Causes of the collapse of the Tamerlane Power. §25

Question to I clause 1. When was the golden horde formed? When did she become an independent state?

What nations were part of the Golden Horde? How did the main part of the inhabitants of this state called?

The golden horde is the Russian name, the inhabitants themselves called her Ulus Juchi. The uluses (or great states) were initially the components of the Empire of Genghis Khan. The future gold horde is formed before the conquest of the ancient Russian state for the eldest son of Genghis Khan named Juchi and also his descendants. In fact, an independent state became under Batu-Khan (Battered), and the formal independence was his younger brother Mengu Timur, joining the throne in 1266.

The population of the Golden Horde was called Tatars, but actually included Turkic (Kipchak, Volga Bulgars, Khorezmians, Bashkira, etc.), Slavic, Finno-Ugors (Mordva, Cheremis, Wheels, etc.) and North Caucasian (Yaasy, Alans, Cherkasy and Dr.) Peoples.

Question to I clause 2. Who at this time was the Grand Duke Moscow?

On the Moscow throne, at that time was Vasily I Dmitrievich.

Question to paragraph number 1. What do you think, why did the power of Tamerlan singled out?

Timur's power broke out for the same reasons as Old Russian states And many other medieval powers. The great conqueror distributed the land to his sons and grandchildren. At the same time, many of these lands before the conquest were independent, therefore it did not affect the center and could again separate. Despite the fact that Timur left the throne only one of the descendants, the rest had resources for the struggle for the inheritance or part of it.

Question to paragraph number 2. What nations were part of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian Hangey?

Residents of all these Khunts were called Tatars. But the Volga Bulgars lived in Kazan (it was actually formed in the territory of their ancient kaganata), Cheremsa (Udmurts) and Moriians, in Siberian - Bashkirs and others. Peoples, in Astrakhansky - Kipchak (Polovtsy).

Question to paragraph number 3. Describe the occupations of the population of states - the heirs of the Golden Horde. What religions professed the inhabitants of these states?

There were many nomadic cattle breeders in Astrakhan and Kazan Khanate. But at the expense of the trading path along the Volga, traders and artisans also flourished. In the Siberian Khanate, the rules of Tatars continued to engage in nomadic cattle breeding, and subject to tribute to them) mainly Finno-Ugric peoples continued to engage in hunting and gathering - they were largely at the primitive stage of development.

Tatars confessed Islam, but primitive peoples, subject to Siberian Khanate, retained their pagan beliefs and shamanism.

Question to paragraph number 4. How did the relationship between new states with Rus?

The relations were different, they differed both with different states and with one state in different periods. So the Kazan Khanate was trying to subordinate to Moscow, but having achieved from the last Dani did not require more and switched to peace trading. The Crimean Khanate was first to be an ally of Moscow against a big horde, but after the destruction of the latter, the beginning of raids also to Russian lands.

We think, compare, reflect: Question number 1. Using the Internet and additional literature, make up a notebook chronological tableshowing the main stages of the development of the relations of the Moscow Principality with Kazan and Crimean Khunni until the middle of the XVI century.

Relations with Kazan Khanate:

1439 - the first campaign of the Kazan Tatars to Moscow, the beginning of attempts to subordinate it;

1445 - In order to buy out from captivity Vasily II, in addition to the redemption, their officials arrived in Russian cities, their officials arrived - trade between states began, but it was more than a croan rich, and Moscow remained in the subordinate position;

1467 - the campaign of the Moscow troops on Kazan (an unsuccessful attempt to put on the throne previously fled from Kazan Tsarevich Kasima): the beginning of the offensive hikes in Moscow;

1487 - Moscow troops took Kazan and put on the throne of Mohammed-Amina, who was friends with Moscow;

1505 - apparently, not without the knowledge of Mohammed-amine, the beating of Russian merchants in Kazan began, the result was a series of wars against Moscow;

1552 - Taking Kazan by Russian troops and the destruction of Khanate.

