What is futurism in the literature. School encyclopedia

Futurism - avant-garde, heterogeneous composition literary direction 1910-20. Russian futurism is an independent phenomenon in the robust of the pan-European revolution in art, its connection with Italian futurism is estimated differently. The starting point of this direction that grew up from "symbolism" and " impressionism"There was a form revolution, especially in the field of literary language.

Russian futurism as a direction in literature

The most important group in 1910 formed cubefuturistsThis included V. Kichnikov, David and Nikolai Burliuki and A. Klychey. They strive primarily to the autonomy and the liberation of the word, while the form and the sound of "words as such" meant more than its content. From here - experiments on the creation of a dusty language ("Zaomu"). Other experiments concerned the syntax (for example, David Burliuk's refusal from prepositions), creating neologisms, poems and rhyme systems. Provoking aspect of futurism revealed in Manifesto 1912 Silence to public taste With his refusal of all prior literature.

Cubefuturists welcomed the October Revolution, seeing the opportunity for its radical ideas about art. In this regard K. Chukovsky I wrote in 1922 about the three trends observed in them: firstly, urbanism, with an emphasis on the technical and industrial, secondly, the desire for the workridges, the refusal of culture, and, thirdly, anarchism, almost unconscious, insisted on the destruction of all laws and values, which is represented by Chukovsky, a typical Russian phenomenon.

Mansion stood a group egohuchuristswho took the name of futurism; It was founded in 1911 Igor Northerner in St. Petersburg, in 1912-14 the group was headed by Ivan Ignatiev. Based on egoism as a driving life force, egofulurism performed for individualism and demanded the abolition of moral and ethical restrictions in art. Some participants of this short-lived group were united later called Imazhinists (R. Ivnev and V. Sherevich).

Closer to the ideas of Cubefuturists was group "Centrifuge"which existed in Moscow from 1914 to 1922 and protruding primarily for the update of poetic agents - metaphors and a figurative language as a whole. This includes S. Bobrov, B. Pasternak, N. Aseev; According to the literary critic Markova, "from all other futuristic groups, this is perhaps the most widely and deeply represented futurism."

Along with the three mains there were many other directions of futurism, respectively, related to each other; For example, G. Pennikov and N. Aseev with their Kharkov publishing house "LIREN", who worked with Khlebnikov, or close to ego paturism, the Moscow group "Mezonin of Poetry", which existed 4 months in 1913.

Despite the positive attitude of futurists, especially Mayakovsky, to the revolution, the Soviet regime was negatively reducible to Futurism, as well as the left group arising from it and to the influence of the Leningrad Association Oborryu. Installations that were guided by "Orthodox" communist literary societies " October"And the rape in the fight against these opponents of the bourgeois culture and the revolutionaries in the art, which was in an independent way, did not change then until the collapse of the USSR: Futurism was considered the direction of bourgeois and decadent.

The time of the birth of Russian futurism is considered to be 1910, when the first futuristic collection of "Sadok judges" was published (his authors were D. Burluk, V. Khlebnikov and V. Kamensky). Together with V. Mayakovsky and A. Twisted, these poets soon consisted of the most influential grouping in the new flow cubeturists: "Cubo" - from the "FUUMM" propaganda in painting, "Futurm" - the future. There was another name in this futuristic group - "hyiley" (so in ancient Greek, the part of the Tauride province was called, where in the 1910s the Burlukov family lived and where the poets of the new association came in 1911). Poet V. Khlebnikov gave the group another name - beland; According to V. Mayakovsky, "Willland are people who will be. We are the day before."

In December 1912, a collection of Cubobuturists "Social Society" was published. This collection was opened by the software case, which D. Burluk, A. Klycheykh, V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov). The position of the group was chosen destructive and scandalous. "Only we are the face of our time," they argued.

But Cubarofuturists were not the only literary futuristic group:

• in St. Petersburg in 1911, he was announced by the appearance of egohuchurists at the head of I. Northerners; The group included K. Olympov, I. Ignatiev, V. Godov, Ivanov.
• the group "Mezonin of Poetry" in 1913-1914 amounted to V. Shershevich, R. Ivnev, S. Tretyakov, B. Lavrenev, Chrysanf.
• during the 1914-1916, there was a futuristic group of the Centrifuge, which included S. Bobrov, N. Aseev, B. Pasternak, K. Bolshakov, Bohdar.

The existence of each of the futuristic groups was short-lived: they appeared before the First World War and broke into the first war years. Each of these groups considered, as a rule, it is an expressive of the ideas of "true" futurism and led a fierce controversy with other groups.

