East London. London districts - east London

Conventionally, the boundaries of the East End can be defined as follows, the area is bounded by the wall of the City of London in the western part, the Thames on the south side, another river named Lee from the east and Victoria Park from the north.

A bit of history

Historically East End, occupying eastern part London was the complete opposite of the luxurious West End. This difference is beautifully and very accurately described in the works of Dickens and other writers of the period of the industrial revolution.

The area was an industrial zone, with beggarly slums where emigrants settled. Even the appearance of the subway at the end of the 19th century, which increased communication with the city center and its western and eastern parts, did not help the East End get rid of the name of the "working" area. However, since the 80s of the last century, the area began to attract a wealthy audience.

Once industrial buildings, as well as docks acquired at this time new life- they began to open pubs and restaurants, which soon became one of the most fashionable in London. The Docklands quarter was set aside for expensive apartments with excellent views of the Thames. And nearby the Canary Wharf business center has grown, where life does not stop around the clock.

East end today

Hoxton Street and Liverpool Street are by far the most culturally informed streets in the capital of England.

The east end of london

It is home to many artists and painters, as well as an impressive number of art galleries, museums, cafes and restaurants. However, a somewhat gloomy situation still persists. The East End is the East End.

The number of emigrants has not decreased at all. Literally a stone's throw from Canary Whorf, behind the Odeon cinema, there is the Indian quarter, once in which, you hardly know where you are - either in India, or else in England.

The East End also boasts markets that have gained fame throughout the UK. The market, located on Petticoat Lane, sells footwear and apparel. The quality, of course, is very different, but you can always find something suitable and at an affordable price. The market is open only on Sunday. Spightafields Market also sells clothes, but along with modern models, you can buy retro here. In addition, you can buy antiques and food here.

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East End of London

Wonderful architectural ensembles of Hampton Court and Greenwich Hospital, Westminster Palace, Chelsea Hospital and many other buildings adequately decorate the Thames, this the most important river England. However, the greatest fame was brought to her by the world-famous London docks and port, located in the eastern part of the city. Throughout the history of their development and every day of their busy life, they are associated with a huge area of London, the East End.

East end

Even a relatively cursory acquaintance with only the main sights of London requires a lot of effort and time. Monuments of antiquity, outstanding buildings and entire architectural ensembles, first-class works of art, superb parks, squares and sparkling, bustling central streets - everywhere there is a lot of amazing things that deserve close attention. However, as striking as the Tower and City, Westminster and West End are, all this is clearly not enough to say that the acquaintance with the huge capital of the British Isles has taken place. It is necessary to see with your own eyes another most important London district, where there are no ancient cathedrals and palaces that amaze the imagination, there is almost no greenery and magnificent squares, but there is a lot of other interesting and instructive things that give rich food for thought and allow you to see London from a different perspective. We are talking about the eastern part of the city, about the "eastern end" - the East End. Acquaintance with him will not only give new, different from the previously experienced impressions, but will also allow you to understand and evaluate in a completely different way what you see in the business City and the rich West End. In a word, without having been to the East End, you cannot yet assume that you have seen London.

The East End is an unusually large industrial and working area east of the City, sprung up around the docks and many of the businesses associated with them. Among the districts belonging to the East End proper, Poplar and Stepney stand out - the oldest industrial districts of London. It goes without saying that this does not mean that all or almost all industrial enterprises are concentrated only in the East End. There are quite a few of them in other parts of the city, and the people working at these enterprises are scattered over a vast territory. That is why there are two concepts, expressed by the same name East End - workers' districts in the dock area as a geographical concept and the whole of labor London from a social point of view.

The history of the East End is rooted in the distant past of London. The rapid industrial development of England in the 16th century turned London into the largest shopping center through which, primarily thanks to the Thames, went the sale of most of the goods produced in the country. All this required the creation of a huge merchant fleet. Under construction big number military ships both for the protection of merchant ships and for naval operations in the wars that were waged at this time. After the defeat of the "Invincible Armada" in 1588, England, having ousted its former rival Spain from the seas, further expanded the construction of the fleet. The first, dry dock, was established in 1599 at Rotherhit. A few years later, in 1612-1614, the docks of the East India Company appeared in Blackwall. Around them, on the north bank of the Thames, the working-class region of Poplar begins to grow. The intensive construction of docks during the industrial revolution led to the emergence of the Stepney area.