Relationship with Crimean Khanate:

1480 - the Union of Crimea and Moscow, the beginning of him put an union against the Grand Duchy of the Lithuanian and Big Horde, who first prevented Lithuania to attack Moscow simultaneously with a big Horde, and then forced Khan Ahmat to leave the Ugra River, thanks to which the standing on it ended with Moscow's victory troops;

The turn of the XV-XVI centuries - with a weakening of the big horde, the Crimean Khanation no longer needed a Moscow state as an ally and began to perform frequent raids on it, which came the depths of Russian lands (in 1571 Khan Devlet heers even burn Moscow).

We think, compare, reflect: Question # 2. Find out the descendants of which peoples who inhabited the territories formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde of the States currently live in the Russian Federation.

So far, they have not dissolved among other peoples of Bashkira, Mordva, Mariers (Cheremis), wrappers (Udmurts) and some other peoples. The Tatars are considered a separate people.

Gunns - the people who suddenly appeared from the depths of Asia, the sweeping wave in Europe and left a lot of legends about themselves. Attila, the great konung of Atly Scandinavian sag was attila the most famous Gunnsky leader.
In Asia, many different peoples migrated at different times, but it was the Huns that left such a bright mark in history, as if dissolved after the mysterious death of their most great leader.

The question of the culture and origin of the Huns was engaged in such prominent scientists, as I.P. Zasetskaya, B.V. Lunin, V.A. Korneyako, S.S.Minyev, P.N. Savitsky, O. Menheng Helfen, T. Haiyashi T. Barfield, N.N. Kordin, PBKonalov, L.N.Gumilev.
What do research say?

The origin of the depths of Siberia

In the Mongolian steppes, Hunov's great-Turkic people dwell, close to the enemies from all sides. Hongov's power was inherited by the same principle as the Russian princes later: from his brother, and only then to sons. In the third century BC Shanuem (ruler) became Tuman. He dreamed of getting rid of his eldest fashion son to convey the throne to the youngest son from his favorite concubine. To implement this plan, Tuman sent the Mode by the hostage to the one-way and attacked them in settlement that they would kill his son and get rid of further hassle. But fashion promptly appreciated the situation, killed his guard, stole a horse and fled to his. Under the pressure of public opinion, Tuman singled out the older son of 10,000 warriors, which fashion began to train on a new scheme. To begin with, he introduced unusual arrows with a slot that whistled when flying. If the warriors heard the whistle arrows of their prince, they were obliged to shoot at the same purpose immediately. And the fashion arranged a check: he fired in his magnificent Argamak. Those who lowered Luke, he cut off his head. Then he shot his young wife. Abandoned were also executed. The next goal was the Argamak of his father's father, and fired everything to one. After that, fashion killed the mist, his concubine, a consolidated brother, and he became Shanuem himself.
Modse rules of Hongov's rule 40 years and elevated her over all the surrounding peoples.

Several generations later, the situation in the steppe changed. Hunna were broken and fragmented. Some of them ran to the West and joined the Zaralsk Urals. Two hundred years two people lived side by side, and then the wave of their joint expansion was followed. It was this mixed people who later became known as the "Gunna".

Gunns - Possible relatives of German peoples

Gunns and Normans are two ethnos who used almost similar Runa writing. We are talking about those the most runes who, as the elder Edda say, God alone brought from Asia. Asian runes for several centuries ancient: they are found on the graves of the Turkic heroes, for example, Cul-Tegin. Perhaps these ancient relationships were the reason that there were a number of German peoples on the territory of Europe the Allies of Huns. Konung Athley is one of the favorite romantic characters of the Scandinavian Saga, for example, "Songs about Hero", where the conken is shown in some kind of subframe. Indeed, Attila was in a family circle a very soft man who loving his children and numerous wives.

Religion from the depths of centuries

The religion of this nomadic people was Tengryanism - Eternal Worship Blue sky. The habitat of the Supreme Divine was considered Mount Han Tengri in Tien Shan, there was also a lot of aspirates with idols, silver litas. As a protective symbol, the Huns carried amulets from precious metals with the image of dragons. Among the ruling Top Hunnov there was a Supreme Shaman, who asked for the Deity Tips for making important decisions. The sacred was considered the elements: fire, water, earth.
There was also a cult of sacred trees, horses were sacrificed, whose skins were filmed and squeezed between the branches, and the blood spilled around.
Calling on the help of the God of War, Hunna was used by a very ancient custom "Toy": the shooting of a notable prisoner "Thousand arrows". It is logical to assume that the Gunns committed the same rite.

