An example of biogeocenosis and its component parts. Biogeocenoses

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe relationship and the unity of all the phenomena of nature led to the formation of the ecosystem approach and the development of the concept of "ecosystem" abroad and to the emergence of a new scientific discipline In the former USSR.

Such a discipline origined in the depths of forest geobotants and subsequently issued to the fundamental science with their tasks and methods is Biogeocenology. (from Greek. BIOS - Life, Geo - Earth, Koinos - general). The founder of biogeocenology was the outstanding domestic geobotanic, a forestry and ecologist, academician V.N. Sukachev, who proposed his own interpretation of the structural organization of the biosphere. V.N. Sukachev devoted his life to the development of general issues of phytocenology - science on plant communities (phytocenoses). He attached great importance Study of interspecific and intrasmotional relations of plants in plant communities.

The most important theoretical development of V.N. Sukacheva is the idea of \u200b\u200bunity and interrelation of living organisms (biocenosis) and its habitat (biotope). Biogeoenology involves a versatile comprehensive approach to the study of the living cover of the Earth, based on the study of the interaction of the components of its components. The task of biogeocenology is to decipher the connections and interactions between the alive and oblique components of nature - biogeocenoses, which the scientist called the elementary cell surfaces.

By definition V.N. Sukacheva, Biogeocenosis - this is a homogeneous site ground surfacewhere natural phenomena (atmosphere, rock, vegetation, animal world, microorganisms, soil, hydrological conditions) have the same type of interaction between themselves and combined with metabolism and energy into a single natural complex.

The essence of Biogerocenosis V.N. Sukachev saw in the process of mutual metabolism and energy between the components components, as well as between them and the environment. An important feature of biogeocenosis is that it is associated with a certain section of the earth's surface.

The initial concept in determining biogeocenosis was a geobotary term "Phytocenosis" - Plant community, planting plants with a homogeneous nature of the relationship between them themselves between them and the environment. Another natural component with which the plants directly contact is the atmosphere. For the characteristics of biogeocenosis, moisturizing conditions are also important. In addition, any phytocenosis is always in high animals.

By combining all these components in one whole, we obtain the structure of biogeocenosis (Fig. 10). It includes phytocenosis - vegetable community (autotrophic organisms, producers); Zoecenosis - Animal Population (heterotrophs, consversions) and microbocenosis - various microorganisms (bacteria, mushrooms, simplest (reigned quoted). The living part of the biogerocenosis sukachev believed biocenosis. A non-living, the abiotic part of biogeocenosis is described by a combination of climatic factors in this territory - climate, biocosaidium - edafotop (soil) and humidification conditions (hydrological factors) - hydrotop. The combination of abiotic components of biogeocenosis is called biotope. Each component in nature is inseparable from the other. The main creator of the living agent within the biogeocenosis is phytocenosis - green plants. Using solar energy, green plants create a huge mass of organic matter. The composition and the mass of such a substance depend mainly on the peculiarities of the atmosphere and soil conditions, which are determined, on the one hand, geographical position (zonality due to the existence of certain types of biomes), and on the other, the terrain and the location of the phytocenosis. The existence of a heterotrophic complex depends on the composition and characteristics of vegetation. In turn, biocenosis as a whole determines the composition and amount of organic matter falling into the soil (steppe rich black soil, wemgeous soil of boreal forests and extremely poor soils of a wet rainforest). Animals in the process of vital activity also have a variety of influence on vegetation. The interaction between microorganisms and vegetation, microorganisms and vertebral and invertebrate animals is extremely important.

Fig. 10. The structure of biogeocenosis and the scheme for the interaction of its components

Biogeocenosis and ecosystems

Biogeocenosis as a structural unit of the biosphere is similar to the proposed A. Tensley interpretus Ecosystems. Biogeocenosis and ecosystem - concepts are similar, but not the same. Biogeocenosis should be considered as an elementary complex, i.e. consisting of biotope and biocenosis, ecosystem. Each biogeocenosis is the ecosystem, but not each ecosystem corresponds to biogeocenosis.

