After what battle was the peace of Tilsit concluded. Peace of Tilsit between Russia and France
After the War of the Fourth Coalition –1807, in which Russia helped Prussia.
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History
The main clause of the Tilsit Treaty was not published then: Russia and France pledged to help each other in every offensive and defensive war wherever it is required by the circumstances. This close alliance eliminated Napoleon's only strong rival on the continent; England remained isolated; both powers pledged by all means to compel the rest of Europe to comply with the continental system. On July 7, 1807, the treaty was signed by both emperors. The Tilsit world lifted Napoleon to the pinnacle of power, and put Emperor Alexander in a difficult situation. The feeling of resentment in metropolitan circles was great. "Tilsit! .. (at the sound of this offensive / Now the Ross will not turn pale)", Alexander Pushkin wrote 14 years later. The Patriotic War of 1812 was subsequently viewed precisely as an event that “blotted out” the Peace of Tilsit. In general, the significance of the Peace of Tilsit was very great: from 1807, Napoleon began to rule much more daringly in Europe than before.
Tilsit Peace Conditions
- Russia recognized all the conquests of Napoleon.
- Russia's accession to the continental blockade against England (secret agreement). Russia should completely abandon trade with its main partner (in particular, the terms of the peace treaty ordered Russia to completely exclude the export of hemp to Great Britain) and, together with France, influence Austria, Denmark, Sweden and Portugal with the same goals.
- Russia and France pledged to help each other in any offensive and defensive war, wherever it is required by the circumstances. Thus, during the war with Sweden (1808-1809), with the support of France, Russia acquired Finland. At the same time, assistance to France in its war with Austria in 1809, the auxiliary corps under the terms of peace, in fact, was not provided by Russia.
- On the territory of the Polish possessions of Prussia, the Duchy of Warsaw was formed, dependent on France.
- The territory of Prussia was significantly curtailed (the Polish regions were rejected, as well as Hanover, County Mark occupied by Prussia in 1806, with the cities of Essen, Verdun and Lippstadt, the County of Ravensberg, the cities of Lingen and Tecklenburg, the Principality of Minden, East Frisia, Münster, East Paderborn, bank of the Rhine), although it was retained as an independent state and turned into a state dependent on France. Joseph Bonaparte as King of Naples and Louis Bonaparte as King of the Netherlands, Jerome Bonaparte as King of Westphalia.
- Recognition by Russia
The meeting of Emperors Alexander I and Napoleon I took place on June 25, 1807 on a raft on the Neman River near the Prussian city of Tilsit. It led to the conclusion of a peace treaty between the two countries. According to this document, Russia recognized all the conquests of Napoleon. She entered into an alliance with France and pledged to go to war with England in the event that she would pursue the same course. In the meantime, Russia has joined the "continental blockade" of Great Britain. Prussia, at the request of Alexander, retained formal independence, but in fact turned into a state dependent on France. From part of the Prussian and then Austrian territories, Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw completely subordinate to himself. The secret clauses of the treaty gave Russia freedom of action against Turkey and Iran, as well as against Sweden.
Despite a number of clauses of the treaty favorable to Russia, Napoleon was more satisfied with the terms of the Peace of Tilsit. French dominance in Europe was consolidated. Alexander's accession to the "continental blockade" hurt not only England, but also Russia itself, which suffered great economic damage. Napoleon's encouragement of the war of Russia against Sweden incapacitated another of his opponents.
A sharp turn in foreign policy led our country to international isolation, as well as to the fall of the authority of Alexander himself. Most of the members of the Secret Committee then resigned and even left Russia. In St. Petersburg, rumors were spreading about the possibility of another palace coup in favor of the Emperor's sister Catherine Pavlovna. All this made the signed peace fragile.
True, the secret agreements in Tilsit opened up for Alexander the possibility of a safe end to the protracted struggle with Turkey and Iran, as well as the imminent war with Sweden. These directions have become the main ones in the foreign policy of Russia.