Army, who does not know how to storming the fortress

Gunns subjugated such powerful powers of the era like the Empire is sharp and Alansky Kaganat. More contemporaries were trying to solve the riddle of the success of the "barbaric people": Roman Centurion Ammonian Marcellin, the Byzantine philosopher Evanapiy, the Gothic Chronicles of Jordan and Prisc Panius. They all treated Huns hostile and tried to blacken them before the descendants, colorfully describing their ugly appearance and barbaric customs. However, how could the barbarians cope with the strongest states of that era?

The authors explained the successes of the Huns by their specific military tactics: "Alanov, although they equal in battle ... submitted to themselves, exhausting frequent smears." Such tactics used Massagets in the war against Alexander Macedonsky: partisan War Light cavalry against heavy infantry was really successful. However, the main one military power Alanov was not infantry, but a powerful, perfectly trained heavy cavalry. They used proven Sarmatian melee tactics. Alanov had the fortresses that the Gunns were not cleaned, and left universe in their rear, although the infrastructure of Kaganate was destroyed by them. Many Alans fled to the West and settled on Loire.

How the Huns won the Crimean ready: Vbod through the sea

After subordination of the Alanian kaganate, Huns, under the leadership of Balaamber, came to a direct clash with the Ostitas of King Hermanarich. Goths occupied the Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region. Take the peninsula from the side of the floodplain dona Gunnna could not: they were not able to fight in a swampy terrain, which was also defended by the militant people of Gurnulov. No means for crossing the army in the sea at the Gunnov was not. Thus, the goths on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula felt themselves safe. These are them and destroyed.

The ancient Slavs - Ants, were forcibly subordinated to the goths and treated this situation without any enthusiasm. As soon as Gunns appeared on the political horizon, Antairs joined them. The Gothic chronicler of Jordan calls Ants "treacherous" and considers the main reason for the fall of the Gothic Power. Perhaps the Antah provided the Huns with information that allowed the last to seize the Crimean Podrod from the Kerch Strait.

According to Jordan's report, in 371, Gunnian riders during the hunting on the Taman Peninsula were pursued by the deer and drove it into the most cape. The deer entered the sea and, carefully stepping and gropping the bottom, moved to the ground of the Crimea, thereby specifying the Bard: on this way, the Gunnian army went to the rear to his opponents and captured the Crimean Peninsula. The king of Germanic, who at that time was more than 110 years old, pierced himself with a sword in despair.

Huns were not destroyed and not expelled ready, but only subdued their power. The successor of Germanica was the vinitarium. He remained enough powerful army and the structure of power. He tried to deprive the Huns of their most important ally and attacked Ants, captured and crucified the king of God with sons and 70 elders. Hunnes, in turn, attacked vinitaria and killed him in battle on the Erak River (Dnipro). A part of the surviving sharp was moved to the ownership of the Romans, the rest obeyed the Gunnian leader.

Gunns - People with high levels of diplomatic culture

If we consider the Huns as semi-trivial barbarians, as Jordan and Ammenian Maccelline did, it is impossible to understand the secret of their success. main reason - The talent of their leaders, as well as the level of diplomacy, which was not inferior to leading European states.

Huns knew the entire "cuisine" of relations of the surrounding peoples, knew how to receive necessary information And the masterfully acted not only in battle, but also by negotiation. The King Empire of the King Germanic held solely on the subordination of rough strength. The leader of Hunnov Balambert is attracted to his side all nations, offended and oppressed by Gotami, and there were a lot of them.
Other Gunnian leaders adhered to a similar scheme and did not seek to fight where there was a chance to negotiate in a good way. Rugila in 430 established diplomatic contacts with the Roman Empire and even helped the troops to suppress Bagaudov's uprising in Gaul. Rome at this point was already in a state of decay, but many of his citizens joined the Huns, preferring their streamlined power by the arbitrariness of their own officials.
In 447, Attila with his army reached the walls of Constantinople. It was not possible to take powerful strengthening the chance, but he managed to conclude with the Emperor Theodosius the derogonya for the world with the payment of Dani and the transfer of the territory of the territory.

