Volkov Yu.G., Mostovaya I.V. Sociology: textbook for universities / ed. prof. IN AND. Dobarenkova. - M.: Gardaria, 1998. - 244 p. ISBN 5-7762-0041-5 (in per.)

The textbook is characterized by an integrated solution. task, motivational construction of text, modern "multi-layer" presentation, allowing consistently and ineffecting the shadesurus in the field of sociological knowledge. The content is characterized by the modernity of theoretical approaches and the availability of the comprehensive plots of dynamically developing science, supporting the Russian sociocultural context in the field of facts and examples, organic inclusion of theoretical achievements of modern Russian sociology to the thematic statement of the course.

In an innovative key carried out methodical support text. The textbook contains lists of literature, "portraits" of sociologists, presents a dictionary of special terms and provides for the mechanisms of "minimized" presentation and reproduction of text (semantic tables).

Designed for higher students educational institutions, graduate students, teachers and those who are informally interested in the problems of the social device.

• Preface
• Introduction
• Why sociology?
• Topic 1 Very short history of sociology
• Science, which "indecently young"
• "Gnus empiricals, vulgar scholastics"
• Correspondence dispute about the "laws of perspective"
• Two levels of sociological analysis
• At the heart of solidarity or struggle?
• Portraits of sociologists
• Questions for self-preparation
• Literature
• Appendix 1. Materials for colloquium in Russian sociology
• Appendix 2. Program in-depth study History of sociology
• Topic 2 Rules of Sociological Cognition
• Classic, Modern and Postmodern in Science
• Presentations of "Item" and "Method"
• Crowning crises and knowledge structure
• Is Sociology with science?
• Portraits of sociologists
• Questions for self-preparation
• Literature
• Application. Plan of discussion "Problems of sociological knowledge"
• Theme 3 people in a public context
• Opportunities to "become a man"
• Habitat - Social Community
• Riddles of the origin of associations
• What is "society"?
• Theories of the origin of society
• Modern Society: Humanization of the Environment
• Features of modernization in Russia
• Portraits of sociologists
• Questions for self-preparation
• Literature
• Application. Workshop on the preparation of sociomatrice
• Topic 4 Production of Social Structure
• Organization of "Relations" and "Behavior"
• Institutional structure
• Social stratification and mobility
• Studying social disposition
• Inequality as a source of bundle
• Inequality as a stabilizer structure
• Fight for "fair inequality"
• "Boiling Universe" of social groups
• Displacement in social, space
• Social mobility algorithms
• What gives knowledge of social structure
• Portraits of sociologists
• Questions for self-preparation
• Literature
• Application. Sociodrama "unequal marriage"
• Topic 5 Social Management Development
• System crisis and managerial innovation
• Mystery of "Social Administration"
• Social security system
• Safety of "transitive" society
• Portraits of sociologists
• Questions for self-preparation
• Literature
• Application. Conference "Management in the Modern World"
• Topic 6 Social identity identity
• Presentations of personality in sociology
• Macrosociological concepts of personality
• Microsolociological concepts of personality
• Portraits of sociologists
• Questions for self-preparation
• Literature
• Application. Business game "Friday. Saturday. Sunday"
• Topic 7 Social Culture
• The concept of culture in sociology
• Civilizational progress
• Universals Culture
• Interaction of crops
• Portraits of sociologists
• Questions for self-preparation
• Literature
• Application. Seminar "Culture as a social phenomenon"
• Dictionary of special terms

Finance Person Information

Biography

Socialist in social philosophy and sociology.

Director of the Institute for Retraining and Advanced the qualifications of the South Federal University, Director of the South-Russian branch of the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Sociology, Political Science and the Rights of the SITI UFU.

Scientific interests

• sociology of personality
• personality and ideology

Wolves develop the concept of a holistic personality and integral nature of man; The theory of interaction of the organization and personality in the transformable society.

They justify the idea of \u200b\u200bhumanistic ideology, the Regulation on the rationalization of policies and management in the SOCU. Ross. conditions;

The process of the forms of value orientation of the population in the transition period, as well as the factors of the optimal functioning of new educational inventors are investigated.

Publications

A total of more than 150 works, a number of work translated into English, German and Serbian. More than 10 textbooks and textbooks and training aids with a vulture of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation have been published.