SIGNIFICANCE: The Tilsit world completed Russia's participation in the Russian-Prussian French war 1806-07, concluded on June 25 (July 7) 1807 in Tilsit (now Sovetsk, Kaliningrad region) as a result of personal negotiations between Alexander I and Napoleon I. Russia agreed to the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and joined the Continental blockade. A separate act formalized the offensive and defensive Russian-French alliance. Negative consequences: Alexander I pledged to conclude an armistice with Turkey and withdraw troops from the Danube principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), transfer the Bay of Kotor on the Adriatic Sea to the French, recognized the sovereignty of France over the Ionian Islands. Russia agreed to the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw on its western borders, which Napoleon planned to use as a springboard for an attack on Russia in the future. Russia also broke off diplomatic relations with England and had to join the Continental Blockade of England (a system of economic and political measures carried out by France against England), which was disadvantageous for her. The Tilsit peace was extremely disadvantageous for Russia from the point of view of political and economic. Russian foreign trade was largely associated with the export of its goods (metal, timber, hemp, tar, flax, bread, etc.) and the import of British goods (textiles, luxury goods, etc.). France practically did not need Russian imports. The conclusion of peace and an alliance with Napoleon was negatively perceived by Russian public opinion, not only because the Russian landowners began to suffer losses from the termination of trade with England, but also because of the humiliation of its conditions for the prestige of the empire. Alexander I, realizing this, actually violated the conditions of peace, establishing economic relations with England through the mediation of third countries. On the positive side: An offensive and defensive alliance between the two countries. Russia received as compensation the Bialystok department, from which the Bialystok region was formed. Russia received Finland belonging to Sweden.
Causes of the Patriotic War of 1812.
From France
After 1807 Great Britain remained the main and, in fact, the only enemy of Napoleon. Great Britain seized the French colonies in America and India and obstructed French trade. Considering that England dominated the sea, the only real weapon of Napoleon in the fight against her was the continental blockade [P 9], the effectiveness of which depended on the desire of other European states to comply with the sanctions. Napoleon insistently demanded that Alexander I more consistently implement the continental blockade, but ran into Russia's unwillingness to break off relations with its main trading partner.
In 1810, the Russian government introduced free trade with neutral countries, which allowed Russia to trade with Britain through intermediaries, and adopted a protective tariff that raised customs rates, mainly on imported French goods. This caused the outrage of the French government.
Napoleon, not being a hereditary monarch, wanted to confirm the legitimacy of his coronation through marriage with a representative of one of the great monarchical houses of Europe. In 1808, a proposal was made to the Russian reigning house for a marriage between Napoleon and the sister of Alexander I, Grand Duchess Catherine. The offer was rejected under the pretext of Catherine's engagement to the Prince of Saxe-Coburg. In 1810, Napoleon was denied a second time, this time regarding a marriage with another Grand Duchess - 14-year-old Anna (later Queen of the Netherlands). In the same 1810, Napoleon married Princess Marie-Louise of Austria, daughter of the Austrian Emperor Franz I. According to the historian E. V. Tarle, the "Austrian marriage" for Napoleon " was the largest support for the rear, in case you have to fight with Russia again". Alexander I's double refusal to Napoleon and Napoleon's marriage to an Austrian princess caused a crisis of confidence in Russian-French relations and sharply worsened them.
In 1811, Napoleon told his ambassador in Warsaw, Abbot de Pradt: “ In five years, I will be the ruler of the whole world. Only Russia remains - I will crush it ...» .
From Russia
The consequences of the continental blockade, to which Russia joined under the terms of the Tilsit Peace of 1807, suffered Russian landowners and merchants, and, as a result, the state finances of Russia. If before the conclusion of the Treaty of Tilsit in 1801-1806 Russia exported annually 2.2 million quarters of bread, then after - in 1807-1810 - exports amounted to 600 thousand quarters. The reduction in exports led to a sharp drop in the price of bread. A pood of bread, which in 1804 cost 40 kopecks in silver, was sold for 22 kopecks in 1810. At the same time, the export of gold in exchange for luxury goods supplied from France accelerated. All this led to a decrease in the value of the ruble and the depreciation of Russian paper money. The Russian government was forced to take measures to protect the country's economy. In 1810, it introduced free trade with neutral countries (which allowed Russia to trade with Great Britain through intermediaries) and increased customs rates on imported luxury goods and wine, that is, just on French exports.