The reason for the new hike to the West: Look for a woman!

After 3 years, the Byzantine Emperor Markian Romorg Mirny Treaty with Huns, but Attilas the found more tempting campaign in Gallia: there was a part of Alanov, which Attila wished to win, and there was another reason.

The princess of Usta Grata Honoria was the sister of the emperor of the Western Roman Empire Valentinian III, her husband could claim the imperial power. To avoid possible competition, Valentinian was going to give sister to marry the elderly and the trustworthy senator Herculana, which she absolutely did not want. Honoria sent Attile his ring and call for marriage. And as a result, the Gunnskaya Horde was held all the north of Italy, looted the valley of the River of the River, along the way defeated the Kingdom of Burgunds, and reached Orleans, but they could not take him. Valentinian did not allow the marriage Attila with Honoria, the princess itself escaped torture, and maybe execution, only thanks to the intercession of the mother.
The reason for the departure of Huns from Italy Orientalist Otto Menhhen Helfen considers the epidemic of the plague.

The death of the leader and the collapse of the Power

After leaving Italy, Attila decided to take a beautiful beauty of Ildiko (Hilda), the daughter of King Burgundy, but died in a wedding night from nasal bleeding. Jordan tells that the leader of the Gunnov died of irrelevant and drunkenness. But in the works of the German mythology "Elder Edda" and other konung Attila was killed by His wife Gudrun, who revenge for the death of his brothers.

In the next, 454, the Power of Huns ceased to exist. The most prominent sons of Attila - Ellak and Dengolas, shortly died in battles. But the Gunns and their famous leader became part of the history and mythology of many nations.

That European peoples borrowed Huns

In the Roman army, the military officer of Fabi Aeria introduced the Hun composite short bows with reverse bending well adapted to shooting from the horse.
The ancestors of the Huns - Huns, are inventors of the stronges: it was from them that this part of the gathering spread from the rest of the peoples.
The names of the Gunnsky leaders became fashionable in Europe and became familiar: Baltazar, Donat, and of course Attila: the name is particularly popular in Hungary.

Disintegration of the Golden Horde and its consequences

1. List the social groups that were interested in the unification of Russia, creating a single state with the center in Moscow. Specify the reasons for this interest for each social group.

In the creation of a single Russian state, in addition to the prince were interested services Princely peoplewhich constituted the backbone of the administrative and military "car" of the state. Since there was no estimates for the faithful service, which were not inherited, the welfare of landowners, the size of their land possessions depended on the Grand Duke. Therefore, they were interested in strengthening his power and creating a single state.

For the creation of a single state was boyar, owners of hereditary faith. The fact is that in accordance with the princely agreements, the boyars did not have the right to buy land in the territory of other principalities. Since the boyars also had ambitions to expand their own possessions, they were interested in joining the Moscow principality of new lands, and therefore are interested in unification of Russia.

Support in the creation centralized state provided I. Church. Over time, the church became a major landowner, accumulating possessions that received as a gift or bought away from leaders as a debt fee. Turning into a major landowner, the church actively supported the current government in the desire to unite Russian lands.

Supported the centralization of the state and craftsmen, I. merchantsSince the expansion of handicraft production and trade in Moscow, the North-Western Rus rush around Moscow and created economic prerequisites for the merger.

2. List the consequences of the second quarter of the XV century war.

Effects:

1. the death of many ordinary people;
2. blow in economics - ruined villages and cities;
3. strengthening power of the Golden Horde;
4. the dynastic principle of transfer of power was defeated - from his father to his son.

The war between the Moscow princes slowed down the joining of Russian lands, strengthened the dependence on the horde, brought suffering to people. The gravestone once again demonstrated the need to combine land and creating a single state. The lesson who had to extract Russian people from this event, old as the world - any internal distribution make the state weak and only in the union of all the people the huge power lures.

