Crowd: rules of conduct in a crowd. Rules of Safe Conduct in Crowds

Dangers in the mountains and precautions

Mountaineering and tourist activities associated with overcoming numerous dangers associated with the terrain, with meteorological conditions and directly with the actions of the tourists themselves, climbers. Timely recognition of hazards is facilitated by knowledge of the nature and causes of phenomena, which makes it possible to completely exclude or significantly reduce the likelihood of accidents and dangerous situations.

A REAL DANGER IN THE MOUNTAINS MAY BE REPRESENTED BY:

1. natural phenomena- earthquakes, avalanches, rockfalls, collapses of ice and snow cornices, cracks on glaciers, mudflows, mountain rivers.

2. unfavorable climatic conditions - wind, thunderstorm, sharp fluctuations in temperature and humidity, rain, snowfall, sun exposure, darkness.

All these natural factors can be complicated many times over with the wrong attitude of climbers to the organization of mountain climbing and the observance of safety measures.

The reasons that sometimes lead to accidents are:

1.insufficient physical and technical readiness, inconsistency of the chosen route with the forces and experience of tourists.

2. wrong selection of the group, lack of similarity.

4. insufficient discipline in the group, lack of a clear distribution of responsibilities.

5. insufficient knowledge of the route and unreasonable changes.

6. ignorance of hazards in the mountains and safety measures.

7. neglect or misuse of insurance.

8.revaluation own forces and opportunities and underestimation of the difficulties of the route

9. weakening of attention, especially when descending.

10. Poor quality or understaffing of equipment, lack of food.

11. lack of medicines necessary for the provision of medical care.

12. clothing mismatch.

13. poor organization of rest, lack of control over the health of group members.

RELIEF HAZARDS

Avalanches (snow falls) snow masses sliding off the inclined underlying surface of mountain slopes and carrying new masses of snow along the way. Avalanches are one of the most real and formidable hazards in the mountains. The causes of avalanches depend on the relief and nature of the surface, the steepness of the slope, the temperature and humidity of the air, the temperature inside the snow masses, the thickness of the snow cover, the compaction of the wind, etc. Depending on these factors, this or that type of avalanche occurs, each has its own features, season and destructive power. An avalanche can occur on a slope with a steepness of 15 - 18 °, even with a slight snowfall. The amount of adhesion of snow masses to the slope depends on the nature of the underlying surface and the vegetation on it. It does not take much effort for snow to begin to slide on the frozen grassy surface. A little more force is needed for the snow to slide over the bushes. On long, gentle slopes with no high altitudes up to 2000 m, the most avalanche-dangerous time is spring. Large layers of snow, saturated with water as a result of thawing, do not stay on the slippery surface and slide down the slope. At such altitudes, the air temperature is increased, the snow is moistened and becomes avalanche hazardous. The so-called formation avalanches appear. Such avalanches are especially frequent during the rainy season. If in the daytime the top layer of snow melted in the sun, and at night it freezes, turning into a dense hard crust, weakly connected with the dry snow lying under it, then the entire layer of snow slides down to the very ground. Such an avalanche is called a ground avalanche, it carries with it everything that lay on the surface of the slopes, stones, fragments of trees, etc. In the process of avalanche formation, air humidity plays an important role. In dry and warm air, snow melting is imperceptible, but abundant evaporation occurs. The underlying surface is not wetted, and the appearance of vapors above the snow surface leads to cooling. Therefore, dry mountainous regions (Tien Shan, Sayan Mountains) can be equally avalanche dangerous both in spring and in winter. The nature of avalanches is influenced by changes in temperature within the snow masses. Snow has great thermal insulation properties - in the lower layers the temperature is much higher than in the upper ones, and the thicker the snow layer, the greater the difference, sometimes it reaches 15 C. Such a temperature difference causes the active movement of steam from the warm layers to the outer, cold ones. ... In this case, steam is cooled, which, bypassing the condensation process, turns immediately into ice, densifying outer layer... A loosening horizon is created in the lower layers, which creates conditions for sliding. The cause of avalanches can be the compaction of snow due to strong winds. The lower layers of snow gradually settle, a cavity appears between them and the crust, which increases even more with the formation of a loosening horizon. A so-called "snow slab" is formed, which tends to move downward under the weight of the mass of snow. The slightest additional overload on such a slope can lead to the formation of an avalanche. The "board" can move even with a sharp change in temperature. At high altitudes, where winds prevail, the ridges are exposed on the windward side, and snow collects on the leeward side. The accumulation of huge masses of snow in such places leads to overloading of the slopes and the occurrence of avalanches. This snow, as a rule, does not have a coarse-grained structure. When the wind meets rocky areas, pressure is created, and a rarefied zone is formed behind the ridge. It turns out a vortex of the air flow, where the speed of movement drops sharply. The settling fine snow dust is gradually compacted. The accumulating snow turns into giant cornices, which, when overloaded, crumble down with a crash, dragging the underlying masses of snow with them, turning all this into a grandiose avalanche that quickly rolls down the slopes. Depending on the morphology of the underlying surface, one can distinguish "wasps" (snow landslides), trough avalanches and jumping avalanches.

"Wasps" is called the sliding of snow from the surface of a mountain slope outside the channels. Wasps occur mainly on steep grassy slopes, where the adhesion of snow to the underlying surface is low. The speed of these avalanches is not high, but their crushing force is enormous.

Avalanches that slide along a strictly fixed channel (hollows, couloirs) are called tray. Their place of recessions is constant, and they are visible from afar. Below, at the foot of the slope, trough avalanches form blockages in the form of fanning cones. If the drainage channel ends with a wall going down, then the avalanches by inertia continue their movement through the air, as if jumping from a springboard to the bottom of the valley, hence their name "jumping". Blows jumping avalanches of colossal force, as they are almost in free fall. Avalanches are also distinguished depending on the condition of the snow. On this basis, they are divided into dry, wet and wet.

