Topic 13 Social Communication and Information Technologies

Plan

1. Communication: concept and types

2. The results of the impact of mass communication on individual and group consciousness

3. Modern trends in the development of mass communication

4. Sociological aspects of the Internet

Communication: concept and types

Among social processes One of the leading places is communication (Lat. communicatio.- method of message, transmission) as necessary element The interaction of people, groups, peoples, states, during which the transfer and interconnection of information, senses, assessments, values, meanings, values, etc. is carried out.Without communication, it is impossible to constitute social communities, social systems, institutions, organizations, etc., the existence of sociality, society as such is impossible. Communication permeates all aspects of society, social groups and individual individuals. Any study of social life affects those or other of its shapes.

The origins of the study of communication were various directions of psychology, linguistics, ideas of social constructivism, considering the formation of social knowledge as part social activities of people.

Exists a large number of Definitions of communications. Imagine several of them, the closest sociological understanding.

Communication - Transfer of information, ideas, emotions, skills, etc. Through characters - words, paintings, graphs, etc. Communication - This is a process that connects individual parts of the world with each other. Communication is a process that makes it well-known that was a monopoly of one or more. Communication is a mechanism through which power is implemented.

Communication is the transfer of information, ideas, estimates or emotion from one person (or group) to another (or other) mainly through symbols. Under communication, a broad sense is also understood by the system in which the interaction process and the process of interaction, and methods of communication, allowing to create, transfer and take a variety of information. Communication- Socially determined process of transferring and perception of information under interpersonal and mass communication conditions on different channels using various communicative means (verbal, non-verbal and others). Under Communication, we will understand the processes of recoding verbal in non-verbal and non-verbal in the verbal sphere. Historically, the communication was exactly this: forcing the other to perform a particular action. That is, for communication, the transition from the speaking of one to the actions of the other is essential.

The last definition is most suitable for expressing the essence of such a social phenomenon as communication. It catches the main focus of the information impact in it. Communication is subject - object relationship. However, this process is not always able to qualify as an intention of another to perform action. For example, the paralynguistic level of communication (facial expressions, gestures, etc.) gives enough information about the subject of the communicative act, but it is far from always to be regarded as a motivation to action.

The concept of communication exists on two levels - at the level of the ordinary and level of scientific presentation on this phenomenon. At the ordinary level, communication is understood as the ability to establish contacts of any kind. For example, the expression: "Communicative Man" - a characteristic of the one who is easy to contact with people, finds mutual understanding with them, who is open to contacts and communicate. Some scientific definitions of communication at which it is not distinguished from communication, they are based on an ordinary representation. Based on this, both the communicative process itself and its participants are defined: "Communication Activities - a complete" Operation of semantic interaction occurring without changing communications participants.

The subjects of communicating, three goals may be prosecuted:

1) the recipient wants to get some of the attractive sense for him;

2) Communicate wishes to inform the recipient of some meanings affecting the behavior of the latter;

3) Comicness and recipient are interested in cooperation with the purpose of sharing any meanings.

Based on this definition of communication, we highlight three forms of communicative action:

1) imitating- like something or someone inherent in the primary level of socialization (transmission of traditions and customs);

2) the dialogue form of interaction of equal communications subjects;

3) Management of the impact of the subject to the object.

This model shows that when considering communication only as a dialogue, firstly, there is a mixing of the concepts of "communication" and "communication", since the dialogue is the characteristic of communication, and the control of communication in the strict sense of the word; Secondly, in this case, in the very concept of communication, there is a mixing of two levels of its definition - ordinary and scientific, since the imitation cannot be attributed to communication as such and is the property of the individual who contributes to adapting it in the existence environment.

Mixing concepts "Communication" and "Communication" are rather common in scientific literature. This is due to the fact that the translation english word. Communication includes several meanings and can mean transmission, information messages, information, communication, communications, and communication.

American political analyst Lassowel in 1948 suggested a simple and visual model communicative process, including five elements:

1) Who? (sends a message) - switch;

2) What? (transmitted) - message;

3) how? (transmission) - channel;

4) who? (sent a message) - audience;

5) What effect? - efficiency.