Transporting, loading and unloading goods, of course, required a huge number of hands. However, the docks themselves, as well as the numerous rope, weaving and other workshops associated with the construction and equipment of ships, needed an even greater number of workers. A huge number of artisans poured into London. These were peasants and rural artisans driven by fences from their lands, artisans from Flanders, France and other countries, persecuted for their religious beliefs and seeking refuge in Protestant, "tolerant" England. Historians have noted an almost catastrophic growth in the city's population. If in 1530 about fifty thousand people lived in London, and of them only thirty-five thousand were in the City, then by 1605 the capital already had about two hundred and twenty-five thousand inhabitants. Old city, of course, he could not contain all this human flow, and, in fact, he did not want to do it. The City jealously guarded its privileges, and numerous government decrees forbade settlements, at first, closer than two kilometers from the walls of the City, and then this distance was further increased.

Although the adopted laws were not always effective, nevertheless a huge number of people were placed in extremely difficult living conditions. Living in uncomfortable neighborhoods, they for the most part ended up in bondage with the owners, because according to the English laws of that time, the homeless and those who did not have a job faced punishment and prison or houses for the poor, little different from prison.

On the streets of the East End

So in the 16th century, not far from the City, mainly to the east of it, the East End begins to take shape, the name of which will become a household name for all laboring London.

Especially a lot of various industrial enterprises were built in the East End in the 18th century. And if the dockers settled near docks, piers and piers, then the workers employed at these enterprises, naturally, tried to find housing for themselves also near the place of work. Even now, two hundred years later, in the era high development technology, the transport problem for multimillion-dollar London with its unusually large territory is one of the most acute. And at that time, having a job for an ordinary worker meant living right there, not far from the place of work. That is why one of the earliest and most important features defining the face of today's East End is the alternation and constant combination of businesses and residential buildings in the same neighborhoods. It hardly needs comment on how sad this neighborhood is for East End residents.

For the most part, the East End is low-rise. Many kilometers of streets are built up with two-story brick houses, blackened with soot and burning, exactly the same houses. Their dull monotony in dozens of blocks cannot but depress. There are also many apartment buildings with damp courtyards-wells, open iron galleries, which serve not only as an entrance to apartments, but also as a usual place for drying clothes. Almost all of the East End neighborhoods are completely devoid of greenery, and this is in the city, which is famous for its huge and truly magnificent parks located in the center. The absence of gardens and squares further worsens the living conditions of the population of the East End, deprives them of rest and joy, makes these areas dreary, especially in the season of rains and fogs or on dry, hot summer days.

East end houses

Many emigrants have always settled in the East End. A characteristic feature of the entire region is the presence of many neighborhoods, almost entirely inhabited by immigrants from any one country. These quarters usually live in their own way, preserving the customs and mores, language and religion of their people. Only most often these colonies of emigrants live in even worse conditions, crowded and much poorer than other inhabitants of the East End.

There is a lot of talk and writing about the slums of the East End in England itself. But it should be noted that slum quarters, where the poor and low-paid workers and employees, are located not only in the East End, but also in many other areas of the city. When London was invaded in the 1830s and 1850s railways, their stations and depots were built in different parts cities, including the central regions. In the immediate vicinity of Bloomsbury with its British Museum, Euston Station was built in 1836-1849, King's Cross in 1851, St Pancras in 1868-1879, and in 1850 a train station appears just north of Hyde Park. Paddington. Just like the dockers and workers of the East End, railway workers and employees settled near their place of work and lived in the same as in the East End, uncomfortable houses, often in the depths of the "prosperous" neighborhoods, under the cover of their front facades. So slum quarters began to appear to the west of the City. One of the worst slum districts, St. Giles, described by Frederick Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England, was located in the heart of the West End, close to the respectable Oxford and Regent Streets. Interestingly, even a century earlier, the outstanding English artist William Hogarth had repeatedly chosen St. Giles as the setting for his accusatory engravings. Charles Dickens wrote about this area in Bleak House.

