Psychological counseling and psychotherapy: methods, theories and technique

Exposure skills

The client may have enough of your attention skills. If you can spend a full five-stage interview, exclusively using only listening skills, this will indicate your high qualification. It is found that many customers can work effectively on the problem, even if you do not give advice, instructions, proposals. Early theories of non-training counseling (chapter X) proved the need for only listening skills and even visited this as far away that the use of questions criticized.

However, the use of only attention skills and listening makes the process of personality change by long and tedious. When you become an active partner in conversation, then in your power to influence the speed of this process. Using the knowledge of theory and practice, personal experience, understanding the cultural level of the client, you can help him anymore.

Methods discussed here are feedback, advice (information), self-discharge, interpretation, logical sequence, directive and impact resume. These names have already met in an interview with Mr. S. Methods and their functions are summarized in Table. 3.5.

The impact methods are quite complex and often turn out to be more efficient if they are used as less as possible and in a reasonable combination with listeners methods.

Table 3.5

Methods of exposure

The starting point for the recovery, the reflection of feelings, the reflection of the value, etc. is the client himself. The starting point for interpretation is the therapist. Experienced psychologists infrequently use such a complex weapon as an interpretation. Two or three workshops interpretations are the limit for one consultation. After all, this is a call to the client's point of view, it will not transfer it in large doses, and an overdose leads to resistance from its part.

Directive, of course, the strongest method of exposure. Contrary to popular belief, the psychologist often speaks to its customers that they should be done. Instructions are phrases of a psychologist, directly speaking what to do to the client, what to talk to how to do in various situations. The psychologist can give an indication using fantasies, dreams (humanistic psychology), offering certain changes in behavior (training of behavioral skills) or involving in free-associative thinking (psychodynamic theory). Even if you specify the customer homework - this is already instruction. In tab. 3.6 Sewing seventeen varieties of directives. Here you have a choice that will contribute to your professional growth.

However, psychodunic techniques - do not guarantee changes in behavior. This series of directives is particularly pronounced by the value of the actions of the therapist. Too many therapists expect a client's growth, which would be repelled only from negative cargo problems.

Table 3.6.

Examples of directives used by psychologists

Various theoretical directions

A whole range of useful, but potentially dangerous techniques is grouped around the concept of "Council", "Information", etc. This is a group of methods in which a psychologist expresses the wishes; Gives instructions-information, may even say: "If I were in your place, I would ..." Sometimes you just have to give advice, because you have important information. For example, psychologists engaged in vocational guidance give advice-information about vacancy. Therapists using transactional analysis teach customers the basics of their theory. The therapist of the realistic direction teaches youth skills and knowledge that help in life.

But, as you know, sometimes tips and instructions use too often. It is necessary to advise very carefully, mainly at the request of the client, otherwise the client will tell you: "Yes, but ..." Whenever the client says it, you should change the style and go to the observation methods, such as asking and retelling. (For example: "In your opinion, my offer is triggering. What do you think it may be more useful for you?")

ABOUT samorad You can talk when you share your experiences with the client. You can note two types of self-discharge in an interview held by Joan. Its first of its type is in relation to the client and at times it is difficult to distinguish from feedback. The bright example of this form of self-discharge can be traced in the next episode:

D: I admire your courage and your devotion to the family - grow children, take care of my wife when she is so terribly sick, and now you are helping the pretty people with disabilities. I was happy to meet you - you gave me an example of love and care. I am glad that you have done better. "

In both cases, Mr. S. receives information from him, as a psychologist sees it. Self-discharge emphasizes how Joan perceives the client. Feedback is raised rather on objective data, although the words "you delight me" brings closer to this technique with self-dissection.

As feedback, so self-disconnecting help the client to find out how he "looks" in humans. The difference between the techniques is pretty conditionally, both of them help a person more comfortably feel, help him with self-discharge. But too frequent their use can prevent the customer's confession. Some therapists are so fond of these two techniques, which rarely use the rest. Some customers really like such a psychologist, but another he may seem intrusive. The second type of self-discharge is less like feedback. The therapist speaks about the personal experience associated with the client's problem. So in paragraph 64, Joan gives classic self-discharge using your own experience:

D: You are tested. I also have it too. I feel the pressure of the circumstances in front of the family, and at times it seems to me that I do not have time for myself and what I like. And his pressure does not leave enough space. Who or what helps you remove this tension?

In this self-discharge, Joan has achieved important results. First, her self-dissection was short. Some therapists tend to do this for a long time, and this takes attention from the client. Note that Joan immediately changes the focus - leads reasoning from his personality to the identity of the client with the help of pronoun. At the end of the self-discharge, she puts an open question to make sure that it has reached the target.

For you, the method of self-discharge will certainly useful if you work within modern theory Rogers. But at other orientations, it may be no less effective. The concept of feedback has already been discussed and its examples were brought. The goal of feedback is to help the client see how he looks in the eyes of others when you pass your sense to the client, the focus of your attention goes from the client to you, and it's hard to distinguish between self-dissection and feedback. Another thing when you tell how others perceive the client (focusing on others within focal analysis), and here the definition of reception as feedback is more justified.

Feedback may be an important element of family therapy. With family therapy, it is very important to understand how other family members perceive you.

A logical consequence is a complex method, and it helps the client to take the possible consequences of its actions. Although this method was not used in an interview with Mr. S., you can imagine how it looked in this context:

D: Mr. S., we discussed your desire to please everyone. I also heard from you that it is the subject of your inner conflict and you feel lonely even in the company. The consequences of what you can not stand up for yourself are clear: you have a dream, you feel bitterness and insult. Is not it?

It is easy to note that the statements of the logical sequence by their structure resembles retelling and reflection of feelings, but with the addition of logical conclusions. These statements also contain a check that leaves the client some space for the reaction, as well as reduces the overlays associated with this method.

