The further fate of the amusing regiments of Peter 1. The reign of Princess Sophia

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Amusing shelves of Peter I

The history of the creation of the amusing regiments of Peter I

According to the information that has come down to us, in childhood, the future emperor of Russia, Peter the First, did not favor science, devoting all his time to childish amusements, which, however, have a military character. Remaining tsar, due to the circumstances, he was forced from the age of ten to live not in the Kremlin Palace, but in the villages near Moscow. This fact not only did not contribute to Peter's education, but also completely freed him from following court etiquette. Possessing such freedom of action, he himself was forced to seek entertainment and interests for himself. It was during this period, carried away by military affairs, that Peter created the so-called "funny regiments".

It is worth noting that the very name of the regiments did not mean their playfulness or something similar. It stemmed from the fact that these very shelves were in amusing villages. In the middle of autumn 1683, the future emperor forms Preobrazhensky regiment which included eager people. At the same time, the sovereign himself was more a friend to these people than a boss who, along with everyone else, tried to master the difficult military science.

Having received permission from his mother and Golitsyn, Peter goes out with the regiment on small campaigns, practicing combat maneuvers. So, in 1685, a funny fortress was built on the Yauza, which was named Pressburg. In a word, Peter is trying to comprehend military affairs not following the old patterns, but mastering the order of regular soldier's service, which at that time could be observed in developed European states.

Naturally, all such fun required considerable funds for equipment, which were given to Peter the Great from Moscow orders. Regent Sophia did not see any danger in the shelves for her own policy. However, she was forced to admit she was wrong after just a few years, when the "fun of Mars" turned into a powerful military force.

The composition of the amusing regiments included not only courtyard servants, but also Peter's comrades belonging to the upper strata of society. Standing far from court etiquette, Peter the First could, without a twinge of conscience, mix commoners and noble people in one squad. Many of the common people entered his inner circle in the future. Thus, the character of Peter and his love for military affairs united democratic and aristocratic elements into one like-minded society.

Influence of amusing regiments on the personality and character of Peter I

A little later, the formation of the regiments in Petra awakened the desire of the future ruler to study. And although self-study greatly distracted Peter from military fun, it was able to expand the circle of his interests in a fairly short period. It should be noted that although the boy did not receive the necessary education, the situation prevailing in his mother's house was able to give him more than many noblemen received at that time. Even in these villages, Peter received knowledge from foreigners. For example, in the preface to the Maritime Regulations, the sovereign says that when Dolgoruky brought him an astrolabe from a trip to Europe and no one knew how to handle this object, the boy was quickly found knowledgeable person, which became the Dutchman Franz Timmerman. He was not only able to explain to Peter the principle of the astrolabe, but also recommended that the boy study fortification and geometry for a better understanding of it.

In the same period, Peter finds an old English bot in Izmailovo, which had been lying in a barn for a long time. The Dutchman told him that this bot can not only walk against the wind, but also maneuver, which at that time Russian ships were not able to. This prompted Peter to find another teacher - Karsten-Brant from the German Quarter, who began to teach him how to sail. At the very beginning, training took place on the Yauza, and then on the pond in Izmailovo.

The value of amusing regiments in the history of the Russian state

In 1692, all Peter's amusing regiments were transferred to the general third Moscow elective regiment (the first was the Lefortovo regiment, and the second was called the Butyrsky regiment), which was commanded by A. Golovin during this period.

In addition to ordinary and familiar military exercises, the amusing troops of Peter the Great quite often, along with a few regular regiments, often carried out military maneuvers in the vicinity of Moscow. According to contemporaries, such training operations sometimes lasted more than a month. As a rule, the amusing troops acted against the troops that were formed from the militia, which was the standard equipment of that time in Russia.

In 1693, as well as in 1694, Peter, together with the Preobrazhentsy, under the command of Prince-Caesar F. Yu. Romodanovsky, carried out two military sea ​​voyages to Arkhangelsk. It is worth noting that if it were not for such military fun of Peter, then the development of Russia might have gone along a different route. After all, such studies not only gave the future emperor knowledge, but were also able to ensure the acquisition of legal power when the sister-regent Sophia opposed him.