Each of the elements of the specified scheme became the object of numerous studies. For example, the characteristics of the communicator are allocated to increase the efficiency of impact. In order for the person's speech to have the right effect, this person should, in the opinion of the listeners, have such qualities as competence (availability of relevant knowledge and skills), reliability (the ability to cause trust), dynamism (personal openness, activity, enthusiasm).

Comprehensively studied the features of the audience, which have to accept the message. So, it was found that I-inclusiveness in the content of communication (the proximity of its content is the most significant problems for the audience) reduces the effectiveness of belief: people in the areas closest to them, there are the most informed and proven opinions, change that is extremely difficult. Active role playing initially unacceptable position contributes to its adoption in the future.

Important is the degree of identification of a person with a group. The people mostly attached to the group are probably less affected by a message that does not correspond to group standards. The influence of the Group is also manifested in the sense that the opinions that people are reported publicly more difficult to change than those that are not widely advertised. It is also noticed that support for even one person weakens the majority pressure on an individual opinion.

Main types of communications.The classification of modifications of communication on the basis of a level or context in which it is carried out is recognized as generally accepted. According to this criterion, the following types of communication are most often distinguished: interpersonal, group and mass.

1. Interpersonal communication - This is the immediate, "face to face", contact people.Once upon.bes the famous, psychological proximity of partners, the presence of understanding and empathy. In interpersonal communication, three interpersonal parties can be distinguished: communicative (in the narrow sense of the word "Communication"), perceptual and interactive. Communicative sideinterpersonal communication is to exchange information between partners in communication, transmission and reception of opinions and feelings. Interactive sideinterpersonal communication (from the word "interaction" - interaction) is to exchange actions between the interacting parties (for example, the question-answer, request-failure or consent). Perceptual sideinterpersonal communication affects the process of perception and understanding by people of each other, the formation of certain interpersonal relationship.

2. Group Communication- This is the process of communication of people in small groups (from 3 to 30 people) . In group communication, all patterns inherent in interpersonal communication continue to operate, but specific this type Communications of phenomena to which include: leadership and manual in the group, i.e. the process of interpersonal influence, stimulation of the group, targeting it to perform certain tasks; The process of making a group decision, i.e. discussion of significant problems for a group, in the course of which the position of its members, the assessment of the problem, the search and development of a general group solution; Communication structure in the group, a set of positions of members of the group regarding receipt and storage meaningful for a group of information.

3. Mass Communication- this is the process of disseminating information and influence in society through special means: printing, television, radio, cinema, etc., as a result of which a message comes directly to large groups of people.

The main functions that mass communication in society performs: informing about the events occurring; help society in solving his problems; transmitted knowledge of society from one generation to another (socialization and training); entertainment. The specified spectrum of functions sets the conceptual basis, the most important approaches to the study of mass communication. Within this approach There are works responsible for the question: how exactly are the mass communication in society?

The authors of many of these works sought to explain how and how efficiently mass communication affects society and its members. At the beginning of this century, the conviction in the inclusion of the impact of mass communication on the consciousness of man was dominated.

It was assumed that the impact of funds mass media (Media) is expressed directly and tangible. However, in the futuresuch views changed to completely opposite: the effectiveness of the impact of mass communication was recognized as minimal.These views had the greatest dissemination in the 50s, when it was believed that interpersonal contacts are more significant to distribute facts and opinions in society than mass communication. Information from the media is initially entering the so-called leaders of opinionin society, which then transmit it to other people in the process of interpersonal communication.

In the 60s. It was believed that although mass communication and affects the attitudes and opinions of people, but this influence is mediated by the characteristics of the audience . The most important of these includes:

· The position of the group or the position of its individual members;

· Selectivity, i.e. The tendency of a person to select the information that is consistent with its values \u200b\u200band opinions.

As a result, the degree of influence was estimated as not very high.

Starting from the 70s. mass communication is more affecting what a person says (the topic), rather than on his competitive position on this topic.In other words: the more they talk about some topic on the radio and on television, the more often it is discussed at the level of interpersonal contacts.

Mass communication is affected and the opinions of people on specific issues of social life. This process is moving along the helix, resulting in some topics or positions fall into the center of attention of the population, while others are discarded on the periphery of public interest.