Considering the sequence of future actions, we are therefore changing today's behavior. Cognitive-behavior therapy (Chapter II) and Adler psychotherapy (Dinkmayer and Dinkmayeeir, 1979) also often use this method. It is also important with the "reality therapy", especially in working with young offenders. There is no need to say that this method can cause a strong resistance of the client until the relationship of mutual trust is established.

The impact resume is often used by therapists at the end of the interview. It sets out in a compressed form what the therapist said during a session. Summary is usually carried out with the result of observations. The main difference between them is, whose data is summed up - the client (the result of observations) or the psychologist (the result of the impact). Confrontation. The term "confrontation" has two meanings: 1) stand on the contrary, look in the face and 2) hostile to confront, be in opposition. These two very different meanings are very confused by those who study the intentional psychology. As an ineffective action, confrontation can manifest itself as an open or implicit sense of hostility from a psychologist.

According to IIVI and Glockster, confrontation can be more subtle: "The confrontation is defined as ... an indication of contradictions in relations, thoughts, actions. When confrontation, the person is put before the fact that she says not what he thinks and does not say what he says. " The confrontation does not mean that the client says that he is bad or indicate his mistakes. For a psychologist, the first meaning of the term is primary, the concept is destructive.

Important for understanding confrontation are the concepts of "mismatch" and "incongruence". The client gives dual messages in the interview process. The client can say: "I really love my husband, but ...", or "I love my work, but I don't want to put out a lot of", or "You are a wonderful therapist, but judging by the last phrase, you are a nutty" . In each of these proposals, the client gives two promises in one sentence or phrase, demonstrating mixed feelings and thoughts. An intentional psychologist will indicate the client to these double messages and thereby puts the client in the face of the facts. Double messages, incongruence, mismatch can be manifested in gestures, when, for example, the client says: "I have a terrible boss" and at the same time crosses hands and legs. We give examples of confrontation from an interview with Mr. S.:

17. D: You laugh, but for the tone of your voice, I feel that you are not to laughter. (Here Joan detects the discrepancy between two non-verbal messages, which allows you to more deeply comprehend the problem.)

25. D: You feel your control, you don't like it. You would like to give will feelings and do what you want.

Here, confrontation focuses on contradiction between Mr. S. and its relationships with other people. He begins to talk about his feelings and, in the end, formulates its own goals, which permits the contradictions that he feels.

72. D: During your life, you first took care of others, and then about ourselves. (Detected contradiction between him and the rest) After the death of his wife, you tried to avoid loneliness with the help of permanent employment, but it did not work.(Contradiction between action and result, as well as feelings that cannot be hidden) You have friends and family. (Contradiction between positive acquisitions and problems) I see that you begins to tire your inability to defend your rights in some situations. (Contradiction between the real and ideal situation) What's the point of this?

In the examples of confrontations, you can see the entire structure of interviews with Mr. S. In a few short sentences, Joan grabbed the essence of the case. It can be argued that the purpose of psychotherapy is the identification and confrontation of the main contradictions of the client. Following each new confrontation, Mr. S. managed to move to constructive ideas, and this resolved his problem.

There is one model proposal, often used by psychologists: "On the one hand, you think (you feel, do) ..., but on the other hand you think (you feel, do) ..." In this model, the essence of confrontations. A similar approach clarifies the conflict situation with which the client faces.

The confrontation supports the balance between observation and impact methods. And it seems that it becomes more efficient, being presented in the form of a complex recovery or reflection of feelings.

The examples given mostly belong to the observation methods. It is possible to achieve confrontation by the methods of impact, but when it occurs within the framework of the recovery or generalization, the space for personal growth of the client remains.

In the end, it should be noted that confrontation is a complex method that includes retelling, interpretation and other microtechnics.

Almost all schools of psychotherapy pay great attention to contradictions and discrepancies in the words and behavior of the client. However, each theory prefers its methods and means of resolving these contradictions, and also uses a wide range of conventional ways to resolve the inevitable incongructivity and double messages that are found in our lives.

Obviously, unnecessarily conflict, fond of a confrontation of a psychotherapist, prevents the development of the client. Similarly, too cautious therapist will not achieve significant progress from the client. Intential psychotherapy requires a thorough balance of confrontation with the necessary amount of warm, positive attitude and respect. For empathy therapist, it is necessary to maintain the optimal ratio of "pushing" and support, and for this it is necessary to use a whole range of methods and theories. Moreover, this balance must comply with the internal properties of the client.

Of course, each example can be qualified in different ways from the point of view of microtechnic. Concontunch does not exist as a separate classification item. It can manifest itself as a reflection of feelings (on the one hand you are angry with your parents, and on the other hand, you love them), as an interpretation (the dispute with the authority seems to you important in the case of the boss, but on the other hand, we have a similar picture with Father). When classifying, choose microtechnology first, and then reveal whether confrontation really takes place.

Search for positive

Throughout the first part of the book, we emphasized the need for a positive approach and identifying the strengths of the person. Interviews for making decisions will be better if you mark the strengths of the client. In Chapter III, Joan Grisvord constantly emphasizes that positive, which has discovered from the client. In addition, depending on the culture and individuality can be a different look at the positive. For example, for many Asian groups, dependence is positive value, and for North American culture is a positive cattle and independence (in other countries it may be regarded as egoism and is considered negative quality).

If you have an empathy to a person and its cultural environment, then this is a serious step towards finding a positive in his situation. The situation you create should be built in respect with the culture, it should give the opportunity to choose, and not impose one point of view.

In an interview built on the one, the therapist begins with negative thinking of his client and helps him interpret his behavior in a more positive way. (M: Yes, but is there something positive? I mean, you are not only a critical parent, but also a caring parent, right?) Theoretically, its actions are based on "search for positive parties" (Ivy, 1983). Search for positive can be considered common theoretical conceptinherent in any therapy. This is an old unchanged principle of the profession of a psychologist. However, you can find in it and new features.