In 1807, Napoleon created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw from the Polish lands, which, according to the second and third partitions of Poland, were part of Prussia and Austria. Napoleon supported the dreams of the Duchy of Warsaw to re-create an independent Poland to the borders former Speech The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which was possible to do only after the separation from Russia of part of its territory. In 1810, Napoleon took possession of the Duke of Oldenburg, a relative of Alexander I, which caused indignation in St. Petersburg. Alexander I demanded that the Duchy of Warsaw be transferred as compensation for the taken away possessions to the Duke of Oldenburg, or that it be liquidated as independent education.
Contrary to the terms of the Tilsit Agreement, Napoleon continued to occupy the territory of Prussia with his troops, Alexander I demanded to withdraw them from there.
From the end of 1810, European diplomatic circles began to discuss coming war between French and Russian empires... By the fall of 1811, the Russian ambassador to Paris, Prince Kurakin, reported to St. Petersburg on the signs of an imminent war.
the only real reason for the war was Napoleon's desire to crush Britain. The fact is that Napoleon was afraid to attack England, since the Anglo-Saxons were traditionally stronger on the water. Forcing the English Channel, it seemed to Napoleon and his advisers, was about to fail. A few years before the war with Russia, the Englishmen inflicted a painful defeat on the French fleet off the coast of Egypt. Naoleon then withdrew.
Therefore. the new plan to conquer Britain was a total blockade. It was for this purpose that Napoleon captured almost all the countries of Europe (and where he did not do this, he established full political control over the leadership). Russia became the only major player in Europe not under the rule of the French emperor.
Napoleon offered Emperor Alexander to voluntarily enter the blockade of Britain. However, the political paths did not lead to anything (Napoleon was treated as an upstart, barbarian, "bourgeois in the nobility", and, in addition, Britain managed to conclude long-term political and trade agreements with Russia ). Napoleon decided to force Russia to join the blockade of Britain. That is why he went to war against Russia. They say that Napoleon (he was still a truly gifted person) realized all the danger (and even failure) of the undertaken adventure immediately after he crossed state border... during his offensive on Moscow, he impetuously wrote letters to Emperor Alexander with proposals for peace ... There was no answer ... What happened next - everyone knows.
Causes:
1. the desire of Napoleon I to establish world hegemony;
2. aggravation of contradictions between Russia and France;
3. Russia's loss of its former influence in the Center. Europe;
4. growing personal hostility between Alexander I and Napoleon I;
5. the growth of dissatisfaction of the Russian nobility with the results of the external. the tsar's politics;
6. plans of Russia to restore monarchical regimes in the countries seized by Napoleon I.
7. Creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw - a springboard for diplomatic pressure on Russia.
Prerequisites for the emergence of the agreement
As of 1807, the situation in Europe looked very interesting - almost the entire continent was completely captured by French troops. In his autobiography, Napoleon wrote that the destruction of England is a prerequisite for the complete conquest of Europe. As for Russia, here he saw rather his ally than the enemy. It is likely that this was the key reason for the creation of the Tilsit world, why it even received its right to exist. Of course, everything is not limited to this, in fact, Napoleon himself had long hatched a plan for the destruction of England, and he would not have been able to defeat the enemy at sea. Thus, Napoleon decided to create a peace treaty with Russia, which would create a united front for the conduct of hostilities with England. Alexander 1, in turn, was well aware that his coalition with Prussia, England and Sweden had collapsed, as Napoleon won victory after victory, and the position of the allies was becoming more and more precarious every day.Negotiation
On June 12, 1807, the French army, under the personal leadership of Napoleon, won a complete and unconditional victory over the Russian troops. Despite his victory, Napoleon decided to abandon the pursuit of his enemy, which only once again proved that the alliance with Russia is much more important for him than enmity. Napoleon offered peace, which convinced Alexander the First that France did not regard Russia as its own enemy. In general, the position of Russia at that time was extremely precarious. The last defeat of Alexander's army played a primary role in this. As a result, he decided to put forward only two conditions of his own:
The meeting with France should take place on no-man's, independent land. Not on the territory of France, Russia and their satellites.
Russia does not recognize any claim to the geographic integrity of its side.