Speaking about futurists, most often mean the most famous of them - Cubal feasts: Vladimir Mayakovsky, Velimira Khlebnikov, Alexey Tschechey, Vasily Kamensky and others. A visual idea of \u200b\u200btheir literary program gives quotes from their collections ("Sadok judges P", "Society to public taste", etc.): "Throw Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, and so on. And so on. With a steamer of modernity"; "The painters will love to use the parts of the bodies, cuts, and the rheathered words with swap words, half-clocks and their bizarre cunning combinations (zai tongue)"; "We loosened the syntax ... We began to give the contents of the words on their design and fondic characteristic"; "The vowels we understand how time and space (aspiration character), consonants - paint, sound, smell"; "We have crushed rhymes. Khlebnikov put forward the poetic size of a live speaking word. We stopped looking for sizes in textbooks ..."; "We consider the word Creator myth: the word, dying, gives rise to myth, and vice versa."

Futurists announced the arrival of the artist with a new look at the world, the herald of the new world, and A. Tard in the article "Declaration of the Word, as such" (1913) stated: "The artist saw the world in a new way and, like Adam, gives everything his names. Lily is beautiful, but ugly the word lily, excited and "raped". Therefore, I call Lily of Eua - the initial purity is restored. "

Aesthetic, literary principles of futurists, as well as the names of their collections ("Picture of the public taste", "Darky Moon", "Moody of exhaust toad", "Tango with cows") shocked contemporaries, caused outrage and all sorts of reproaches. Futurism as a phenomenon went beyond the framework of the literature itself: he was embodied in the behavior of the participants in the flow. A prerequisite for its existence was the atmosphere of a literary scandal. The public speeches of futurists were defiantly drawn up: the beginning and end of the speeches were celebrated by the blows of Hong, K. Malevich was with a wooden spoon in Petwee, V. Mayakovsky - in the "female", according to the criteria, yellow sweatshirt, A. Tarmed, wore a cushion on the neck etc. In fact, not everything than futurists surprised the public, it should be taken seriously. V. Mayakovsky himself soon, with the beginning of the war, acknowledged: "... We had many tricks only in order to pin the bourgeois ... Futurism for us, young poets, - Red Toreador Cloak ..."

The general basis of the movement was the spontaneous feeling of the "inevitability of the crash of the older" (V. Mayakovsky) and the desire to realize and express through the art of the coming world coup and the birth of a new person. But the goal was set not only to realize and express a change of epochs, the art itself should have become an active transformative force capable of transforming the world.

Unlike its predecessors of symbolists, futurists sought to make literary art, the literary word democratic, massive (poetry should have escaped from the dungeon of the book and spoke on the square); They sought to give modern, adequate to the new dynamic time the means of self-expression. V. Khlebnikov even tried to offer mankind new universal Language. In terms of the life of the vital appraims, futurists exceeded symbolists. The word for futurists was determined, that is, it became self-concrete, self-sufficient (non-reflective, but replacing items and phenomena, itself becoming the subject); It could be crushed, to reincarnate, create new combinations of morpheme and sounds.

Futurist experiments were curious (first of all V. Klebnikov, V. Mayakovsky, A. Klychey) in the field of verse, poetic word. So, at one time, scandalous fame received the "poem" of the twisted "holes - Bul - Schuly ...":

A. Kratchey himself argued: "... In this five-hundredth more Russian national, than in the entire Pushkin poetry." Is it worth taking seriously this statement? Is there anything in this "poem", in addition to the desire to shut up the public? Since soon we cannot talk about the content side of this work (there is simply no reason for this), then the whole thing here, obviously, is the sound shell - the sound (phonosemantics) invented twisted "words". Otherwise, is the sound shell, the word is meaningful? How to treat "Zaulnya" ("Zauumi") futurists?

According to Research A.P. Zhuravleva and other scientists, information is not only words (their lexical meanings), but also sounds, sound shell words. For example, sounds have color compliances: [a] - bright red; [O] - bright light yellow or white; [and] - light blue; [E] - light yellow-green; [U] - Dark blue-green; [s] - dull dark brown or black. Sounds also have emotional compliances: [d] - dark, cold, sad; [p] - grungy, etc.