2007

• Social studies: studies. Manual M., (in Sool.).
• Sociology: studies. benefit. M.; Rostov N / D., (Vol.).
• Sociology: Tutorial. Publishing 3rd. Rostov N / D ..
• Sociology: history and modernity. Ed. 2nd. Rostov N / D., (Vol.).
• Sociology: Tutorial. M.; Rostov N / D., (Vol.).

2006

• Identity and ideology: look into the future. M ..
• Transformation of the value system of modern russian society. M ..
• Sociology: Tutorial. M.
• Sociology: Tutorial. M.; Rostov N / D. Humanistic ideology and the formation of Russian identity. M.
• Sociology: course of lectures. Ed. 2nd. Pererab. and add. Rostov N / D ..
• Professional retraining: study.-method. instructions. Rostov N / D., (Vol.).

2005

• Regional policy and ideology in modern Russia. Rostov N / D,.
• The ideology of the region and the modern ideological situation in Russia. Rostov n / d.
• Humanistic perspective as a nationwide goal of Russian society. M.

2004

• Ideology and humanism. M., (et al.)
• Sociology: Tutorial. Rostov N / D,.

2003

• Additional professional education In the Rostov State University. Rostov n / d.
• Ideology for Russia (the main ideas of the humanistic ideology of Russia). Rostov n / d.

2001

• Social studies: studies. benefit. M., (Et al.).
• Humanism and polyethnic Russia. Maykop, (et al.).
• The ideology of humanism I. modern world. M., (et al.)

2000

• Youth of modern Russia: conditions of social formation during the transformation period. Rostov N / D, (in accordance).
• Sociology: Tutorial. M., (Et al.)
• Youth of modern Russia: conditions of social formation during the transformation period. Rostov n / d.
• Problems of formation of regional development ideologies. Rostov N / D, (in accordance).
• Manifesto Humanism. (Ideology and humanistic future Rossi). M ..

1999

• Ideology and humanistic future of Russia. Rostov n / d.
• Sociology in matters and answers: studies. benefit. M., (Et al.).
• Sociology: lecture course: studies. benefit. Rostov N / D, (in accordance).
• Sociology: history and modernity: studies. benefit. Rostov N / D, (in accordance).
• Human. encyclopedic Dictionary. M., (et al.)
• Political science and answers: studies. benefit. M., (et al.)

1998

• Personality and Humanis. Bogram.
• Multidimensional world modern man. M.
• Sociology: Tutorial. M., (et al.)

1997

• Political Science: Short Encyclopedic Dictionary. Rostov N / D, (in accordance).

1996

• Legitimacy of political power (methodological problems and Russian realities). M., (et al.)

1995

• NoMo Humanus. Personality and humanism. M.

1994

• The integral nature of man. Rostov N / D, (in accordance).

1993

• Man as a cosmoplanet car phenomenon. Rostov N / D, (in accordance).

1985

• Holistic personality: the essence, the formation path. Rostov n / d.

1984

• Social mechanism for the formation of a comprehensive and harmoniously developed personality. M.

Achievements

• Doctor of philosophical science
• professor
• Honored Scientist RF

Awards

• Prize winner. IG Petrovsky (for the cycle of scientific and pedagogical work on sociology)
• silver medal im. P. Sorokina (for contribution to the development of sociology in Russia)

Membership in Academy and Scientific Societies

• Vice President of the Academy humanitarian Sciences RF
• member of Vaca Russia
• chairman of the Doctoral Dissertation Council on Philosophical and Sociological Sciences
• foreign Member of the Serbian Academy of Education
• Honored Science of the Republic of Ingushetia
• Honored Science of the Republic of Adygea
• member of the editorial board of magazines "Sociological Studies" "Scientific Thought of the Caucasus" "News of higher educational institutions. North Caucasian Region "" Socio-humanitarian knowledge. "

Volkov Yu., Novsenkov V., Nechipurenko V., Popov A. Sociology

Preface

Chapter 1. Sociological knowledge
§ 1.1. Sociology as science
Sociology and other sciences
Definitions of the subject of sociology

§ 1.2. Development of sociology

Background and socio-philosophical prerequisites of sociology
The formation of sociology as science
Classic sociological theories
Russian sociological thought
Modern sociological theories