Napoleon nevertheless convinced the Russian ambassadors that both points put forward by Alexander would be fully implemented, without exception. Thus, he was the first to open the way for a meeting with the Russian emperor.
It was decided to hold negotiations between Russia and France on the Neman River, and in the middle of it. A special raft was set up there, where a tent was deployed. It was there that both emperors of the greatest states met. The negotiations took place on June 25, 1807, and they became the basis for the signing of the Tilsit Peace Treaty.
Judging by the historical documents, one can find references to Alexander, where he assures Bonaparte that from the moment of the creation of the peace agreement, England will be the only common enemy for both countries. Napoleon, in turn, noted that in this case, no problems would arise in terms of creating a peace agreement between Russia and France.
Many history textbooks assert this as well. However, none of them indicate the reasons why France and Russia were at war with each other for a long six years., Despite the fact that they had a common enemy and it seems that all agreements were respected, without any or disagreements.
The fate of Prussia
The negotiations themselves between the two emperors of the most powerful and powerful states at that time lasted no more than one hour. During this time, the Emperor of Prussia stood and waited on the banks of the river. He hoped and counted on the fact that the emperor of France would agree to accept him in order for them to jointly discuss further destiny the German state. Despite this, Bonaparte was firm in his intention - Prussia should by all means disappear from the face of the map of Europe. Actually, Napoleon suggested to Alexander, motivating by the fact that: “This is a vile nation, led by a vile monarch, in his submission is a vile army. They have always betrayed everyone and does not deserve further existence. " Russia's participation in the war helped to preserve Prussia as a state. Terms of the peace agreement
As it was said, negotiations between the emperors of the two powers took place very quickly. Despite the fact that they lasted only one hour, they managed to agree on everything. The stay of the emperors in Tilsitt lasted two whole weeks. Oddly enough, the emperors for this period of time were almost inseparable, like friends who have known each other since childhood. Of course, in this way they tried to create prospects for signing the peace. Actually, the Peace of Tilsit was signed. His conditions were:
Russia recognizes all territories conquered by Napoleon in Europe.
Russian troops join the continental blockade against England. This meant that Alexander completely breaks off all trade and other agreements with England and prohibits entry sea vessels on the territory owned by Russia.
A military alliance is signed between France and Russia, under the terms of which each power is obliged to support the other in the event of the outbreak of any military action. For example, during offensive or defensive actions.
The Polish lands departed from Prussia. A new state was created on this territory - the Duchy of Warsaw, which was directly dependent on France.
Russia without fail recognizes all the henchmen who were installed by Napoleon on the throne of various European powers.
France ceases to provide any assistance to Turkey, and Russia, in response, is obliged to withdraw its troops from the territory of Moldova and Wallachia.
Absolute recognition, by all parties to the agreements, created earlier by the Rhine Union.
Significance of the Peace of Tilsit
This is an extremely beneficial agreement for both countries. Nevertheless, one cannot share the opinion of many different historians who attribute this to the success of Russian diplomacy. Many believe that Napoleon, having offered to conclude such an agreement, actually independently did all the necessary work for Alexander, offering him extremely favorable and good conditions. Both countries were in an advantageous position. So, for example, Russia now could not worry about the fact that France would interfere in its confrontation with Turkey, respectively, we could better focus on this. Napoleon, in turn, could fully enjoy the peace that reigns in Europe. There was only one warring side - England and France began to actively prepare to fight it. The peace of Tilsit turned out to be extremely beneficial for the emperors of both countries, which they were undoubtedly happy about. Nevertheless, despite its positive "impact", the Peace of Tilsit did not last so long - until 1812, when the Patriotic War began.
The French Revolution dealt a blow to the European political system. Europe entered the 19th century with the thunder of Napoleonic cannons. Russia at that time already occupied one of the leading places on the European continent, the states of which tried to prevent the establishment of French domination there. International relations in early XIX centuries were burdened by the burden of complex contradictions between the European powers, which were rooted in the past century.