Currently, to explain the mechanisms of the effect of mass communication on individual and mass consciousness are proposed in numerous theories. The most popular of them:

· theory of use and satisfactionwhich emphasizes that a person acts as an active information filter, not its passive recipient. Its disadvantages: she ignored the negative results of the effect of mass communication in society, and also postulated the excessive rationality of a person, his ability to consciously choose what he needed.

· theory of addiction,the central position of which is such: the recipient (recipient of the information) depends on the mass communication due to the fact that it needs to meet his communications and achieve different purposes. The impact of the impact of the media on the audience varies and depends on the state of society itself (social changes and conflicts affect the revaluation of values and norms and give rise to the need for additional information) and the media themselves (from their number and proximity to the norms and values \u200b\u200bof the object of impact).

Synthesizing the approaches considered, it is possible to describe the process of the effect of mass communication on individual and mass consciousness. Social institutions and the media form people a variety of needs, interests and desection. Formed, this motivational system is beginning to influence where, in which area a person will search for sources of satisfaction of needs. By choosing certain sources, a person may continue to be in a certain dependence on them. For example, the elderly, due to reducing the possibilities of movement, communicate little, which increases their dependence on this type of media, like television. Teenagers can become dependent on the video industry, since the hobbies of this kind correspond to the norms of this social group.

1. The concept close to the concept of communication, but expanded. This is .Ceated, during which information is exchanged between systems in alive and inanimate nature. Communicative act is analyzed and evaluated by the following components:

1) Address - Subject of Communication;

2) Address - who sent a message;

3) the message is the transmitted content;

4) code - message transfer tools;

5) communication channel;

6) The result is what has been achieved in the end of communication. Communication can be serviced by neustal means; Among them are allocated:

1) Optical - kinetic means - gestures, mimic, pantomime;

2) ParalyingVistal funds - voice quality, its range, tonality;

3) Funds extralyinguistic - pauses, crying, laughter, speech pace;

4) Funds are spatial - temporary - interpretation of partners, temporary delays of the start of communication, etc. 2. Communication is considered as a semantic aspect of social interaction. Since any individual action is performed in conditions of direct or indirect relationships with other people, it contains - along with the physical - communicative aspect. Actions consciously focused on the semantic perception by other people are sometimes called communicative. Distinguish the communication process and the components of its acts. The main functions of the communication process consist in achieving social community while maintaining the individuality of its element. In certain acts of communication, managerial, informative, emotive and fate functions are implemented; The first of them is genetically and structurally source. By the ratio of these functions, it is conventionally allocated:

1) Posting messages - conviction, suggestion, order, please;

2) informative messages - transmission of real or fictional information;

3) expressive messages - the excitation of emotional experiences;

4) Fatic messages - establishing and maintaining contact. In addition, communication processes and acts can be classified according to other grounds. So, differ:

1) by type of relationship between participants - interpersonal communication, public, mass;

2) by means - Communication Speech (written and oral), paralynguistic (gesture, mimic, melody), real - sign (production products, visual arts etc.). A variety of communication is real - the sign is an artistic, connecting the artist (or the artistic team) and the viewer (audience). Its influence may not always be an adequate intention of the artist, generating psychological barriers instead of spiritual enrichment; indifference, irritation or aggression - instead of aesthetic pleasure. The reasons for these effects are in the mismatch of the "spiritual organization" of the artist and the recipient, in the difference in their value orientation, life experience, culture level, intelligence, etc.

Communication

act of communication, aims to exchange information. K. is considered as the exchange of information between people in order to define problems and find solutions, regulating the contradictory interconnection of their interests. In the communication process, four main elements are allocated, the sender - a person generating ideas or collecting information and transmitting it; Message - Actually, the information encoded with signs and symbols itself; Kakal - information transfer state; The recipient is a person who is intended for information and which perceives and interprets it.

Communication

1) sharing information and meaning of information between two or more people; 2) One of the main control functions ("binding function"), which ensures coordination of joint activities in the process of organizing organizations based on information exchange between its members.

COMMUNICATION

communication) How convincingly showed Szasz (1961), psychoanalytic theory can and should be newly formulated rather in the communication language and failures of communications than the language of functions and violation of individual individuals. However, this criticism has a direct relationship rather to instinct-theory than to the theory object, since it is a special meaning that the object relationship is attached here, contains the idea that the individual is looking for communications and that neurosis is the result of the failures of this search. See instinct theory and theory object; MEANING; SEMANTICS; CAUSE; Mental determinism; Personology; CONVERSION.