Video lecture: amusing shelves of Peter I

The army troops arose from the so-called Petrov regiment, which was formed by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, from "small robots", for the amusement of Tsarevich Peter.

In 1682, the Moscow Kremlin Palace had a special amusing area. And in the spring of 1683, 11-year-old Peter - physically developed beyond his years - transferred military training in the field, and from that time the former game of soldiers turned into real military-practical training. At the end of this year, adults began to register among the "amusing" ones. The first on November 30, 1683, was the court groom S. Bukhvostov. He is considered the first soldier.

In 1684, in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow, the amusing town "Pressburg" was erected, and Peter himself worked on its construction; then funny troops stormed this fortress and maneuvered on two sides. In 1691, the amusing troops, the troops received the correct organization and were divided into two regiments, Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky, outfitted according to the Western European model.

Soldiers of amusing regiments
play funny games.
Fly from iron horseshoes
funny colored sparks.

Funny boat board
and cups with funny mash.
And waves bravely Lefort
with my amusing sword.

Grind, drum - and add
will not subside in the ears of the autocrat
all the old music - cut it! -
sweat the sovereign's heart.

As long as at the turn of the century
no split milestones are hammered in,
soldiers of amusing regiments
dashing indulge in fun.

The amusing cannons are firing.
And, as it is in Russia, -
no one has ever guessed
how it will all turn out to her.

Various military training exercises, under the guidance of foreigners, concluded with the Kozhukhov campaign. Already in these years, the system of views of Peter I on the issues of military education began to take shape. "Amusing" did not need Peter as fun. A special goal was pursued by Peter - the training of future soldiers and military leaders, for whom "the service would not be a heavy meatless burden", but, on the contrary, "a lapidary workshop in which they would become a crystal of amazing brilliance."

Taking into account his own experience, Peter and his associates developed the first military vocational guidance program for young men in the history of Russia.

The military vocational guidance program for young men included:

Development physical strength and dexterity of children 9-12 years old through outdoor games and gymnastic exercises; no particular importance was attached to the military system;
- the development of courage and enterprise in children by introducing a certain amount of danger and risk into games. For this, they used climbing on cliffs, ravines, crossings on unsteady bridges, logs, and playing robbers. During this game, the "amusing" will imperceptibly comprehend the guard service, intelligence, experience will reach the consciousness that "reason and art are more victorious than the multitude";
- learning to use weapons, not only rifle techniques, but also the ability to shoot and stab. Tsar Tsar Peter from the age of 12 already fired from a cannon;
- acquaintance with "amusing" military equipment and teaching to use it;
- developing discipline, a sense of honor and camaraderie;
- cognition of the fatherland and clarification of its historical tasks by acquainting the "funny" ones with the brightest and darkest pages of our history, as well as with the forces and aspirations of the most dangerous neighbors;
- development of love for the sovereign and fatherland;
- instilling "amusing" love for the army.

The amusing troops of Peter 1 became the backbone of the Russian imperial army. They were created at a time when Russia was fighting for access to the sea, and therefore the country especially needed regular regiments organized in a new, European manner. The first emperor considered this task one of his main goals in the reforming policy, especially since it was in those years that the war with Sweden began, which continued almost all of his reign.

General characteristics of the era

The amusing troops of Peter 1 should be seen as part of the new tsar's military reform, although they arose at a time when the future emperor was still very young. At the end of the 17th century, there was a clear trend towards reform. Russian army... Even previous rulers strove to reorganize it on the basis of new achievements, in accordance with Western European standards. This was all the more necessary since the inevitability of our country's struggle for access to the sea became obvious. This required new regiments and well-trained soldiers.

The old local system of manning the army, when every nobleman, landowner brought servants and military servants with him to the service, was gradually becoming obsolete. That is why the amusing troops, created with the participation of European specialists, became the basis of the new army.