First of all, any biogeocene is allocated only on land. Biogeocenosis has specific borders, which are determined by the boundaries of the plant community - phytocenosis. Figuratively speaking, biogeocenosis exists only within the framework of phytocenosis. Where there is no phytocenosis, there is no biogeocenosis. The concepts of "ecosystem" and "biogeocenosis" are identical for such natural entities, like, for example, forest, meadow, swamp, field. For natural formations smaller or large in volume, rather than phytocenosis, or in cases where phytocenosis cannot be identified, the concept of "ecosystem" is applied. For example, a bodie on a swamp, streams - ecosystems, but not biogeocenoses. Only ecosystems are Morse, Tundra, wet rainforest, etc. In Tundra, the forest can be distinguished not alone phytocenosis, but a combination of phytocenoses, which is a larger form, rather than biogeocenosis.

The ecosystem can be less and larger than biogeocenosis. Ecosystem - education more general, submony. It can be a plot of sushi or a reservoir, a coastal dune or a small pond. It is also the whole biosphere as a whole. Biogeocenosis is concluded in the border of the phytocenosis and denotes a specific natural object that occupies a certain space on land and separated by spatial boundaries from the same objects. This is real natural zonein which a biogenic cycle is carried out.

The author of the teachings on biogeocenosis was the Soviet scientist V. N. Sukachev. By this term, he meant the set of living organisms and factors that are located on a certain territory. Any biogeocene is associated with a specific land plot, that is, depends on the plant community.

The difference between biogeocenosis from agrocenosis, biocenosis and ecosystems

Under agrocenosis, they imply an artificial, which was created by people. It, in contrast to biogeocenosis, does not have sustainable connections. Each natural natural community was formed over the centuries. On its development influenced natural selection. Fields and plantations created by man are obeying artificial selection. With the help of people, agriculture receive additional energy, while biogeocenoses exist due to solar energy.

Biocenosis is called a combination of living organisms that inhabit a certain space. This may be not only a land plot, but also a reservoir. The concept of biogeocenosis is much wider, it includes biocenosis and factors ambient.

The term "ecosystem" invented English Botanist A. Tensley. It is much wider than biogeocenosis and agrotososis. Both concepts are identical, if it comes to, or fields. in which it is impossible to single out phytocenosis, fall under the definition of the ecosystem. Each biogeocenosis is the ecosystem, but not each ecosystem corresponds to biogeocenosis.

Properties of biogeocenosis

The main properties of biogeocenosis are:

Integrity. Solar energy and nutrients provide all living organisms. Unused food is transferred to the external environment, returning to the cycle of substances that occurs continuously;
Sustainability. The established biogeocenosis is able to withstand the tests of the external environment;
Self-regulation. Maintaining a certain number of living beings in different food circuits and networks;
Self-reproduction. The ability of organisms to reproduction and recreation of populations;
The change. The phenomena associated with, affect the numerical composition of organisms.

Biogeocenosis indicators

There are three indicators of biogeocenosis. Under the species diversity understand the totality of all groups of organisms. If any link in the power circuit is broken, the whole system will suffer. The population density directly depends on power supply. The productivity of biogeocenosis is influenced by biomass, a living agent in all plant and animal groups.

Biogeocenosis structure

The species composition of the systems is always spilled. It affects the flow and distribution of light, the composition of the soil and climatic conditions. Scientists consider several structures:

Species. It involves a variety of living organisms, their composition and quantity. A reduction in one species is threatened by the existence of biogeocenosis.
Spatial. Populations apply to tiers, depending on their needs. Most often, Lieznost is determined by plants. Animals contribute to the spread of seeds and pollen.
Environmental. The ratio of living beings depends on the inorganic medium.
Trophic. Animals in the composition of one biogeocenosis serve as food for each other. Sophisticated food links form food networks.

Since biogeocenoses develop a lot of hundreds of years in a row, scientists periodically introduce new components in their structure.

Types and examples of biogeocenosis

The system is a totality of plants, animals, microorganisms and mushrooms. The main components are carbon, oxygen, sunlight and living organisms. The sun provides the necessary influx of energy, resulting in a circulation of energy. It is transmitted from the simplest organisms to heterotrofam.

Examples of biogeocenosis can serve as a forest, a pond, meadow, steppe or desert.

Changing biogeocenoses

The number of species in the conditions of one system is constantly changing. Because of the various factors, others come to the change of alone biogeocenoses. The speed of such changes may be different. Change the ecosystem within one generation of people. For instead of Dunes, the forests were formed, millennia will come.

The main role in the development of biogeocenosis is assigned to plants. The process of self-development communities is called Sukessia. The simplest example of a change of biogeocenosis can serve as a reservoir. First, it is covered with a tina, and then he fees. The species composition of the organisms will differ significantly from the inhabitants of the reservoir.