Leon Taiter in his classic work goes to more general concept The search process is positive. The procedure for the diagnosis, which precedes the therapy itself, an important role is assigned to the study of resources. The psychologist pays less attention to the weaknesses that are adequately controlled or neutralized. He notes which difficulties are prevented advance, but, in this case, he prefers to get around them, and not attack. Such a psychologist is trying to find ways to overcome stress and concern, and those cash resources that can be developed and strengthened if they are marked. (Tyler, 1963).

In his book, Tyler encourages working with existing customer with the designs of reality, and not to impose external theoretical models to him. She is convinced that the search for positive began to more inherent in psychology than psychotherapy. It leads evidence that a positive worldview gives great opportunities for further growth and development of the personality.

It can be said that the search for a positive is the expansion of the concept of "resource research". As part of this concept, most of the therapeutic work is to rethink life experience on a more positive basis.

Ivy (1983) suggested that the search for a positive can be considered a specific form of the main listener sequence and therefore it is not only a therapeutic idea, but the practical technique. To search for a positive one, it is necessary to identify everything positive in this situation using listening skills. Identification of positive often gives the client a sense of security, and this helps him to look deeper into the negative and disturbing areas of his life. And further, using a positive interpretation, you help negative situation See more positive.

In tab. 7.2 In a compressed form, a psychologist can, using various techniques, to achieve the same rethinking - a revision of life from a more positive point of view. This may seem banal, but it is difficult to deny the creative power of positive thinking. "Diary Anna Frank" - an impressive example of a search for positive. Anna Frank was forced to spend his youth in a small room, in Holland, hiding from the Nazis. She survived due to the ability to find positive even in the most disturbing situations.

Get acquainted with Table 7.2 - Maybe you want to understand other theories on the example of other theories for yourself how to search for positive.

Table 7.2.

Search for positive in various psychological concepts

In any of the specified examples, the found positive may not be outweigh the negative. Because of this, sometimes the client begins to be nervous. Often this happens if the focusing process or rethinking, and less often, when it simply goes a positive search. In this case, it is directly asked that positive in a situation. If the client exists anxiety, then it is not necessary to convince him in the opposite - this is a normal reaction. In this case, the purpose of finding a positive is to simply reduce, weaken the impact of negative. Do not strive to solve the problem at a time. Do not be initiated by the client of unjustified expectations in the early stages.

The search for positive is the search for forces and opportunities, which is carried out both within the client and in its environment. It is important to note that the search for positive is based on the client's worldview and does not require a special theoretical language. Each of the following techniques is a kind of search positive.

More than 250 theories of psychological advice and psychotherapy compete in the market of ideas and practices. With this book, the authors are trying to bring some order in Tom Chaos methods and theories of psychotherapy, which now exists. This search for a reasonable understanding of their understanding can be called a "generalized theory", the search for communications and harmony among the alternative theory and methods presented.
The book is intended for psychologists, psychotherapists and all those interested in psychological counseling and psychotherapy.

Introduction
On the way to the generalized theory of psychology and psychotherapy
Perhaps more than 250 theories of psychological advice and psychotherapy compete in the market of ideas and practices. Having entered into the labyrinth of these, the times of contradictory, theories, some embarrassing and retreating. On the other hand, this wealth of ideas can be viewed as a source of mutual development and growth for the implementation of its contribution to human progress. Perhaps, justified is both a positive and negative look at the current state of psychology and psychotherapy - we can talk about the excess complexity of our theory and practice, but at the same time it testifies to the energy and enthusiasm inherent in this area of \u200b\u200bknowledge. And this inspires hope.
With this book, the authors are trying to bring some order in Tom Chaos methods and theories of psychotherapy, which now exists. This search for intelligent understanding of their understanding can be called a "generalized theory", the search for communications and harmony among the alternative theory and methods presented. The main organizational principle of this book is given in the following common prerequisites that you will meet at the beginning of each chapter.
General prerequisites

The methodology gives the basis for effective theory and practice: a co-therapist * knows how to build a creative, fruitful conversation and how to use the knowledge of these techniques to influence the client in the right direction. Important in this process is individual and cultural empathy, observation, assessment of the personality and its social environment, as well as the use of methods of positive growth and development.
* Co-therapist - therapist of cultural and oriented direction, no more adequate Russian term (approx. Per.)

Organization of text
General prerequisites are given in order to give you a brief summary of what we strive for and from what we proceed, and the chapters themselves reflect the content of this. Chapter 1, for example, is devoted to the concept of productivity of generalized theory, and built as an introductory overall review of counseling and therapy. If you have succeeded in mastering the techniques set forth in the first part of the book, then you will have a solid foundation for understanding the theory and applying it in practice. Chapter II sets out the concept of decision-making psychology - the theoretical model that will help you in many areas of psychotherapy.
Chapters U111-X11 give twelve additional theoretical formulations related to the development of the personality, and they are divided into five chapters - with an emphasis on psychodunovic, behavior, humanist-existential, cognitive and newly developing systemic therapy. Each theory outlines in sufficient detail, so that the worldview, the main provisions and techniques can be understood. In this section you will find many examples most important
these are in detail the designed proposals for building a practical interview with various theoretical orientations. Chapters XIII and XVI give an overview of accumulated research in psychological consulting and therapy. In Chapter XIV, using the theories and methods of previous chapters, it is shown how to plan the first interview and how to organize the further treatment process. Particular attention is paid to a detailed analysis of a number of consultations and how they can be interpreted from various theoretical approaches.
It is important in the heads of the XIII and XIV, as in the whole text, is that there are examples and ideas that should help you choose your own theoretical orientation, choose your personal path to psychology and psychotherapy.
The most important question in this book is what treatment will be the best for each individual and under what conditions. Although the word "best" times can be omitted.
Take a look at the cover, and. We look at the drawing of the ears, then return to the text and take a look at it from different sides. Each alternative perspective, like alternative theorywhich you study contains the truth particle. But to say what look to the drawing "best", or what look at sophisticated world The psychological consultation is "the best" - this is not a simple task, since there are many different approaches that are useful and expand our understanding.
We do not set ourselves the target to indicate how it is best to help the client. We are rather interested in the development of a qualified psychologist who could have learned for themselves from practice, self-study, independently build their theory of consulting and therapy process. The generalized theory of counseling and therapy is only the initial stage ... What will be your contribution to its development?