Creation

It is a well-known fact that the first emperor made extensive use of the experience of foreign engineers, military specialists and builders. While still very young, he began to visit the German settlement, where he met and made friends with people who were later destined to become his main assistants in the implementation of reforms and the conduct of hostilities. From childhood, the king showed interest in war games, studies and exercises. He took up the organization of improvised regiments, structures and battles.

The war games of the amusing troops of Peter 1 had serious consequences: after all, it was in this way that the ruler became seriously interested in military organization and the art of fighting. He himself in practice learned to take improvised fortresses and other objects. Subsequently, this largely determined the victory of Russian weapons during the war with Sweden. Then the emperor himself directed the operations, guided by the experience gained in the course of his childhood games.

Role of foreigners

The amusing troops of Peter 1 were created with the personal participation of the tsar, who, when organizing them, relied on the experience of his new acquaintances from a well-known settlement. First of all, here should be called a name who became a personal friend of the king and instilled in him a love for the navy and army. It was educated and clever man, who had an undoubted influence on the young ruler. The latter, in turn, used his advice when he seriously thought about the professional organization of his regiments.

The war games of the amusing troops of Peter 1 led to the fact that these units, created from courtyard children and untrained boys, began to take part in serious battles with European armies and win victories. P. Gordon, an associate of the tsar and a supporter of his reforms, played an important role in their organization. He had extensive military experience and helped transform the regiments into permanent regular military and highly combat-ready units. Gordon was not only a practitioner but also a theorist. With extensive knowledge of military affairs, he was an excellent organizer, and the soldiers he trained were considered the best fighters.

Menshikov

The amusing troops of Peter 1, the story of which is the subject of this review, arose with the direct participation of Alexander Danilovich, the closest assistant and ally of the tsar in all his affairs and undertakings. He took Active participation in the formation of troops, he himself served there in the rank of bombardier. Subsequently, this experience helped him become largest military leader Peter's reign.

Education

The amusing troops of Peter 1 played an important role in the creation of the regular army. Short story about them includes some basic, most significant facts in their organization and training. Even in his childhood, the young tsar, who was not physically developed by age, began to arrange impromptu war games. When he was only eleven years old, he began to organize these classes in the field, as a result of which the usual children's fun developed into real practical training. A small town was erected in the Preobrazhenskoye Selo, which served as an object of maneuvers and, finally, an assault. It is known that the king himself took an active part in its construction.

Registration and training

In 1691, the amusing troops received the correct organization and were divided into two and Semenovsky. The very next year they were included in the Moscow regiment and thus became a full-fledged part of the Russian army. Two years later, famous training exercises were carried out south of the capital. A wooden fortress was built there, which was defended by archers and nobles. New troops were supposed to cross the river and take this structure by storm. At first it was assumed that the event would be of a training nature, but both sides were so carried away that the amusing actions turned into a real battle, in which there were many wounded and even one killed.

Features of maneuvers

In the course of this exercise, the Tsar's soldiers carried out an assault in accordance with all the rules of the art of war: they dug tunnels and trenches, took earthen ramparts, crossed the river, and blew up fortifications. The soldiers coped with the task so quickly that Peter 1 took them back and ordered to take the fortress again. It should be noted that it was very well fortified and defended, and therefore its capture was considered an important success for the new regiments. The ruler was preparing for war, and therefore the maneuvers were conducted under the leadership of Gordon, the military teacher of the future emperor.

Meaning

Information about the amusing troops of Peter 1 preserved the manuscripts of the first half of the 18th century by the author P. Krekshin. The organization and training of soldiers in a new way made a great impression on contemporaries. Never before had anything like this happened in the royal court. The success of the improvised was so obvious that both regiments began to take part in all the main military campaigns of Peter Alekseevich.

The purpose of the lesson: Acquaintance of students with the history of the creation of a regular army in Russia.

Audience: from 3rd to 11th grades.