CITY
www.mycityoflondon.co.uk

There were many legends about the slums of the poor East End (the main, of course, the story of Jack the Ripper), but since the end of the 80s. "east" began to gain popularity among a wealthy and quite decent public. Fancy bars have opened in former unsightly power and heating plants. Hoxton Square has become one of the most fashionable, advanced, or "trendy" as the British say, there are ateliers of young designers and restaurants popular with London fashionistas. Brick Lane is also famous. This is, firstly, almost the very first street in the east of London, which was paved with stone. Second, Brick Lane is probably the most a large number of Indian and Pakistani restaurants at square meter: almost every second door is an entrance to a similar restaurant. In the morning you can walk around the famous Brick Lane Market, where, unlike the Portobello and Camden markets, there are few tourists, which in some cases is even pleasant. And at the intersection of Bishopsgate and Commercial Street is the Spitalfields Market. There you can buy retro clothes or, for example, a children's railway, depending on the interests of buyers. Art lovers should be interested in the Whitechapel Art Gallery, which displays works by contemporary artists.

Historically, this area is the antipode of the West End. Even in English textbooks it was customary to write, the West End is the center of the rich and entertainment, and the East End (located east of the City / the City) is industrial centre, a slum area for the poor, workers and immigrants. But since the 80s, the East End began to gain popularity among the wealthy public. In the former industrial buildings, docks appeared pubs and restaurants, which have become one of the most fashionable in London. In the Docklands area (you can get there by the Docklands Light Railway metro line), there are expensive apartments with access to the Thames, and next to the new financial center Canary Warf with offices of world companies located in skyscrapers. However, unlike another business center - City / the City, Canary Warf does not freeze overnight. Night life it is also active here as well as financial.

Hoxton and Liverpool are some of the most sophisticated streets in London. Artists and artists live here, there are art galleries, trendy cafes and restaurants. Although these places look pretty gloomy anyway.

Yes, despite all the changes the East End is the East End. A huge number of emigrants (legal and illegal) live here, sometimes in absolutely unacceptable conditions. It is also an area of contrasts. So next to the financial center Canary Warf is the Indian quarter (across the street behind the Odeon cinema), getting where, you hardly know what country you are in - India or still in England. Many immigrants from other countries have made the East End their home.

The East End markets are famous. For example, the Petticoat Lane Market (open Sunday) specializes in clothing and footwear. The quality is very different, but you can find interesting things and at inexpensive prices. At the Spitalfields Market you can buy clothes (retro and modern), antiques, food.

Traditionally, one who was born in the East End is called a cockney / cockney, although a more strict definition of a cockney is one who was born to the ringing of the bells of St. Mary-le-Bow in the City. Now Cockney is also called the accent spoken by the people of London. It is characterized by changing some sounds or discarding them, for example hi will sound like / i: /, head like /ed/. The peculiarities of the Cockney language are remarkably shown in the play "Pygmalion" by B. Shaw and the musical "My Fair Lady".

The East End also houses: Docklands Museum, National Museum National museum of Childhood (in the poorest part of London Bethnal Green), gallery of contemporary artists in Hoxton Square, Whitechapel Art Gallery.

There is an area in London called the West End. This is the brightest and most fashionable part of London, usually associated with cultural life. Its main part is located between Covent Garden and Leicester Square. It has the largest concentration of theaters and cinemas in the entire city.

I wondered why it was called that - "West End" - in fact, this is the very center of London. There is also the East End - unsightly working-class districts, where the famous Cockney dialect originated. Think of films like Lock, Stock, Two Barrels.

Generally London is a huge city. In terms of area, it is like one and a half of Moscow. The city is divided into 32 administrative districts (borough). The places described in tourist guides are almost all located in two administrative districts located on the north bank of the Thames - Westminster and City.

City is historical Center London. It was here in the first century AD that a Roman settlement called "Londinium" emerged, which later turned into a commercial, industrial and financial center. And the rulers decided to settle at a distance, in Westminster - around Westminster Abbey.