Test control

1. The difference between the internecine war of the second quarter of the XV century. From the gravestones of the preceding period:

1) the struggle of the prince for the Vladimir throne
2) Fight of princes for the Moscow throne
3) Attracting the forces of the Golden Horde
4) the use of cruel methods of struggle

2. In the graveston between the Moscow Princes, the Russian Orthodox Church:

1) ranked expectant
2) rose to the side of Vasily II
3) Supported Dmitry Shemyak
4) supported Basil oblique

3. In his testament Dmitry Donskoy:

1) punished the sons to obey Khan Tohtamysh as his father
2) divided the Moscow principality robbed between sons
3) conveyed to the Moscow principality and Vladimir throne to the eldest son
4) conveyed to the Moscow principality and Vladimir throne younger son

4. The unit organized a campaign on Russia in 1408 to:

1) Make Vasily pay tribute to Horde
2) Help Vasily I establish yourself on the Moscow throne
3) help Timur conquer Russia
4) Support Prince Lithuanian Vitovt

5. Vasily I bequeathed the Moscow throne:

1) younger brother
2) young son
3) Sophia Witovtov's wife
4) Dmitry Shemyak

6. War between Moscow Princes:

1) accelerated the process of combining Russian lands
2) slowed down the joining of Russian lands
3) weakened dependence on the horde
4) did not affect the economy of the Moscow Principality

Questions in the text of the paragraph

What changes occurred in Eastern Europe As a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde?

From the sixties of the XIV century, from the time of the Great Jam, there were important political changes in the life of the Golden Horde. The gradual collapse of the state began. The rulers of remote parts of the ulus acquired the actual autonomy, in particular, in 1361 he gained independence of the Olus of Orda-Ejegen. However, until the 1390s, the Golden Horde still remained more or less unified StateBut with the defeat in the war with Tamerlane and the ruin of economic centers, the decay process began, accelerated from the 1420s.

At the beginning of the 1420s, Siberian Khanate was formed (the capital is the city of Siberia), in 1428 - Uzbek Khanate, then Kazan (1438), Crimean (1441) Khanate, Nogai Horde (1440s, the capital - Saraike) and Kazakh Khanate (1465). After the death of Kichi-Mohammed, the Golden Horde ceased to exist as a single state.

The main among the Juche states continued to be considered a big horde. In 1480, Ahmat, Khan Large Horde, tried to achieve obedience from Ivan III, but this attempt ended unsuccessfully, and Russia was completely freed from tatar-Mongolian yoke. At the beginning of 1481, Ahmat was killed when an attack on his bid of the Siberian and Nogai Connection. With his children, at the beginning of the XVI century, a large horde ceased to exist. In 1502, Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey in the Union with Moscow troops finally defeated a large Horde. Astrakhan Khanate has strengthened on its territory. The capital of the new state was the city of Hadji-Tarkhan (Astrakhan).

When was the gold horde formed? When did she become an independent state?

Golden Horde or Ulus Djuci was formed as a result of the division of the Genghis Khan Empire between her sons produced by 1224. Until 1266, the Golden Horde was part of Mongol Empire. In 1266, at Khan Mengu-Timur, he found complete independence, retaining only a formal dependence on the Imperial Center. In the early 1320s, at Khan, Uzbek, Islam became a state religion.

What nations were part of the Golden Horde? How did the main part of the inhabitants of this state called?

In the Golden Horde, Turkic (Kipchak, Volga Bulgars, Khorezmians, Bashkira et al.), Slavic, Finno-Ugors (Mordva, Cheremis, Warves, etc.), North Cleveas (Yaa, Alans, Cherkasy, etc.) Peoples were living. A few Mongolian tip very quickly assimilated among the local Turkic population. And by the beginning of the XV century, all the nomadic population of the Golden Horde was marked in the word "Tatars". It was in the Golden Horde that the formation of such nationalities as the Volga, Crimean, siberian Tatars. The Turkic population of the Eastern Wing of the Golden Horde constituted the basis of modern Kazakhs, Karakalpakov and Nogai.

Who during Timur was the Grand Duke Moscow?

Timur (Tamerlan) was born in 1336, and died in 1405. Thus, formally at the time of Timur, Dmitry Donskoy and his son Vasily Dmitrievich were in the time of Timur. However, Dmitry Donskoy never came across the actions of Timur, because by the beginning of Timur's hike on the Golden Orda in 1395, Dmitry Donskaya has already died (1389). Therefore, during the active phase of the war of Timur with Tohtamy, Moscow Prince was Vasily I.