Based on the emotional and color characteristics of the sounds included in the "poem" of A. Klychey, it can be, possessing the famous fraction of fantasy, "interpret" as the image of a thunderstorm (possibly accompanying the change of historical formations). According to one of the proposed versions of 1 reading of this "poem" of the word "holes", "Bul", "Schul" are associated with something black, cold, sad, coarse, heavy, frightening. Perhaps they draw a prejudicous state of nature: "holes", "splash" - dark black sky; "Bul" - dark blue-green vegetation on earth; The word "repuls" is associated with dark, slow, terrible, dim, with glimpses of light yellow-green. Perhaps these are light yellow-green flashes on a dark blue-green field. The word "skum" is something cold, evil, quiet, dark, mighty and arrogant. It looks like a dark blue surface of the clouds. All this can be perceived as a preface, as the premonition of thunderstorm events, as if clouds crawl across the sky; And here is the turn - a bright flash illuminated the sky: "You - CO - BU". "You" - active, big, funny, loud and majestic; "CO" - flash; Cold, light, light and big; "BU" - rough, cold, like a blow. Perhaps this is a bright white flash on a dark blue background. "R - L - EZ" - the first sounds repeat the sounds of the first line, but only briefly and expressively, as if darkness after the outbreak, the sky was shrouded. "EZ" is something majestic, bright, fast, ringing and optimistic. It looks like a reflections of flashes of lightning on earth.

Futurism (from Lat. Futurum - Future) - the general name of the artistic avant-garde movements of the 1910s - early 1920s. XX century, primarily in Italy and Russia.

Unlike the aqmeism, futurism as a course of in domestic poetry originated by no means in Russia. This phenomenon is entirely brought from the West, where it originated and was theoretically justified. The birthplace of the new modernist movement was Italy, and the famous writer Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (1876-1944) was the main ideologist of the Italian and world futurism (1876-1944), who spoke on February 20, 1909 on the pages of the Sabbath Paris newspaper "Figaro" with the first "futurism manifesto" in which was Declared "anticultural, anti-sytic and antifilosophical" its focus.

In principle, any modern course in art argued itself by refusing to the old standards, canons, traditions. However, futurism was distinguished in this plan extreme extremist orientation. This course claimed to build a new art - "the art of the future", speaking under the slogan of nihilistic denial of all previous artistic experience. Marinetti proclaimed the "world-wide historical task of futurism", which was to "spit on the altar of art every day."

Futurists preached the destruction of the forms and conventions of art for the sake of merging it with the accelerated life process of the 20th century. They are characterized by a worship before action, movement, speed, force and aggression; exalting itself and contempt for weak; The priority of strength, soaking with war and destruction approved. In this regard, futurism in his ideology was very close to both the right and left radicals: anarchists, fascists, communists focused on the revolutionary notification of the past.

Although the taking of the mouth was widely used by all modern schools, for futurists, he was the most important thing as any avant-garde phenomenon, futurism needed an increased attention to himself. The indifference was absolutely unacceptable for him, prerequisite There was an atmosphere of the literary scandal. The deliberate extremes in the behavior of futurists provoked an aggressive rejection and a pronounced protest of the public. What, in fact, was required.

Russian avant-gardists of the beginning of the century entered the history of culture as innovators who committed a coup in world art - both in poetry and in other areas of creativity. In addition, many have become famous as great scandalists. Futurists, cubefuturists and egofulurists, sciences and suprematists, rays and Mischina, Vekovka and Nobashki struck the imagination of the public.

The poetry of Russian futurism was closely connected with avant-garde in painting. It is not by chance that many futurist poets were good artists - V. Khlebnikov, V. Kamensky, Elena Guro, V. Mayakovsky, A. Klychey, Brothers Burluki. At the same time, many avant-garde artists wrote poems and prose, participated in futuristic publications not only as designers, but also as writers. Painting largely enriched futurism. K. Malevich, P. Filonov, N. Goncharov, M. Larionov almost created what Futurists strive for.

Aesthetics of futurism:
- rebar, anarchicity of the worldview, the expression of mass moods of the crowd;
- denial of cultural traditions, an attempt to create art as directed into the future;
- Riot against the usual standards of poetic speech, experimentalism in the field of rhythm, rhymes, orientation on the pronouncing verse, slogan, poster;
- the search for a liberated "selfless" word, experiments on creating a "dusty" language;
- cult of technology, industrial cities;
- Pafos of Podatage.

Russian futurists had four main groups:

• cubeturists (Burluk, Khlebnikov, Kamensky, Mayakovsky);
• ego paturists (Igor-Northerner);
• "Mezonin of Poetry" (Schenevich, Ivnev);
• "Centrifuge" (Pasternak, Aseev).

What was general basis Movement?
1. The spontaneous feeling of the "inevitability of the crash of the older."
2. Creating through the art of the coming coup and the birth of new humanity.
3. Creativity is not imitation, but the continuation of nature, "language is part of nature."
4. "Telling and lyrics".
5. Mix styles and genres.