§ 1.3. Sociological analysis levels and sociological paradigms

Analysis levels
Sociological paradigms

§ 1.4. Theoretical approaches in sociology

Functionalism
Conflict theory
Symbolic interactionism

§ 1.5. Sociological research

Basic concepts
Stages of sociological research
Research methods
Research ethics
Sociological perspective
Sociological imagination

Chapter 2. Culture
§ 2.1. Definitions of culture

§ 2.2. Components of Culture

Norma
Values
Symbols and Language

§ 2.3. Culture and myth

Main theories
Ideology

§ 2.4. Unity and variety of cultures

Cultural universals
Cultural integration
Ethnocentrism
Cultural relativism
Subculture and counterculture
Cultural evolution

Chapter 3. Socialization
§ 3.1. Socialization bases
Socialization value
Nature and upbringing
Social Communication
Definition of the situation

§ 3.2. Personality

Characteristics of personality
Self
Theory "Mirror I"
The concept of "generalized other"
The process of "Impressions Management"

§ 3.3. Socialization during the life cycle

Life cycle in different cultures
Childhood
Teenage years
Early maturity, or youth
Middle age, or maturity
Old age, or old age
Death

§ 3.4. Resocialization

Chapter 4.

§ 4.2. Classification of social groups

Social ties
Primary and secondary groups
Internal and external groups
Reference groups

§ 4.3. Group dynamics

Group size
Leadership
Social manking
Social dilemmas
Group thinking
Conformism

§ 4.4. Social organizations

Characteristic features of the organization
Formal organizations
Types of formal organizations
Bureaucracy
Weber concept of bureaucracy
Disadvantages of bureaucracy
Management in organizations
Informal organizations

Chapter 5. Deviation and Social Control
§ 5.1. Nature deviation
Social characteristics of deviation
Social control
Social effects of deviation

§ 5.2. Sociological theories of deviation

Study of deviant behavior
Anomy's theory
The theory of cultural transfer
Conflict theory
Stigmatization theory

§ 5.3. Crime and Justice System

Chapter 6. Social Stratification
§ 6.1. Models of social stratification
Social Differentiation
Open and closed stratification systems
Stratification measurements

§ 6.2. Social stratification systems

Slavery
Caste
Clans
Classes
Gender inequality and social stratification

§ 6.3. Theories of social inequality

Functionalist stratification theory
Conflictological theory of stratification

§ 6.4. Class system of modern societies

Social classes
Stratification of modern Russian society
Identification of social classes
The value of social classes
Middle class
Poverty in Russia
Deferre

§ 6.5. Social mobility

Forms of social mobility
Social mobility in industrial societies
Processes to achieve status

Chapter 7. Racial, ethnic and gender inequality
§ 7.1. Racial and ethnic stratification
Races, ethnic groups and minorities
Prejudice and discrimination
Policy of the dominant group
Functionalist and conflictological theory
National Ethnic Composition of Russia

§ 7.2. Gender stratification

Female minority
Gender roles and culture
Gender self-identification
Gender roles in Russia and Western countries

Chapter 8. Family
§ 8.1. Family structure
Role of family
Types of family
Marriage forms
Formalist approach to family problem
Conflictological approach to family problem

§ 8.2. Marriage and family in Russia and USA

Selection of a partner for marriage
Family Detention
Parent status
Working mothers
Violence, cruel treatment of children and incest in the family
Dynamics of marriages and divorces in Russia
Families with Near Father or Mother
Caring for elderly

§ 8.3. Alternative life styles

Causes of vitality of life styles
Bachelor life
Unregistered couples
Families with single parents

§ 9.2. Education

Education and education
Functionalist approach to education
Conflictology on education
Education in modern Russia

§ 9.3. Health

Functionalist healthcare approach
Conflictological approach to health care
Health care system
Health of the population of Russia

Chapter 10. Human Habitat
§ 10.1. Environmental environment
Ecosystem
Effects overcrowding

§ 10.2. Population

Population growth in the world
Factors affecting the change in population
Demographic processes in Russia
Population structure
Maltus and Marx
Theory of demographic transition
Demographic Policy
Demographic forecast of the population of the globe

§ 10.3. Urban environment

Birth and evolution of cities
Growth model cities
Russian cities

§ 11.2. Collective behavior

Variety of collective behavior models
Prerequisites for collective behavior
Explanations of the behavior of the crowd

§ 11.3. Social movements

Types of social movements
Social revolution
Terrorism
Causes of social movements
Social problems