Therefore, Westminster is a district of palaces, parks and monuments - like this:

And the City - the area of banks and office buildings - is like this:

Once upon a time, factories and factories were located in the City. Since the wind rose in London is stretched to the east, east of the City - where the smoke flew - were the poorest areas - the East End (now the administrative districts of Tower Hamlets and Hackney). West of the City - that is, just halfway between the City and Westminster - was the West End. It was the other way around - it was a place where the rich used to have fun.

And so it remained - West End musicals, West End theaters, etc.

Our Wimbledon, by the way, is located in administrative region Merton. Look on the map in the southwestern part of the city.

Even a relatively cursory acquaintance with only the main sights of London requires a lot of effort and time. Monuments of antiquity, outstanding buildings and entire architectural ensembles, first-class works of art, superb parks, squares and sparkling, bustling central streets - everywhere there is a lot of amazing things that deserve close attention. However, as striking as the Tower and City, Westminster and West End are, all this is clearly not enough to say that the acquaintance with the huge capital of the British Isles has taken place. It is necessary to see with your own eyes another most important London district, where there are no ancient cathedrals and palaces that amaze the imagination, there is almost no greenery and magnificent squares, but there is a lot of other interesting and instructive things that give rich food for thought and allow you to see London from a different perspective. We are talking about the eastern part of the city, about the “eastern end” - the East End. Acquaintance with him will not only give new, different from the previously experienced impressions, but will also allow you to understand and evaluate in a completely different way what you see in the business City and the rich West End. In a word, without having been to the East End, you cannot yet assume that you have seen London.

The history of the East End is rooted in the distant past of London. The rapid industrial development of England in the 16th century turned London into a major trading center, through which, primarily thanks to the Thames, most of the goods produced in the country were marketed. All this required the creation of a huge merchant fleet. A large number of warships were built both to protect merchant ships and for naval operations in the wars that were waged at that time. After the defeat of the "Invincible Armada" in 1588, England ousted its former rival Spain from the seas and further expanded the construction of the fleet. The first, dry dock was established in 1599 at Rotherhit. A few years later, in 1612-1614, the docks of the East India Company appeared in Blackwall. Around them, on the north bank of the Thames, the working-class region of Poplar begins to grow. The intensive construction of docks during the industrial revolution led to the emergence of the Stepney area.

Transporting, loading and unloading goods, of course, required a huge number of hands. However, the docks themselves, as well as numerous cable, weaving and other workshops associated with the construction and equipment of ships, needed an even greater number of workers. A huge number of artisans poured into London. These were peasants and rural artisans driven by fences from their lands, artisans from Flanders, France and other countries, persecuted for their religious beliefs and seeking refuge in Protestant, "tolerant" England. Historians have noted an almost catastrophic growth in the city's population. If in 1530 about fifty thousand people lived in London, and of them only thirty-five thousand were in the City, then by 1605 the capital already had about two hundred and twenty-five thousand inhabitants. The old city, of course, could not accommodate all this human flow, and, in fact, did not want to do this. The City jealously guarded its privileges, and numerous government decrees forbade settlements, at first, closer than two kilometers from the walls of the City, and then this distance was further increased. Although the adopted laws were not always effective, nevertheless a huge number of people were placed in extremely difficult living conditions. Living in uncomfortable neighborhoods, they for the most part ended up in bondage with the owners, because according to the English laws of that time, the homeless and those who did not have a job faced punishment and prison or houses for the poor, little different from prison.

On the streets of the East End

So in the 16th century, not far from the City, mainly to the east of it, the East End begins to take shape, the name of which will become a household name for all laboring London.

Especially a lot of various industrial enterprises were built in the East End in the 18th century. And if the dockers settled near docks, piers and piers, then the workers employed at these enterprises, naturally, tried to find housing for themselves also near the place of work. Even now, two hundred years later, in an era of high technology development, the transport problem for multimillion-dollar London with its unusually large territory is one of the most acute. And at that time, having a job for an ordinary worker meant living right there, not far from the place of work. That is why one of the earliest and most important features defining the face of today's East End is the alternation and constant combination of businesses and residential buildings in the same neighborhoods. It hardly needs comment on how sad such a neighborhood is for the residents of the East End.