COMMUNICATION

message, the transfer of information signals, signs, both verbal and non-verbal communication. Usually under K. Understand the exchange of "dry", business information, leaving aside feelings and emotions.

COMMUNICATION

semantic aspect of social interaction; actions consciously oriented to the semantic perception by other people are sometimes called communicative actions; The main functions of the communication process are to achieve social community while maintaining the individuality of each element.

COMMUNICATION

from English. COMMUNICATE -Close, transmit) verbal K. - a targeted transmission process with a language (language code) of some mental content. A number of authors consider the communicative function of the language and the speech of the main and primary function, and sometimes the uniqueness of the function K. There is also a non-verbal K., which, on the one hand, can duplicate and maintain verbal K., with others - to provide unfinished transmission every mental content (not only internal verbal, but also figurative, emotional, motivational). See Mass Communication, Communication.

COMMUNICATION

1. In a broad sense, moving something from one place to another. Moving can messages, signals, values, etc. The transmitting and receiving devices must have a general code to interpret the value of the information contained in the message without an error. With these very general positions, the theory of communication explains the developing models of interaction, memory processes, physiological functions, language, etc. See channel, code, information theory. 2. Message or actual information that are transmitted. It reflects the tendency of some authors to use the concept of communication as a synonym for language. This is mistake. The reasons for which these terms should be distinguished. word article of this term.

Communication

lat. Communico - to do a common] - semantic aspect of social interaction. Since any individual action is carried out in conditions of direct or indirect relationships with other people, it includes (along with a physical) communicative aspect. Actions consciously focused on the semantic perception by other people are sometimes called communicative actions. There are the process K. and the components of its acts. The main functions of the communication process are to achieve social community while maintaining the individuality of each element. In some acts, K. are implemented by administrative, informative, emotive and fatic (associated contacts) of the function, the first of which is genetically and structurally initial. According to the ratio of these features, messages are distinguished: motivating (conviction, suggestion, order, request); informative (transmission of real or fictional information); Expressive (excitement of emotional experience), fatic (establishing and maintaining contact). In addition, communication processes and acts can be classified according to other grounds. Thus, according to the type of relationship between participants, interpersonal, public, mass to.; For funds K. - Speech (written and oral), paralyingvistic (gesture, mimic, melody), substance-sign K. (products of production, visual art, etc.). A variety of real-sign K. is artistic K., connecting the artist (or the artistic team) and the viewer (audience). The effect of artistic K. In this case, it may not always be an adequate intent of the artist, generating psychological barriers instead of spiritual enrichment, indifference, irritation or aggression - instead of aesthetic pleasure. The reasons for these effects lie in the mismatch of the "spiritual organization" of the artist and the recipient, in the difference in their value orientations, life experience, the level of culture, intellect, etc. A.P. Nazareyan

COMMUNICATION

from lat. Communico - I do a general, I communicate, communicate) - a semantic aspect of social interaction. Since any individual action is carried out in conditions of direct or indirect relationships with other people, it includes (along with a physical) communicative aspect. Actions consciously oriented to the semantic perception of other people, sometimes called communicative actions. There are the process K. and the components of its acts. The main functions of the communication process are to achieve social community while maintaining the individuality of each element. In some acts, K. managerial, information and fatic (associated with the establishment of contacts) of the function, the first of which is genetically and structurally source. According to the ratio of these features, messages are distinguished: motivating (conviction, suggestion, order, request); information (transmission of real or fictional information); expressive (excitement of emotional experience); Fatic (establishing and maintaining contact). According to the type of relations between the participants, interpersonal, public, mass K. by means of K.: Speech (written and oral), paralyingvistic (gesture, mimic, melody), real-sign K. (products of production, visual art, etc. .). K. plays a decisive role in the process of occurrence, especially the development and completion of social conflicts. Various disorders in the process of K. can not only contribute to more destructive development of conflicts, but also be their direct cause.

