Features of hotels and postal service in ancient Rome. Post History Posts of Ancient Rome

Antique cameo, these miniature hands of human hands, combine subtle grace and beauty. And although their age is calculated not by one tenth of centuries, looking at them, each viewer has a feeling that these images are about to come to life! After all, in ancient times in Ancient RomeIn ancient Greece and Hellenistic states, this art has reached the vertices of perfection.

No wonder they say: " Gemma are small, but they win a cenche"(S. Reynak). The art of miniature threads on precious and semi-precious stones, Glipetics, known with deep antiquity. At the same time, carved miniatures, called gemma, can be of two types - with convex images (these are cameo) or with cut-out (inthalia).

Intals as seals

Intals are more ancient kind of thread, and they survived their flourishing for a long time. Cut Intals on monochrome stones usually always with a practical purpose - for use as seals. On soft clay or wax put out prints, sealing the premises, sealing letters and documents. And also stamped some things, thereby noting their belonging to the owner of the intella.

Thumbnails of miniature inthaly - the case is not easy, the sharp must be good to imagine how the inverted impression will look like. As a material for inthalli, varieties of quartz are most often used: carnelian and reddish chalcedony, as well as rhinestone.

Kameoi - Luxury Items in Ancient Greece

In the era of antiquity, at the end of the IY century BC. E., Masters of Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece Continuing to work with inthalia, begin to work with with another material - multicolor and multi-layer sardonix or agate, from which convex embossed gems are cut out. With a skillful approach, the crackers managed to achieve interesting colors and light effects.
Working on double or triple portraits, they tried each of them to withstand in their color. And if it was possible to successfully get into the color, which was quite difficult, came out as if they came to life.
While Intals were used for practical purposes, cameo became the subject of luxury. They were inserted for beauty to robust and diadems, adorned their clothes ... But not everyone could afford to buy them.

Gemma Alexandria

The first to start working with cameers on the basis of polychrome sardonix were nameless Greek masters-carvers on the stone, who served at the courtyard of Ptolemyev in Alexandria. As part of the gliptic, these were big masters, even the earliest working with cameras were performed virtuoso.

A number of works created by their work became famous masterpieces. These include a unique "Kameu Gunsag", "Farnese Cup", "Ptolemy Cup" and others.

The most brilliant work recognized as a masterpiece for all times was "Cameo Gonzag", stored in the Hermitage.

The finest Cameo, one of the largest. Two profiles are cut on it - male and female. Most likely, this is Ptolemy II and his wife Arsinoe, who is also his sister.

This cameoy did not avoid the fate of many historical relics: seven times she passed from one owner to another, until he was in St. Petersburg. She in 1814 presented to the Russian emperor Alexander I Josephine after the defeat of France in the war with Russia.

Glipetics in ancient Rome

After the fall of the kingdom of Ptolemyev (30th year BC), the era of Hellenism was over, and the Greek masters began to work for the benefit of the Roman Empire, which successfully absorbed the culture of ancient Eldla, including gliptic. But reproducing its best samples, Roman cutters became in many creating portrait and multifiguric cameras with mythical and allegoric heroes.
Gradually, in the history of the gliptic, a new period came, in which a new style took shape. Now the main storyline was the triumph of the emperor, and in the technique, the preference began to give more stringent and graphic two-color compositions - white silhouettes on a dark background.

"Cameo August"

On this two-color chamber depicts the emperor Augustus surrounded by real historical personalities and Roman gods.

"Gemma Tiberius"

This camoy is the biggest cam in the world. Napoleon I called it the "Great Machines of France." Cameo manufactured during the reign of Emperor Tiberius in his honor based on five-layer Sardonix. More than 20 figures are located on it in three rows. The Emperor Tiberius with his wife Libya is depicted surrounded by his relatives and gods cut out with jewelry accuracy, and they have a defeated German and Ducks under their feet with their women and children.

It is clear that the miniature stone thread is not a simple matter, requiring great mastery and patience. In addition, the master should be able to see the beauty in stone, to predict how the layers are located inside it. The thread process itself is very long. It is not even months for the creation of one cameley, and years of hard work. Experts compare the process of making one large cameo with the construction of a whole cathedral. Apparently, you need to love your business very much to do it.

But, despite all these difficulties, from under the cutters of ancient craftsmen, many excellent specimens, real works of art, came out. And all the subsequent years they remain the ideal of beauty and perfection to which many Masters of Gliptic are striving.