III COALITION
In 1802, Napoleon declared himself consul for life, and in 1804 - Emperor of France. At the same time, he continued the continuous seizure of new territories in Italy and Germany, striving for hegemony in Europe. In 1803, hostilities began again between England and France. Therefore, since 1803, Russian diplomacy began to develop a new foreign policy doctrine, moving on to the formation of an anti-Napoleonic coalition. Its creation accelerated after the execution on March 21, 1804 of the Duke of Enghien, a prince from the House of Bourbons, accused of organizing an attempt on Napoleon's life. This crime caused indignation throughout Europe, not only for its cruelty, but also because this action was a gross violation of norms international law- trampling on the sovereignty of Baden, on the territory of which the duke was captured.
In April 1805, a Russian-British agreement was signed, to which Austria soon joined. This event served as the beginning of the formation of the third anti-Napoleonic coalition, which also included Sweden, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Naples.
In August 1805, at the head of the Russian army, he moved to Austria. However, on October 8 (20), 1805, General Mack's Austrian army surrendered in Ulm, and soon Napoleon's troops occupied Vienna. It all delivered Russian troops in an extremely difficult situation. In this situation, the 5-thousandth corps of P.I. Bagration, who managed to detain Murat's 30-thousandth army near Shengraben on November 4 (16), 1805. Thus, Napoleon's attempt to crush the Russian army was unsuccessful, since M.I. Kutuzov managed to avoid a series of skillful maneuvers. major battle... He proposed to withdraw the Russian-Austrian troops to the east and to gather sufficient forces for the successful conduct of hostilities. However, the opinion of the Austrian General Staff, supported by Alexander I, triumphed - to conduct a general battle. On November 20 (December 2), 1805, a battle at Austerlitz took place between the Russian-Austrian and French troops, which ended in a French victory. Immediately after Austerlitz, Austria was forced to sign the humiliating Peace of Pressburg, and Russia was forced to cease hostilities and recall the expeditionary force.
"WE ARE NOT IN THE TSARITSIN'S MEADOW"
Thanks to the courage of the P.I. Bagration at Shengraben, Russian-Austrian troops took up well-fortified positions in the Olshan area. Napoleon did not dare to attack these positions, resorting to cunning. He spread rumors about the deplorable state of his army and in every possible way showed the inability to conduct further hostilities. The trick was a success. Alexander I, fearing to miss Napoleon, ordered Kutuzov to go on the offensive. After the start battle of austerlitz the emperor said to Kutuzov: “Why aren't you attacking? We are not Tsaritsyn Lugu, where the parade does not begin until all the regiments arrive. " Kutuzov replied: "Sovereign, this is why I am not attacking because we are not on Tsaritsyn's Meadow." Nevertheless, Kutuzov had to carry out the imperial order, which led to the defeat of the Russian-Austrian troops.
IV COALITION
By the fall of 1806, the need to create a new anti-Napoleonic coalition became obvious for the Petersburg ruling circles, especially since Prussia was heading for confrontation with Napoleon at that time. In July 1806, the Rhine Union of German States was created, in which Bavaria played the main role. Napoleon became the protector of this association. Thus, the calculations of the Prussian government on the assistance of Napoleon in strengthening its positions in Germany collapsed. Thus, at the end of 1806, a new, IV anti-Napoleonic coalition was formed, consisting of Russia, England, Prussia and Sweden.
Military operations were unfolding rapidly. On October 14, 1806, Napoleon defeated the Prussian army at Jena and Auerstedt, and French troops took Berlin. The war was moved to the territory of East Prussia. On November 21, 1806, in Berlin, Napoleon declared a continental blockade of England - a ban on all countries subject to France from conducting trade and maintaining diplomatic relations with the British Isles.
However, Napoleon failed to achieve the same lightning-fast defeat of the Russian army. In the bloody battle that took place on January 26-27, 1807 at Preussisch-Eylau, Russian troops under the command of L.L. Bennigsen managed to repel the onslaught of the French army, but on June 2, 1807, at Friedland, the Russian army was defeated and was forced to retreat beyond the Niemen. French troops went directly to the borders of Russia. Emperor Alexander I was forced to bow to peace, which was signed in the city of Tilsit.