COMMUNICATION

lat. Communication, from Communico - I do a common, I associate, communicate] - Act of communication; One of the functions of communication in order to exchange thoughts, information, ideas, etc. - a specific form of people's interaction in the process of their cognitive, labor and other activities

COMMUNICATION

From English. Communicate - report, transmit) - various forms of communication and communication in the technique, cybernetics, psychology. IN social psychology The concept of K. is used to characterize the structures of business and interpersonal ties between people. An example of this is K. in the manufacturing team (see Communicative Opportunities). In engineering psychology, visual K. are studied, which are visual connections between the auditorium analyzer and information model and the rest of the subject atmosphere surrounding man. Great importance The problem of K. is also given when organizing group activities, where they are often mediated. To implement K. Channels K., which may be one-sided (information is transmitted in one direction) or double-sided (information is transmitted in both directions), open or closed in terms of transmitting production information. Openness is the closeness of the channels K. is the parameter that experiences a particularly strong impact on the part of the interpersonal relationship in the team. On the noise immunity of operational K. The psychological compatibility of people in such parameters as the power nervous system, the reaction time, the level of claims, etc. The set of existing channels K. is called a network of intragroup K. The following typical types of Networks K. 1. Full (each group participant can freely communicate with any other). 2. Centralized (all participants can communicate with each other through the Unified Center). 3. Chain (each participant can communicate only with two others located next to it, for example, work on the conveyor). 4. Circle (closed chain).

Communication is an important component of human existence, because without transmission of information, any creative activity is impossible. A huge role in building effective interaction between people is played by means of communication, such as verbal, non-verbal, media and television.

The speed of information transfer in the modern world is several times higher than fifty years ago, the audience itself has changed, so the concept of communication has also undergone certain changes. Modern psychology gives a dual definition:

• The first, broader, implies that communication is a holistic system, within which the transfer is carried out, the assimilation of information.
• According to the second definition, it is a mass transfer channel, the exchange of information in order to influence society as a whole, as well as its components.

Often the concepts "Communication" and "Communication" are united, but they are not identical. Communication includes a communicative component and represents the process of establishing, maintaining contacts between people, stimulated by the needs of joint activities. It can act in the form of interpersonal interaction, such as influential connections resulting from joint creative activities. Communication basics are somewhat different, they suggest that the result of data transfer will be an impact on the opinion, personal beliefs of the individual.

The main methods of communication are divided into verbal and. Verbral is the transfer of information through sound, as well as letters. Non-verbal methods are expressed by speech tone, accents, body movements. The diversity of forms can generate differences between the interlocutors, so the main conditions for effective communication are the same understanding of the situation by its participants, as well as the correct perception of implicit signals transmitted from the participant to the participant.

Communication principles are considered in detail in the Speaking model developed by D. Heims. From the point of view of a scientist, this is a dynamic, continuous, irreversible process consisting of symbols, which is supplied after receiving information to its processing, generation of conclusions about the subject of the conversation. The process itself is focused on the individual, it always has consequences in the form of a response to reported information.

Communicative interaction levels and models

In psychology, the levels of communication such as intrapersonal and interpersonal, group, intercultural, business are distinguished. The first type implies the internal dialogue of the individual with them, hidden experiences and opinions. Interpersonal communication means the transfer of information to comprehend from one individual to another. Compared to the first it is more high level interaction, he assumes the presence, i.e. Reactions to the received message.

Interpersonal communication is rational, this is expressed in its functions: information, pragmatic, social, expressive. Concept speech activity It claims that verbal communication plays an important role in this form of interaction, and the main factors are the goal and.

Communication goals are always conscious, but may not coincide with the motive that prompts the individual to actively interact. The theory of communication suggests that for effective communication it is necessary that individuals can easily solve the present motive of the interlocutor, especially in cases where statements are unclear, ambiguous character.

Communications in the organization serve as a means of transmitting information on formal or official channels, which are divided into hierarchy levels. Business communication is subject to the rules defined by the organization's policies, job descriptions. Communication styles are also regulated, but may depend on various factors, for example from nationality.

Group and intercultural types of communications involve the participation of a large community of people. Group interactions pass between two and more family, informal and formal communities of individuals. The second type means communication between the participants belonging to different ethnic groups with different standards, cultural customs. Here, a special role belongs to the media that can form a positive or negative channel of interaction.