Intals

Cameley

In the center of the Cross placed quite large cameo, on which the emperor Augustus is depicted. This cross was donated to the ancient and famous Aachen Cathedral by the German emperor Otton III.

Cameo Emperor Konstantin, Sardonix, IV Century N. e., Konstantin and Tikh. Sardonyx. Roman work. IV century St. Petersburg, State Hermitage.

The best collections of the camas have Museums of Vienna, Paris and St. Petersburg. In many ways, thanks to the efforts of Catherine II, adored came and collecting them, the assembly of the ancient Hermitage Camiors is one of the largest in the world. And today is impressive of the most sophisticated connoisseurs.

Today the next one took place intellectual game "Who want to be a millionaire?". This article can be examined answers to all questions in "Who wants to become a millionaire?" for May 13, 2017 . In the game with the leading Dmitry Dibrov, two pairs of players participated today. Below questions and answers, answer options, I decided not to write, in order not to distract readers, because you need only the necessary information.

The first pair of players in the game "Who wants to become a millionaire?" for 13.05.2017

1. What is the man who performs small, simple orders?

• boy on bliss

2. What was supposed to answer the Soviet pioneer to call "Be ready!"?

• "Always ready!"

3. Where is going to sit the heroine of the song in the performance of love of Uspenskaya?

• in convertible

4. What can be earned in many games?

5. Who sang a chastushki in the cartoon "Flying Ship"?

• Grandmates

6. What kind of predator lives high in the mountains?

• snow Leopard

7. What, besides horsepower, measuring the power of the car?

• in kilowatts.

8. What kind of nickname wore Sir Lancelot, the knight of the round table?

• Lazy

9. Melody What song Bard Sergey Nikitina recorded an orchestra of Moria?

• "Under the music of Vivaldi"

10. What decorated the hats of postal couriers ancient Rome?

• wings

11. What artist's house is one of the most famous Amsterdam museums?

• Rembrandt

Players of the first couple did not benefit anything and left without a penny of money won.

The second pair of players in the program "Who wants to become a millionaire?" for 13.05.2017

1. What are the organisms of animals and plants?

• from cells

2. How Ershov described the horse-hunchback: "On the back with two humps and ..."?

• with Arsh, ears

3. What are used in acupuncture?

• needles

4. What kind of play Shakespeare was based on the musical "Kiss me, Kat"?

• "The Taming of the Shrew"

5. What do Koala eat?

• eucalyptus leaves

6. Martial arts Which country are known known as the wushu?

• China

7. From what poem Pushkin Vladimir Motyl took a name for his film "Star of captivating happiness"?

• "To Chaadaev"

8. What letter do you remind a rugby gate?

9. What musical instrument is depicted on the coat of arms of Ireland?

10. On what lake King Peter I built fun flotilla?

• Plescheyevo

Players answered wrong and left without a penny of won money.

1. Some hundred years ago, the delivery of parcels and letters across Russia was considered very fast if he did not exceed six months. In the old days, the royal messengers could pay their own lives for bad news, and therefore the work of the courier in those times was not just complicated, but also dangerous.
2. IN Ancient civilization Inca managed to keep a huge territory under a single extension thanks to excellent roads with a well-established courier service. Insk Roads were intended for pedestrians and caravans Lam, every 7.2 km stood distance indexes, and after 19-29 km - traveler recreation stations. In addition, courier stations were located every 2.5 km. The couriers (teas) passed the news and orders on the relay, and thus the information was transmitted for 2000 km in 5 days.
3. In the ancient Roman Empire, thanks to the courier delivery, residents of the country could receive up-to-date information about the events of political life, litigation, scandals, military campaigns and executions. Being an imperial courier was very honorable, and this activity was well paid.
4. IN Ancient China The release of special sheets of news, which then, through couriers delivered to various regions of the country. It can be said that courier delivery over the centuries has been an important part of the government system.
5. IN Ancient Egypt The most famous courier was considered phillipid, which by legend in 490 BC. Brought a message about the victory in the battle of the marathon in Athens. He, running about 40 km, died from exhaustion, but became the founder of marathon jogging.
6. In the 13th century, the first special service was organized in Russia to send written reports, the so-called Yamsk gilvan, - a distinctive Russian institution that existed until the second half of the 19th century.
7. In the XVI century, special letters began to make special events to account for correspondence and enhance the personal responsibility of the deaths for its safety on the originals or copies of documents. In the XVII century, these events have become more detailed and contained, except for the surname and the name of the race, year, month and day of the correspondence.
8. In 1665, postal and courier routes from Moscow were organized in Riga and in 1669 - to Vilnius, who made the possibility of sharing correspondence, including private, with foreign countries.
9. In Russia, the courier postal service appeared in the 17th century, on November 17, 1710 Peter I signed a decree on the establishment of a special courier route from St. Petersburg to Moscow, which was a prototype of a military-field courier service approved by Decree of Peter I on March 30, 1716.
10. In 1783, in Russia for the first time, uniform tariffs for sending correspondence were introduced depending on its mass and from distance.
11. Since 1837, in Russia, the courier departures began to transport railway. Russia is one of the first countries that organized such transportation.
12. By the beginning of the 19th century, there were about 460 postal and courier institutions in Russia, where the service of 5 thousand couriers managed.
13. In America, the first courier services began to be provided in 1907 by the American company UPS. This company was engaged in delivery of colors, mailing and small cargo.
14. In 1946, Ken Thomas founded the company-carrier TNT. He made the main emphasis on the implementation of a regular communication between cities. And she brought his innovations, to all customers who wanted to make sure the success of the delivery were now issued a special certificate with the recipient's signature.
15. In 1969, for the first time, air delivery appeared, which allowed