Avalanches are also distinguished depending on the condition of the snow. On this basis, they are divided into dry, wet and wet.

Dry avalanche an avalanche is formed mainly from freshly fallen snow during storms and blizzards. Sometimes the cause of such an avalanche is the breakdown of the "snow board". Snow slabs, bumping into obstacles, break against each other and turn into dry snow dust. For climbers and mountain tourists, this is the most dangerous avalanche, as it moves from high speed, forming a mighty air cushion in front of itself.

Wet avalanches arise mainly at above-zero temperatures from wet snow. They move more slowly, forming a so-called fan cone of piled up snowballs and boulders.

Wet avalanches they move quickly, below they also diverge in a cone, forming piles of large blocks from wet snow. The cone reaches many meters in thickness. Immediately behind the obstacle, the snow mass can burst and form a clearing. Further, the gap is eliminated and the movement of the avalanche takes the form of the movement of the caterpillar

An air wave caused by the fall of both dry and wet avalanches has a tremendous destructive force. The moving masses of snow compact the air, which rushes ahead of the avalanche with tremendous speed. After the avalanche stops, gigantic air masses continue to move forward, sweeping away everything in their path and causing devastation over a significant area.

Avalanche hazardous places are also open slopes in winter and spring, starting with a 15-degree steepness, although in summer time traces of an avalanche are hardly visible on them. In the highlands, near the basins of the firn cluster that feeds the glaciers along the troughs, on the margins between the rocks, avalanche-prone places can be identified. Snowfalls, increased air humidity, general warming are forerunners of avalanche danger. Wind, rain, thunderstorms and hair dryers also contribute to avalanches. Avalanche risk increases at low temperatures after snowfalls on any slopes. The most avalanche-hazardous time is between 11-15 hours. The number of dry avalanches also increases with the increase in rockfalls, eaves breaks and discharges. At night, the snow freezes, so there are much fewer avalanches. Nevertheless, climbers have to overcome avalanche slopes, since there is often no other way. If all traffic rules are followed, an accident can be avoided. Failure to comply with the rules for driving in avalanche-prone areas, ignorance and inability to determine the presence of an avalanche hazard can lead to a disaster.

Basic rules for passing avalanche-prone places.

Do not go to an avalanche site during or immediately after heavy snowfall, fog or rain. In clear weather after a snowfall, as in cloudy weather, you should wait 2--3 days, and in dry, frosty winter - up to 6 days. Avalanche slopes should be crossed in the morning or evening, when the snow is frozen. If possible, you should go in the upper part of the slope, near the rocks. You need to cross large avalanche-prone areas in twos, and the rope should be extended to its full length. When crossing narrow sections, it is necessary, if possible, to fix the rope on the rocks with the help of hooks and organize the railings for belaying the group members. You need to cross a dangerous place quickly, with wide steps, try not to violate the integrity of the snow between the tracks so as not to cut the slope. It is necessary to use red avalanche cords 25-35 m long, one end of which is tied to the belt. In the event of an avalanche of one of the satellites, the cord that remains on the surface will help the rest to find the victim. To make the transition of avalanche-prone places in absolute silence, conversation contributes to the loss of sharpness of attention, and shouting and singing can cause avalanches to fall. If there is a dull hum or hiss underfoot from snow settling on the slopes, you must stop moving. If there are buttresses, you should not move up the avalanche-prone couloir, it is safer to go to the rocks. When skiing, you need to observe an interval of at least 50 - 70 m from each other, remove the straps of the poles from your hands, unfasten the ski bindings. In some cases, in more dangerous places, the transition is made without skis. You should have a tight scarf or scarf tied around your neck so that in the event of a dust avalanche it can be quickly pulled over your mouth and nose. You cannot set up bivouacs in avalanche-prone areas. If a person nevertheless fell into an avalanche and it carried him down, every effort should be made to stay on its surface, not to be thrown head downward. If the avalanche continues to carry you away, you need to quickly throw off your backpack, free your legs from the skis (if there are skis) and try to "swim" to the surface of the avalanche. If the avalanche has not yet picked up speed, an attempt should be made to escape from it - as quickly as possible going down and to the side to its edge. An overturned person becomes helpless and only he wins who does not get confused and instantly makes maximum efforts in the fight against the elements.

Glaciers. Climbers and mountain tourists constantly have to overcome the relief of glaciers. Masses of ice, under the influence of their gravity and plasticity, flow along the inclined surface of the bottom of mountain valleys. Glaciers move continuously at any time of the year or day. Therefore, one can observe how huge ice blocks break off from the main masses from the hanging glaciers and fly down at high speed, splitting into pieces, carrying snow dust with them. The places where there are traces of the recent landslide are especially dangerous. Here it is necessary to pass quickly, without delay early in the morning, and it is better to bypass the overhanging ice ledges and seracs. Avoid ice corridors and gutters.

Glacial cracks pose a serious hazard if they are covered with a small layer of snow (closed cracks) that cannot withstand the weight of a person. Free falling into such cracks is fraught with serious consequences. With the correct organization of the insurance while moving on the glacier, there is practically no danger. To ensure the safety of crossing a glacier full of cracks, you should: move in a bunch of 3 - 4 people in constant readiness of each participant for the insurance of a friend. The one walking first in the bundle continuously probes the thickness of the snow covering the cracks with an ice ax. It is necessary to pass the glacier along its inner edge with small curves, where there are much fewer cracks. The rest of the members of the ligament do not deviate from the direction taken by the one in front and follow in his footsteps.