East end houses

There is a lot of talk and writing about the slums of the East End in England itself. But it should be noted that slum quarters, where the poor and low-paid workers and employees, are located not only in the East End, but also in many other areas of the city. When railways invaded London in the 1830s and 1850s, railway stations and depots were built in different parts of the city, including the downtown areas. In the immediate vicinity of Bloomsbury with its British Museum, Euston Station was built in 1836-1849, King's Cross in 1851, St Pancras in 1868-1879, and in 1850 a train station appears just north of Hyde Park. Paddington. Just like the dockers and workers of the East End, railway workers and employees settled near their place of work and lived in the same as in the East End, uncomfortable houses, often in the depths of the "prosperous" neighborhoods, under the cover of their front facades. So slum quarters began to appear to the west of the City. One of the worst slum areas, St. Giles, described by Frederick Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England, was located in the heart of the West End, close to the respectable Oxford and Regent Streets. Interestingly, even a century earlier, the outstanding English artist William Hogarth had repeatedly chosen St. Giles as the setting for his accusatory engravings. Charles Dickens wrote about the same area in Bleak House.

New construction in the East End

Numerous appearances in the press by the progressive intelligentsia, reports of commissions, protests by various organizations and by the inhabitants themselves drew attention in the middle of the 19th century to the situation in the slums of the East End and other quarters.

The first timid attempts to improve the living conditions of the London workers were of a purely philanthropic nature. Private funds at St. Pancras' in 1840-1850, and then at Bethnal Green, were built numerous brick houses for the workers, with characteristic open galleries encircling each floor on the courtyard side, to which external iron stairs led. There are many such buildings still preserved in modern London. Instantly overpopulated, they turned into even worse slums, damp and dark. Philanthropic improvements of the kind have emerged, such as the Columbia Market, a market in the Bethnal Green area. This is a brick building in the neo-Gothic spirit, with lancet windows, turrets, adorned with moral inscriptions like: "be sober", "tell the truth", etc. In the same 1840s for the poor population of the East End in its northern part Victoria Park was laid out, which is still the only large patch of greenery in the huge East End. In 1875, a branch of the Victoria and Albert Museum was opened near the park, the so-called Bethnal Green Museum, in which most of the exhibition is devoted to artistic crafts, including local production. It should be borne in mind that during this period, the advanced intelligentsia had high hopes that the training of artistic crafts and their revival would be able to return the joy of work to the workers. All these fine-minded philanthropic endeavors were, of course, powerless to improve the situation of the East End residents and significantly change their living conditions.

Church on the street Burdette Road in Stepney

Other measures taken in the mid-19th century to rehabilitate slum areas include the cutting of new streets. Characteristically, these measures, however, primarily affected not the East End, but neglected, slum areas in West London. Shaftesbury Avenue and Charing Cross Road passed through St. Giles. Victoria Street was paved a stone's throw from the parliament building and the abbey.

As far as the East End is concerned, the clearance here proceeded and continues to proceed at an unusually slow pace. Since the 1890s, the City of London has been building apartment buildings, but the pace of work was very slow, especially before the Second World War. This activity expanded somewhat in post-war time... The construction carried out by the municipality is widely advertised. For example, Lansbury in Poplar County was featured in the 1951 Festival of Britain National Exhibition. Tall fifteen-storey buildings are combined here with six-storey and small two-storey houses with the usual arrangement of apartments on two levels for the British.

But such demonstration plots in the East End are rare and, in addition, as the British themselves say, they are often more successful in the stage of architectural models than in nature. In practice, however, building is often carried out chaotically, without due regard to the nature of the terrain and the existing environment. Over the past decade, several interesting in their own way have appeared in the East End. architectural solution buildings. One of them is the church on Burdett Road in Stepney, which is a brick blank cube with a peculiar dome shaped like a crystal, the upper edges of which are the roof, and the side ones are glass, providing the main illumination of the interior. There is also a timber yard on Parnell Road in Poplar County (1961). Lined with wood, it is especially noteworthy for its wooden floors, in the form of several hyperbolic paraboloids. In other words, the building has a series of square-shaped ceilings following one another, the two corners of which are diagonally raised upward, and the space formed under them is glazed. Thus, the solution to the problem of overhead lighting required for a warehouse received a certain artistic expression here.