The most powerful state Education ancient world is definitely Ancient Rome. This city not only subordinated to the Apennine Peninsula, but also spread his possessions to a huge territory: from Britain to North Africa And from the Pyrenean Peninsula to Syria.
Communication of the capital With remote provinces, it became for Rome with an urgent need.

To do this, it was built, unprecedented earlier, a network of good, paved by stone, roads. Their total length of Caesar was already 150 thousand kilometers during the time of Guy Julia.
By the way, popular expression "All roads lead to Rome"Not so metaphorically, as it seems at first glance. The oldest and wide roads really like the rays converged in the capital of the empire. It was on these roads from Rome" Legions went to war or to suppress the rebellion.

Appeiyeva Road, preserved to this day.

Although the foundations are regular public mail I also laid Julius Caesar, she acquired his canonical look at August. It was he who united all routes to a single network, which was called " course Publus". This post office He was controlled by the emperor personally and was intended exclusively for state needs. Governors' governors should have to have a "diploma" - a document certifying their merit to the state. In the provinces postal service controlled the governors, and its content completely laid on the shoulders of the local population, which was supposed to supply email Walking, horses and riders.

Hiking messengers called " tabeliary". Familiarity roman couriers The headdress was decorated first with feathers, and then - stylized wings. After all, a similar winged helmet was wary Mercury - Messenger of the gods and the patron of commerce.

Urgent messages were delivered to horse races, and valuable states were transported on carts. Horse racing called "Berdos" - from the Persian words "Berd", meaning a "fairy animal".
Not to all Roman provinces could be reached by land, and in this case for transportation mail used ships

"Suddenly, today we have ships from Alexandria, who usually go ahead and announce the arrival of the following fleet. Therefore, they are also called postcases. "

The main advantage " course Publus"It became a well-established system of road postal stations.
The stations were divided into two categories. The so-called "Mansio" was a well-maintained inerty yards, painted in red. Here the mesbons were waiting for not only the night and food, but also an extensive network of services. "Mansio" fired the head-manscence, under the leadership of which were "stationaries" (caretakers stable), "Hippocomes" (Konyuhi), Mulion (Mulu Militors), "Muloedicuses" (veterinarians) and "Carpenaria" (Carpenters).
Believe that it is from latin expression "Mansio Posita in ..." ("Station located in any paragraph") Subsequently, a modern concept " pOST." - "post office".
In addition, there were 6-8 intermediate small stations between the two "Mansio" - "Mutazio", which served, first of all, for shifts of horses.

"Course Publus", reconstruction of L. Burger.

To ensure the safety of the Romans along the important paths, military camps were broken, which at the same time performed and the Stroybat functions - i.e. Caine roads.
On lively intersections, there were even special walls that play the role of peculiar newspapers. Everyone wrote everything to them that he wakes up - from news and ads before epigram and love notes like "Mark loves Elena." No wonder some joker draws the following on one of the walls: "I am surprised to you, the wall, as you do not collapse, continuing to carry so many crawled inscriptions".

About how effective was " course Publus"Specifies the following fact. If Julius Caesar, constantly replacing the horses, could cover no more than 100 miles per day, then Emperor Tiberius, using the services postal service, moved twice faster. As a result, the rulers of the Roman Empire received fresh news regularly.