Rockfalls. Rockfalls pose a great danger when passing rocky routes. A broken stone, hitting the rocks, throws off other stones, which fly down at high speed. Rockfall poses a huge danger to those who get in its way. Therefore, every climber should know the causes of rockfalls. Rocks are constantly being destroyed, especially on peaks, ridges and steep rocky slopes. At the same time, granite, massive rocks are less susceptible to destruction than rocks from limestone and shale. Rocks covered with ice and snow are consolidated with ice all year round and are therefore less dangerous. Rocks as a result of atmospheric influence - heating and cooling, the action of water and wind - are covered with small cracks, water gets into them, which, freezing and thawing, gradually splits the rock. Rain, wind, lightning and tremors all contribute to the falling of stones. In the morning, the rocks begin to heat up, the ice ridge breaks down and individual stones break down. Rockfalls usually begin on the eastern and southeastern slopes of the mountains. The most intense rockfalls occur in warm and sunny weather and reach a maximum by noon. After noon, the rockfall front moves to the western slopes of the cliffs, illuminated by the sun. By the end of the day, with a decrease in air temperature, rockfalls almost stop. In cloudy weather and at night, stones fall less often. The most dangerous places are couloirs, gutters, stream beds and other depressions that serve natural ways movement of stones. Rockfalls can be caused by the climbers themselves - when supporting with their feet on a weakly lying stone, improperly used hold, careless actions with the rope. Signs of places of constant rockfall: fresh stripes from falling stones on the walls of couloirs, gutters and slopes, individual stones on firn and snow slopes, traces of fresh breaks on rocks, talus under the slopes. The safest places from rockfalls are all watersheds, buttresses and, of course, ridges. To ensure safety from rockfalls, climbers and mountain tourists must observe the following rules:

Overcome dangerous sections of the path at the safest time of the day.

Cross the rocky couloirs at their headwaters.

On the stone-dangerous corridor, move one at a time with careful belay.

When climbing and descending on talus, the group members must observe the minimum interval.

Do not allow the participants to be above each other, especially when two groups are moving at the same time.

When driving on brittle rocks, you should carefully check all the support points, lean on them so as not to tear them off the slope. Each displaced stone should be held in place and a friend should be warned about its fragility. The fallen stone should be held and set aside.

With a large number of participants, movement is permissible for two groups in parallel up or down, or the lower group should leave after the upper one leaves to the side.

Do not stay in a dangerous place in rain, snow, thunderstorm, strong wind, at dusk.

When crossing dangerous places in each group, you need to select an observer who constantly monitors the situation above and in case of a rockfall warns the group about this with a loud but calm exclamation "stone!" The same signal is used by the one who accidentally knocks down a stone and it rolls down.

In the event of a rockfall, it is necessary to press against the wall, under a ledge, cornice, etc. If there is no shelter, then stay in place and watch the flight of the stone, and at the last moment jump away from it.

Mud- a sudden flash flood on mountain rivers. load-bearing soil, stones, ice, debris of trees - everything that he meets on the way. In the mountains, mudflows are quite common. Mudflows are very destructive; they pose a danger not only to those in the mountains, but also to settlements. Mudflows destroy houses, mountain roads, demolish crops, create dams. Mudflows can be mud, mud-stone and water-stone. The most common mudflows are mudflows. The reason for the formation of mudflows can be heavy and prolonged rains, significant slopes, the presence of loose debris, the breakthrough of a lake formed as a result of a blockage in the upper reaches of the gorge. The signs of mudflow are the rapidly increasing water level in the rivers, which acquires the color of the soil. The approach of a mudflow can be determined by the specific noise and rumbling. The danger of mudflows increases with warming. More frequent mudflows occur between May and September, but they do not happen in winter. People who find themselves on the way of the mudflow can only be saved by leaving its path on a hill, climbing up the rocks. A group caught in an environment of torrential rains should wait until they run out and descend. The bivouac should be set up in a safe place, on heights, watersheds, where there is no danger of mudflows and rock falls.

Mountain rivers. Every climber and mountain hiker comes across mountain rivers that often block the path. When crossing mountain rivers, the following safety rules must be observed: choose the safest crossing point. Make the crossing in the morning, when there is less water. Avoid wading in dangerous situations. Once in a mountain stream, you should throw off your backpack, stay in the position on your chest and strive to get closer to the shore, stone, tree in order to linger.

HAZARDS RELATED TO CLIMATIC AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Sun burns. The sun acts on a person much stronger at high altitudes than below. The nose, cheeks, especially lips, are burned and blistered. Bright light, mainly on snow and glaciers, not only on clear days, but also in cloudy weather and in fog, causes inflammation of the retina. After 3-4 hours, cramps appear, vision deteriorates, and sometimes temporary blindness occurs. Sun exposure and high temperatures may cause sunstroke... This especially happens in calm places, snow circuses, in hollows and margins. To prevent burns, the following measures should be taken:

· Use smoky goggles in all cases of going out on clean ice, snow or firn throughout the day;

· Be sure to be in a headdress;

· Use special ointments and a mask made of gauze.

Wind... Wind is often the cause of danger in the mountains. It contributes to the formation of rockfalls and avalanches. Wind in the mountains affects temperature changes. With height, its speed increases, as the resistance decreases the earth's surface, and the higher its speed, the more impact it has on the environment and on humans. In the mountains, gusty wind speeds are very strong, especially on ridges and peaks. During a strong blizzard, huge snow whirlwinds are formed. A whirlwind can blow off an installed tent, carry equipment, etc. Snowy winds reduce visibility and cover up tracks in the snow. The group, having lost its orientation, can go to the avalanche slopes, to the rockfall couloir. An increase in the speed of air movement by 1 m / s is equivalent to a decrease in temperature by 10 ° C. The heat transfer at an air speed of 0.9-1.3 m / s is 2 times greater than with stationary air. Wind enhances heat generation processes, increases metabolism. Strong gusts of wind can throw a person off on a difficult section of the path, especially on the ridge. A sign of a strong wind on the ridge is snow flags.