Futuristic collections and manifests:
"Dusty Moon"
"Madepers of exhaust toad"
Milk Kobylits
"Rying Parnass"
"Go to hell"
"Silence to public taste"

Public speeches of futurists were causing:
K. Malevich - read poems under the blows of the gong;
V.Markovsky - in a women's yellow blouse;
A.Krused - wore a sofa pillow on the cord;
V.Kamensky - went out with a painted physiognomy and wrote poems on back side wallpaper;
Black piano, suspended to the ceiling of the theater, procession through the streets under the roar of cans. Exit to the street. Street as a holiday of art for everyone.

So, for Russian futurism is characteristic:
Revolution, expression of crowd mass moods.
An attempt to create art as dire in the future.
Riot against the usual standards of poetic speech, orientation on the slogan and poster.
Experiment for creating a dusty language.

Futurism is one of the main avant-garde directions (avant-garde - the extreme manifestation of modernism) in the European arts of the beginning of the 20th century, which has gained the greatest development in Italy and Russia.

In 1909, in Italy, the poet F. Marinetti published "Manifesto Futurism." The main provisions of this manifesto: the refusal of traditional aesthetic values \u200b\u200band experience of the entire previous literature, bold experiments in the field of literature and art. As the main elements of futuristic poetry, Marinetti calls "courage, audacity, riot". In 1912, Russian futurists V. Mayakovsky, A. Klychykh, V. Khlebnikov, created his manifesto "Social Society". They also sought to break with the traditional culture, welcomed the literary experiments, sought to find new means of speech expressiveness (proclaiming the new free rhythm, loosening the syntax, the destruction of punctuation marks). At the same time, Russian futurists rejected fascism and anarchism, which declared Marinetti in their manifestes, and turned, mainly to aesthetic issues. They proclaimed the revolution of the form, its independence from the content ("It is not important that, but as") and the absolute freedom of the poetic word.

Futurism was an inhomogeneous direction. In its framework, four main groups or flows can be distinguished:

1) "Giley", which united the Cubal feasts (V. Khlebnikov, V. Mayakovsky, A. Klychey and others);

2) "Association of EgoFuturists" (I. Northernik, I. Ignatiev and others);

3) "Mezonin of Poetry" (V. Sherevich, R. Ivnev);

4) "Centrifuge" (S. Bobrov, N. Aseev, B. Pasternak).

The most significant and influential group was "hyiley": in fact, it was she who identified the face of Russian futurism. Its participants released a lot of collections: "Sadok judges" (1910), "Society to Public Taste" (1912), "Dusty Moon" (1913), "took" (1915).

Futurists wrote on behalf of a crowd man. The basis of this movement was the feeling of the "inevitability of the crash of the older" (Mayakovsky), awareness of the birth of "new humanity". Artistic creativity, according to futurists, should have become not imitation, but by the continuation of nature, which through the creative will of a person creates " new world, today's, iron ... "(Malevich). This is due to the desire to destroy the "old" form, the desire for contrasts, a colloquial speech. Based on a lively spoken language, futurists were engaged in "worship" (created neologisms). Their works were distinguished by complex semantic and composite shifts - the contrast of comic and tragic, fiction and lyrics.

Futurism began to break down in 1915-1916.

