What European country Soviet troops liberated the latter. Europe's liberation of the Soviet Army
1. The offensive of the Soviet Army to Europe in 1944-1945. went on three main directions:
- South (Romania and Bulgaria);
- Southwestern (Hungary and Czechoslovakia);
- Western (Poland).
2. The easiest for the Soviet army was the southern direction: at the end of August - early September 1944, without providing almost no resistance, two allies of Germany - Romania and Bulgaria fell. September 9, 1944, just a few days after the start of the operation, the Soviet army solemnly entered Sofia - the capital of Bulgaria, where she was met with flowers. The liberation of Bulgaria and South Romania happened almost bloodlessly.
3. On the contrary, Hungary had a fierce resistance of the USSR - both German units located in this country and the National Hungarian Army. The peak of war in Hungary became the bloodystorm of Budapest in November 1944. The population of Hungary met the Army of the USSR is extremely hostile and wary.
4. The hardest battles unfolded for Poland, which was considered by the Germans as the last bastion in front of Germany. Fierce battles in Poland continued half a year - from September 1944 to February 1945 for the liberation of Poland from the German fascist invaders, the Soviet Union paid the most expensive price - 600 thousand dead Soviet soldiers. Victims in the liberation of Poland could be smaller if the USSR would unite his forces with the Polish national liberation movement. Shortly before the entrance to Poland, Soviet troops in 1944, a national uprising against the Germans broke out in Poland. The aim of the uprising was the liberation from the Germans and the creation of an independent Polish state before the arrival of the Soviet troops. However, the Stalinist leadership did not want Poland to be released by the Poles themselves, and also was afraid that a strong bourgeois will be created as a result of the uprising Polish State, nothing is obliged to USSR. Therefore, after the start of the uprising, the Soviet army stopped and gave the opportunity to the Germans brutally suppress the uprising, Dotl destroying Warsaw and other cities. Only after that the USSR resumed an offensive to the German army.
5. Almost simultaneously with the onset of the Soviet Army, the second front opened:
- On June 6, 1944, the Anglo-American troops landed in Northern France (Operation "Overlord");
- In June - August 1944, France was liberated from the Germans, the collaborationist pro-person government of Vichy is overthrown, and France, which was headed by General Sh. De Gaulle, returned to the Anti-Hitler coalition;
- The German army at the end of 1944 was defeated in Ardennes, the Anglo-American-French offensive began in West Germany;
- At the same time, intensive bombing was carried out by the allies. german citiesIn the course of which Germany was turned into ruins (there were cases of at the same time more than 1000 Allied bombers for one city);
- a year earlier, in 1943, an allied landing was carried out in Italy, during which B. Mussolini and Germany was overthrowing the main ally.
The successful offensive of the Soviet Army in the East, the opening of the second front in the West, the collapse of the Hitler's camp, the "carpeting" bombing of Germany destabilized the situation in Germany itself.
On July 20, 1944, an attempt was attempted to the state coup in Germany, which was taken by progressive generals who wish to save Germany from full collapse. During the coup, some Nazi leaders were arrested and an attempt was made to blow Hitler during the meeting. Only by chance A. Hitler was not killed (a few seconds before the explosion, he moved away from the portfolio with explosives to the military map). The coup was depressed.
By the beginning of 1945, battles moved directly to Germany. Germany was in the front rings. The Soviet Army entered the territory of Prussia and in February 1945 was in close proximity to Berlin. Western allies invaded the area of \u200b\u200bRura and Bavaria.
6. In February 1945, the second meeting of the "Big Troika" took place in Yalta - Crimean (Yalta) Conference. At this meeting.
- the plan of combat operations against Germany was finally approved;
- a decision was decided on the division of Germany into four occupying zones, and the cities of Berlin, who was in the Soviet zone, are also four sectors;
- It was decided 3 months after the end of the war with Germany to start universal War against Japan.
7. Despite the external hopeless position, the Army of Germany, like all the people, including adolescents, provided fierce resistance to the upcoming troops.
This circumstance was explained by:
- Hitler leadership last day hoped to turn the war in a completely different direction - abandoning world domination, unite with the countries of the West and start a common war against the USSR,
- A number of Hitler's leaders (Gering, Himmler, etc.) were looking for contacts with Anglo-American intelligence and conducted secret negotiations on the transition of Germany to the side of the United States and the United Kingdom and the creation of a single Western European anti-communist bloc;
- Along with this, on underground factories in Germany and the Czech Republic, a fundamentally new high-tech weapon was created - FA-1 (the unmanned radio-controlled bomb aircraft, which was to be sent and "crash" into the most important goals - ships, plants, exploding them (Kamikadze without a pilot), Fow-2 (Balley Middle Rational Rocket) and Fow-3 (a large intercontinental ballistic missile capable of reaching New York);
- This weapon is not only developed, but also actively applied - at the end of the war Germany began the launch of flying radio-controlled bombs (FAU-1) and ballistic missiles (FAu-2) in the UK, against this type of weapon, London was powerless;
- In Bavaria, a German atomic bomb was developed at the final stage.