High wind precautions:

Have warm clothes and a windproof jacket

A group caught in a strong blizzard or hurricane wind should seek to leave this area

· Do not move along the ridge, but rather wait out, hiding from the leeward side.

If the group is forced to continue moving in a strong wind, then you should only walk in bundles, increase your vigilance towards the belay and monitor the condition of your comrades, protect your face from frostbite

Freezing. The rapid change in temperatures cannot but affect the life processes of the human body. The air temperature has a great influence on heat exchange. High temperature limits heat transfer, low temperature increases it. It is known that air temperature drops with altitude. In the mountains, the magnitude of the change in air temperature depends on the season, time of day, the nature of atmospheric processes, the presence of glaciers, snow cover, etc. So, if in summer time at sea level the temperature is + 15 ° C, then at an altitude of 1000 m + 8 ° C, at an altitude of 4000 m -11 ° C, at an altitude of 6000 m -24 ° C, at an altitude of 9000 m -43 ° C. If the air temperature is low, and its humidity is high, then the heat transfer increases significantly and the risk of hypothermia increases. At high altitudes in non-acclimatized people with a lack of oxygen, the activity of the thermoregulation center is disrupted and they are most exposed to hypothermia. Hypothermia contributes to fatigue, general exhaustion of the body, poor nutrition, immobility, lack of warm clothes, especially socks, and tight shoes. The legs and arms are most often affected by frostbite. The feeling of cold does not give you the opportunity to have a good rest on the bivouac. After very cold or uncomfortable bivouacs, the climber noticeably loses his capacity for work and resistance to disease. When the body cools down and under heavy physical exertion at a high altitude, the tired climber tends to sleep. It is necessary to overcome drowsiness, as sleep in severe frost can lead to death. To warn yourself against the dangers of low temperatures, first of all, the climber's clothing and equipment must be appropriate for the intended environment. A set of warm woolen garments (sweaters, socks, insoles, etc.), a warm sleeping bag and a good tent will keep you warm.

Thunderstorm in the mountains it is a great danger because a person, being at a height, falls into the sphere of lightning discharges. Lightning strikes in rocks and even thunder can cause strong air vibrations and cause avalanches and rockfalls. A sign of an approaching thunderstorm is, first of all, an increase in the ionization of the air, which smells like the atmosphere of a physiotherapy room, where quartz lamps are burning. Hair rises, cracks and sparkles when combing. Sharp parts of metal equipment, when in contact with the human body, produce an electrical discharge. The ice axes begin to hum. Every minute you should wait for a more tangible manifestation of a thunderstorm. In addition to the danger of being struck by lightning, a thunderstorm in the mountains can be accompanied by a snowstorm, hail or rain. The approach of a thunderstorm can be identified by a sharp fall atmospheric pressure(barometer) and the appearance of cumulus clouds. When a thunderstorm front appears, flashing lightning and dark clouds can be seen from afar. To find out at what distance lightning discharges occur, you need to calculate the gap between the flash of lightning and thunder. It is known that the movement sound waves occurs at a speed of 340 m per 1 s. The number of seconds is multiplied by 340, the result is the distance from the place of the lightning discharge in meters. Therefore, you can calculate your actions and prepare for the onset of a thunderstorm. Most often, lightning in the mountains strikes protruding points - rocky peaks that are higher than others, ridges where there are rocks containing at least a small percentage of iron. When a thunderstorm approaches, it is necessary to descend from an elevated place into a shelter of 10 -15 m to a safe place that will serve as protection from a direct lightning strike; All metal things should be carried at a distance of no closer than 10 m, sit down with their head down, hugging their knees with their hands. At the same time, put dry equipment under the seat and legs (wind jacket, foam rubber, rope, sleeping bag, etc.), do not touch rocks and soil with your hands. If a thunderstorm is found on a steep slope, then you should definitely organize self-belay - hammer in the hook and attach to it with a dry rope, preferably without a carabiner, tying the rope to the chest harness. A person struck by lightning should be treated immediately.

Fog poses a great danger to climbers. It can be caused by the movement of clouds and rising vapors. Fog impairs visibility, making it difficult to navigate and choose a path. It breaks the connection between the participants, acts depressingly on the psyche. It is almost impossible to move in heavy fog. Fog is difficult to predict, it can appear suddenly and just as quickly disappear under the influence of wind. Having lost their orientation, the group can go to an avalanche-prone place, under a rockfall, on a cornice, and go astray. It is easy to lose a person in the fog and difficult to find, so you should stop moving. The group can only move on condition of excellent knowledge of the route. In this case, the following rules should be observed: walk in bundles, do not stretch even on light sections of the path; monitor the condition of your friend.

Rain and snow very common in the mountains. After rain or wet snow, when all the clothes are wet and icy, conditions are created for hypothermia of the body. Damp clothes and equipment negatively affect bivouac rest, negatively affect nervous system climber. Rain, sleet, hail contribute to icing, in which it is many times more difficult to overcome rocky, snowy and ice areas, and grassy slopes too. The danger of rockfalls and avalanches is sharply increasing. Heavy rainfall increases the amount of water in rivers, making crossing difficult. The climber should always remember that such a situation may arise, and stock up on waterproof clothing before going into a high-altitude area. In case of heavy rain and snowfall, it is necessary to find shelter, wait out the bad weather, covered with a raincoat, and if the weather deteriorates for a long time, arrange a bivouac. It is necessary to withstand the period after the snowfall and not go to the rocky sections of the route.

Darkness.... At night, climbers can lose their bearings, go astray. In the dark, the path becomes invisible, the existing danger is hidden. Walking in the mountains is not recommended at night, but there may be times when it is necessary (the work of a rescue team or a search group). It happens that the group for a long time cannot find suitable place for an overnight stay, and she was caught by the night. Exit at night should be planned only in safe and familiar places in order to pass the avalanche-prone couloir at dawn and have enough time to return to the base or camp.