Equipment:

• Personal Computer
• Multimedia projector
• Screen

Lesson structure:

1. Organizational moment (acquaintance with the audience, announcement of the topic of the lesson, familiarization with the rules of the control quiz)
2. View informative presentation "Amusing shelves of Peter the Great"
3. Conducting a quiz to test the acquired knowledge.
4. Winner's reward ceremony

Hello guys!

Today we will talk about the "amusing" shelves of Peter the Great. I understand that the word amusing evokes associations with children's games, but Petrusha was only 11 years old then. From an early age, Pyotr Alekseevich was distinguished by his growth, physical strength, dexterity and intelligence. How tired he was of these endless receptions, lavish festivities and ceremonies taken at court.

It is not surprising that the boy ran away from the stuffy royal chambers into the courtyard, where a band of boys were already waiting for him.

Here he felt free and ruled not by the right of the royal heir, but thanks to his qualities of a born leader. The company he picked up, frankly, a mismatched one.

There were not only the sons of boyars and princes, but also ordinary people: sleeping bags, stewards, falconers, grooms, etc. Strength, dexterity, intelligence, the ability to make friends - this is what Petrusha valued much more than a noble birth. When he grew up and became a king, among his entourage one could see the simplest people ... but more on that later. What are the boys having fun with, well, of course, playing "war", but our Petrusha's toys were different. Yes, at first the war games were held on a “funny” site opposite the Kremlin Palace. The number of "amusing" troops did not exceed 50 boys, the guns were wooden, the guns were toy, broadswords were not sharpened, and only the rifle uniform, sewn according to childish standards, was real. But this did not last long. By order of the heir, real muskets, fuzees, squeaks, cannonballs, bullets and gunpowder were delivered from the armory. The guys begin to learn target shooting. The number of "funny" is growing rapidly, so Peter transfers the war games to the Moscow region (the village of Vorobyovo and Preobrazhenskoe). To tell the truth, his move with his mother Natalia Kirillovna to the suburbs of Moscow was by no means voluntary. After the Streltsy revolt, where the power was taken by Peter's sister, Princess Sophia, the disgraced queen was exiled with her son to the village of Vorobyovo. The bloody scenes of riot took place before the boy's eyes.

Relatives and friends of his mother were chopped off with sabers, lifted to lances and burned with a red-hot iron, all this left its imprint on the personality of the future king. The young heir to the Russian throne was well aware that the monarch's power rests on the bayonets of his soldiers.

Whether you are at least three times the heir to the throne, but without the support of the army you will not sit on the throne, and with redoubled zeal he begins to create his own army, but not any, but the best! Peter's landmark to the west was also no coincidence. Prince Yakov Lukich Dolgoruky, who was leaving for France as an envoy, came to Preobrazhenskoye to bow to the young tsar.

Peter proudly showed his army to Yakov Lukich, but complained about the difficulty of determining the distances during artillery fire. Dolgoruky said that he had a German instrument (astrolabe) with which you can find out the distance to the target without leaving the place, but only it was stolen. The king became very interested in the curiosity and ordered the prince to buy it abroad. Having received the desired device, Petrusha faced another problem - HE DIDN'T KNOW HOW TO USE IT! WHO WILL TEACH? The Russian military were not familiar with this instrument, and only the Dutchman Franz Timmermanis of the “German” settlement was able to teach the tsar how to use it. From this moment, Peter begins to study mathematics, geometry and fortification. The lack of military specialists forced the tsar to look for them among foreigners. I didn't have to go far. Indeed, in Moscow, all foreigners who came to serve at the Russian court settled in the “German” settlement. There he met Fyodor Sommer (specialist in subversive business), Patrick Gordon (military engineer and artilleryman), Franz Lefort (professional warrior, mercenary), Karsten Brandt (ship carpenter), ... and many others. Now real professionals were engaged in training of Peter and his soldiers. The army was built according to the Western European model (like Louis XIV). "Amusing" were taught how to handle the most modern types of weapons (fuzei, cannons, grenades).