Of course, there are good shops on the main streets of the East End, and there are dozens of cinemas. The art exhibitions hosted by the Whitechapel Gallery attract the attention of all of London. New and interesting searches in the field of theater were born in the East End: the Unity theater group is an example of this. However, for such a huge area, which is occupied by the laboring East End with its multimillion population, all this is infinitely small, one might say, a drop in the ocean, in comparison with what has several times smaller West End.

In the east end no architectural structures there are no large museums that can amaze with their antiquity or purity of style, which contain artistic values - the pride and true treasure of the laboring East End, and at the same time the whole city, these are world-famous docks and port. The docks of the port of London stretch along the Thames for many kilometers literally from the borders of the City and almost to the mouth of the river. Their total length reaches 60 kilometers. This port is, in fact, unique. It is accessible to ships with a large draft, thanks to a complex system of docks and locks, which maintain the required water level during the hours when the Thames is shallow during the low tide. General water surface of these docks - 250 hectares. No ships are being built in London's port on the Thames. There are only ship repair docks here. The main purpose of all these numerous docks is to unload goods. Everywhere there is a colossal jumble of warehouses. On the Thames itself there are many cranes, a large number of berths, and a significant number of arriving ships are unloaded by special lighter barges. Reminiscent of some fantastically complex labyrinth, the docks pass almost half of all the country's imports. This is one of the largest ports in the world.

Thames at Tower Bridge

From the first humble docks late XVI - early XVII century not a trace remains. The oldest docks of the present port of London are the West Indies, opened in 1802. The newest and most remote from the city are the docks in Tilbury, designed for the unloading of large ocean-going ships and passenger liners. Closest to Tower Bridge are the docks of St. Catherine. Built in 1820-1828 by engineer Telford, they are considered one of the finest examples of English industrial architecture. early XIX century. These docks are not large, only small docks enter them. sea vessels... But the largest berths of the port of London, belonging to the docks of Queen Victoria and Albert, built in the second half of the 19th century, with the berths of the docks of King George V attached to them in 1921, are about 20 kilometers.

Mountains of grain and meat carcasses, bales of wool and giant stacks of logs and planks, overseas fruits and spices - what can you not see in the warehouses and docks of the London port, which Londoners are happy to show visitors to their city as a tourist attraction.

In the London docks

The East End and all laboring London are glorious for their revolutionary traditions. Its history is closely related to the international labor movement. Karl Marx lived and worked in London for many years, many leaders of the Russian revolutionary democracy found refuge for themselves, VI Lenin came and worked here more than once. There are especially many memorial sites that speak of this in the northern working-class districts of London.

On Judd Street, near Brunswick Square, in a block adjacent to Bloomsbury, there was the famous Free Russian Printing House, founded by A. I. Herzen in 1853. Through the publications of this printing house, Herzen wanted to "speak loudly from Europe to Russia", to expose serfdom and tyranny, and to propagate socialist ideas. In 1855, A. I. Herzen published the first book of the collection "Polar Star", which was then published in London almost every year until 1862. Here, in 1857, Kolokol began to be published for the first time, which gained immense fame and great influence among the Russian intelligentsia. "The Bell" appeared once, and then, since 1865, twice a month. Most of the copies were shipped to Russia, but one could also buy it in London from the bookseller Trubner, on Paternoster Row near St. Paul. (Paternoster Row, the well-known center of the book trade in old London, virtually ceased to exist as a result of the destruction inflicted on the area by World War II.) In addition, the Bell was sold at the Thorzewski bookstore on Rupert Street, near Trafalgar Square.

Here, in London, the first edition of the Communist Manifesto was published, which proclaimed the great international slogan "Workers of all countries, unite!" The founding manifesto of the First International and almost all of its most important documents were written by K. Marx. The General Council of the International was also in London from 1864 to 1872.