Good weather and good luck in your hikes

Crowded places where it is easy for criminals to commit a crime and easily hide are called high-risk areas. These can be train stations, parks, cinemas, theaters, places of various festivities, etc. At the train stations, a criminal can hide, getting lost among people, sitting on any train. With their crowds of people, railway stations mainly attract thieves and swindlers, "homeless people", because among a large number of people there are always simpletons who easily "fall for the bait".

Being on thetrain station, you should follow some rules:

Do not leave your belongings unattended.

Do not trust strangers to look after your belongings.

3. It is best to leave things in a storage room: if it is an automatic one, then you need to be careful and attentive when typing ciphers, when writing them down.

4. Do not exchange large bills for smaller ones unnecessarily.

5. Do not trust strangers.

In order not to become a victim of deception, you should not play various lotteries, "thimbles", take part in draws and sweepstakes.

City market is also a hazardous area. This is possibly a place where thieves, robbers, and swindlers gather. It is also easy for a criminal to hide here, getting lost in the crowd.

Basic Precautions

To avoid becoming a victim of a pickpocketing thief, take these precautions:

1. You should not carry money in your purse, because in a crowd it is easy to grab and hide or cut through and take out the money.

2. Money is best carried in an inside pocket.

3. Do not carry your wallet in the back pocket of your trousers, it is not for nothing that thieves call it "someone else's pocket".

4. Teenage girls should carry a purse with money and expensive things in front of them, holding it with their hand. When shopping, do not part with your bag.

5. The safest way to carry cash or other valuables is a bag or wallet, which can be hung around your neck and covered with clothing.

6. If in a crowd you are constantly pushed, interfered with, or distracted - this is a sure sign of a pickpocket's "work". Be extremely careful.

7. Pay attention to people who try to get closer to you, stand from behind or to the side, cuddle or distract your attention.

8. Avoid shaking hands with strangers.

Going to shop for a large amount or receiving money from the bank, by mail, ask your friends to insure you.

Keep big and small money in different places. Do not draw the attention of others to your wallet when paying for purchases, attach the wallet inside the bag on a strong chain. Pickpocketing most often occurs when visiting large stores, in lines, in crowded transport, at train stations. Therefore, be especially careful and careful when in a crowd.

When in a crowd, hold the bag in your hands so that it cannot be opened or cut with a blade.

Have a whistle or pocket siren with you.

Pay attention to people who are trying to get closer to you, from behind or to the side, cuddling or distracting your attention.

Pickpockets often resort to tricks to lull the victim's vigilance, so be careful when trying to stop you and strike up a conversation.

When traveling by public transport, try not to fall asleep or look out the window if your belongings are on the floor.

Parks are popular gathering places for young people, teenagers, various companies, places for drinking alcoholic beverages, and a person in a state of intoxication loses control over himself, attracts robbers and criminals. It is easy for a criminal to hide in the park, so you should not go into secluded wilderness places, it is better to stay near people.

a) In the park:

- avoid walking along uncrowded alleys, do not enter the park at night;

Choose benches located in an open area, preferably from the side without thickets;

Do not sit in too secluded places or where the shrubbery obstructs the view;

if you get the impression that you are being stalked, quickly, but not at a run, leave until you meet someone.

b) At the concert:

- remember that the greatest crush is in front of the stage, since everyone is striving forward;

Do not stand between the speakers, as the maximum sound level makes music perception impossible and dulls the senses;

Do not occupy places in the corners of the hall, close to the wall or cross-sectional walls (between sectors), from where it is difficult to escape and where there is a danger of being crushed;

While waiting to enter a theater or stadium, stay away from glass doors or fences that might push you against;

If the crowd has run, avoid the main danger - falling, it will be impossible to get up.

If you are carried away by the crowd, let the sea of people carry you: taking a deep breath, put your elbows forward.

c) On the beach or in the pool:

Be attentive to your belongings, do not leave them unattended;

Do not carry valuables or a substantial bag of money with you, do not leave anything in booths and locker rooms.

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….3

Chapter 1. Hazardous areas ………………………………… ... 4

1.1 Street ……………………………………………………………………… .. 4

1.2 Modern dwelling ………………………………………………… ... 4

1.3 Places of crowds of people ..................... 5

1.4 Transport ……………………………………………………………… .. 6

Chapter 2. Negative impact of the urban environment …………………. 7

2.1 Man-made hazards …………………………………………… ...... 7

2.2 Environmental hazards ………………………………………………. 8

2.3 Social hazards …………………………………………… ...... 12

Chapter 3. Security system ………………………… 14

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………........16

Bibliography ………………………………………………………...17

Introduction.

At the present stage of development, mankind is faced with the acute problems of large cities.

The city, as an artificial habitat created by man, is significantly different from natural environment... If in nature a person is faced with the influence of external natural conditions, then in a society, the most complex phenomenon of which is the city, external influences come primarily from people or from the circumstances caused by them.

The city includes components, which include natural components (relief, climate, water, vegetation and animal world), an artificially created component - the technosphere (industrial enterprises, transport, residential buildings) and an obligatory part of the urban environment - the population.

During a long historical development in cities, humans have formed a special habitat. In the process of life, a person is inextricably linked with the urban environment, making up an interacting system with it. This interaction gives both positive (comfort of life) and negative results. The negative result of human interaction with the city is determined by the dangers - negative impacts that suddenly arise, periodically or constantly acting in the “person - urban environment” system.

A positive result determines that the city, as an artificial habitat created by man, allows a person to be less dependent on extreme factors than before. natural character... The city provides ample opportunities for improving the comfort of living conditions, for the development of the spiritual and creative activity of each person.