Communication models were developed by many authors, a feedback model was widely known, a linear model developed by Lassowel, the circulation model of the scramge and its modification proposed by asgud. In addition, the nonlinear model of Newcomb, the simplified model Vorontsov and the general model, which is the author of which is Herbner, were distributed. All these developments made it possible to identify the basic principles of effective communication, which made it possible to largely improve the quality of interaction between people.

What are communicative skills in terms of psychology of communication? First of all, this is the ability to interact with other people, to correctly perceive and transmit the information received. The individual should know and understand the restrictions, cultural norms of communication, traditions and customs, etiquette and be able to show themselves with a brought up man.

The scale of information interaction

Communication classification pays special attention to the exposure to large groups of people using modern technical means. Thus, mass communication implies the systematic dissemination of information messages to provide political, ideological, organizational, economic influence in order to form the necessary opinion of people. Modern science Allocate the following mass communication functions:

• Informative - gives an opportunity to satisfy the need for information about outdoor world. Thanks to this function, the illusion of all-in-law arises, the boundaries separating the person from the world disappear.
• Integrating (binding) - is intended to combine differentiated groups by promoting universal and moral values.
• Forming - Adjusts Individual for certain expectations: social, political, cultural, etc.
• Socializing is one of the ways of integrating a person to society through informational influence.
• Harmonizing and alternative - give a sense of organicity of human existence in society, lack of borders, opportunities to express an opinion other than the opinion of the majority.

The psychology of mass communications is a fairly new discipline that arose at the junction of such sciences as sociology, psychology, communicativeism. From the point of view of this science, mass communication is a way to influence society or social groups in order to create common sentiment and expectations, as well as stabilizing value priorities. The objectives of the informational vomiting are determined through the individual prism of the values \u200b\u200bof the individual on which the impact is carried out.

Scientists believe that communication was the most important impetus for the integration of the Company, which changed along with the development of equipment and technology. For example, informational communications involve communication between specialists in a particular area, the exchange of data informal, oral, written, impersonal, mediated and other ways. In this case, the functions of communication are to disseminate special knowledge, promoting scientific information in order to accelerate progress.

Social Communication - Method of Transferring Information emotional state By verbal and non-verbal channels. This process allows us to combine the part of the society and the mechanism for the implementation of power. Communication forms in this case will differ depending on the parameters such as:

1. The type of audience, which can be massive or specialized and is characterized by the susceptibility of the individual to the disseminated information.

2. The source of information distribution: formal channels (statements of ruling power), informal (gossip, rumors). Posted by: Natalya Yakovlev

No culture exists isolated. Communication and communication, which in Russian-language scientific literature is usually not considered as synonyms, are the most important part of human life, and therefore part of the culture. Stressing their importance, many researchers equate culture to communicate (communication). The largest American specialist in intercultural communication Edward Hall It claims that culture is communication, and communication is culture. Based on such an interpretation, many Western scientists figuratively depict the culture in the form of iceberg, at the base of which cultural values \u200b\u200band norms lie, and its vertex is the individual behavior of the person, based on them and manifests itself primarily in communicating with other people.

Communication (from lat. commumicatio - communication, message; sattitso - I do general) - communication, exchange of thoughts and information in the form of speech or written signals, the process of transferring information from person to person. The main and only subject of communication - human.

In a broad sense, communication is the exchange of information between individuals through common system symbols . In the process of communication, messaging is exchanged, i.e. Information is transmitted from one member to another. Of all the types of iconic (symbolic) behavior in the human community are the most important to use language ( verbal Communication) and accompanying his incomplete behavior ( non-verbal communication). In the aggregate they form sign Communication, or communication in a narrow sense.

In English explanatory dictionary The concept of "communication" has several semantically close values:

• 1) act or information transfer process to other people (or living beings);
• 2) systems and processes used to communicate or transmit information;
• 3) letter or phone call, information written or oral;
• 4) social contact;
• 5) electronic processes that are transmitted from one person or place to another, especially by wire, cables or radio waves;
• 6) science and information on information transfer;
• 7) ways with which people build relationships with each other and understand each other's feelings, etc.

In Russian, the term "communication" has an equivalent of "communication" and is synonymous with the term "Communication".

Different sciences are somewhat suitable for determining the concept of communication. So, B. english-speaking linguistic The term "Communication" is understood as the exchange of thoughts and information in the form of speech or written signals.