Chapter I.
Qualified psychology in methodology, theory and practice

General prerequisites
The combination of methodology, theory and practice is the essence of qualified counseling and therapy.
Methodology gives the basis for effective theory and practice: a co-therapist knows how to build a creative, fruitful conversation and how to use the knowledge of these techniques to influence the client in the right direction. Important in this process is individual and cultural empathy, observation, assessment of the personality and its social environment, as well as the use of methods of positive growth and development.
The theory creates the organizing principles for counseling and psychotherapy: the co-therapist has a stock of alternative theoretical approaches and communication methods.
Practice is a combination of methodology and theory. Co-consultant competent in theory and techniques, and is able to apply them both in order to research and in practical work For the benefit of the client.
It is understood that total competence in methodology, theory and practice is manifested in the awareness of its own worldview and personal characteristics, as well as how much they differ from the worldview of the client and other professionals.

Objectives of this chapter
The main purpose of this chapter is the development of a holistic worldview and orientation in relation to consulting and therapy.
The objectives of this chapter are:
1. Submit the concept of the worldview. (There are many options for working with the client pursuing positive changes.)
2. Show, as techniques, theory and practice can be integrated into a common theoretical approach to psychological counseling and therapy.
3. Determine the concept of cultural orientation, as the common goal of the consultant and the client.
4. Distributing the concept of interviewing, counseling and psychotherapy.
5. Raise the important problem of ethical criteria in professional psychological assistance.

Avi A. E., Ivi M. B., Syimek-Downing L.

Psychological counseling and psychotherapy.

Methods, Theories and Technology: Practical Guide. - m .:, 1999 - 487 p.

More than 250 theories of psychological advice and psychotherapy compete in the market of ideas and practices. With this book, the authors are trying to bring some order in Tom Chaos methods and theories of psychotherapy, which now exists. This search for a reasonable understanding of their understanding can be called a "generalized theory", the search for communications and harmony among the alternative theory and methods presented.

The book is intended for psychologists, psychotherapists and all those interested in psychological counseling and psychotherapy.

Ivy a. E., Ivy m. B., Syimek-Downing L. Introduction to the generalized theory of psychology and psychotherapy

Perhaps more than 250teores of psychological advice and psychotherapy compete in the market of ideas and practices. Having entered into the labyrinth of these, the times of contradictory, theories, some embarrassing and retreating. On the other hand, this wealth of ideas can be viewed as a source of mutual development and growth for the implementation of its contribution to human progress. Perhaps, justified is both a positive and negative view of the current state of psychology and psychotherapy, it is possible to talk about the excessive complexity of our theory and practice, but at the same time it testifies to the energy and enthusiasm inherent in this area of \u200b\u200bknowledge. And this inspires hope.

With this book, the authors are trying to bring some order in Tom Chaos methods and theories of psychotherapy, which now exists. This search for intelligent understanding of their understanding can be called a "generalized theory", the search for communications and harmony among the alternative theory and methods presented. The main organizational principle of this book is given in the following common prerequisites that you will meet at the beginning of each chapter.

General prerequisites

The combination of methodology, theory and practice is a knowledge of qualified counseling and therapy.

The methodology gives the basis for effective theory and practice: a co-therapist * knows how to build a creative, fruitful conversation and how to use the knowledge of these techniques to influence the client in the right direction. Important in this process is individual and cultural empathy, observation, assessment of the personality and its social environment, as well as the use of methods of positive growth and development.

* Co-therapist -The cultural and oriented direction, more adequate Russian term no (approx. per.)

The theory creates the organizing principles for counseling and psychotherapy: the co-therapist has a stock of alternative theoretical approaches and communication methods.

Practice is a combination of methodology and theory. - the consultant is competent in theory and techniques, and is able to apply them both for the purpose of research and in practical work for the benefit of the client.

It is understood that total competence in methodology, theory and practice is manifested in the awareness of its own worldview and personal characteristics, as well as how much they differ from the worldview of the client and other professionals.

Organization of text

General prerequisites are given in order to give you a brief summary of what we strive for and from what we proceed, and the chapters themselves reflect the content of this. Chapter 1, for example, is devoted to the concept of productivity of generalized theory, and built as an introductory overall review of counseling and therapy. If you have succeeded in mastering the techniques set forth in the first part of the book, then you will have a solid foundation for understanding the theory and applying it in practice. In Chapter II describes the concept of psychology of decision-making - this is a theoretical model that will help you in many areas of psychotherapy.

Heads of the U111-X11 give twelve additional theoretical formulations related to the development of the personality, and they are divided into five chapters-with an emphasis on psychodynamic, behavior, humanist-existential, cognitive and newly developing systemic therapy. Each theory outlines in sufficient detail, so that the worldview, the main provisions and techniques can be understood. In this section you will find many examples most important

these are in detail the designed proposals for building a practical interview with various theoretical orientations. Chapters of the XIII XVD Review of accumulated research in psychological consulting and therapy. In Chapter XIV, using the theories and methods of previous chapters, it is shown how to plan the first interview and how to organize the further treatment process. Particular attention is paid to a detailed analysis of a number of consultations and how they can be interpreted from various theoretical approaches.

It is important in the chapters of the XIII XIV, as in the whole text, is that there are examples and ideas that should help you choose your own theoretical orientation, choose your personal path to psychology and psychotherapy.

The most important question in this book is a good treatment will be the best for each individual and under what conditions. Although the word "best" times can be omitted.