Questions and tasks to work with the text of the paragraph

1. What do you think, why did the power of Tamerlane dispensed?

Tamerlan left behind a large generic clan. Literally the next day after his death, quarrels began, power pressure and palace coups. Havings inside the genus of thimurides led to the fact that the empire broke up.

2. What kind of peoples were part of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian Hangey?

Kazan Khanate inhabited mostly descendants of the ancient booles. Here came the people from the Golden Horde. In the sentence of Kazan Khanate, Mordva, Chuvashi, Mari, Udmurts.

Siberian Khanate inhabited Turkic-speaking tribes. The influence of Siberian Khanate applied to such peoples as Khanty, Mansi, Zaralsky Bashkirs.

The main population of the Astrakhan Khanate was the Astrakhan Tatars and Noga, the ethnic basis of which were the ancient peoples like Sirackes, Uyusuna, Uigur, Kangli, Kipchak, Assa, Kemerites, Durren, Nimana, Mangytes, Bulgars, Bayyes, Bodyraki, Keneges, Kathagan, Kobani, Bajdara, Magazars, Argyna, and others, who lived in a musty, North-West Mongolia, Central Asia, South Ural, Nizhny Volga region, North Caucasus, Northern Black Sea, Ugion, Azovia and Lower Podneprovier.

3. Describe the classes of the population of states - the heirs of the Golden Horde. What religions professed the inhabitants of these states?

The main occupation of the population of Kazan Khanate was agriculture, in the steppe areas there was a semi-oral cattle breeding. Transit trade played a big role. Significant development received leather, jewelry, blacksmith, pottery craft. Also in Kazan Khanate, slavery was developed. Slaves did Russian prisoners captured as a result of raids.

In Astrakhan Khanna, the main occupation of the population was nomadic cattle breeding. Also, its inhabitants were engaged in craft and trade.

Siberian Tatars were engaged in cattle breeding, agriculture, pottery and speed craft, spinning, weaving, melting and metal processing. In the northern part of Siberian Khanate, they were engaged in hunting, fishing and reindeer herding.

All the heirs of the Golden Horde preached Islam.

4. How did the relationship between new states with Rus?

The relationship of new states with Russia was different. Periods of hostilities were replaced by the times of peaceful trade. Wars were conducted and unions were concluded. So, expelled from Hand Khan Ulu-Mohammed, who became the ruler of the Kazan Khanate, tried to restore his domination over Russia and to force the Moscow Prince to pay tribute, only him, and not Hanu a big horde. To do this, he was going on several times. In one of the trips, his sons managed to capture Prince Vasily II, which was then released for a promise of a huge redemption. From 1446 to 1466, it became time to strengthen trade relations between Moscow and Kazan. And in 1452, one of the sons of Ulu-Mohammed, Kasim, generally moved to the service of the Moscow Prince, for which he complained to him the town, which since then became known as Kasimov. The Kasimov Khanate dependent on Moscow has formed here.

A big horde, considering herself the heir to the Golden Horde, also sought to restore the dependence of Russia. For this, Khana has a big horde entered into an alliance with the Grand Durability Lithuanian. The confrontation of a big horde for a while near the Moscow principality and the Crimean Khanate, which at the beginning of the XVI century led to the destruction of a big horde.

We work with the card

1. Find on the map of the state conquered by Timur.

States and territories conquered by Timur (marked on the map of burgundy letters): Armenia. Azerbaijan, the state of Jelairids, the state of Serbedars, Khorezm, the state of the Kurt, the state of Mozafferides (Kerman), Mekran, Susta, were also partially conquered by the territory of Turk Osmanov, Maberannova, Jab, India.

2. Show the state on the map formed as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde.

Golden Horde broke into the state:

• Nogai Horde - Capital Saraike
• Kazan Khanate - Capital Kazan
• Big Orda - Capital New Shed
• Astrakhan Kingdom - the capital of Haji-Tarkhan (Astrakhan)
• Crimean Khanate - the capital of Bakhchisarai
• Siberian Khanate - the capital of Siberia
• Kazakh kingdom - the capital of Signak

kabarda, Tarkovskoye Shamkhalli, Avar Khanate, Uzbek Khanate and others were also formed

3. Using the map, explain why the Kazan Khanate was the most dangerous opponent from all fragments of the Golden Horde for Russian lands.