Given the danger of the separation association of Germany with the Allies of the USSR, the Soviet leadership decided to urgently and independently storm Berlin, which victims it should not be. Western allies offered not to rush to the assault of Berlin and refused to participate in the storm, because they believed that Germany would give up voluntarily, but later. As a result, the Soviet army, which in February came to Berlin, constantly postponed the assault.
On April 16, 1945, the last large battle of the Great Patriotic War began - the Battle of Berlin ( berlin Operation):
- Soviet army began two powerful offensive - north and south of Berlin;
- In addition, from Berlin, the army of the general of a wreath was cut off, designed to lead the defense of Berlin; Without the army of Wreath, Berlin remained almost defenseless - the city was defended by the remnants of the army, the police, the Hitlergend and the folksturm ("Armed People");
- April 25, South Berlin, in the city of Torgau on the Elbe, there was a meeting of the most advanced parts of the Soviet Army and the Allied Army '
- According to Marshal Zhukov plan, Berlin did not follow a regret - the city was supposed to destroy the dottel with all types of weapons, not believing with the victims of the civilian population;
- by virtue of this plan on April 25, 1945, Berlin began fire from all sides of more than 40 thousand tools and reactive mortars - there were no whole building in Berlin, Berlin defenders were shocked;
- After the art printing, more than 6 thousand Soviet tanks were included in the city, who were fine in their path;
- Contrary to the hopes of the Nazi leaders, Berlin did not become German Stalingrad and was taken by the Soviet Army in just 5 days;
- On April 30, the assault was taken by Reichstag, and the Red Banner was driven over the Reichstag Sergeants M. Egorov and M. Cantarium - the USSR flag;
- on the same day A. Hitler committed suicide;
- On May 2, 1945, German troops, the inhabitants of Berlin stopped any resistance and went to the streets - the Hitler's regime fell, and the war was actually ended.
On May 8, 1945 in Karlhorte, the suburbs of Berlin, Germany signed an act of full and unconditional surrender. Day On May 9, 1945, the USSR was announced in the afternoon of victory and began to be celebrated annually (in most countries the Victory Day is celebrated on May 8).
On June 24, 1945, the Victory Parade took place in Moscow, during which the military banners of the defeated Hitler Germany were burned in the Kremlin Wall.
Czechoslovakia. Prague. Soviet warriors in the liberated city. Photo chronic tass
After the German attack on the Soviet Union I.V. Stalin declared on July 3, 1941, that the purpose of the "National Patriotic War against Nazi oppressors is not only the elimination of the danger that hung over our country, but also assistance to all the peoples of Europe, moaning under the IGM German fascism."
The "liberation of Europe" was a special mission for the Red Army. And for peace and freedom in Europe, more than 1 million Soviet soldiers gave their lives. After the war in all the liberated countries and cities, the monuments were established by the Soviet soldiers-liberators. But commemorative places as a sign of gratitude to the liberators since 1945 is becoming less and less. Dexisters of monuments to Soviet soldiers - especially recently - markedly. Meanwhile:
"Europe would not be free if it were not for the Soviet infantry, if not Russian tanks and aviation. These are not Americans who have real forces, well-fed soldiers in warm clothes. Came Russian. Haldland, but customized by hatred for the fact that the Germans made from their homeland. " (Resident of Warsaw Yatsev Vilchur)
The Germans managed to destroy 85% of buildings in Warsaw, including many historical and architectural attractions. In just the period of World War II, about 700 thousand residents of Warsaw were destroyed, including about 350 thousand Jews. In battles with the Germans, over 600,000 Soviet soldiers died in the territory of Poland.
Prague residents meet Soviet soldiers. Emmanuel Evserichin / Photoxronics TASS. Prague residents meet Soviet soldiers. Emmanuel Evserichin / Photoxronics TASS Only about 9 million Soviet warriors participated in the liberation of 11 European countries. The irrevocable losses of the Red Army under the liberation of European countries amounted to:
- in Poland - 600212 people;
- in Czechoslovakia - 139918 people;
- in Hungary - 140004 people;
- in Germany - 101961 people;
- in Romania - 68993 people;
- in Austria - 26006 people;
- in Yugoslavia - 7995 people;
- in Norway - 3436 people;
- in Bulgaria - 977 people;
In total, the irrevocable losses of the Red Army with the "liberation of Europe" amounted to about 1 million people, and all the general irrevocable losses in the war with Germany and Japan (killed, was missing, spared and did not return from captivity, died from wounds, diseases and unfortunate cases) of the armed forces together with border guards and internal troops amounted to 8.668,400 servicemen.