In turn, the word "communication" means the process of exchanging thoughts, information and emotional experiences between people. For linguists Communication is the actualization of the communicative function of the language in various speech situations, and here there is no difference between communication and communication.

IN psychological and sociological Literature Communication and communication is considered as intersecting, but not synonymous concepts. Here, the term "Communication", which appeared in the scientific literature at the beginning of the XX century, is used to denote the means of communication of any objects of material and spiritual world, the process of transferring information from person to person (exchange of ideas, ideas, installations, moods, feelings, etc. . in human communication), as well as the transfer and exchange of information in society in order to influence social processes. Communication is considered as interpersonal interaction of people with the exchange of informative (cognitive) information or an affective assessment.

Despite the fact that often communication and communication are treated as synonyms, these concepts have certain differences. Per communication Basically, the characteristics of interpersonal interaction are fixed, and the Communication is an additional and more wider importance - information exchange in society. On this basis, communication is a socially determined process of the exchange of thoughts and feelings between people in various areas of their cognitive, labor and creative activity, implemented using mainly verbal means of communication.

In other words, communication is considered as a unilateral information process in which the greatest attention is paid to the methods of formalizing the message, while most of the existing definitions are reduced to the idea of \u200b\u200btransmitting information from the author to the addressee.

Unlike him communication - This is a socially determined process of transmission and perception of information in both interpersonal and in mass communication on different channels using various verbal and non-verbal communicative means. A ns man can exist without communication and out of communication, since it is a continuous process, including relations between people and events that occur around us, as well as in other directions and forms.

Comparing the concepts of communication and communication, we note that the general is their correlation with the process of sharing and transmitting information and communication with the language as a means of transmitting information. Features Differences are due to the volume of content of these concepts (narrow and wide).

Nevertheless, the concept of "Communication" and "Communication" can be considered as interconnected and interdependent. Without communicating different level Communication is impossible, as well as communication can be perceived as a continuation of the dialogue occurring in different spheres. Communication covers the most different spheres Including education, socio-political activities, management, counseling (including medical), social work, journalism, international relations.

Today in science is common universal (wide) understanding of communication as a method of communication any objects of the material and spiritual world.

An American sociologist and political scientist, founder of the theory of propaganda Harold Dwight Lassowel (1902-1978). Lasseel is one of the founders of modern political science, professor of Yale University. In 1948, he proposed his own communication model developed on the basis of the experience of propaganda in army units during World War II. This model, or formula, includes five major issues: "Who reports?" - "What does it say?" - "What channel reports?" - "Who reports?" - "What effect reports?"

The formula of Lassuela reproduces composite elements, sequence and functional characteristics of the communication process (Fig. 1.2). It is universal, as it reflects not only the structure of the communications process, but also the structure of its research. Nevertheless, the Lasseel communication model is criticized for its linearity, one-directional, no feedback, while the communication process is more complex, sometimes non-linear.

Communication process - This is the process of transferring information from one person to another or between groups of people (groups and social institutions, etc.) on different channels and with the help of various communicative means.

• Grishevitskaya T.G .. Popkov V. D "Sadohia A. P. Basics of intercultural communication: Textbook for universities. P. 33.
• Ibid. P. 34.
• Sokol I. A. The ratio of the concepts of communication and communication // Materials of the VII International Scientific and Practical Conference "Personality - Society". April 11-12, 2007 Minsk: Parkolus, 2007. P. 61.
• Lasswel. N. . D., Smith IN. /.., Casey TO . D. Propaganda, Communication and Public Order. PrinceTon: Princeton University Press, 1946. P. 435.

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic. The current period of development of human culture and civilization is characterized by a new stage in the evolution of the nature of the main social processes and is distinguished by the desire of a developed industrial society to improve its social structures and institutions. The study of these processes forces scientists, and politicians to draw conclusions that humanity, given the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress and the newest information revolution, is dealing with the factors of post-industrial socio-economic development within modern civilization. Leading and large sign feature modern Mira The formation of the Global Information Industry is becoming.

The problem of communication in the information society was viewed in the writings of the following researchers: G.G. Pumpped, TM Dridze, A.V. Sokolova, S.V. Borisneva, so-called. Astafurova, V.V. Kuznetsova, Kosgorodskaya M.V., Kostomarova V.G., E. Fromma.