But the private correspondence to lead through the Lord is forbidden. Therefore, the most wealthy from Roman citizens had their own slaves from among the slaves. On a day, such a height could pass about 70 km. If the message had to be sent for a long distance, it was transferred through merchants or traveling acquaintances. True, such messages came out not as an example of a slower government. There is a case as a year of August (not the emperor) got a letter Only nine years later.

Seneca, from "Letters to Lucilia":
"Your letter I received only many months after sending. Therefore, I accidentally unsubscribed to have a person who gave him about your life to be. "

Unfortunately, the developments of the Romans turned out to be forgotten forgotten, after the empire fell under the onslaught of the barbarians, and Europe plunged for a long time in the "Dark Ages". Decline postal service was so strong that even in the XVI century the messenger moved one and a half times slower than, rather roman courier During the heyday " course Publus".

| Postal Services of the Ancient World

Although the word "Mail" appeared in ancient Rome only at the turn of our era, for convenience, it is so accepted to call various communication services that existed earlier. The same applies to such terms as "mailmaster", "sending correspondence" and others.

Mail in the country Pyramids. It is known that already with the pharaohs of the IV dynasty (2900-2700. BC) in Egypt existed a mail with footers (fuses) and horse rings, kiced on military roads to Libya, Abyssinia, Arabia. The local population was obliged to provide the winters by the post. Pharaohs in the form of special privileges freed individual cities from this duty. Information about this is found in ancient papyrus. For example, Popi Popi (LEI) II from the VI of the Dynasty, which ruled the ancient kingdom of 2500 - 2400. BC E., Gived benefits to Copt and Dashura: "Opened by my Majesty, so that the city from the works of all kinds and duties assigned in favor of the royal house and the yard was released for the Tsar Snofer, .. .. so that all the tenants of this city were free from standing. couriers walking on water or land, up or down, for eternal times ... "

The service of the royal messengers was severe and dangerous. According to the customs of the time the messenger who brought bad news, the angry lord could execute. The story about the dangers and adversities of such a service was preserved in the diary of a scientist belonging to the times of the XII dynasty (2000-1788 BC): "When the messenger comes into a foreign country, he will make the property of his children from fear of lions and Asians . And if he returned to Egypt, he barely reached the garden, he barely reached him at home in the evening, as soon he should come together again. " The author will make his son: "Become who you want, but not a messenger."

The letters most often wrote on a papyrus, rolled into the tube, tied up the twine-like clay seal.

Egyptian Fellahi in Tel-El-Amarne, where Aheta-tone was, the capital of the Egyptian king Amenhotea IV (Ehnaton) (1419 - 1400 BC), found in 1987. His archive of foreign affairs. Several hundred clay plates written by the Babylonian Clean end were the correspondence of Pharaoh with the kings of the Babylonian, Hett, Mitannia and Assyrian states, as well as reporting to the Egyptian king from the princes of the Prince of Syrian and Phoenician cities.

After 20 years, in 1906, not far from Ankara, near the village of Bogati, the expedition of Profrementor G. Wincler excavated the Hattite capital of Hattusas and found another huge archive (about 15 thousand clay plates). Among the various documents were kept here and many letters in the Hittt, Akkadian and other languages. Letters were mainly in the XIV-XIII centuries. BC e.

Among them was found to be a famous letter of widow early Dead Pharaoh Tutankhamon to the king of Hittites Supailulium. "My husband died, I don't have a son," she wrote. -And you, they say, a lot of sons. If you give me one of them, I will be my husband. What is me, a slave, or you, to take your husband And read it? ".

On the roads of the huge kingdom of Akhanov. The most perfect postal service system began to create the Persian king of Cyrus II Great (? -530Don.E.); It reached the highest level at Darius I (522 - 486 to and. e.). In order to keep the numerous peoples on the huge territory in subordination to be stronger, it was necessary to have a powerful and developed network of roads. Persian roads not only had a lot in common with Assyrian military roads, but exceeded them, they can be called predecessors of Roman roads. One of the main roads-tsarovskie was from a saorle on the Aegean coast of Malaya Asia through Armenia and Assyria to the south of dvarechia. Two other roads were born from her: one to Tir and Sidon, the other to the borders of Bactria and India. There were a lot of other roads.