A total of about 50% of European states were released. The cumulative population of countries liberated by the Red Army amounted to more than 120,000,000 people in 16 countries independent at the moment. In the liberation of six more countries, the Red Army participated together with the allies.
I often remember the words of the Great Marshal Rokossovsky: "You can not learn to love alive if you do not know how to keep the memory of the dead."
Fold-Oder Operation. Soviet soldiers enter the liberty city liberated by them The Soviet soldier came to Europe not as avenger. IN more than It was a liberator. And the price of his own life, the Soviet soldier performed his sacred duty, in the name of peace and good, in the name of freedom of peoples from the fascist evil and Nazi hatred.
Paradoxically and surprisingly, from all the countries of Europe, where over the years a different idea is cultivated historical memory And the Dani of respect for the Soviet soldiers, only in Germany, the barbaric attitude towards the monuments to the Soviet liberators is considered absolutely not permissible. Perhaps, in no other liberated European country so much care for the burials of Soviet soldiers. Do not pour paint graves, do not destroy monuments.
Germans, unlike Poles or Bulgarians, carefully refer to history and honor the memory of real soldiers. Neither those who won them, but those who kept them a sense of national self-consciousness, did not humiliate, did not put on his knees. And one of the first words in the already liberated Germany learned the word "Freundshaft" - friendship.
We are often asked by the Russians: is there a hatred, do we forgive me today? Yes, in the historical sense, forgave. Forgot? Not. Nor in the historical sense, nor in relation to each of us personally, on the mental level. We remember our dead, remember your immortal regiment. But kicking the defeated somehow not in the traditions of the Russian people ...
The Second World War devastated entire countries, turned the ruins of cities and villages, led to the death of many millions of people, including in Europe. And today, as in the war, with such a destructive force in one part of Europe, not only the memory is erased, but also conscience ...
The Norwegian press noted in 1945: "Norwegians will never forget that the Russians did for them, as well as for the common cause of victory over the enemy." "Soviet Army," said the participant of the Danish resistance S. Wagner in 1950, - made a decisive contribution to the release of Denmark. It was Soviet soldiers who broke the German group on the island of Bornholm and returned him to Denmark. Otherwise, the Americans were accepted. They took advantage of the war to occupy Greenland. "
Numbers of war
June 22 at 4 o'clock the war began, continued 1418 days and nights. On the very first day, the fascists destroyed 1,200 Soviet aircraft, over 800 of them - at airfields.
In total, in combat actions during the war, participated 34 476 700 Soviet servicemen. 490 thousand women were intended to the army and on the fleet.
Among the victims of the war 13.7 million people constitute a peaceful population, it was deliberately exterminated by 7.4 million invaders, 2.2 million died in works in Germany, and 4.1 million died out of hunger in occupation.
In the battle for Moscow diedfrom September 30, 1941 to April 20, 1942 more than 2.400.000 Soviet citizens.
It was executed:at the temporarily occupied territory of the USSR, the Nazis was executed 7.4 million people of the civilian population, including 221,000 children.
Losses of the USSR:Taking into account the latest archival data, the staff of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia leads information (1998) of the war for the four years:
The irrevocable losses of the Red (Soviet) army amounted to 11,944,100 people, including 6,885,000 people died, 4,559,000 were captured. In total, the Soviet Union lost 26,600,000 citizens. In total, 34,476,700 Soviet soldiers participated in combat actions during the war.
Losses in Germany: For three years of war (June 1941 - June 1944), human losses in Germany amounted to 6.5 million killed, wounded and missing. She suffered the biggest losses during the war against the USSR. In the summer of 1941, 742 thousand died german soldiersWhile in the war against Poland, France, England, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Denmark and the Balkan countries, Germany lost 418,805 soldiers.
Destruction in the USSR: 1710 cities were destroyed in the USSR, more than 70 thousand villages, 32 thousand factories and factories, 98 thousand collective farms were looted ...
The cost of expenses for war management (in comparable prices): Direct expenses for the conduct of the war of all countries participating in it make up 1117 billion dollars (including war spending on war in China in 1937).