Biogeocenosis stability

Sustainability is called the ability to continuously support the structure. Most of all the influence of the wealth of species composition is affected. It is from it that depends the circulation of substances and energy. Poor communities are unstable. Complicated biogeocenoses are ready for adverse effects, characterized by multi-tier and diverse food relations.

Forms of relationships between organisms in biogeocenosis
All system elements are closely connected with each other. The relationship can be positive, negative and neutral. Relationships that benefit one or both organisms are called. They arise among animals, birds, plants, mushrooms. A bright example of symbiosis are bees and flowers.

It implies that only one of the species will benefit. With two types living in one biogeocenosis, do not depend on each other. As a rule, animals are not in contact. Competition suggests that two types will compete with each other for the same resources.

Biological part of biogerocenosis is represented by a microorgal, plants and animals and is called biocenosis. Biocenosis consists of plants (phytocenosis), animals (zoecenosis) and microganisms (microbiocenosis).

Populations of various species living in one common area make up ecological community. Living organisms, being under the influence of other organisms and inanimate nature, in turn, have an impact on them.

Ecotop.

The abiotic part of Biogeocene-for is part of the sushi or water basin with certain climatic conditions. It is called ecotopom. Ecotops are presented atmospheric ( climatotop.) and so on ( edafotop.) Factors (Fig. 66).

The main characterizing indicators of biogeocenosis:

species manifold;
density of individuals of each type;
biomass (total organic matter in biogeocenosis).

Sustainability

Since the life processes in biogeocenosis are provided by the energy coming from outside, it is considered as an open, self-regulating system, which is in a state of equilibrium.

Self-regulation

One of the most important features of biogeocenosis is self-regulation. Self-regulation is the ability of the natural system to restore its properties after the impact on it of any natural or anthropogenic factors. A vivid example of self-regulation serves biogeocenosis in a wide forest. There is a competitor of plants for living space, for light and water. In biogeocenoses of this type there is a phenomenon of unity, i.e. the location of the plant community into several rows vertically.

Cycle of substances

The stability of biogeocenosis is provided by a community of substances (a constant transition of substances from an inanimate nature into a living, and from alive in non-living). The source of energy is the Sun-Tse, the energy of which in the process of the cycle turns into energy chemical ties Substances and then to mechanical and thermal.

Seasonal changes

In biogeo-cenosis of any type there are changes associated with climatic rhythms. So, as a result of a decrease in temperature, cutting the duration of the daylight and moisture change in the fall, many plants are discharged by foliage. The nutrients accumulate in their basic organs, plugs are formed on trees. In the cytoplasm of their cells, the water content begins to decrease. Animals are also actively preparing for winter: birds fly south, mammals begin with a mammal, they are in favor of winter. Material from site.

Changing biogeocenoses

In biogeocenosis, as a result of food bonds between species, energy moves from one trophic level to another. At the same time, biomass and the amount of energy gradually decrease.

The concept of Biogeocenosis introduced into scientific use in 1942 by Academician Vladimir Nikolaevich Sukachev (1880-1967). According to his ideas, biogeocenosis is a totality at a certain leaving of the earth's surface of homogeneous natural phenomena ( , rock breed, vegetation, animal peace and world of microorganisms, soils and hydrological conditions), having the specifics of the interaction of these components of its components and a certain type of metabolism and energy of them between themselves and other phenomena of nature.

Biogeocenosis is an open biocosna (i.e. consisting of a living and non-living substance) system, the main source of external for which is energy solar radiation. This system consists of two main blocks. The first block, ecotope, combines all the factors of inanimate nature (abiotic medium). This oblique part of the system form an aerotop - a set of factors of an overhead medium (heat, light, humidity, etc.) and Edafotop - a set of physical and chemical properties Soil-ground environment. The second block, biocenosis, is a combination of all types of organisms. In the functionality of biocenosis consists of auto-organisms capable of using the energy of sunlight to create an organic substance from inorganic, and heterotrophs - organisms using a organic substance as a source and energy created by autotrophs.

Very important functional group Diazotrophs are azotophiccators. They define sufficient autonomy of the majority of natural biogeocenoses in providing plants available nitrogen compounds. This includes both autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria and actinomycetes.