8. Life and creativity m. Gorky. Previously romantic works.

M. Gorky (Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) was born 16 (28) of March 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod, in the family of the chamber of the Cabinetrevian. Early losing parents, Gorky was taken to raising his grandfather's home - Vasily Kashirina. The grandfather brought up the grandson in church books, and the grandmother of Akulina Ivanovna instilled the boy's love for folk poetry, songs and fairy tales. Thanks to the grandmother, the future writer received the most necessary luggage of knowledge, which he will come in handy in the subsequent creative activity. Akulina Ivanovna replaced him with his mother and, as M. Gorky himself put himself in his trilogy "Childhood", "I sat down a strong strength for a difficult life." Already at 10 years old, M. Gorky was forced to enter people and independently search for their place in society. But the beginning of this path turned out to be quite difficult: the future writer was served by the draft man, was a buffet dismaker on a steamer, a backyard. At M. Gorky there was no present formation, he finished only a craft school. The desire for knowledge led the writer to the Kazan University, however, an attempt to go there was unsuccessful. Despite this, Gorky found the strength to continue learning, but already on its own. In the same period, the writer meets Marxist literature, conducts propaganda work among the peasantry. Because of what in 1889, he first underwent arrest for contact with the circle of N. E. Fedoseyev and then long ago was under the supervision of the police. In 1891, M. Gorky goes on a journey through the country, so he sought to know how more people And life itself. The writer wanted to figure out the reality of tormenting his questions, find out the essence of social evil and find ways to achieve truth and justice. In 1892, the story of the writer Makar Mirandian was first printed in the Caucasus newspaper. It was then that readers first recognized the name (pseudonym) writer - M. Gorky. In the future, he began to cooperate with many other printed publications: "Volzhsky Bulletin", "Nizhny Novgorod leaflet", "Samara newspaper". In 1895, the writer's stories like "Chelkash", Staruha Izergil, "Sokoli", Konovalov, were printed. In 1898, two volumes of stories and essays M. Gorky are published in the light (of which "former people", "Malwa", "Spouse Orlov"), who brought popularity and all-Russian fame to the writer. Gradually, the writer from ordinary, short stories and essays began to move towards larger literary works. In 1899, a poem appears in the prose of "twenty six and one", and then the first big novel of Gorky "Thoma Gordeyev" was written. After these works, M. Gorky fame quickly compared with such popular writers as L. N. Tolstoy and A. P. Chekhov. At the beginning of the 1900s, Gorky takes part in revolutionary events, the appeal writes, in which the public calls for the fight against autocracy. Because of him, he was arrested once again and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod. In 1901, the "Song of the Petrel" was published. This work written by rhythmic prose has received a huge response in society and entered the story as a classic product of revolutionary poetry. At that time, she became a precursor of the revolution, which became more apparent every day. It was in this song that the writer is so clearly and accurately caught the revolutionary mood of society. At the same time, the writer creates the greatest works of drama (the plays "Messenia" (1901), "at the bottom" (1902), "Dachniks" (1904)), meets many well-known literators L. N. Tolstov, A. P. Chekhov. In 1905, Gorky tried to prevent the events of Blood Sunday (January 9). After all that happened, he wrote an angry appeal of events on January 9 and called for the overthrow of autocracy. January 12 for his actions was arrested and concluded in the Petropavlovsk fortress. But after a month, the authorities were forced to free the writer, since the public was followed by a stormy outrage and protest. In 1906, M. Gorky leaves abroad to Western Europe, and then to America. There he creates a number of brilliant works: "Beautiful France", "in America", the play "Enemies", Roman "Mother". The writer then moved to the island of Capri for a long time, where she lived seven years. There he wrote a "confession" (1908), in which it clearly expressed his discrepancies with the Bolsheviks, the theme of God the theme for the first time appears. Gorky begins to edit a number of Bolshevik newspapers "True", "Star" and the magazine "Enlightenment". Such significant works that were written by the writer during this period is the "town of Okrov" (1909), "Tales of Italy", the first part of the autobiographical trilogy "Childhood" (1913-1914), the story "in people" (1915-1916 ), the cycle of the stories "By Russia" (1912-1917). In 1913, M. Gorky arrives back to Russia. On the mental state, M. Gorky was very strongly influenced by the First World War. The writer was constantly expressed against the war, and most importantly sought to convey to everyone that war is a collective madness, which only leads to bad results. In 1921, M. Gorky again leaving abroad to Italy (Sorrento). Returning to the Soviet Union, the writer produces a novel "The Case of Artamonov" (1925) and begins to write another novel-epic "Life of Klim Samgin" (1927 - 1928), which was never over. The epic covers a forty-year period of historical reality, demonstrates collapse of populism, bourgeois egoism and pride. This novel very brightly reflected the reality and injustice that surrounded the simple person

The performance of Gorky B. last years was amazing. In addition to multilateral editorial and public work, he gives a lot of time to journalism (over the past eight years of life, about 300 articles published) and writes new artwork. In 1930, Gorky conceived the dramatic trilogy about the revolution of 1917. Finished, he managed only two plays: "Egor Bulychev and others" (1932), "Reaching and others" (1933). The fourth Samgin remained unfinished (the third was released in 1931), over which Gorky worked in recent years.

Gorky was seriously ill and much of what was happening in the country, he did not know. Starting from 1935, under the pretext of the disease, they did not let any uncomfortable people, did not give him letters, Gorky was in this guardianship and said that "he was postponed," but could not do anything. He died on June 18, 1936

M. Gorky as a writer sick with all the souls for the fate of the Russian man. He broke into Russian and world literaturelike a peopling of the People's Revolution.