Kazan Khanate geographically located closest to the Russian principalities and was quite a strong state from a military and economic point of view.

Learning document

What conclusions about the peculiarities of political and economic ties between Moscow and Astrakhan can be made on the basis of this text?

Astrakhan Khanate was the smallest and weak fragment of the Golden Horde. Her armed forces were only 3 thousand soldiers. Hanice all the time was in a state of dependence, first from a big horde, then from the Nogai Horde and from the Crimean Khanate. In this situation, naturally, Khanate sought to enlist the support of the strong Moscow principality. Moreover, the Astrakhan Khanna had something to offer in exchange for friendship with Moscow - access to Caspian. Therefore, most likely the annual trips of the Khan Messengers to Moscow indicate the desire of Astrakhan Khanate to understand whether everything remains still, whether Moscow is true to friendship with Khanate.

We think, compare, reflect

1. Using the Internet and additional literature, make a chronological table in the notebook, showing the main stages of the development of the relations of the Moscow Principality with Kazan and Crimean Khunni until the middle of the XVI century.

Kazan Khanate

• 1439 - Khan Ulug-Mohammed approached Moscow and besieged her, but after eleven days retreated, repulcing the Kolomna and several other Russian cities along the way.
• 1444 - Kazan Khan attacked Nizhny Novgorod and Ryazan Principality.
• 1445 - the Khan army broke the Russian troops under Suzdal, captured grand Duke Vasily II, a tribute was imposed on the Moscow principality.
• 1467 - Russian troops made a campaign to Kazan to put on the Kazan throne of the friendly Tsarevich Kasima. The campaign was unsuccessful. Ibrahim Khan prepared in advance to the "meeting."
• In the third quarter of the XV century, pronounced contradictions took place between states, expressed in the collision of the interests of Moscow and Kazan in the lands of the Upper Volga region.
• In the 80s. The XV century Moscow Government actively interfered in the struggle for the Kazan throne and often sent troops to Kazan in order to land on the Kazan throne of his own gender.
• 1487 - Taking the Moscow troops of Kazan and the approval at the Kazan throne of Loyal Moscow Khan Mohammed-Emina. An objectionable Moscow government Khan was overthrown.
• 1506 - A large hike in Moscow to Kazan, the defeat of the Russians under Kazan, Khan Mohammed-Emin, who was planted for the throne during the military and political support of Moscow, freed from Moscow dependence.
• 1545-1552 - A series of military campaigns of Ivan the Terrible to Kazan. The first two were not crowned with success, and in 1552 the Grand Duke was sieged to the capital of Khanate for the third time. After the explosion of the urban walls laid in secretly made by dops, Kazan was taken by storm, a significant part of the population is interrupted, and the city itself burned down. Kazan Khanate stopped its existence, and the average voltage in a significant part was joined in Russia. In memory of the taking Kazan and victory over Kazan Khanate, the Cathedral of Basil Blessed on Red Square in Moscow was built on the orders of Ivan the Terrible.

Total Kazan Khans committed about forty trips to Russian lands, mainly to areas near Nizhny Novgorod, Vyatka, Vladimir, Kostroma, Galic and Murom.

Crimean Khanate

• 1480 - The Grand Duke Moscow Ivan III appealed to the Crimean Khan Mengylli I Gerau with a request to arrange a campaign to the Polish lands "in Kiev places." Mengley Gerai took Kiev storm, ruined and severely destroyed the city. From rich prey khan sent Ivan III In gratitude Golden Patir and Disco from the Kiev Sofia Cathedral. In the same year, Ivan III entered into an alliance with Mengly Gera.
• End of the XV century - permanent raids on Rus with the purpose of robbery.
• 1521 - the forces of Kazan Khan Sahib Girea made a military campaign to Nizhny Novgorod, Murom, Klin, Meshgorod and Vladimir lands and connected with the army of Crimean Khan Mehmed Haria from Kolomna. After which the Moscow was besieged and forced Vasily III to sign the humiliating contract.
• 1571 - Despite the contract with Moscow, at the head of the army in 40 thousand riders, Crimean Khan Devlet Gerai made a raid to Moscow, burned Praud, captured 50 thousand people. Ivan Grozny was forced to give an obligation to pay annually tribute to the Crimea.
• 1572 - The Crimean army Devlet Graya, united with Turkish and Nogai detachments, suffered a crushing defeat from Russian troops by the leadership of the princes of Mikhail Vorotnsky and Dmitry Rullinin in the battle of young people (50 versts south of Moscow).