Take a look at the cover, and. We look at the drawing of the ears, then return to the text and take a look at it from different sides. Each alternative perspective, as well as the alternative theory that you study contains the "Truth" particle. But to say what look at the drawing "best", or what look at the complex world of psychological consultation "the best" is not a simple task, since there are many different approaches that are useful and expand our understanding.

We do not set ourselves the target to indicate how it is best to help the client. We are rather interested in the development of a qualified psychologist who could have learned for themselves from practice, self-study, independently build their theory of consulting and therapy process. The generalized theory of counseling and therapy is only the initial stage ... What will be your contribution to its development?

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On the way to the generalized theory of psychology and psychotherapy

Perhaps more than 250 theories of psychological consultation of IPSIHOTERAPY compete in the market of ideas and practices. Having entered into labyritethich, the times of contradictory, theories, some embarrassed and retreating. With the other side, this wealth of ideas can be viewed as an extensive development and growth for the implementation of its contribution of breed progress. In a complaint, reasonable is as a negative look at the current spectacularity and psychothera-FDI, it is possible about the excessive complexity of our theory and practice, it does not indicate energy and enthusiasm inherent in the field of knowledge. And this inspires hope.

Single of this book, the authors are trying to bring some kind of in order to the chaos of the methods and theories of psychotherapy, which is now sequences. This search for intelligent understanding of their understanding can be called a "generalized theory", the search for communication and the harmony of among the environments of the alternative theory and methods. The complementary principle of this book is given in the following common transfers that you will meet at the beginning of each chapter.

General prerequisites

Combined methodology, theories and practices of consulted consulting and therapy.

Methodologies the basis for effective theory and practicing ticks: a co-therapist * knows how to build a creative, fruit-creative conversation and use the knowledge of these techniques to influence the client in the considerable direction. An important Icultural empathy, observation, personality assessment and its social services, as well as the use of positive growth and development methods, is important in this process.

* Co-therapist - therapeutricultural-oriented direction, more adequate Russian motormine no (approx. per.)

Theory creates the organizing principles for the consultation of IPSIKHOTHERAPY: the co-therapist has a margin of alternative theoretical inputs and methods of communication.

Practice is a combination of methodology and theory. - consultant Competitive in theory and methods, and is able to apply them as a study of research and practical work for the benefit of the client.

It is understood that the overall competence in the methodology, theory and practice manifest itself to the realization of their own worldview and personalities, as well as on how much they differ from the client's abstraction and other professionals.

Organization of text

Communiments are given to give you a brief summary of what we strive for and from what we proceed, and the chapters reflect this. Chapter 1, for example, in the sacredconceptation of the productivity of the generalized theory, and is presented with a cat-wheelful overall review of counseling and therapy. If you have succeeded in tracking the techniques set out in the first part of the book, then the solid foundation will not have a solid foundation for understanding the theory and applying it to remarks. In Chapter II, due to the concept of solutions, the Tateor model, which will help you in many fields-hotherapy in many areas.

Chapter111111 gives twelve additional theoretical characteristics concerning the development of the personality, and they are opposite to the heads of the heads - with an emphasis as a planning, bi-cheviorist, humanist-existential, cognitive and new-term systemic therapy. Each Teo-Ria is described in detail, so that the worldview, the main provisions of the immetic can be understood. In this section you will find multipleximensions most important

conditions are in detail the designed proposals for the construction of a group of interviews under various theoretical orientations. The heads of the XIII and XVI give observance of the currency research in the psychological counseling of ITER-FDI. In Chapter XIV, using the theories of the ages of previous chapters, it is shown how to plan the first interview and how to organize the further treatment process. Efficiency is paid to a detailed analysis of a number of consultations and what can be interpreted from various theoretical approaches.

An important chapters of the XIII and XIV, as the IVO of the whole text, is that there are examples and ideas that are given to help you choose your own theoretical orientation, choose your personal path to psychology and psychotherapy.

Satisfying question in this book - what is the best for each individual and under what conditions. Although the "best" time can be omitted.

Restall on the cover, and. Peer on the drawing of the ears, turn on to the text and take a look at it from different hundred-rubles. Each-valuable perspective, as well as an alternative theory that extend, contains a "truth" particle. But to say, some kind of look at the complex "best" psychological consultation "The best" is not a simple task, since there are many different inputs that are useful and expand our inherent.

Minds set themselves the target to indicate how precisely the best to carry out assistance to the client. We are rather interested in the corollary psychologist, who could have learned the lessons from practice, self-degree, independently build the theory of the process of consultation and therapy. The generalization of counseling and therapy is that which is the right stage ... What will be your contribution to its development?

Chapter

Qualified psychology in methodology, theory and practice

Communion

Combination Pethodology, theory and practitioners are essentially qualified consulting and therapy.

Methodologies the basis for effective theory and practice: co-therapist analyze how to build a creative, fruitful bearing and use the knowledge of these techniques to influence the client in the considerable direction. An important and cultural empathy, observation, estimacy and its sociological environment, as well as the use of meto-dopositive growth and development, is important in this process.

The theory of organizing principles for counseling and psychotherapy: the co-therapist has a margin of alternative theoretical approaches of communication of communication.

Practice is a combination of methodology and theory. Co-consultant Competitive in theo-Rii and techniques, and is able to apply them both by the integrity of the study and in practical work for the fracent.

It is understood that the overall competenness in the methodology, theory and practices-is in the awareness of its own worldview or the characteristics, as well as how much they differ from the Customer's Film and other professionals.

Objectives of this chapter

The basic seat of this chapter is the development of combinedness and orientation in relation to the counseling of itepics.

The targeted chapters are:

1. Enter the concept of the worldview. (There are a lot of va-rianktroms with a client pursuing positive treasure.)

2.Send, as techniques, theory and practice, a public theoretical approach to psychological counseling of iterepia can be integrated.