In the literature, especially foreign, instead of the term biogeocenosis or along with it, use the concept proposed by the English Geobotnik Artur Tensley and the German Volterecom Hydrobiologist. Ecosystem and biogeocenosis are essentially identical. However, the ecosystem is understood as a dimensionless education. As an ecosystem, for example, consider the rotting stump in the forest, individual trees, forest phytocenosis, in which these trees and stump are located; Forest array, which includes a number of phytocenoses; The forest zone, etc. Biogeocenosis is always understood as a horological (topographic) unit, which has certain boundaries, outlined by the boundaries of the phytocenosis included in its composition. "Biogeocenosis is an ecosystem at the borders of phytocenosis" - the aphorism of one of the like-minded people V. N. Sukacheva. The ecosystem is a wider concept than biogeocenosis. The ecosystem may be not only biogeocenosis, but also dependent on biogeocenoses biocosa systems, in which organisms are represented only by heterotrophs, as well as such biocosal systems created by man, as a granary, aquarium, a ship with inhabiting organisms, etc.

Conscut as structural and functional units of biocenoses

The idea of \u200b\u200bconscursions in the modern understanding of them as structural and functional biocenoses was formed in the early 50s of the XX century. Domestic scientists - Zoologist Vladimir Nikolayevich Beklemishev and Geobotan, Leonatius Grigorievich Ramensky.

Conscrees of populations of certain types of plants may consist of many dozens or even hundreds of species of plants, animals, mushrooms and prokaryotes. As part of only the first three concentations in the birch consumption of warthog (Betula Verrucosa), more than 900 species of organisms are known.

General characteristics of natural communities and their structures

The main unit of natural communities is biocenosis. Biocenosis - community of plants, animals, mushrooms and other organisms inhabiting the same territory mutually connected in the supply chain and providing some influence on each other.

Biocenosis consists of a vegetation community and organisms associated with this community.

The plant community is a set of plants growing in a given territory that make up the basis of a particular biocenosis.

The vegetable community is formed by autotrophic photosynthetic organisms, which are a source of nutrition for heterotrophic organisms (phytophages and childhood).

Based on the environmental role, the organisms forming biocenosis are divided into producers, consversions, relegates and dedritographs of various orders.

The concept of "biogeocenosis" is closely connected with the concept of "biocenosis". The existence of the body is impossible without the environment of its habitat, therefore, the substrate (its composition), climate, features of the relief of this particular locality, etc., is important for the composition of the flora and fauna of this community of organisms, and so on. All this makes it necessary to introduce the concept of "biogeocenosis".

Biogeocenosis is a steady self-regulating environmental system located in this particular area in which the organic components are closely and inextricably linked with inorganic.

Biogeocenoses are diverse, they are definitely interconnected with each other, can be stable for a long timeHowever, under the influence of changing external conditions or as a result of human activity, they may change, die, replaced by other communities of organisms.

Biogeocenosis consists of two component parts: Biots and biotope.

Biotop is relatively homogeneous on abiotic factors, the space occupied by biogeocenosis (biota) (sometimes under the biotope understand the habitat of the species or its separate population).

Biota is a combination of various organisms inhabiting this territory and a part of this biogeocenosis. It is formed by two groups of organisms, differing in power supply - autotrophis and heterotrophs.

Avtrophic organisms (autotrophs) are called such organisms that are able to absorb energy from outside in the form of individual servings (quanta) with chlorophyll or other substances, while these organisms are synthesized organic substances from inorganic compounds.

Among the autotrophs distinguish phototrophropes and chemotrofas: the first are the plants to the second - chemosynthetic bacteria, for example, serobacter.

Heterotrophic organisms (heterotrophs) are called organisms that feed on finished organic substances, while the latter are and source of energy (it is released during their oxidation) and source chemical compounds For the synthesis of own organic substances.

Think about your home and about all objects and residents in it. You probably have furniture, books, food in your refrigerator, family and, perhaps, even pets. Your home consists of a variety of living organisms and non-living items. Like the house, any ecosystem is a community of living individuals and non-living things that coexist in one space. These communities have borders that are not always clear, and it is often difficult to understand where one ecosystem ends and the other begins. This is the main difference between it from biogeocenosis. Examples of those and other systems we will look more detailed.

Ecosystem: Definition

Like a car engine consisting of several parts working together, the ecosystem has interacting elements that support its work.