2. Find out the descendants of which peoples that have inhabited the territories formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde of States currently live in the Russian Federation.

Kazan, Astrakhan and crimean Tatars, Mordva, Chuvashi, Markets, Udmurts, Khanty, Mansi, Bashkirs, Nogai.

Possible additional questions in the lesson

Why was the golden horde broken?

From the sixties of the XIV century, from the time of the Great Jam, there were important political changes in the life of the Golden Horde. Because of internal gravestones, the gradual decay of the state began. The rulers of remote ulus parts acquired actual independence, and the state gradually began to lose integrity. Until the 1390s, the Golden Horde still remained a more or less common state, but with a defeat in the war with Tamerlane and the ruin of economic centers, the decay process began.

At the beginning of the 1420s, Siberian Khanate was formed, in 1428 - Uzbek Khanate, then Kazan (1438), Crimean (1441) Khanate, Nogai Horde (1440s) and Kazakh Khanate (1465) arose. After the death of Khaan Kichi-Mohammed in 1459, the Golden Horde ceased to exist as a single state.

Create psychological picture Timur (Tamerlana)

Timur was a man very crowded and restrained. Possessing the sobriety of judgments, he knew how to take the right solution in difficult situations. These traits of character and attracted people to him. Foreign ruler and talented organizer. Timur possessed a phenomenal memory, owned several languages, perfectly knew how to play chess, which, of course, testifies to his talent of the strategist. Also Timur was a very erudite man, possessed extensive historical and philosophical knowledge, which very often used to inspire his troops.

Capital of which state was the city of Saraike?

Saraike was the capital of Nogai Khanate.

What state was formed on the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria?

Kazan Khanate was formed on the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria.

What was the found to the capital of a big horde?

The capital of the big horde was Saraj-Berke (a new barn).

Which territories are included in the Crimean Khanate?

In addition to the steppe and foothill part of Crimea, Khanate occupied land between the Danube and Dnipro, the Azov region and most of the modern Krasnodar region of Russia.

Who and when finally crushed a big horde?

In 1502, Crimean Khanate attacked the big Horde and captured the Volga region. The big horde ceased to exist. The Valvage lands were included in the Nogai Horde, and the land between Don and the Volga formally moved to the Crimea, but soon, in 1556, were joined to the Russian state.

What kind of Khanate became the city of Hadji-Tarkhan?

Haji-Tarkhan (Astrakhan) was the capital of Astrakhan Khanate.

What kind state Education Eased in the North Caucasus?

In the North Caucasus, after the collapse of a large horde, new state formations were also launched - Kabarda, Tarkovsky Shamkhalliya, Avar Khanate, etc.

How did residents of Kazan Khanate called themselves?

Residents of the Kazan Khanate called themselves Bulgarians.

How did they call them Russian?

And the Russians called the inhabitants of the Kazan Khanate Tatars.

What is Yasak?

Yasak is a natural tax with the peoples of Siberia and the North, mainly fur.

What cities were in Kazan Khanate?

There were not many cities in Kazan Khanate - only two: Kazan and Arsk, as well as several fortresses

Who was facing slaves in this state?

The slaves paid prisoners who captured during raids.

What state device Was there in Siberian Khanate?

The state courts in Siberian Khanate intertwined with the remnants of the generic relations. At the head of state stood Khan, who was confused. The device of the state was semi-time, Khanate was divided into "hundreds" - parish led by Murzami. The supporting points of the Hangey authorities were fortified towns.

Give examples of military and peaceful relations of new states with Rus