3. Consider the concept of cultural orientation, as a common plasticity and client.

4. Constitue interviewing concepts, consultancy of IPSICTERAPY.

5. To make an important problem of ethical criteria in professional-zional psychological assistance.

Your personal consulting therapy style

A3 page of the book shows an illustration of M. Escher called "Relativity". In the picture of this etcoatt artist, the attention is focused on two personalities located on the stairs at the top of the painting:

Two people are moving in one direction, but at the same time one of them descends, the impuray rises along the stairs. Meaningless to talk about the contact for them, as they live in different Mirah And do not suspect each other's exercise.

Since the psychologist or psychotherapist, you can be in the artist degree in Ka-some. Your task is to understand the client's pro-blemis life path, at times an editable direction. If you can attach to the world of the client for a while and go with him (or with it) together, it will help you to make a new understanding and respect for the path, from your own. Moreover, you can find that the client wants to change Ihhotel It would be that you help him find new ways to sovereign.

Imagine that customer adjusted to you for help. After some entry, it is outlined:

I feel takimunivated ... You know, I work in a cafeteria. I go out in this mounded jacket ..., with a polo-tree through your hand, I go and wipe the tables. I felt right that people were staring at me. Maybe it's not the case, but I feel it. I hate this work. I feel a little easier to feel behind the counter, but I do not leave me a feeling of my infallible.

It is important that you are a deputyiment and think that the main thing in this context. Imagine that a payroll or psychothera singe. Write down so that you say to the client.

(In this place, you may have looked forward in search of a "right" answer. We do not have a right answer, and it is unlikely that we are lucking words for a person who in the soul conflict. However, there are some under-progress, which are more frequencies than others.)

There is a chance that you are given to the answer, based on the present experience, and this experience will be more positive, will lead to an improvement. If you "join" to Kli-tapes and understand them varying, then you will be able to help them find more adequate exhibitions of their lives.

Before going further, try to interview several people about this situation, write down what they will answer. Are their answers different from yours? Are they client in another direction? Did any answer be the best?

Or maybe what will speak to a person on consultation or during a session of therapy, is characterized by you than a client?

Consulting and psychotherapy as process-made communication and influence

What you belong to Khereku as a consultant, in a great extent determines what will be in the future. Your question to the client from the cafeteria determines, will be told on, whether the problem will be solved on the superficial or most depth level; In fact, your reaction is determined whether there will be a conversation in general. Our reaction to the world in the world of others affects how customers (friends and family) think and operate in the future. Even that, whether you support the conversation or emphasize not reacting the scanned, can significantly affect the life of a person.

Consulting of IPSICTERAPY is a process of mutual influence. But what should be your influence? Let's look at a combination of sealternative reactions to the client's layer from the cafeteria and then some aspects of these reactions in terms of culture.

1. "You argue that you are experiencing nervousness and embarrassment." (This fixes attention to key emotions. Consultable and allows you to proceed to further discussing feelings in relation to yourself.)

2. "Can you describe another situation where you feel the same?" (It helps to understand whether this feeling is toyman, which passes through the whole life of the client, and these are new facts that clarify the picture.)

3. "The feeling of inferiority? Think about the feeling of insanity of embarrassment. Now transfer mentally in the children and the storytend about similar experiences. " (This technique allows you to find a root student in childhood experiences and sedimary changes are oriented.)

4. "You said you feel unprotected. And what are you pretensesproof before trying this feeling? Describe the event that the events preceded by this situation, and after you wiped the table. " (The search for a specific self-study sequence will help to find countermeasibility.)

5. "But this is an irrational thought. We already talked about this. All this is all in your head. And now let's work on how to fiction. " (This helps to understand that the personality thinks Ospeci. In this case, the consultant and the client, obviously, worked in vinesenad with common problems.)

6. "Perhaps I can understand what you feel. I, too, I have a mess of work in the evenings and sometimes felt terrible when I was serving. And more you do not feel anything? "(The disclosure of our own similar experiences facilitates provisions.)

7. "I would say that you need to relax and forget it. Do not dive it. " (The Council and the assumption is a rapid progress of the current response of people on those who need help.)

Which of the specified above is the most similar to yours? And which one is correct? It is difficult to harden, because each of them leads the client in different ways, potentially valuable on-board. Obviously, hundreds of accounts are possible, which are based on personal experience and theories of the centralization. There are many productive approaches and can be used to suitable personality in opening time. This book gives you to become a psychologist creatively related to my work. Although we argue that there is no "right" way to help and that you should define your own style of consulting imaneur, we also insist on the fact that it is always-blowing to realize: what exactly are you Do and how it will affect the identity of the client. Psychological assistance There is a pro-bessobyudual effect and the therapist has a huge power over lifeclient. The larger, the approach at our disposal, the greater the opportunity to help the personality, the more ways to increase the client.

Worldview and theory in consulting

It is not sufficiently expanding its spectrum of approaches to the client, it is also necessary to also analyze your own economic page or worldview. Striving easier, what do you think the arrangement of the world? If you have not thought about it yet, let's get a look at the first question in this chapter, where you are the vya-lilius problems of your client from the cafeteria. The way you are deductioned by the problem gives some idea of

your look at the world. The manner of the manner is firmly connected with the concept of the worldview or etc., but your world weight determines how you treat kardgim, and will affect the fact that you will tell the client.

To better understand, in a certain concept of the worldview in psychological assistance, we consider the key problems that are allocated by other people who were given the same story about the cafeteria.

1. "Certainly, the problem in this case is associated with com-precipitated complexity. A detailed conversation about this concept and childcare is often the key to the one who has happened. "

2. "This person has a victim of an economic system, where there are enough money to attend a college to attend a college or others should fight for existence. It's not in feelings, but in the injustice of society."