The use of guns demanded considerable physical strength from the artillerymen, so adults began to be recorded as “amusing” ones. One of the first to sign up was the court groom, Sergei Leontyevich Bukhvostov. It was he who first put on a European-style soldier's uniform and became “the first Russian soldier”.

In 1684, in the village of Preobrazhenskoye, near Moscow, on the banks of the Yauza River, the “amusing” earthen town “Preshburg” (named after the Austrian fortress “Pressburg”, now Bratislava) was being built, Peter himself worked on its construction (participated in the design of fortifications, drove land, installed tools). Under the command of foreign officers, the troops maneuvered on two sides, stormed the fortifications from land and water.

Already in 1691, the "amusing" troops received the correct organization and were divided into two regiments, Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky, receiving uniforms according to the Western European model.

What does it mean?

The Preobrazhentsev and the Semyonovites were divided into companies, they had their own banners, sergeants and a unified uniform. Dark green for the former, and blue for the latter.

The final exam of the newly minted army was "Kozhukhov maneuvers" (September 27 (October 7) - October 17 (October 27) 1694) - in fact, these were the first major military maneuvers in the history of Russia!

The attacking side was the regiments of the “new order” and the local cavalry (about 9 thousand people in total), the defending side was mainly the rifle regiments (about 7.5 thousand people).

EVERYTHING WAS AN ADULT!

The “funny” Kozhukhov maneuvers near Moscow almost turned into a tragedy for Lefort: a firepot filled with four pounds of gunpowder hit him in the shoulder, which burned his neck and face. But the general still managed to hoist his banner on the ruins of the “enemy's” fortification.

The campaign showed the advantage of the regiments of the "new system" and revealed the need for military reforms in the Russian state. His experience was used in the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696.

That's just until the moment when the regiments received their high rank of Guards was still far away. For the first time, the Transfiguration and Semenovites "smelled gunpowder" during the Azov campaigns and earned the reputation of "good soldiers" from the tsar and his foreign advisers. However, in addition to the army, the state also needed a fleet: not only shipbuilders, but also naval officers. And it was also necessary to reorganize the artillery, create and train new regular regiments.

So the Transfiguration Semenovites from soldiers became students, and then teachers.

The most talented of them - sergeants and officers of the bombardment (artillery) company - travel with Peter to Europe to study sciences.

It is noteworthy that Peter himself comprehends the wisdom of carpentry, blacksmith, naval and military crafts on an equal basis with everyone else. There is no such case that Pyotr Alekseevich was not familiar with.

Talented shipbuilders, diplomats, gunners, engineers and officers emerge from among the Transfiguration and Semenovites ...

The Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments officially became guards on August 22, 1700, on the day of the defeat of the Russian army near Narva.

In this battle, the guards saved the remnants of the defeated Russian troops. As a token of gratitude, the officers were presented with silver bibs. In addition, the Transfiguration and Semenovites received red stockings as a sign that the guards stood "knee-deep in blood."

The defeat was hard, but Peter learned a lesson from it ...

The Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments took part in all the major battles of the Northern War:

The capture of Noteburg, the fortress of Nyenskans, Narva, Vyborg, Ivan city, Mitava, the battle at Lesnaya and the famous Battle of Poltava.

Peter the Great said, addressing the guards:

"Your brave deeds will never be forgotten by posterity."

Many talented and famous people served in the guards regiments ...

Semyonovtsi:

• Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov (Generalissimo)
• Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich (Marshal Soviet Union)
• Chaadaev Pyotr Yakovlevich (philosopher and publicist, friend of Pushkin)
• .. And many others

Transfiguration:

• Alexander Menshikov (Russian statesman and military leader, associate and favorite of Peter I)
• Ivan Buturlin (general-in-chief)
• Bukhvostov Sergei Leontievich (first Russian soldier)
• Ibrahim Petrovich Ganibal (military engineer, general-in-chief, great-grandfather of A.S. Pushkin).
• Mussorgsky Modest Petrovich (composer)
• .....and many others

After Civil War the guards regiments ceased to exist. And what about these days?