Conclusion. A LOOK INTO THE FUTURE
Changes in the world
Multipolar world
Russia's place in the world community

Dictionary of special terms

Literature

MOSCOW
2003

The textbook took the 1st place in All-Russian competition (2001) of the Ministry of Education Russian Federation To create textbooks on the cycle "General humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines" in the nomination "Sociology"

Reviewers:
Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor A.V.Dmitriev, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor N.S. Salvets

Volkov Yu.G., Novsenkov V.I., Nechipurenko V.N., Popov A.V.
Sociology: textbook / ed. prof. SOUTH. Volkov.- ed. 2nd, copy. and additional. - M. Gardariki, 2003.- 512 C.: IL.
The textbook is written in view of the state educational Standard The second generation with a support for Russian realities and the best foreign and domestic textbooks of sociology, is distinguished by encyclopedicity and "multi-layered" presentation, an integral solution of educational tasks and aims to give the reader to strong knowledge of sociology. The history of social ideas, basic concepts, directions and paradigms of sociology, as well as its methods are considered. Special attention is paid to issues of modern sociology.
Designed for students of higher educational institutions. It is of interest to graduate students and teachers of universities, as well as a wide range of readers.

Preface

There are a little academic disciplines that would concern us as close as sociology. Being a science studying social organizations and interactions, sociology helps to understand the events around us and those social forces that affect us will focus on those aspects of our social environment, which we often ignore, miss sight of or accepting. Sociology arms us a special form of awareness of reality.
In the proposed textbook, the principles, laws and patterns of the occurrence and functioning of human societies, organized into the science, which its founder O. Cont called sociology is sequentially set out.
The training course of sociology aims to give students a sufficiently complete complision knowledge about the specifics of sociology and its laws, having deduced him from all the vast mass of information provided by scientific and educational literature.
The location of the material and data of sociological studies, examples from various areas of social life will allow a reader who does not have special training, with the lowest time to get acquainted with a wide range of sociological problems.
In this tutorial, the main place is occupied by the principles, not details, basic provisions, and not current issues, and a description of specially selected examples, and not just a list of facts.
The structure of the textbook retains the integrity of the training course of sociology, which allows, according to the authors, it is optimal to use it, in particular, when preparing for the exam - for systematization and rapidly absorption.
Many Key Topics - Theory and Practice of Sociological Studies, Culture, Socialization, Groups and Organizations, Deviation and Social Control, Social Stratification, Race, Paul, Family, Religion, Society and Social Changes - Considered here more fully as in most textbooks on sociology .
At the end of the textbook, a list of key terms and definitions is given. The most important sociological terms are highlighted in font, their definitions are given in the textbook as the specified terms appear in the text.
Sociological culture becomes an integral element of Russian reality. In its formation and development, Russian sociology, relying, of course, on its own traditions and achievements, uses experience western sociology. This book relies on the materials of the best foreign and domestic textbooks of sociology - E. Aspa, E. Giddhason, A. Johnson, J. W. Vander Zanden, R. Lamma and R. Shefra, A. Merandra, N. Smelezer, J. Ritzer J. M. Hinslin, as well as many scientific articles.
Interest in sociology is natural for people in general, since a person being a social being is the object of studying it. We are convinced that every educated person must have an idea of \u200b\u200bsociology, and that is why we wrote this book.
Authors

The textbook is written, taking into account the state educational standard of the second generation with a support for Russian realities and the best foreign and domestic textbooks of sociology, is distinguished by encyclopedicity and "multi-layered" presentation, the integral solution of educational tasks and sets the goal to give the reader strong knowledge of sociology. The history of social ideas, basic concepts, directions and paradigms of sociology, as well as its methods are considered. Special attention is paid to issues of modern sociology.
Designed for students of higher educational institutions. It is of interest to graduate students and teachers of universities, as well as a wide range of readers.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface

§ 1.1. Sociology as science
Sociology and other sciences

§ 1.2. Development of sociology

Background and socio-philosophical prerequisites of sociology
The formation of sociology as science
Classic sociological theories
Russian sociological thought
Modern sociological theories