Early romantic works

The early creativity of Gorky amazes, first of all, unusual for a young writer with an artistic diversity, a bold confidence with which he creates various paints and poetic intonation of the work. This applies, above all, to the early romantic works of Gorky. In the 1890s. He wrote the stories "Makar Mirara", "old woman Izergil", "Khan and his son", "Some", "Return of Normanov from England", "blindness of love", the fairy tales "Girl and Death", "About the little Fairy and young Shephan "," Sokoli's song "," Song about the Petrel "," Legend about Marco "and others. They are all distinguished by one feature: here is shown" The taste of freedom, something free, wide, bolder. "

In the center of early works of Maxim Gorky - exceptional characters, strong spirit and proud people who, according to the author, the "sun in the blood". This metaphor creates a series of images close to it related to the motif of fire, sparks, flame, torch. These heroes have burning hearts. This feature is characteristic not only by Danko, but also the characters of the first story of Gorky - "Makar Mirara." Under the thoughtful melody of the splashing waves begins his story Old Gypsy Maka Miranda. From the very first lines of the reader covers a feeling of unusual: the boundless steppe left and the endless sea on the right, the old Gypsy, lying in a beautiful strong pose, the rustle of coastal bushes - all this sets on a conversation about something intimate, most important. Makar Mirande is leisurely leads to the call of man and his role on Earth. "The man is a slave, as soon as he was born, the whole life is a slave and everything here," Makar talks. And he opposes its: "The person will be born to find out what will will be, sheer steppe, hear a sea wave talk"; "If you live - so kings over the whole earth." This thought illustrates the legend of love Loyko Zobad and Rada, who did not become slaves of their feeling. Their images are exceptional and romanticized. Loyko Zobad "The eyes, how clear stars are burning, and a smile is an integer sun." When he sits on horseback, it seems that it is formed from one piece of iron along with the horse. The power and beauty of Zobad is not inferior to his kindness. "You need his heart, he himself would cut him out of his chest and you gave you, just that you were good from it." Below and beauty is glad. Makar Mirara calls her an eaglest. "You can't tell anything about her words. Maybe her beauty could play on the violin, and the one who knows this violin, as his soul, knows. " Proud gladly rejected the feelings of Loyko Zobad, for the will was more expensive to her love. When I decided to become his wife, I set the condition that Loyko could not fulfill, without humiliating himself. The unresolved conflict leads to the tragic final: the heroes die, but remain free, love and even life sacrificed will. In this story, for the first time there is a romantic image of a loving human heart: Loyko Zobar, who could snatch a heart from the chest for happiness of the near, checks, whether his beloved heart is stuffing, and the knife is stuffing. And the same knife, but already in the hands of the Soldier Danil is striking the heart of Zobar. Love and thirst for freedom are evil demons that destroy the happiness of people. Together with Makar Miracle, the narrator admires the strength of the character of heroes. And with him it can not answer the question passing by a leitmotif through the whole story: how to make people happy and what is happiness. In the story "Makar Miranda" formulated two different understanding of happiness. The first is in the words of the "strict person": "conquering God, and he will give you everything they ask." This thesis immediately divorces: it turns out God did not give a "strict person" even clothes to cover the naked body. The second thesis is proved by the fate of Loyko Zobad and Rada: Will more expensive life, happiness is free. The romantic world of young bitter rises to famous Pushkin words: "There is no happiness in the world, and there is peace and will ..." In the story "Old Isergil" - awareness of a person's personality on sealand Under Akkerman in Bessarabia, the author of the legend of the old woman of Izergil is listening. Everything is full of atmospheric love: Men "Bronze, with lush black mustes and thick curls to shoulders", women, "funny, flexible, with dark blue eyes, also bronze." The author's fantasy and night make them irresistibly beautiful. Nature harmonizes the romantic mood of the author: The foliage sighs and whispers, the wind plays silky hair of women. According to the contrast, the old woman is the isergile: the time bent it in half, the bony body, dull eyes, a creamy voice. Ruthless time takes beauty and with her love. The old woman Izergil talks about his life, about his beloved: "The voice of her crush, exactly the old woman spoke bones." Gorky brings the reader to the thought that love is not eternal, as it is not forever. What remains in life for centuries? Gorky put two legends in the mouth in the mouth: about the son of Eagle Lara, who