. For mistakes in the reporting of the Mount-Commissioner, they were given to the court and imprisoned.
Attempts to find happiness in Spain were unsuccessful, and the writer filed a petition for the post in America. But in 1590 he was refused. In the future, Cervantes survived three more imprisonments, in 1592, 1597, 1602. It is then that the known immortal work known to everyone began to crystallize.
In 1602, the court shot all the accusations of alleged debts from the writer. In 1604, Cervantes moved to Valladolid, who was then the residence of the king. Only in 1608, he was assured in Madrid, where he was seriously engaged in writing activities and publishing books. In recent years, the author has retired prescribed by Archbishop Toledo and Graph Lemos. The famous Spaniard died on April 23, 1616, a few days before, tonsing the monks.
The biography of Cervantes is compiled on the bursts of available documentary evidence. However, the works were preserved that became a non-homework monument to the writer.
The first school poems were published in 1569. Only 16 years later, in 1585, the first part of the Galatia's pastoral novel was published. Creation tells about the transformations of the relationship of idealized characters, shepherds and shepherds. Some pieces are written by prose, some in verse. There is no single storyline and main characters. The action is quite simple, the shepherds simply tell each other about the troubles and joys. Writer all his life was going to write a sequel, but never did it.
In 1605, a novel about " County Hidalgo Don Quixote Laman. " The second part was published in 1615. In 1613, the light saw "edifying novels." In 1614, "Journey to Parnass" was born, and in 1615 "eight comedies and eight intermenids" were written. In 1617, Pershilas and Sikimundes were posthumously published. Not all works reached us, but Cervantes mentioned them: "Week in the garden", the second volume of "Galatei", "deception of the eye".
The famous "output novels" is 12 stories in which the edification part is indicated in the title and is associated with morality prescribing at the end. Some of them unites common topic. So, in the "generous fan", "Señor Cornelia", "two girls" and "English Spaniard" we are talking about beloved, separated by the transformations of fate. But by the end of the narrative, the main characters are reunited and find their long-awaited happiness.
Another group of Novel is devoted to the life of the central character, more attention is paid to the characters, and not unfolding actions. This can be traced in Rinconte and Cortadillo, "fraudulent marriage", "Licacy of Vidrier", "conversation two dogs." It is generally recognized that "Rinconte and Cortadillo" is the most charming work of the author, who says in a comical form about the life of two vagrants, tied up with the fraternity of thieves. Survantes humor felt in Novel, with a solemn community describing the ceremonial adopted in a gang.

The book of the whole life is the only and unique "Don Quixote". It is believed that Cervantes has written off the rustic Hidalgo Alonso Kihan. The hero is penetrating the idea of \u200b\u200bchivalry from books and believed that he himself is the wandering knight. The search for the adventures of Don Quixote Laman and his faithful satellite peasant Sancho Poleso had a huge success then, have now, four centuries later.