According to the definition of V.N. Sukacheva, the ecosystem is a combination of a certain territory of homogeneous natural phenomena (atmosphere, rock, vegetation, animal world and the world of microorganisms, soils and hydrological conditions), which has special specifics of the interactions of these components and a certain type of metabolism and metabolism and Energy (among themselves with other phenomena of nature) and is an internal contradictory unity in constant motion and development.

Live creatures are biotic features, and non-fat - abiotic. Each ecosystem is unique, but they all have three main components:

AutoTrophic (energy producers).
Heterotrophs (energy consumers).
Inanimate nature.

Plants make up the majority of authotrophs in the ecosystem, while most of the heterotrophs are animals. Non-fat nature is soil, sediment, sheet litter and other organic matter on Earth or at the bottom of the reservoirs. There are two types of ecosystems - closed and open. First include those that do not have any resources (exchange of energy from the environment) or results (exchange of energy from the inside ecosystem). Open - these are those that have both the exchange of energy and the results of the internal exchange.

Classification of ecosystems

Ecosystems are of different shapes and sizes, but their classification helps scientists better understand the processes flowing into them and manage them. They can be classified different waysBut most often they are defined as terrestrial and water. There are a lot of types of ecosystems, but three of them, called biomami, are basic. It:

Freshwater.
Sea.
Ground.

Freshwater ecosystems

If we talk about freshwater ecosystems, the following examples of natural biogeocenoses can be called:

Pond - relatively small pond, which includes various types of plants, amphibians and insects. Sometimes the ponds are found in the ponds, which is often artificially introduced into these environments.
River ecosystem. Since rivers are always associated with the seas, they tend to contain plants, fish, amphibians and even insects. This is an example of biogeocenosis, which can also include birds, because birds often hunt in water and around her small fish or insects. An example of biogerocenosis of freshwater reservoir is any freshwater medium. The smallest live part of the food chain here is plankton, which often eats fish and other small creatures.

Sea ecosystems

Ocean ecosystems are relatively restrained, although they, like freshwater ecosystems, also include some birds that hunt fish and insects on the surface of the ocean. Examples of natural biogeocenosis of these ecosystems:

Shallow water. Some small fish and corals live only near Sushi.
Deep water. Large and even gigantic creatures can live deep in the waters of the World Ocean. Some of the most strange creatures in the world dwell right at the bottom.
Warm water. Warm water, for example, in Pacific Ocean, contain one of the most impressive and complex ecosystems in the world.
Cold water. Less diverse cold water also maintain relatively complex ecosystems. Plankton usually forms the foundation of the food chain, following the small fish, which is eating a larger fish or other representatives of the animal world, such as seals or penguins.

Plankton and other plants who loved oceanic waters Near the surface, responsible for 40% of the total photosynthesis, which occurs on Earth. Extreme creatures are also found (for example, shrimp), which are powered by both plankton. They themselves, then usually eat larger individuals - fish. Interestingly, in the deep ocean, plankton cannot exist, because photosynthesis is impossible there, because the light cannot penetrate so far into the waters. It was here that creatures adapted to the conditions of eternal darkness very interesting and apply to the number of the most exciting, terrible and intriguing living beings on Earth.

Ground ecosystems

We give examples of biogeocenoses found on Earth:

Tundra is an ecosystem found in northern latitudes, such as North Canada, Greenland and Siberia. This community marks a point called a tree line, because it is there that cold and limited sunlight make it difficult to fully grow trees. Tundra usually has relatively simple ecosystems due to harsh living conditions.
Taiga is a bit more favorable for the growth of trees, because it lies below the latitude. And yet it is still quite cold. Taiga is found in northern latitudes and is the largest earthly ecosystem on Earth. Types of trees who have taken root here are coniferous (Christmas trees, cedars and pines).
Moderate deciduous forest. Its base make up trees, the leaves of which are painted in beautiful colors - red, yellow and orange before turning. This type of ecosystem is found in the latitudes below the taiga, and it is there that we begin to observe alternating seasonal changes, such as warm summer and cold winters. There are many different types of forests worldwide, including deciduous and coniferous. They are inhabited by many species of animals and plants, so the ecosystem is very rich here. It is difficult to list all the examples of natural biogeocenoses within such a community.
Tropical forests - usually have extremely rich ecosystems, because there are a lot on quite small territory different species Animals and plants.
Desert. This is an example of biogeocenosis, which is the opposite of the tundra in many ways. Although this is also harsh in terms of the conditions of the ecosystem.
Savannes differ from the desert with the amount of precipitation, which fall there every year. Consequently, biological diversity is wider here.
The meadows (pastures) support a wide range of life and may have very complex and involved ecosystems.