considered himself the first on Earth and wanted happiness only for himself, and about Danko, who gave his heart to people. Images of Lara and Danko are sharply contrasted, although both of them are bold, strong and proud people. Lara lives according to the laws of strong, which is "all allowed." He kills the girl, as she did not conquer his will, and comes her foot on his chest. The cruelty of Lara is based on the feeling of superiority of a strong personality over the crowd. Gorky milking popular in late XIX. in. The ideas of the German philosopher Nietzsche. In the book, "so spoke Zarathustra", Nietzsche argued that people are divided into strong (eagles) and weak (lambs), which are destined to be slaves. In the legend about Lara Gorky shows that Nischenta, who professing morality "is strongly permitted," is waiting for loneliness, which is worse than death. "The punishment of him is most," says the most wise of people after Lara commits a crime. And Lara, pretended to eternal life and eternal travel, turns into a black shadow, dried by the sun and winds. Condeming the Egoist, who only takes from people, not giving anything in return, the old woman of Izergil says: "For everything that a person takes, he pays himself, his mind and strength, sometimes - life." Danko pays for life, making a feat in the name of the happiness of people. Blue sparks flashing at night in the steppe is the sparks of his burning heart, freshen the road to freedom. The impassable forest, where the giant trees stood a stone wall, the greedy mouth of the swamp, strong and evil enemies gave birth to people in humans. Then Danko appeared: - "What I will do for people," Danko shouted stronger thunder. And suddenly he ripped his chest himself and pulled his heart out of her and raised him high above his head. It was burning so bright as the sun, and brighter the sun, and the whole forest fell silent, lit by this torch of the Great Love to people, and Darkness scattered from the light of him ... "As we saw, the poetic metaphor -" to give the heart to your love " The story "Makar Miranda", and in a fairy tale about a small fairy. But here it turns into a detailed poetic image, interpreted literally. Gorky invests a new high meaning in an erased banal phrase, which for centuries was accompanied by an explanation in love: "give a hand and heart." The living human heart of Danko became a torch illuminating humanity to the new life. And although the "careful person" still stepped on him, the blue sparks in the steppe almost remind people about the feat of Danko. The meaning of the story of the Staruha Ispergil is determined by the phrase "there is always a place of charge in life." Dankovka Danko, who "burned his heart for people and died, without asking them nothing as a reward," expresses a secret Gorky thought: happiness and will of one person are unthinkable without happiness and liberation of the people. "Song of Falcon" - The hymn act in the name of freedom, the light "The madness of brave - this is the wisdom of life," says bitter in the "Sokol song". The main reception, with the help of which this thesis is approved, is the dialogue between two different "true", two world-plants, two contrasting images - falcon and hor. The same reception was the writer in other stories. Volong Shepher - Antipode of the Blind Crow, Egoist Lara is opposed by Altruist Danko. In the "Sokol song" in front of the reader are the hero and the tradesman. Self-suicurate is convinced of the inviolability of the old order. In the dark gorge, he is fine: "Heat and raw". The sky for him is an empty place, and falcon that dreams of flights into the sky is a real madiment. With a poisonous irony, it is already claiming that the beauty of flights is in the fall. In the soul of Sokol, there is a crazy thirst for freedom, light. His death, he approves the right point of the feat in the name of freedom. The death of Sokol is at the same time a complete debunk of the "wise" hor. A direct rollback with a legend about Danko is noticeable in the song about Sokol: the blue sparks of the burning heart flare out in the darkness of the night, eternally reminding people about Danko. The death of Sokol also brings him immortality: "And the blood drops of your hot, like sparks, flared in the darkness of life and a lot of bold hearts will lit a crazy thirst for freedom, light!". From the work to the work in the early work of Gorky, the theme of the feat is crystallized and crystallized. Loyko Zobar, Rada, make madness in the name of love. Their actions are extraordinary, but this is not a feat. The courage and audacity of Lara lead to a crime, for he "for himself only wants will." And only Danko and Falcon of their death claim the immortality of the feat. So the problem of the will and happiness of a separate person is moving into the background, replacing the problem of happiness for all mankind. The "madness of brave" brings moral satisfaction with the Obelchoms: "I am going to burn as brighter and deeper to light the darkness of life. And death for me - my reward! " - Declare Gorky man.