§ 1.3. Sociological analysis levels and sociological paradigms

Analysis levels
Sociological paradigms

§ 1.4. Theoretical approaches in sociology

Functionalism
Conflict theory
Symbolic interactionism

§ 1.5. Sociological research

Basic concepts
Stages of sociological research
Research methods
Research ethics
Sociological perspective
Sociological imagination
Chapter 2. Culture
§ 2.1. Definitions of culture

§ 2.2. Components of Culture

Norma
Values
Symbols and Language

§ 2.3. Culture and myth

Main theories
Ideology

§ 2.4. Unity and variety of cultures

Cultural universals
Cultural integration
Ethnocentrism
Cultural relativism
Subculture and counterculture
Cultural evolution
Chapter 3. Socialization
§ 3.1. Socialization bases
Socialization value
Nature and upbringing
Social Communication
Definition of the situation

§ 3.2. Personality

Characteristics of personality
Self
Theory "Mirror I"
The concept of "generalized other"
The process of "Impressions Management"

§ 3.3. Socialization during the life cycle

Life cycle in different cultures
Childhood
Teenage years
Early maturity, or youth
Middle age, or maturity
Old age, or old age
Death

§ 3.4. Resocialization

Chapter 4. Social Groups and Organizations
§ 4.1. Social Structure
Basic concepts
Social statuses
Social roles
Groups
Institutions
Society

§ 4.2. Classification of social groups

Social ties
Primary and secondary groups
Internal and external groups
Reference groups

§ 4.3. Group dynamics

Group size
Leadership
Social manking
Social dilemmas
Group thinking
Conformism

§ 4.4. Social organizations

Characteristic features of the organization
Formal organizations
Types of formal organizations
Bureaucracy
Weber concept of bureaucracy
Disadvantages of bureaucracy
Management in organizations
Informal organizations
Chapter 5. Deviation and Social Control
§ 5.1. Nature deviation
Social characteristics of deviation
Social control
Social effects of deviation

§ 5.2. Sociological theories of deviation

Study deviant behavior
Anomy's theory
The theory of cultural transfer
Conflict theory
Stigmatization theory

§ 5.3. Crime and Justice System

Law enforcement system
The crime
Drugs and crime
Imprisonment
Totalitarian institutions
Crime in Russia
Chapter 6. Social Stratification
§ 6.1. Models of social stratification
Social Differentiation
Open and closed stratification systems
Stratification measurements

§ 6.2. Social stratification systems

Slavery
Caste
Clans
Classes
Tender inequality and social stratification

§ 6.3. Theories of social inequality

Functionalist stratification theory
Conflictological theory of stratification

§ 6.4. Class system of modern societies

Social classes
Stratification of modern Russian society
Identification of social classes
The value of social classes
Middle class
Poverty in Russia
Deferre

§ 6.5. Social mobility

Forms of social mobility
Social mobility in industrial societies
Processes to achieve status
Chapter 7. Racial, Ethnic and Tender Inequality
§ 7.1. Racial and ethnic stratification
Races, ethnic groups and minorities
Prejudice and discrimination
Policy of the dominant group
Functionalist and conflictological theory
National Ethnic Composition of Russia

§ 7.2. Tender stratification

Female minority
Tender roles and culture
Tender self-identification
Tender roles in Russia and Western countries
Chapter 8. Family
§ 8.1. Family structure
Role of family
Types of family
Marriage forms
Formalist approach to family problem
Conflictological approach to family problem

§ 8.2. Marriage and family in Russia and USA

Selection of a partner for marriage
Family Detention
Parent status
Working mothers
Violence, cruel treatment of children and incest in the family
Dynamics of marriages and divorces in Russia
Families with Near Father or Mother
Caring for elderly

§ 8.3. Alternative life styles

Causes of vitality of life styles
Bachelor life
Unregistered couples
Families with single parents
Chapter 9. Religion, Education and Health
§ 9.1. Religion
Sacred and Profond
Types of religious beliefs and practices
Social forms of the organization of religion
Functions of religion
Dysfunction religion
Conflictology and functionalism about religion
Confirmation of tradition: Islamic revolution in Iran
Changes in the secular world: Protestant ethics
Revival of religion in Russia
Problems of the relationship between the state and the church in Russia

§ 9.2. Education

Education and education
Functionalist approach to education
Conflictology on education
Education in modern Russia

§ 9.3. Health

Functionalist healthcare approach
Conflictological approach to health care
Health care system
Health of the population of Russia
Chapter 10. Human Habitat
§ 10.1. Environmental environment
Ecosystem
Effects overcrowding