3. "Workwear is bad and highlights a person. I would have it so much. Maybe there is a uniform, which is not paying from among the others. "

4. "I would be happy to any work. I have no such. And the etodogostudent does not have any problems, let him plunge and please-smi. "

5. "The case is not in service and not in wiping tables. It is important how a man feels and what he does. This stu-dance should be used as a person, and not as an object. "

Each of the above definitions of a key problem reflects the various worldviews of the Ivanov to equal therapeutic actions. The first answer is the proceeding of a psychodynamic approach and can lead to long-term studios. (Psi-Khodynamic approach explores children's experiences feeling in order to understand how they are presented in cultivation, the following worldview or the theory refers to stealing approaches and is aimed at changing the surrionism. The third worldview proceeds by a role-based business administrative approach and is looking for externaliasis. The fourth theory generally denies feelings. The labeling reflects a humanistic worldview, which is damaged by emotions. Hereinafter, it can follow the consistency in the SPT group or undergo a course of personally-centered sockets.

Careful examination of prostocols interviews, films, AU di- and video records that psychologists have a favorite manner of the client. As a psychologist, you can start with the definition of working style with people. By how you are defined by the problem and what your personal answer looks like, you can, in the endings, from-to fall a fairly accurate picture of your view on the people of their anxiety.

Psychological theories, such as psychoanalysis, bihevo-rismism, existentialism discussed in this book, are approaches that the explanations of people and peace. From the Freudian theory of psychoanalysis, not only a set of concepts explaining human-learning, but also a rather clear set of psychological methods and power methods. Similarly, other psychological approaches are the presentation, concept, as well as techniques for the provision of psycho-logical assistance. The challenge is to choose from each theory, which, in your opinion, is most accurate and construct our own theory of the world.

Development of its own detection orientation

Some psychologists are committed to some one concept and limit their self-intended worldview. Such an examination is useful if the psychologist is sufficiently competent, it is similar to clients DIF-Ferrency, but the narrowness of thinking, rigidity makes it possible to be a psychological assistance to those who did not "split". Therefore, it is so important to be flexible in the choice of techniques and theory and remain open for new aid. There are several ways in order to develop a proprietary concept of practical counseling and therapy.

ECLECTICISM. All the greatever complexism in practical psychology receives eclecticism, simply half of the practitioners of psychologists and therapists, according to their privacy, use this approach. The eclectic recognizes the dignity of the methods and theories and intentionally selects various aspects

these, which may be useful for its differential sleepclination. Strong side Eclecticism - in flexibility to the breadth of coverage. In addition, some criticize this position as too flexible and non-systemic thinking, and even talk about the "laziness" of some psychologists that have not yet found the time as a student one concept.

Commitment to theory. In the process of eclecticia, many therapists are preached by the commitment of one theory, such as kicheviorism, psycho-analysis, structural-family therapy. Syreth of this approach is in-depth study Techniques, methodologies and the ability to "adjust" the theory for the need of an individual alnoglyient. Some criticize the supporters of only one theory of gentleness and reluctance to change their approach, when the case is unplanned in this theory.

Generalizhenteoria. George Kelly, the author of the work of psychotherapy personality, noted that the ejectors are increasingly systematically systematically in their thinking that they are once a matter of their own theory or generalized theory of Approach than eclecticism or at-vertex of one by one. The generalized theory is trying to combine and organize partners in consistency and system-ticure. It, perhaps, can be chopped as "systematic eclecticism".

Onekloda can be from the very beginning to a dedicated one theoreticalation and at the same time be an adherent of a generalized theory. A combat-behaviorist can work in its habitual framework, it is novively refer to other theories and adapt some miscrete to their practice. For example, Albert Ellis (chapternies) stands at the position of cognitive, but it uses fragments of the human-stylish psychology of the Ipsichoanalysis to enrich its basic orientation.

As a chicologist or psychotherapist, you encounter a choice. You can become a "lazy" eclectic, ponpergav of the audio chainfragments from various theories. Or you can re-sew, something School in psychological science It is better and unprofitable alternative. Or forrasting-smiling eclectric orientation through systematic eclecticism, libel cooling flexible commitment to one theo-ria. Two latest devorations - Sust the concept of generalized theo Rii. That they have in common:

1) understanding that the client's reaction can be different and may need some other theoretical approach;

2) respect for the worldview or theory other than his own;

3) the ability to see how different theories can be linked for the use of the client.

When you begin a beginniestical practice, you will soon make sure which abundance of the theories methods exists in this area. Some are considered to be intertwined on one. Later, as IPlya's knowledge increases, you can deeply explore alternative methods.

Perhaps there is no one-war path in the choice of theo-retic orientation, wants to believe that it is obliged to do it. It seems to them that the task is to decide how you systematically organize your work of a psychologist or psychotherapist.

Compound formology, theories and practices

Methodology of prefabricated psychology and psychotherapy. Theory contains ideas that organize key principles of psychological assistance. O Practices to talk when you take the theory, techniques and apply them to the use of the client. If you have a solid luggage mixer and there is an understanding of the theory, then you are ready to practice the therapy of icon-sulctation.

Some basic methods of psychology and psychotherapy appear in chapters 11-hu11. The chapter considers the con-chain important for various identical constructions. For example, regardless of your network orientation, it is necessary to listen to you, if you want to understand the client. All theories emphasize the importance of listening to the client, and therefore the ability to ask questions will always be useful for you. If you consider yourself a behaimist, listening to you need to understand the behavioral hitchclienant. If you belong to the psychodynamic direction, then this is necessary in order to understand the fantasy of the cliente and the children's experiences.

Short study: Is psycho-logging and psychotherapy really help?

The answer to the above is quite complicated and depends on many circumstances. Based on that researchers and auto-pls of the books have a completely understandable interest to the results (for example, if psychotherapy does not work, to conduct it, study and even write this book?), Invisions seem to us most important:

1.Shytology and psychotherapy differ significantly, there is a biggest method of methods that can help Klome in his growing riot.

2. Results of recent studies give the basis of acting, chain-bicheavior methods of the most efficient. However, these techniques detect more limited readings to the kih application compared to humanistic and psychological lines. Many believe that these studies are not explicitly sophisticated among psychological theories.