In connection with the special role of cities in the development of mankind, the question arises of how to do so in order to maximize the positive and minimize negative influences cities per person. The solution to this issue will be the goal of this work. To solve this issue, it is necessary to determine the zones of increased danger in the city, to talk about the negative impacts of the urban environment on a person, their consequences and ways of dealing with them. And the same indicate the services that are part of the city's security system.

Chapter 1. Zones of increased danger.

Knowledge and consideration of high-risk zones allows predicting the development of a possible extreme situation, provide for the appropriate rules of conduct and thereby ensure their safety.

1.1. Street

This danger zone includes non-residential buildings, backyards, deserted streets, vacant lots, alleys.

At later, at night, it is better to bypass such dangerous places: let the path be lengthened, but the degree of danger will decrease. But if you had to walk along a side street, you need to stay close to the edge of the sidewalk and away from dark entrances, where a sudden intruder can drag you. You should walk with a confident look, holding an umbrella or a lantern in your hands, just in case.

Walking along the highway, you must keep to the side where the traffic is moving towards you - this way you will not be able to be dragged into a car that has pulled up from behind.

Whenever possible, you should try to avoid contact with anyone. When there is a threat of attack, it is best to flee. If it was not possible to escape, one must fight back using the available means at hand for self-defense. Having become a victim of a robber, rapist, you should try to remember his face, clothes and other signs and immediately report to the police.

Also, on the street, you should carefully look at only around, but also at your feet. Urban roads and sidewalks can become slippery for a number of reasons and, as a result, there are large numbers of injured people, especially the elderly.

1.2 Modern dwelling.

In the city, even the houses themselves are potentially dangerous, especially multi-storey ones, from the roofs of which icicles are torn down in winter and spring, and various objects can fall out of windows and balconies.

Entrances and elevators of apartment buildings, where attacks are most often carried out, are also dangerous. In order not to become a victim of them, certain precautions should be taken:

You should not enter the staircase, elevator with strangers, suspicious people;

Once alone with a stranger in the elevator, you should immediately go out;

When attacking, you need to call for help, ring someone's door.

Modern dwelling- the focus of various networks of communal and individual household services. In a modern, well-maintained apartment, a closed, branching electrical wiring has been laid, water supply, heating, and sewerage networks have been laid. to divert various household waste... Many kitchens are equipped with gas stoves, which are supplied with gas through pipelines. In these conditions, a variety of extreme situations are possible. All pipelines in which, as a result of long-term operation, exposure to it environment lends itself to corrosion, wears out. Sometimes it is not at all necessary to be an expert in order to deal with a particular situation, to try to prevent serious consequences.

Flooding.

Each section of the pipeline has a central, intermediate and terminal taps (valves). In the event of a water leak from the tap, it is necessary to close the intermediate valve, and in the event of a serious accident, close the central valve, which is usually located in the basement of the entrance, the terminal and intermediate taps in the apartment. The same should be done in case of a heating system failure. All emergency cases must be reported to the house management, call specialists and try to prevent severe flooding of the apartment, since flooding can lead to a short circuit in the electrical wiring, and this, in turn, to electric shock and fire in the house.

Fire.

This situation is easier to prevent than to deal with its consequences. In the event of a fire, it is necessary to localize the fire source by preventing air from reaching the fire. If a fire broke out due to a short circuit in the electrical wiring, turn off the distribution electrical switch located on the staircase of each floor, then, if possible, turn off the central entrance switch. Next, you need to call the fire brigade and start extinguishing the fire with the available means at hand (water, sand, etc.). The main thing in this situation is to notify the neighbors of the fire and save the people caught in the fire.

Destruction of the building.

This extreme situation can occur as a result of an explosion or due to the destruction of building structures. In this situation, it is necessary to show determination, courage, and most importantly endurance, to properly organize the rescue of people, to prevent panic (people who are often in a panic state rush out of the windows of the upper floors). With the destruction of buildings, flooding, fire, and electrical wiring can occur. In any case, the most important thing in this situation is to organize the rescue of people, especially from the upper floors.

1.3. Crowded places.

Crowded places, where it is easy for criminals to commit crimes and hide, are areas of increased danger. It can be train stations , parks , cinemas , places of various festivities , underground passages, etc. .

At train stations, a criminal can hide, getting lost among people, having sat down any train. With their crowds, the stations attract mainly thieves and swindlers, "homeless people", since among a large number of people there are always simpletons who are easy to deceive. While at the train station, the following rules should be observed safe behavior:

Do not leave things unattended;

Do not trust your belongings, luggage to strangers;

Do not exchange large bills for smaller ones without special need;

In order not to become a victim of deception, you should not play various lotteries, "thimbles", take part in draws and sweepstakes. After waiting a few minutes and looking closely at who is constantly playing and winning, you can personally make sure that these are the same faces.

Parks- favorite gathering places for young people, teenagers, various companies, places for drinking alcoholic beverages, and a person in a state of intoxication loses control over himself, attracts robbers and criminals of all stripes. It is easy for a criminal to hide in the park, so you should not go into secluded wilderness places, you should stay near people.

City Markets are also areas of increased danger. These are possible places of congestion of thieves, robbers, swindlers. Here, too, it is easy for a criminal to hide, getting lost in the crowd.

At later, at night, it is better to bypass the still dangerous places: let the path be lengthened, but the degree of danger will decrease. If possible, you should try to avoid contact with anyone. When there is a threat of attack, it is best to flee. If this is not possible, then all available means at hand must be used for self-defense. Having become a victim of a robber, rapist, you should try to remember his faces, clothes and other signs and immediately report to the police.

1.4 Transport.

All people, regardless of age and status, enjoy different kinds Vehicle. But not everyone thinks that modern transport is an area of increased danger. A feature of modern transport is its high energy saturation. The most energy-intensive types of vehicles are trams, trolleybuses, metro and rail transport.