Early romantic works of Gorky walked the consciousness of the inferiority of life, unfair and ugly, gave birth to the dream of heroes revolting against the ordinal established centuries. The revolutionary and romantic idea has identified the artistic peculiarity of the works of Gorky: Potetic sublime style, romantic fabul, genre of fairy tales, legends, songs, allegory, conditionally symbolic background. In the stories of bitter, it is easy to detect the exclusivity of heroes characteristic of romanticism, the settings of the action, language. But at the same time, they are given in them, characteristic of only bitter: a contrast comparison of the hero and a tradesman, a person and a slave. The action of the work, as a rule, is organized around the dialogue of ideas, the romantic framing of the story creates a background on which the convex appears the author's thought. Sometimes such framed serves as a landscape - a romantic description of the sea, steppes, thunderstorms. Gorky generously uses folklore motifs and images, Moldavian, Valash, Hutsul legends, who overheard during the walkers in Russia. The language of romantic works of bitter flowece and sorn, singingly sounded. All the heroes of the early creativity of Gorky morally emotionally and are experiencing a mental injury, choosing between love and freedom, but they are chosen by the latter, bypassing the love side and preferring only freedom. People of this type, as the writer predicted, may be great in extreme situations, in days of disasters, wars, revolutions, but they are most often unsuitable in the normal course of human life. Today, the problems set by the writer M.Gorky in his early work are perceived as relevant and pressing to solve issues of our time. Gorky, openly declared at the end of the XIX century about his faith in a person, in his mind, in his creative, transforming opportunities, until today continues to cause interest from readers.

The name "Futurism" has a Latin origin and translates as a "future". This direction in philosophy, literature and painting has become a natural consequence of urbanization with its rapid pace, cars, telephones, airplanes, electric railways and etc.

What is futurism?

The hero of this direction becomes new person, Far from lyrics of the past, poetry of lovers of the Moon and Black Melancholy. Futurism is a tendency of feverish aspiration to the future. This is the avant-garde movement of the early 20s of the last century gathered under his banners of writers, poets, artists and all those who were closer to energy. big City, Youth and Fire Fight. The slogan of hot urbanists was the "beauty of the speed", which they embodied in their works.

Futurism in philosophy

Unlike cubism and expressionism, futurism philosophy is focused on an emotionally psychological assessment of machine civilization. Its founders - Marinetti, Bocchoni, Carr, Severini and others preach dynamism and absolute freedom of images and words. Futurism in poetry provides for the use of new words, vulgar vocabulary, professional jargon. Painters devote their work to machines and mechanisms. They predominate fragments and figures with sharp angles, zigzags, spirals - all that is responsible for the principles of simultaneity.

The main features of futurism

The main features of futurism include:

1. Free verse, free rhythm, use of the language of the document, poster and poster.
2. Interested in what futurism means, it is worth answering that this direction confesses the refusal of all traditions, a break with the last ideology and ethical views.
3. Propaganda of art and household individualism.
4. Evolution of the modernist concept, expression of the essence of the object.
5. The idea of \u200b\u200baggression, which becomes aesthetic doctrine of Italian fascism.

Futurism in web design

Futuristic style is widely used in the design of Internet resources. Dynamic, surreal, it is ideal for those who work on a project associated with space, robotostroy, innovative technologies. Futurism design is performed in bright and cold range, and the textures use the most modern. The role of the main background often plays image newest architecturerepresenting a metal alloy, glass and plastic. Futurism in design gives the impression of a dynamic, fast-growing resource filled with energy.

Futurism - Books

The epoch could not not impose his imprint on the work of many writers who in their works covered the topic of the development of post-industrial society with his hopes and aspirations, where his own insatiable "I" is coming out. Here are some of the most iconic books:

1. "451 degrees Fahrenheit" Ray Bradbury. In his work, the author raises the topic of universal zombie and the foliation of the population carried out by interactive television. Rare dissenters are suppressed by punitive psychiatry, and dog-robot is hunts on incorrigible dissidents.
2. "Clockwork Orange" Anthony Burgessa. This work is a literary paradox of the 20th century, where the red thread of the narrative is the topic of combating violence by the method of the same violence.
3. "How women are seduced. Futurist's kitchen Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Her author knows what futurism means, because he is his founder and ideological inspirer. He made a bold essay on how men seduce women.

Futurism - Movies

Futuristic films combines gloomy, acute antioticopia, which is shown unreal spaceships, People in webbed skaters and other fantastic scenery, forcing not very positive philosophical forecasts. Here are some of the paintings:

1. "Water World". The invention of its creators amazes even the most bold assumptions. Here and Kevin Costner in the appearance of the heroic mutant and bizarre ships, and intricate buildings.
2. "Heavenly Captain and World of Future". Futurism in the cinema does not always justify expectations, but the game of such famous actors, like Angelina Jolie, Gwyneth Paltrow and others just fascinates. The submitted strange world with difficulty is a description, but all fiction lovers will definitely appreciate him.
3. "Prometheus". By the number of visual effects, he has little equal. The history of astronauts, which went into space, makes shudder from horror and unreal beauty.