Since there are so many different types of land ecosystems, it is difficult to make generalizations that cover them all. Examples of biogeocenosis in nature are so diverse that they are difficult to summarize. Nevertheless similar features are available. For example, most ecosystems contain herbivores that eat plants (and they, in turn, receive food from the Sun and from the soil), and everyone has carnivorous animals that eat herbivores and other carnivores. Some regions, for example, the North Pole, mainly inhabit the predators. The vegetation in the world of snowless silence is absent. Many animals and plants in terrestrial ecosystems also interact with freshwater, and sometimes ocean communities.

Complex systems

Ecosystems are extensive and complex. They include the chains of animals - from the largest mammals to the smallest insects - along with plants, mushrooms and various microorganisms. All these forms of life interact and affect each other. Bears and birds eat fish, earthling eating insects, and caterpillars eating leaves. Everything in nature is in a thin balance. But scientists like technical terms, so this balance of organisms in the ecosystem is often referred to as homeostasis (self-regulation) of the ecosystem.

In the real world of communities, nothing can be perfectly balanced. Thus, when the ecosystem is in equilibrium, it means that it is in a relatively stable state: the population of various animals remain in the same range, their number can increase and decrease at a certain stage, but there is no general trend "up" or "down".

Terms of gradual change

Over time, conditions in nature are changing, including the number of one or another population. This happens constantly, since some species compete with others, often this is due to climate change and landscapes. Animals must adapt to the environment. It is important to understand that in nature these processes flow slowly. During a certain geological period Even rocks and landscapes, and systems that seem to be in stable equilibrium are changed, are actually so not.

When we talk about the homeostasis of the ecosystem, we focus on the relative time framework. We give a relatively simple example of biogeocenosis: Lions eat gazelles, and gazelles eat wild herbs. If in one specific year The population of lions will increase, the number of gazelles will decrease. Consequently, the herbal cover of wild plants will increase. The following year, perhaps, there will be no longer enough gazelles to feed Lviv. This will lead to the fact that the number of predators will decrease, and with the advent of more grass will grow the population of gazelles. This will continue for several continuous cycles, which cause populations to move up and down in a specific range.

Examples of biogeocenoses can be given, which will not be so equilibrium. This is due to the effects of the anthropogenic factor - cutting the trees, the release of greenhouse gases that warm the planet, animal hunting, and so on. Currently, we can observe the fastest disappearance of certain forms in history. Whenever an animal disappears, or its population is rapidly decreasing, you can talk about non-equilibrium. For example, since the beginning of 2016, there are only 60 amur leopards in the world, as well as only 60 Javana rhins.

What is needed for survival?

What important things are needed for survival? There are five elements that need all living beings:

sunlight;
water;
air;
food;
habitat with the right temperature.

What is an ecosystem? This is a specific area or in water, or on land. Ecosystems can be small (place under rock or inside a tree trunk, pond, lake or forest) or large, such as the ocean or our entire planet. Live organisms in the ecosystem, plants, animals, trees and insects interact with non-resident constituents, such as weather, soil, sun and climate, and depend on each other.

Food chains

In the ecosystem, all living beings need food for energy. Green plants are called manufacturers in the food chain. With the help of the Sun, they can produce their own food. This is the very first level of the food chain. Primary consumers, such as insects, caterpillars, cows and sheep, consume (eaten) plants. Animals (lions, snakes, wild cats) are secondary consumers.

Ecosystem - term, very often used in biology. It has already been mentioned, is a community of plants and animals, interacting with each other in the art, as well as with an inanimate medium. Non-fat components include climatic and weather conditions, sun, soil, atmosphere. And all these different organisms Live in close proximity to each other and interact with each other. An example of forest biogeocenosis, where there are rabbits, and foxes, clearly shows what kind of relations are these representatives of the fauna. Lisa eats rabbit to survive. This connection has an impact on other creatures and even on plants that live in the same or similar conditions.

Examples of ecosystems and biogeocenoses

Ecosystems can be huge, with many hundreds of different animals and plants that live in a subtle balance, or they can be relatively small. In harsh places, especially on the poles, ecosystems are relatively simple, because there are only a few species that can withstand complex living conditions. Some creatures can live in several different communities around the world and stay in different relationships with other or familiar creatures.