Massive noisy events will surely attract many people. These include festive concerts and fairs, football matches, etc. There are always a lot of people at these events. Before the start of a concert or any other holiday, everyone behaves calmly. At this time, people are peaceful, polite, let each other pass at the entrance. In anticipation of a fascinating spectacle, they are calm and unhurried. However, at the end of the event, everything changes.

Everyone immediately leaves their seats and rushes towards the exit. This contributes to the formation of a large influx of people and constant traffic jams. It also happens that the movement of people from ordered to spontaneous, and a crowd is formed. Everyone needs to know the rules of conduct in a crowd. They are a set of measures that will help maintain security in crowded areas.

Facts from history

Humanity knows cases when people perished in crowded spontaneous crush a large number of of people. A striking example of such a tragedy is the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II. The crush happened on the Khodynskoye field. Here a crowd of thousands rushed to the place where the food was distributed. As a result, more than one thousand people died and suffered.

Monstrous stampedes also took place during the days of Stalin's funeral. Then not only a large number of people died. The crowd also crushed the horses that were there, on which the policemen who were keeping order were sitting.

Reasons for the appearance of the crowd

When does a large number of people become dangerous? The crowd is formed when panic or general aggression occurs. Moreover, these two reasons are closely related.

The crowd is distinguished by its own characteristics. She is characterized by unconsciousness, impulsiveness and instinct. The crowd lacks logic. The people in it live at this moment only by feelings. The so-called herd instinct comes into play, which defies any control. This is especially evident in the case when there is no leader in the crowd, and no one gives any restraining commands. Tens, hundreds, thousands of people are losing their individuality. They literally turn into a terrible multi-headed beast, sweeping away and destroying everything that comes in their way. These are the main features of crowd behavior.

For what reason does the mass of people acquire "explosiveness"? To do this, she needs a certain psychological detonator. It is often a general hysteria, the emergence of which is provoked by mass protests or, on the contrary, a demonstration of a loyal mood. Crowds can be caused by fear, such as from a fire or any other disaster. The mass of people sweeping away everything in its path often arises after an overly emotional football match or an unprofessional rock concert.

in crowd

Unfortunately, the list of reasons that turn a crowd of people into an uncontrollable mass is very long. Often those who find themselves in it, later themselves, are at a loss from their own behavior. An explanation in this case should be sought in the distant past, referring to the primitive instincts of man. It is they who explain the appearance of mass psychosis. This behavior helped people survive in distant and harsh times.

The herd instinct, like any other atavism, today is dangerous for the human collective. The only thing that can resist him is the mind. Any of us, finding ourselves in an aggressive crowd, should try not to succumb to its general negative feeling. However, it should be borne in mind that this uncontrollable mass does not tolerate "apostates", and can cruelly deal with those who did not succumb to psychosis. Keeping your personality in the crowd is not easy at all. After all, a real human sea just carries you nowhere. However, there is no choice. Without preserving your own individuality, you can lose not only the appearance of a person, but also your life. The ruthlessness of the crowd is manifested not only in relation to those who disagree, but also to its ordinary members.

Uncontrolled flow in a confined space

During any concert or there may be a crowd. It is important for everyone to know the rules of behavior in a crowd in a confined space, because a general change of mood can occur, for example, with someone's heart-rending cry: "Fire!" People who have come to spend their time with pleasure have a dramatic change in their mood from positive to negative. Extreme stress arises. All people in a confined space simultaneously start looking for a way out in order to get to a safe place. Of course, everything that happens is chaotic. Unfortunately, this is the case in most cases.

The most active people are those who are farthest from the exit. They begin to press on those in front. The result is very sad. Most of those in front are pushed against the walls. This creates a crush that can take human lives.

Once at a mass event, you should pay attention to where the emergency exit is. It is recommended to do this, just in case, even before the start of the show. Well, what to do if there is a panic and an uncontrollable crowd is formed? The rules of conduct in a crowd in this case require a sober assessment of the situation. For those who did not manage to be among the first to flee, experts advise to wait until the main stream of people subsides. True, this will require composure and considerable restraint. It is permissible to run along narrow aisles with the whole crowd only when the flame of the fire spreads literally before our eyes. Indeed, in this case, a real gas chamber can form as a result of the combustion of plastic coatings and materials in the hall.

Precautionary measures

So, you rushed to where the main crowd is. The rules of conduct in the crowd dictate that you must empty your pockets. Clothes should not contain anything that has any rigidity and can cause serious injury to both you and the people around you. Throw away pens and pencils, calculators and notebooks. An exception can be made only for paper money, and even then only if it is not rolled into a tube.

In the crowd, they demand to get rid of clothes that are too loose, long or decorated with metal details. It is recommended that you throw off anything that may constrict your neck. This list includes a locket with a drawstring, tie, chain, jacket lacing, etc. It is necessary to throw all jewelry and any jewelry on the floor, despite the fact that it is a pity to lose them. Even glasses are not an exception. In such a situation, they should not be on the face.

The rules in the crowd require that you take measures to avoid falling due to untied shoelaces while driving. While there is time, they must be tightened with a dead knot. This is very important, because no one succeeds in getting up during the movement of uncontrollable human masses.

Safe behavior in a crowd involves the position of the arms bent at the elbows, while the fists are directed upward. This will protect the chest from pressure. You can do it a little differently. In order not to be deprived of the opportunity to breathe during the pressure of the mass of people, it is advisable to clasp your hands in front of the chest in a lock. Such protective measures should be taken in advance, while the crowd is still sparse. Compaction of a large mass of people will certainly happen, because when leaving through narrow doors, the "funnel effect" will work.