Greek historians Herodotus (484 -425 BC) and xenophon (430 - 355 BC. Er) were enthusiastic with the state of roads and the clarity of the organization of the courier service. Herodotus traveled in the middle of V c. BC e. According to the Persian state, noted that the roads gave him the opportunity to get acquainted in detail with the country. Throughout the royal road, there were royal hotels with excellent living quarters. At various points stood troops that ensured the safety of motion of mail, travelers, merchants with goods. To cover the path from the sard to the SUZ (about 2,300 kilometers), a fat traveler, according to Herodota, was required about 90 days.

The royal mail was delivered much faster. 20 kilometers between hotel stations were divided into parasanga (five kilometers), at the end of which courier pickets were located, always ready to go on the road. The mail was passed on the principle of the relay: the rider, having received the mail, rushing on the whole supports to the next picket, passed the package to another that rushes further. Therefore, a huge distance from the end to the end of the royal road, public postal overcame in six - eight days, passing 111 stations.

This mail in the Greeks was called "Anharanion", and the "hangara" messengers. "Persians were so skillfully organized the transfer of Westa," Herodot writes, - that no one in the world can surpass their messengers.. Neither the snow, neither rain, no heat, nor the darkness will detain the messengers of the king Daria, will not interfere with them high speed Damage the path selected it. . . Nothing in the world is fulfilled as quickly as orders delivered by his couriers. . . "Herodotus fards xenophon, who writes about Kira Jr. Kira (? - 401 BC):" No one in the world can argue with them in speed, pigeons and cranes barely sleep behind them. "

Persians first introduced and regularly acting postal communication, which is now called military fieldhowl by mail.For the army who committed a conquering campaign was moved by a special service that supported the postal connection with the capital of the state. There is information that particularly important and urgent military news and orders were transferred from the picket to the picket with firing signals.

Under the sky Ellala. Features of political life ancient Greece caused the originality of it postal ties. Numerous small states, state cities did not support regular mail messages - they simply did not need it. If the need arose to convey important news (for example, military), then used sea vessels (For communication with the islands and numerous colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas) or hemryodromes - "day messengers" (if necessary, they fled at night). For the transfer of news for close distances, grammatophors ("writing") were used. The service of those and others was considered responsible and honorary. For her, enduring and fast runners were selected, often Olympionics - the winners of the Olympic Games.

History has kept information about Lasphen, hemodroma from FIV, which overthrown rapid horses on long distances. His friend Ephid made a feat, sacrificing life, like the famous Marathon messenger. Ephid ran over 200 kilometers to deliver the sacred fire from the Delphian Temple when in the temple on the Athenian Acropolis, the sacred fire went to the absence of priestess. Ephid fled so quickly that, returning to Athens, died of overwork. Another famous Filipp's messenger ran 225 kilometers for 24 hours to transfer the Lactedamyans as a request of Athenian about military assistance against invading Persians.

In ancient Rome.On the unbarrous spaces of the ancient Roman state and conquered by the Rome of countries, from the Middle East to Britain, a branching system of communication was created for the clear regulations. Email existed during the days of the republic, but an ordered Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) was improved during the time of August of August (27 BC. E. - 14 N. E.), and the highest heyday reached at the Emperors Nerve , Trianta, Adriana (96 - 138 n. E.). Separate routes with a total length of about 100,000 kilometers were gradually combined into a single system. The postal service was called "Course Publus" - Public Mail. For the sake of justice, we note that this name did not quite correspond to the truth: only members of the imperial family, Patricia, officials, legionnaires could use the post office. But over time, the postal layers of Roman free citizens began to serve and wider posts. At the distance of one day the path was located the main postal stations -Mansio, where it was possible to change the wagon, eating, eat and spend the night. There are usually six - eight intermediate stations - Mutazio, where they changed the horses if necessary. Mail delivered and hiking ambassadors (crocarius), and horseback horses (glands). In addition to letters, passengers and cargo were transported. To do this, wagons were used strictly defined types (Fig. 14, but)- from the lungs of two-wheeled, harmful horses, to heavy four-wheeled, in which 8-10 horses, mules, donkeys or oxen were harnessed. Everything was painted to the smallest details: and types of departures, and loading capacity of the carts, and the category of passengers, and employees, their maintenance, etc.

We owe this communication system and the appearance of the word "mail". There were no special names of the station. If it was necessary to specify the station, then wrote or said: "Station located in paragraph N." or "Intermediate station located in paragraph NN.". From the word "posit" - "located" - with the time the word "mail" occurred, which in the XIII century. entered most European languages. Many researchers believe that the word "Mail" in medieval Europe was first used on italian ("Poeste") B 1298 in the famous book Marco Polo "Travel