Karl Marx spent more than thirty years of his life in London. Three houses have survived to this day, in which he lived in different years. At 4 Anderson Street, Marks settled with his family when he arrived in London in 1849. Here he did not live long. For the Marx family, this was a period of particularly severe material hardship. Having no money to pay for the premises, the family was forced to leave the apartment. Since 1850, Karl Marx lived on Dean Street, in the Soho area, at N2 28 according to the current numbering. In this house he wrote The Eighteenth Brumaire, articles in the New York Daily Tribune, preparatory work for Capital. In August 1967, a memorial plaque was erected here by the Greater London Council.

Lawrence Bradshaw. Monument at the grave of Karl Marx

In 1856, the Marx family moved to a small house on Grafton Terrace, in Kentish Town, a relatively rural northern part of London at the time. In any case, it was not far from Grafton Terraces to Hamstead Heath, a magnificent park that Karl Marx loved to visit while still living on Dean Street in Soho. Hamstead Heath has long been and remains at the present time a truly people's park in London. Hundreds of ordinary Londoners, true "cockney", gather here on holidays. This is a traditional place for merry folk festivities, with a fair, carousels, and various spectacles that are held here during the days of the so-called bank holidays - "bank holidays". Not far from Grafton Terraces, on Maitland Park Road, there was another house associated with the name of Marx, the only one where a memorial plaque was installed in the past. This is the building where Karl Marx lived last years his life and where he died, was destroyed by a fascist bomb during the Second World War.

Karl Marx's ashes rest in the nearby Highgate Cemetery. On March 14, 1956, a grand opening of the monument, created with the funds of workers of all countries, took place here. The bronze bust of Karl Marx (sculptor Laurence Bradshaw) is raised on a high rectangular pedestal of light gray Cornish granite. In the center of the pedestal is a memorial plate, which was originally installed on the grave of K. Marx by Engels. Above it there is an inscription in English: "Workers of all countries, unite!" Below the memorial plaque, the words of Karl Marx are carved in stone: "Philosophers only explained the world in different ways, but the point is to change it."

The name of Karl Marx is a working library located on the northern borders of the City, on Clerkenwell Green Street, in the Smithfield quarter, which has long gone down in London history. It was here in 1381 that the leader of the rebellious English peasantry, Wat Tyler, was treacherously killed by the Lord Mayor of London.

The modest two-story building of the library, opened in 1933, on the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Karl Marx, now stores over ten thousand books, newspapers, magazines, documents related to the history of the British and international labor movement. Iskra occupies an especially honorable place among the collections of newspapers. This is all the more significant because in one of the rooms of this building, which was later acquired by the British workers for the organization of the "Marx Memorial Library", VI Lenin edited materials for the newspaper "Iskra". A memorial plaque was installed here with the inscription: "Lenin, the founder of the first socialist state of the USSR, edited Iskra in this room in 1902-1903." Above the memorial plaque is the first issue of Iskra, and next to it is the well-known portrait of V. I. Lenin in his Kremlin office with the number of Pravda in his hands. Iskra was published in the same house, in the printing house in which the English socialist Harry Quelch published the weekly newspaper Unity.

In London, there are many places associated with the memory of V.I. Lenin.

The reading room of the British Museum Library. NK Krupskaya wrote in her memoirs that Vladimir Ilyich spent half of the time in the British Museum when they lived in London in 1902-1903. In May 1908, Lenin worked in the same room on materials for his work Materialism and Empirio-Criticism.

Library named after Karl Marx

The streets of London themselves. Vladimir Ilyich loved to travel along them on the imperial of London double-decker buses or on foot, studying the life of the city with its contradictions, finding in it, as Nadezhda Konstantinovna writes, “two nations”.

In 1903, Lenin directed the final part of the Second Congress of the RSDLP, which was transferred to London from Brussels. In 1905, the III Congress of the RSDLP took place in London, and in 1907 - the V Congress of the RSDLP. It took place in the northern quarters of London, in Islington, in the premises of the Church of the Brotherhood.