§ 10.2. Population

Population growth in the world
Factors affecting the change in population
Demographic processes in Russia

Population structure
Maltus and Marx
Theory of demographic transition
Demographic Policy
Demographic forecast of the population of the globe

§ 10.3. Urban environment

Birth and evolution of cities
Growth model cities
Russian cities
Chapter 11. Social Changes
§ 11.1. Sources of social change
Social factors of change
Approaches to the study of social change. Concepts of social progress
Modernization
Modernization and industrialization
Transformation of societies
Social changes in Russia
Social changes in the third world countries
World System and Globalization Processes

§ 11.2. Collective behavior

Variety of collective behavior models
Prerequisites for collective behavior
Explanations of the behavior of the crowd

§ 11.3. Social movements

Types of social movements
Social revolution
Terrorism
Causes of social movements
Social problems
Conclusion. A LOOK INTO THE FUTURE
Changes in the world
Multipolar world
Russia's place in the world community
Dictionary of special terms
Literature
Preface
There are a little academic disciplines that would concern us as close as sociology. Being a science studying social organizations and interactions, sociology helps to understand the events around us and those social forces that affect us will focus on those aspects of our social environment, which we often ignore, miss sight of or accepting. Sociology arms us a special form of awareness of reality.
In the proposed textbook, the principles, laws and patterns of the occurrence and functioning of human societies, organized into the science, which its founder O. Cont called sociology is sequentially set out.
The training course of sociology aims to give students a sufficiently complete complision knowledge about the specifics of sociology and its laws, having deduced him from all the vast mass of information provided by scientific and educational literature.
The location of the material and data of sociological studies, examples from various areas of social life will allow a reader who does not have special training, with the lowest time to get acquainted with a wide range of sociological problems.
In this tutorial, the main place is occupied by the principles, not details, basic provisions, and not current issues, and a description of specially selected examples, and not just a list of facts.
The structure of the textbook retains the integrity of the training course of sociology, which allows, according to the authors, it is optimal to use it, in particular, when preparing for the exam - for systematization and rapidly absorption.
Many Key Topics - Theory and Practice of Sociological Studies, Culture, Socialization, Groups and Organizations, Deviation and Social Control, Social Stratification, Race, Paul, Family, Religion, Society and Social Changes - Considered here more fully as in most textbooks on sociology .
At the end of the textbook, a list of key terms and definitions is given. The most important sociological terms are highlighted in font, their definitions are given in the textbook as the specified terms appear in the text.
Sociological culture becomes an integral element of Russian reality. In its formation and development, Russian sociology, relying, of course, on its own traditions and achievements, uses the experience of Western sociology. This book relies on the materials of the best foreign and domestic textbooks of sociology - E. Aspa, E. Giddhason, A. Johnson, J. W. Vander Zanden, R. Lamma and R. Shefra, A. Merandra, N. Smelezer, J. Ritzer J. M. Hinslin, as well as many scientific articles.
Interest in sociology is natural for people in general, since a person being a social being is the object of studying it. We are convinced that every educated person must have an idea of \u200b\u200bsociology, and that is why we wrote this book.
Authors
Back content
Forward