Object: Communication

Subject: Communications in the Information Sphere

Purpose: Investigate Communications in Information Society

Tasks of work:

1. Consider the main theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of communication;

2. Describe the basic elements of the communication process

3. Examine the role of communication in the information society.

Methods used: method of analyzing scientific literature.

The most important concept that needs to be determined in the study of the information environment of society are the concepts of "communication" and "information society".

The "Information Society" is a civilization, the development and existence of which is a special intangible substance, conditionally referred to as "information", which has the property of interaction, both with spiritual and with the material world of man. The last property is especially important for understanding the essence of the new society: one hand, information forms material environment human life speaking innovative technologies, computer programs, telecommunications protocols, etc., and on the other, serves as the main means of interpersonal relationship, constantly arising, modifying and transforming in the process of transition from one person to another. Thus, information simultaneously determines the socio-cultural life of a person and its material being. This, and consists of a fundamental novelty of the coming society.

The main theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of "communication" in the writings of domestic and foreign researchers

Concept of communication, its types

Communication is a complex process consisting of interdependent steps, each of these steps is necessary in order to make our thoughts understandable to another person. The word "Communication" has a Latin origin from the word "Communis", denoting "common". The sending tries to establish "Communication" with anyone. He seeks to get into information, relationship or idea.

There is a definition of communication in general expressions as the process of transmitting information from one person (transmitter) to another (receiver) to report a certain meaning.

A.B. Zodnintsev considers communication, first of all, as one of the forms of people's interaction in the process of communication as an information aspect of communication.

Sociologists imply under communication transmission of social information.

Psychologists denote the term "communication" the processes of exchange of products of mental activity. "Communication" is the process of bilateral exchange of information leading to mutual understanding. Communication - translated from Latin means "common, shared with all". If mutual understanding is not achieved, the communication did not take place. To make sure Communication success must have feedback on how people have understood you how they perceive you, as you treat the problem. "

G.G. Punches in the book "Theory of Communication" under communication understands "Processes of recoding verbal in non-verbal and non-verbal in verbal spheres"

But how to define the communication of V.A. Spivak in the Book "Corporate Culture": "Communication is the exchange of information in the process of activity, communication (as well as the path of the message)."

But it is necessary to distinguish between information and, in fact, communication. Theoretics L. Matra writes about this: "Numerous directions of the so-called communication, in whose area I worked, taught me first of all that the information should be distinguished (one-sided message) and communication (the message that the answer is received) "Feedback".

There are different communications, more or less consistent with each other, in which various strategies and languages \u200b\u200bare used to achieve different purposes. And the conversation in several languages \u200b\u200bat the same time, even if they talk about the same, it does not contribute to the relief of understanding.

Thus, it is important for us that communication is a targeted process, information is exchanged in the process, it is important to have a feedback to ensure the result.

Communications are divided into the following types:

Interpersonal or organizational communications based on oral communication;

Communications based on written exchange information.

Interpersonal communications in turn are divided into:

Formal or official. Communication data are defined by policies, rules, job descriptions of a specific organization and are carried out according to formal channels;

Informal communications that do not follow general rules a certain organization; They are carried out according to the established system of personal relations between employees of the organization.

Typical information transmitted through the channels of informal communications: the upcoming reductions in production workers, new measures for sentences for being late, a change in the structure of the organization, future movement and raising, a detailed statement of the dispute of two managers at the last sales meeting, who comes to a date after work and T d.

Among the formal organizational communications are allocated:

Vertical when information moves from one level of the hierarchy to another;

Horizontal between different divisions intended to coordinate the activities of various units.

Vertical communications in turn are divided into:

Ascending when the information is transmitted from the bottom up (from the lowest levels to the highest). This type of communications contains the information necessary for managers to assess the sphere of activity for which they are responsible;

Descending, carried out from above. This type of communications is directly related to the management and control of employees.

Interpersonal communications also divide on:

Verbal (verbal);

Non-verbal, designed to exchange information without the use of words, for example, with the help of gestures, voice intonations, facial expressions, etc.

Verbal and not verbal forms of communications are not always and do not necessarily exclude each other. As a rule, the interpretation of the recipient of the message is built not only in words, but also on such elements as tin! and expressions of the person who accompany the words of the transmitting side.