TILZI WORLD
The Russian-French negotiations took place in several stages. On June 21, 1807, an armistice was signed, ratified by Alexander on June 23. June 25 (July 7) 1807 on the river. The famous rendezvous of the emperors took place on a raft on the Neman, the purpose of which was to sign a peace treaty. The position of Alexander I was as follows: the refusal of Russia from the alliance with Great Britain and the recognition of the changes that took place in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Russian emperor sought Napoleon's non-interference in Russian-Ottoman relations and the preservation of the territorial integrity of Prussia, headed by Frederick William III. Napoleon's goal was to achieve the establishment of allied relations with Russia, which were necessary for the French emperor to complete his conquests in the Iberian Peninsula and to successfully fight Great Britain.
As a result of tense negotiations in Tilsit, two documents were signed: a peace treaty and a secret union treaty. Under the terms of the peace treaty, Russia agreed to the seizure of lands on the left bank of the Elbe from Prussia. From the Polish territories belonging to Prussia, the Duchy of Warsaw was formed under the protectorate of Napoleon. The city of Danzig (Gdansk) became a free city, and the Bialystok district was transferred to Russia. France assumed mediation in the settlement of Russian-Ottoman relations. Union treaty provided for joint actions of powers against any hostile third power. Russia assumed the role of mediator in the settlement of Franco-British relations, and in case of Britain's refusal to conclude peace, the obligation to break off all relations with it and to join the continental blockade by the end of 1807.
The Russian public reacted negatively to the signing of the Tilsit agreements, and Alexander's policies were sharply criticized in aristocratic, diplomatic and military circles. Russian diplomacy failed to defend its positions to the end. In Tilsit, Alexander had to cede to Napoleon those lands that he had already conquered. However, each of the parties could interpret their future obligations to each other broadly enough, which allowed the Russian government preserve the possibility of diplomatic maneuver and made the resumption of the struggle a reality.
ERFURT DATE
The agreement reached in the city of Tilsit did not remove all the acuteness of the contradictions between the two countries. France used the alliance with Russia to expand its expansion in Europe. However, at that time, Napoleon was haunted by political setbacks closely associated with the struggle of Spain against his rule. This struggle has awakened in others European nations awareness that Napoleonic aggression can be successfully resisted. Napoleon, on the other hand, concentrated all his forces and resources on keeping enslaved Europe in submission. In this regard, the need to demonstrate an alliance with Russia became more and more urgent for Napoleon.
On September 28, 1808, new negotiations between Napoleon and Alexander opened in Erfurt, which lasted until October 14. Wanting to impress Alexander, Napoleon invited numerous rulers to Erfurt, who recognized his suzerainty. Splendor and solemnity of events, brilliant parades imperial guard, numerous balls, theatrical performances of actors specially arrived from Paris were supposed to convince Europe of the strength of the union of the two emperors.
The Erfurt Convention confirmed the Treaty of Tilsit. France recognized the rights of Russia to Finland and the Danube principalities. Alexander I refused to actively participate in Napoleonic Wars against Austria and Great Britain. Napoleon, on the other hand, showed intransigence on the Polish and Prussian issues: he flatly refused to withdraw his troops from Prussia until the indemnity was paid in full, refused to take on the obligation not to contribute to the expansion of the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw. Thus, the Erfurt agreement was another political compromise that did not ease tensions in Russian-French relations.
After the signing of this treaty, Russia was forced to side with Napoleon in his war with Austria, which began in the spring of 1809. Although on the Russian side it was rather only a demonstration of military power than actual participation in hostilities, Napoleon, after his victory in 1810, handed over to Russia eastern part Galicia (Tarnopol district).
THE RUSSIAN STATE SHOULD BE THE ALLY OF THE FRENCH PEOPLE
Another thing happened in Erfurt significant event. Former minister Foreign Affairs of France Talleyrand (he left this post in 1807 - immediately after the conclusion of the Treaty of Tilsit), who was a consultant to Napoleon at the congress, offered Alexander I secret cooperation. He was motivated not only by material considerations. During this period Talleyrand understood more and more clearly the doom of Napoleon's policy. In Erfurt Talleyrand told the Russian emperor: “You must save Europe, and you will be able to do this only if you resist Napoleon. The French people are civilized, the French sovereign is uncivilized; the Russian sovereign is civilized, and the Russian people are uncivilized. Consequently, the Russian sovereign must be an ally of the French people. "
Talleyrand's correspondence was strictly conspiratorial and was transmitted to Petersburg through K.V. Nesselrode was then a member of the Russian embassy in Paris. "My cousin Henri", "my friend", "Ta", "Anna Ivanovna", "our bookseller", "handsome Leander", "legal adviser" - these are the names Talleyrand was named in the secret correspondence between Nesselrode and St. Petersburg. Talleyrand's messages were very valuable: he notified that the composition of the French army was worse than it was before, indicated the need for a quick end to the war with Ottoman Empire(contrary to the advice of Napoleon), outlined information about the immediate plans of the French emperor - an attack on Russia.