Chapter 1. Sociological knowledge
The result of the interaction of people in society is to intertwing meanings, expectations, acts, and all this amounts to the subject of studying sociology. Consequently, we can define sociology as scientific study Social interaction and organization.
Sociology is a branch of science on human behavior, which is aimed at disclosing causal relationships arising between individuals and groups in the process of social relations. It studies traditions, structures and institutes, the influence of groups and organizations for the behavior and character of people. Sociology examines the basic characteristics of human society in a local and global scale, is engaged in the study of social interaction and group behavior through research based on accurate and specialized assembly and analysis of facts.
Sociology with its support on observation and measurement allows you to use systematized information to solve complex tasks related to social policies and choices, is an effective tool for the knowledge of the person of its position in society, in the family, in other social groups.
§ 1.1. Sociology as science
Sociology and other sciences
Natural Sciences. At all times, a person was obsessed with the desire to reveal the environs of his secrets and understand the world.
In the process of knowledge, people developed the methods of studying the social and natural world, with their help received, justified and systematized the knowledge of the world. Sociology - scientific research of society and human behavior - is one of the sciences developed by modern civilization. To better understand the place of sociology among these sciences, it is necessary to first consider the natural and public sciences separately.
Natural sciences are theoretical and academic disciplines that are intended to understand, explanation and forecasting events and processes natural environment. Natural sciences are divided into specialized research areas in accordance with their subject, such as biology, geology, chemistry and physics. Next, they are divided into even more specialized sections with a narrower content. Biology includes botany and zoology, geology - mineralogy and geomorphology, chemistry studies organic and inorganic substances, in physics allocate biophysics and quantum mechanics. In each area of \u200b\u200bresearch, a certain "piece" of nature is considered.
Social Sciences. People did not limit themselves with the study of nature. Trying to get a more complete picture of life, they also created the science areas, the subject of which is the social world. These social sciences are studying human relations. If a natural Sciences They strive to objectively understand the world of nature, then the social sciences are assessed to objectively understand the social world. The world of nature includes ordered (natural) communications that are not obvious, but should be found in targeted observations, ordered relations of people in social world Also they are not striking, and they have to identify with the help of targeted and regular observations.
Societies include anthropology, economy, political science, psychology, history and sociology. In turn, anthropology is divided into cultural and physical anthropology; Economy for macro and microeconomics; In political science there are theoretical and applied partitions; Psychology can be clinical or experimental; History - the world and history of individual countries; The object of studying sociology is the quantitative and qualitative aspects of public life. Since we are interested in sociology, compare it with others. public sciences.
Political science. Political scientists deal with policies and government management issues. They explore how people manage their society, various forms of government, their structure and attitude to other public institutions. Of particular interest for political scientists are ways to achieve people in society, how they retain the powerful positions, the relationship of the rules with the subject, political organizations, institutions, movements and behavior of voters.