The most dangerous places

A person who moves to the exit with a huge crowd of people should try to avoid any places of narrowing of the room, ledges and dead ends. This is inevitably the maximum pressure exerted by the crowd. The rules of conduct in a crowd say that one should strive to avoid being near the wall itself. This is the most dangerous place. A person who is there can be seriously injured not only from an incompletely hammered nail, but also from an unremarkable electrical outlet. To prevent this from happening, there is a special memo. Behavior in a crowd requires every effort to get into the mainstream (although it's not safe there either); go back where it is freer; try to lie down on the flow of people from above.

The latter option causes some difficulties, but it is better to experience the discontent of the crowd than to be trampled or pressed against the wall. Paying attention to the last technique is especially important when it comes to children. Sit the child on your shoulders if possible.

The crowd in the street

Many people believe that such a flow of people in an open space is less dangerous than in an enclosed space. However, the behavior of an individual in a crowd is, unfortunately, unpredictable. In both cases, a person awakens base instincts that cannot be controlled.

Safe behavior in a crowd will also save you on the street, because the human stream is also capable of trampling its participants. In general, the rules practically do not differ from those described above. However, the behavior of a person in a crowd on the street has its own characteristics. In order not to get lost in the mass of people, it is recommended to retreat to the side lanes, streets, to leave through the courtyards. If it is impossible, the entrances of residential buildings can be used as shelters, through which it is easy to climb onto the roofs.

What should someone who is caught in a moving crowd do?

Above all, you should stay away from any ledges and walls. The greatest danger in such cases is represented by various metal gratings. There should be no chains, ties or laces around the neck. All of these items can easily turn into a stranglehold. There should be nothing hard in the pockets of your clothes that could cause injury.

The behavior of a person in a crowd should be restrained. You should not strive to get into the thick of things. It is best to stick to the edge of the flow of people.

Survival rules

What are the features of human behavior in a crowd? How to take care of your own safety? Keep in mind that you should not resist the spontaneous movement of an uncontrolled flow. Even the most physically strong person will not have enough strength for this. Do not cling to lampposts or walls. It won't help.

The peculiarities of an individual's behavior in a crowd, when the flow of people has become dense enough, require everyone who is really aware of the threat to their own lives to stay away from the walls. After all, a broken one will work no worse than a guillotine knife. Already from a distance you need to notice the approaching kiosks, billboards, lampposts and parapets, and strive to miss them.

The peculiarities of the behavior of an individual in a crowd are such that a person who cares about his safety should not make the slightest attempt to stop and pick up any object from the ground (even if it is a suitcase with dollars). It is unlikely that he will be able to take advantage of these values. Injury should not be the reason for stopping either. You will need to treat wounds in a safe place.

Anyone who finds himself in the crowd without losing his head should try to protect women and children. This can be done only by getting out of the mass of people. It is necessary to line up in a wedge, placing children and women inside, and, pushing those around, slowly drift to the side. Moreover, an attempt should be made only in the direction of the movement of the crowd.

Living in a modern big city, a person often finds himself in places mass gathering of people. A lot of the public often gathers for parades and processions, for concerts and performances of pop stars, for sports matches, during various actions and political speeches, in clubs, the subway, at public transport stops.

The danger of the crowd does not always manifest itself immediately. People love to get together. But not always a cheerful, noisy company or a mass gathering has a positive attitude. The danger of the crowd lies in its spontaneity, unpredictability and power of impact on each individual individually.

In order to return from the next event without bruises or fractures, you need to know basic principles crowd behavior and safe crowd behavior.

Rules of conduct in a crowd

Avoid large crowds.
Don't join the crowd, no matter how much you want to look at the events taking place.
Once in a place of mass gathering of people, calculate in advance the retreat moves and stay as close to them as possible. The most dangerous places to avoid during the general escape: the space near the stage and around the dressing rooms, narrow aisles and places next to glass display cases.
If you find yourself in a crowd, try to get out of it.
If the crowd has begun to move, try to move with everyone, with the flow, especially not against or across the main mass. Try not to be pushed back to the center, where they are being pressed from all sides, and it will be very difficult to get out of there. You also need to be not on the very edge where you are threatened to be pinned against a wall or fence. Do not grab handrails, railings, various objects, you will not have enough strength to hold on to them, and your hands may be severely injured.
Try to stay away from tall and large people, people with bulky objects and large bags.
Inhale deeply and spread the arms bent at the elbows slightly to the sides so that the chest is not compressed.
Try to stay on your feet by any means.
Don't keep your hands in your pockets.
While moving, raise your legs as high as possible, put your foot on a full foot, do not mince, do not rise on tiptoes.
If the crush has become threatening, immediately, without hesitation, get rid of any burden, first of all, from a bag with a long belt and a scarf.
If you have dropped something, under no circumstances bend over to pick it up.
If you fall, try to get to your feet as quickly as possible. In this case, do not lean on your hands (they will be crushed or broken). Try to stand on your soles or socks for a moment. Having found support, "emerge", sharply pushing off the ground with your feet.
If you can't stand up, curl up in a ball, protect your head with your forearms, and cover the back of your head with your palms.
Once in a crowded room, determine in advance which places are most dangerous in case of an emergency (passages between sectors in the stadium, glass doors and partitions in concert halls, etc.), pay attention to emergency and emergency exits, mentally make your way to him.
The easiest way to hide from the crowds is in the corners of the hall or near the walls, but it is more difficult to get from there to the exit.
If you panic, try to remain calm and able to assess the situation soberly.
Do not join the protesters "for the sake of interest." First, find out if the rally is sanctioned, what the speakers are campaigning for.
Do not join unregistered organizations. Participation in the activities of such organizations may result in criminal penalties.
During riots, try not to get into the crowd, both participants and spectators. You can fall under the actions of special forces soldiers.
If a large crowd of people are trying to curb the police or troops, do not run to meet them, trying to find help or explain your innocence. It is difficult for them in this situation to determine who is right and who is wrong, and they can use force against you.