Earth as an ecosystem stands out in the whole universe. Is there an opportunity to control environmental systems? On the example of biogeocenoses, you can see how any intervention can provoke a mass of changes, both positive and negative.

A whole ecosystem can be destroyed if you increase the temperature or sea level, change the climate. It is possible to influence the natural balance and harm living organisms. This may occur due to anthropogenic activities, such as cutting down forests, urbanization, as well as natural phenomena - floods, storms, fires or eruptions of volcanoes.

Biogeocenosis power supply chains: Examples

At the basic functional level, biogeocenosis typically includes primary manufacturers (plants) capable of collecting energy from the Sun due to the process called photosynthesis. This energy then flows through the food chain. Next are consumers: primary (herbivore) and secondary (carnivorous). These consumers feed the captured energy. Decomposters operate at the bottom of the food chain.

Dead fabrics and life waste take place at all levels. The garbered, childcores and decomposing substances not only consume this energy, but also destroy the organic, splitting it into the components. It is the microbes that finish the work on the decomposition and produce organic components that can be used again by manufacturers.

Biogeocenosis in the forest

Before bringing examples of forest biogeocenosis, back again to the concept of the ecosystem. In the forest there is an abundance of flora, so it inhabits him a large number of Organizations existing within a relatively small space. The density of living organisms is quite high here. To make sure that at least a few examples of forest biogeocenoses should be considered:

Tropical evergreen forest. Gets an impressive amount of precipitation per year. The main characteristic is the presence of thick vegetation, which includes high trees at different levels, each of which is a shelter for different types of animals.
Tropical deciduous forest make up shrubs and dense bushes along with a wide variety of trees. This type is characterized by a large variety of fauna and flora.
Moderate evergreen forest - there are quite a few trees, as well as mosses and fern.
A moderate deciduous forest is located in wet moderate latitudes with a sufficient amount of precipitation. Summer and winter are clearly defined, and the trees are losing the leaves in the autumn and winter months.
Taiga, located directly in front of the Arctic regions, is characterized by evergreen coniferous trees. The temperature is low (below zero) for six months, and life at this time here seems to get silent. During the remaining periods in the taiga, full of migratory birds and insects.

The mountains

Another vivid example of natural biogeocenosis. Mountain ecosystems are distinguished by a large variety, here you can find a large number of animals and plants. main feature Mountains - climate dependence and soils from height, that is high-rise explanancy. In impressive altitudes, harsh environmental conditions are usually dominated and only flavored alpine vegetation survives. Animals that occur there have thick wool cover. The lower slopes are usually covered with coniferous forests.

Influence of man

Together with the term "ecosystem" in ecology, a similar concept is used - Biogeocenosis. Examples described were first given in 1944 by the Soviet ecologist Sukachev. He proposed the following definition: biogeocenosis is the interaction between the combination of organisms and the territory of habitat. They showed the first examples of biogeocenosis and biocenosis (living component of the environmental system).

Today, biogeocenosis is considered as a relatively homogeneous section of the Earth, on which a certain composition of living beings live in close relationships with elements of inanimate nature and related metabolism and energy are inhabited. Examples of biogerocenosis in nature are diverse, but all these communities interact in clear frames that are determined by homogeneous phytocenosis: meadow, pine forest, pond, and so on. Is it possible to somehow affect the course of events in ecosystems?

Consider on the example of biogeocenoses the possibility of managing environmental systems. A person is always the main threat to the environment, and despite the fact that there are many environmental organizations, the defenders of nature will be at a step behind in their efforts when faced with large corporate enterprises. The development of cities, the construction of dams, the drainage of the land - all this contributes to the ever-growing destruction of various natural ecosystems. Although many business corporations were warned about their destructive influence, not everyone perceive these problems seriously.

Any biogeocenosis is an ecosystem, but not every ecosystem is biogeocenosis

A vivid example of biogeocenosis is a pine forest. But the puddle on its territory is an ecosystem. It is not biogeocenosis. But the whole forest can also be called the ecosystem. Thus, both of these concepts are similar, but not identical. An example of biogeocenosis is any ecosystem, limited by a certain phytocenosis - a vegetable community, which includes a combination of plant species diversity due to environmental conditions of the environment. An interesting example is a biosphere, which is a huge ecosystem, but not biogeocenosis, since herself consists of numerous bricks - diverse in the form and content of biogeocenoses.