History
On June 14, 1807, Napoleon defeated Bennigsen's Russian army at Friedland. Alexander I, having received this news, ordered Lobanov-Rostovsky to go to the French camp for peace negotiations. General Calcreith also appeared to Napoleon on behalf of the Prussian king, but Napoleon strenuously emphasized that he was making peace with the Russian emperor. Napoleon at this time was on the banks of the Nemunas, in the town of Tilsite; the Russian army and the remnants of the Prussian were on the other side. Prince Lobanov conveyed to Napoleon the desire of Emperor Alexander to see him personally.
Medallion depicting hugging emperors
The next day, June 25, 1807, the two emperors met on a raft in the middle of the river, and talked face to face in a covered pavilion for about an hour. The next day they saw each other again in Tilsit; Alexander I attended the review of the French guard. Napoleon wanted not only peace, but also an alliance with Alexander and pointed out to him the Balkan Peninsula and Finland as a reward for helping France in her endeavors; but he did not agree to give Russia Constantinople. If Napoleon counted on an enchanting impression of his personality, then he soon had to admit his calculations were too optimistic: Alexander, with his affectionate smile, gentle speech, and amiable manner, was not at all as accommodating even in difficult circumstances as his new ally would have liked. "This is a real Byzantine" (fr. C'est un véritable grec du Bas-Empire ) - Napoleon said to his entourage.
However, at one point, Alexander I showed himself ready to make concessions - regarding the fate of Prussia: more than half of the Prussian possessions were taken by Napoleon from Frederick William III. The provinces on the left bank of the Elbe were given by Napoleon to his brother Jerome. Poland was restored - but not from all the former provinces, only a part of the Prussian called the Duchy of Warsaw. Russia received as compensation the Bialystok department, from which the Bialystok region was formed. Gdansk (Danzig) became a free city. All the monarchs previously installed by Napoleon were recognized by Russia and Prussia. As a sign of respect for the Russian emperor (fr. en considération de l'empereur de Russie ) Napoleon left to the Prussian king old Prussia, Brandenburg, Pomerania and Silesia. In case the French emperor wished to annex Hanover to his conquests, it was decided to reward Prussia with territory on the left bank of the Elbe.
The main clause of the Tilsit Treaty was not published then: Russia and France pledged to help each other in any offensive and defensive war, wherever it was required by the circumstances. This close alliance eliminated Napoleon's only strong rival on the continent; England remained isolated; both powers pledged by all means to compel the rest of Europe to comply with the continental system. On July 7, 1807, the treaty was signed by both emperors. The Tilsit world lifted Napoleon to the pinnacle of power, and put Emperor Alexander in a difficult situation. The feeling of resentment in metropolitan circles was great. "Tilsit! .. (at the sound of this offensive / Now the Ross will not turn pale)", Alexander Pushkin wrote 14 years later. The Patriotic War of 1812 was subsequently viewed precisely as an event that “blotted out” the Peace of Tilsit. In general, the significance of the Peace of Tilsit was very great: from 1807, Napoleon began to rule much more daringly in Europe than before.
Peace conditions
Imperial embrace on a raft. (Meeting in Tilsit). English caricature unknown thin 1800s
Literature
- Schilder, “Imp. Alexander I "(1900)
- Vandal, Alexandre I et Napoléon (Par., 1897)
Notes (edit)
Links
- The site of the city of Sovetsk (Tilsit) in which the "Tilsit Peace" was concluded
- Site of the history of the city, with a lot of information on Sovetsk
Categories:
- International treaties of the Russian Empire
- International treaties of France
- Napoleonic Wars treaties
- Russian-French relations
- Peace treaties of the 19th century
- 1807 year
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