3.Shole therapy can not only help, but also damage. Elemental Effective Methods, Technical Errors, too hasty effects to bring harm to the Client.

4. Big disagreements exist about the importance of longprofessional workouts. According to some research, non-professionals sometimes can get and achieve the same positive in the client as the artistic masters.

5. In the present, many experts come to the conviction that are different effective theories for different customers. Therefore, Ranas, most likely, the desire to become an expert on several theory of psychological con-sulctation methods will appear.

The results of research are studied in more detail in ChaptersIII.

If you have learned the concept of the first seven chapters, then you will be a good prepared for the next theoretical phones, despite the fact that these theories of the surround look are very different. We said "at first sight" because as we move in this area, you will begin to be aware of these theories. And this is the beginning of a generalized theory.

Theories described in the low store reflect various Mi-rasproyments, each of which gives a view, allow you to look at the situation otherwise. If you are exporting a drawing of the aceer on the cover of the book, turn the book on the side, look at the top, you will try to see the drawing three-dimensional, then the impressiveness that every point of view gives a new, enriched in a look drawing. In the same way, the theory of the second part of this bookpred - lags their understanding of the therapy process. With some kind of one, you will have a desire to make a choice regarding singlepics, or an eclectic, or a generalized approach: Some certain certainty for running.

It is timeless so that we will discuss the concept of the concepts of those chapters that you have not yet read. In particular, it will be so in chaptervii, which requires the necessary bridge theory and techniques. Such cross references need to be understood as involving the methods and theories, understood the relationship between theory theories and how to use a generalized theory to combat various points of view.

ILLED VIIBRANCE. Tamboyano, that many psychotherapeutic theorializontrisented on the help of a client-there is a reconstruct worldview in a more positive direction. It can wear out the names, but all the pro-Cesses and methods are closely connected. Thus, the firmware psychothera-FDI refers to a positive attitude, vlogotherapy -o modulation of relations, in the theory of the minimum change of Tilerah, about the study of resources. Each of these formulauro-woks gives something in the process of psychological assistance, and the possession of a generalized theory gives you the possibility of easily an individual theories and practices mentioned. For example, you practice the behavioral training of behavioral on-doors Ivdrug discover that the studies of the Tyler on the hour of detecting history helps your client and he makes great progress. But if theler is not suitable, you can with that

the goal of contacting client-centered therapy or logotherapy. Generalized the theoretically conscious and systematically comes from one concept to another, it is used that in common that they have. The last chapters of this book make the attention of scientific work and practice, the use of the theories of the exeutes for the benefit of customers. Methods and theories, not confirmed, not found practical application, EVENSIVE-SA. At the heart of the last chapter of this book lies Axiomaro-on Paul: "What treatment who has been conducted by the most effectively for this individual and for what purpose is it carried out with any responsibility?"

In this classical exercise, we emphasized the word by whom, which applies to you. What do you choose a set of methods for treatment, what will be your concept of associate-hymic assistance and what circumstances do you take into account? Yes, how do you understand the individuality and cultural way to your client? All these positions form the foundation itself, the basis of understanding its specialty-cyties, as well as the specifics of others.

The basic seat of this book is to provide your gloss to the world and develop in Vashampathy towards others. But what would we like for the client? What is the purpose of psycho-logical assistance? Why should I help?

Cultural and productiveness -

Comprehensive setpoint consulting

Whenphreed was asked about the neighbor and long-range purposes of Psi-Hoanalysis, Onkratko answered: "To love and work." In width, most psychological theories seem to take the thesis that effective existence and positive attitude of the goal of psychological helmets. Separate theories underline such key terms as self-actualization (oil), self-efficacy (Bandura), efficiency (Carcoff, Gordon), O "Keyness (Bern, Harris), etc. All this is only the various descriptions of targeting-hochemical aid.

At the heart of many concepts and psychology and psychotherapy, Lev-Lyat the topic of development of "productivity". Aproductive, or comprehensively developed personality, can be described as a result:

Personality acting in productively, has a sense of perspective. He (or she) is able to provide various behavioral strategies in this situation to follow the problem with various winning points of view. Expertly, the harmo-niche individual does not associate itself with a behavior, but comes in accordance with the change-in-law and is able to put long-term goals.

Wide conceptuality lies at the basis of the concept of psychotherapy purposes for new concepts.

You can even say that the goal of deep, comprehensive-productivity for the client is completely similar to the purpose of this book by the attitude towards psychologists. Specifically, this is due to the upbringing of aproductive psychologist, which is able to be able to try the necessary inputs for a particular situation, has several models necessary to assist the client at the moment, keeps in the intelligible treaty of treatment. Both the client and the psychologist are striving for sampling.

Productivity occurs in the context of the Kul Tours. The experience of the culture of Ievocomy give a person three possibilities:

1.The ability to find the highest possible number of behavior when communicating with themselves and other culture itself.

The general closer of very many customers is "immobility", the inability to act consciously and solve problems. Etiammobility is different in different psychological methods in different ways. For example, Gestalt therapy indicates the splitness of ITUPIKA, the theory of Rogers -O-raised between the real and ideal me, theority of theority of the polarity and unidentified conflict, the adherents of the transactional analysis talk about intersecting transactions of the familiar "games in which we play" . The general problem of the departments of psychology is the incapacity to the person and consciously behave in life situations. The problem of the task of the creative, productive approach from the client. There is a whole range of methodologies and strategies of relations that we will be discussed in the following chapters.

Let's go back the client from the cafeteria. Immobility in this case manifests itself in a section "I feel defective." Osserving in different variations during a conversation. Our asks to help personality to develop new verbal inverbal ways to communicate with themselves and others. Feeling refapersality Ver-Balno manifests itself through familiar imaging and nevel-ballly through protective behavior: an escape essential con-clock, a deliberately increased distance in the interim and ocher-rushing people.