Economy. Economic science is also concentrated on the study of one social institution. Economists are studying the problems of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services in a particular society.
Anthropology. Anthropology, related sociology of discipline, examines culture as a way of life of society as a whole. Mostly it concentrates its attention to the study of the culture of complementary, or tribal, societies. The concept of culture as the subject of anthropology includes: group artifacts, such as labor, art and weapons; Group structure, i.e. hierarchy and other models that define relationships in society; the ideas and values \u200b\u200bof the group, the impact of beliefs on the lives of people; Communication forms in the group, especially language.
Psychology. Psychologists are engaged in research mental processesassociated with intelligence, emotions, perception and memory. Such a branch of psychology as social Psychology, studies the social conditionality of the behavior of individuals and groups, i.e. Types of behavior due to social norms, upbringing, age, life experience, origin, as well as the impact of needs, self-esteem for interpersonal, intragroup and intergroup relations.
History. Historical science studies past of humanity in all its concreteness and diversity, i.e. It has been dealing with past behavior and unique events. It consists of world (universal) history and history of individual countries and peoples. Industries historical Science Are: historical geography, historiography, economic history, as well as archeology, paleography, genealogy, diplomacy, chronology, etc.
Sociology. Sociology has a lot in common with other public sciences. With political science, it is united by the fact that it explores among other things the problem of political relations and government controlled. With economic science, it borders, affecting the scope of social treatment of goods and services, but in the aspect of the study of the social consequences of production, distribution and exchange. Like anthropology, sociology makes culture, belief, tradition, but considers them under a special sociological angle. With psychology, she relates to the fact that she explores the identity and her life in the group of themselves like. Finally, unlike historical science, which studies only what happened and entered into history, sociology focuses in modern times, includes social planning and forecasting.
What distinguishes sociology from other public sciences?
Definitions of the subject of sociology
Some sociologists consider society as a structured system, others - as a set of interacting individuals, some studies material facts, others - symbols. The fabric of social relations is so complicated that it is practically impossible in one definition to express such a large-scale subject of sociology. Therefore, we present some of the most authoritative judgments: (Volkov Yu.G., Mostovaya I.V. Sociology. M., 1999. P. 67-69.)
"... You can call all beliefs by the Institute, all the behaviors established by the Group. Sociology then can be defined as science about institutes, their genesis and functioning "(Durkheim E. Sociology. Its subject, method, purpose. M., 1995. P. 20.) (E. Durkheim).
Sociology, "Being in the broadest sense of the word extensive science on society ... It can be defined as a science of social elements and the first principles" (Giddings F.G. Foundation of Sociology. M., 1898. p. 36.) (F.G . GIDINGS).
The subject of sociology "concludes many movements ... the attitude of an individual to society, the causes and forms of education of groups, the opposites of classes and transitions from one to another, the development of relations between dominant and subordinate and infinite number of other issues" (SOVMEL SOCIAL DIFFICERATION. M., 1909. S. 11.) (Zimmel).
"Sociology is the science, exploring the forms of government, strengthening and weakening solidarity between conscious organic individuals" (Lavrov P.L. Philosophy and Sociology // Select. Mr. in 2 t. M., 1965. T. 2. P. 639. ) (P.L. Lavrov).
"Sociology itself is true and very precisely defined as a science of culture, or rather, about the factors of culture in the broad sense of the word" (De-Roberti E.V. Sociology and psychology // New ideas in sociology. St. Petersburg., 1914. Sat. No. 2. P. 8.) (E.V. de Roberti).
"Sociology must be a teaching on society, just as there is a general teaching about life" (Kareev N.I. Introduction to the study of sociology. SPb., 1897. p. 3.) (N.I. Kareyev).
Sociology - "Science on the procedure and progress of human societies" (Kovalevsky M.M. Sociology. St. Petersburg., 1910. P. 30.) (M.M. Kovalevsky).
"Sociology studies the phenomenon of interaction between people with each other, on the one hand, and phenomena arising from this process of interaction - on the other" (Sorokin P.A. Sociology system. M., 1993. T. 1. S. 57.) (P.A. Sorokin).
In addition to this, we will give some more definitions of the subject of sociology as a science that studies society and social behavior.
According to the definition of R. Park and E. Bergess, sociology can be considered a science that studies collective behavior. A. Inkel, in turn, notes that sociology studies the system social Action and their relationship and its objects are societies, institutions and social relations.
Sociology is trying to comprehend the behavior of a person determined by the culture, life, social organization and other similar factors. At the same time, naturally, in the field of view of the researcher, various causal relationships, relationships and dependencies are falling, i.e. Social behavior is studied in dynamics.
J. Robertson calls the sociology of science studying human society and social behavior. According to D. Douglas, sociology is a science that studies a person and community and seeks to identify them specific traits, especially on the example of modern civilizations.
Although sociology draws attention to the individual, but the central objects of its research are social groups and groupings, as well as social processes. Sociology describes and examines among other models of social values, social change, deviant behavior, religious behavior and family life. Sociology examines the differences that exist between social classes, political and professional groups and other social associations. At the same time, it is not interested in actually interpersonal differences, although sometimes they should consider them.
J. Nobbs, B. Hein and M. Flemming put forward a definition characterizing sociology as a scientific and systematic study of the behavior of people living in groups (meaning organized generality). The smallest group is, as a rule, the family, and the biggest - nation or the state. There are groups such as school team, a working team, neighborhood, village or city.
"Sociology, - Writes V.A. Poisons - this is the science of the formation, development and functioning of social communities and the forms of their self-organization: social systems, social structures and institutions. This is the science of social changes caused by the activity of a social entity - communities; science of social relations as mechanisms of interconnection and interaction between diverse social communities, between personality and communities; Science of laws of social actions and mass behavior. "
G.V. Osipov determines sociology as a science that explores the social structure of society, the development of systems and organizations, as well as interaction within society. Under the social structure of Osipov, it implies between and intracelate relations and a system of social institutions or institutions regulating this relationship.
According to N. Bream, "Sociology, simply speaking, this is one of the ways of studying people ... If briefly, sociology can be defined as a scientific study of society and social relations." E. Giddens understands sociology as "science about the social life of a person, groups and societies."
All the above definitions emphasizes the social structure, on the one hand, and social behavior (action) - on the other, as the subjects of a sociological research. The demographic, economic and class structure of society, territorial factors that dominate ethical, moral and spiritual values \u200b\u200b(which is generally the social structure of society) determine social behavior. Sociology tends to understand and explain the behavior of a person precisely with the help of these structural and situational factors.
Some structural factors, such as the demographic and economic structure of society, are very specific. Others are distracted and as if not so obvious. These include, in particular, social relations, which, as well as the social structure, regulate the interaction of individuals.
Determination of the subject of sociology as a science, which studies social behavior, or action, and social structures, are graphically represented in Fig. 1.1.