Cost of destruction amounted to $ 260 billion, of which in the USSR - 128 billion, in Germany - 48 billion, in France - 21 billion, in Poland - 20 billion, in England - 6.8 billion.
One of the terrible moments The Great Patriotic War was the Leningrad blockade, which lasted 880 days and grocesped on January 27, 1944. The number of victims is superior to the loss of the United States and the UK, taken together, for the whole second world war. For the first time, the data was made public in the Nuremberg process, and in 1952 published in the USSR. The staff of the Leningrad branch of the Institute of History of the USSR of the USSR Academy of Sciences came to the conclusion that at least 800 thousand people died in Leningrad during the fascist blockade of hunger.
During the blockade The daily rate of bread for workers was only 250 g. For employees, dependents and children - twice as smaller. At the end of December 1941, bread soldered was almost half harder - by this time a significant part of the population died.
Each fifth fought In the Great Patriotic War, award is marked. All the title Hero Soviet Union 11 681 warriors were assigned, and 2,532 people are full cavaliers of the Order of Glory.
In the service of the Germans
In total, according to statistical data for the management of the Eastern Troops, on February 2, 1943 the total number of Soviet citizens consisting in German military service, amounted to 750 thousand, from them "Hii" - from 400 to 600 thousand, without registering the SS, Luftwaffe and Fleet. As of February 1945, the number of Hiwi reached 600 thousand people in the Wehrmacht, up to 60 thousand in the Luftwaffe and 15 thousand on the fleet.
It is believed that on June 22, 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet Union. In fact, this is not quite so, against the USSR began the war several countries, among them:
- Romania - about 200 thousand soldiers,
- Slovakia - 90 thousand soldiers,
- Finland - about 450 thousand soldiers and officers,
- Hungary is about 500 thousand people
- Italy - 200 thousand people,
- Croatia in the Security Division
And these are only those countries that officially announced the war to the Soviet Union. According to various sources, in this " cross campaign"Against the USSR took part from one and a half to two and a half million volunteers who fought in parts of the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS.
These were representatives of such countries as: Holland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Sweden, Finland, France, Switzerland, Spain, Luxembourg. As in the period of the Patriotic War of 1812, the whole, all of Europe fell against Russia.
The famous American historian George G. Stein in his book "Waffen SS" describes the national composition of these parts:
the Dutch - 50 thousand people, Belgians - 20 thousand people, French - 20 thousand people, Danes and Norwegians - 6 thousand people, 1,200 people from Sweden, Luxembourg, Switzerland, and other European countries.
From the European Essisses of Volunteers consisted of one of the best divisions of Reich - Viking. The name symbolized that representatives from the Aryan peoples of Nordic blood were collected in its ranks.
So on March 10, 1942 on Leningrad Front The Norwegian Legion was converted, he helped keep the city in the blockade ring until spring 1943. But because of the big losses, the majority of legionnaires refused to extend the contract, and were replaced by the Latvian legion of the SS by order of Gimler.
The blockade of Leningrad can generally be considered a pan-European enterprise. In addition to the Norwegians under Volkhov, the Legion "Netherlands", Belgian battalion, acted. Here the Spanish volunteers from the Blue Division were fighting, from the north of Leningrad, the Finnish and Swedish troops were deposited, the Italian sailors were preparing at Ladog.
The German historian Muller-Guillebrandt, who during the war was Major General of the General Staff of the Wehrmacht, recalls that many French who have refused to enroll in their armed forces, were strongly offended.
It all started with the fact that Henry Gimler had a conflict with the leadership of the Wehrmacht due to the fact that he tried to pick up the best for his parts. The best in terms of physical training, health, intellectual state. He selected the guardsmen, and the Wehrmachut got himself, as his leadership believed, so to speak the second grade.
After the army generals "complained" Hitler, a limit was established for Gimler to the Call of Guards Units. But Gimler quickly found a way out, he began to gain representatives of the so-called Volksdoych, Germans living outside Germany. It could be Germans from Holland, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, and from anywhere.
"I swear to you, Adolf Hitler, as the leader, to be faithful and brave. I give a vow to obey you and the appointed boss to the very death. And God will help me. "This is a fragment of the oath of European volunteers Waffen SS upon joining the service.
Unlike the oath, which the Germans took, in the text there was no mention of Hitler as the Raich Chancellor, it is peculiar psychological trickthat this is not a service in the ranks of the German occupiers, but in the pan-European parts of the SS.
Among the Alpine shooters were also not only Germans, there were only twelve mountain-rifle divisions, of which two Austrian, one of the Yugoslav Germans, one of the Bosnian Muslims, one more consisted of Albanians, and in one there were Austrians and Norwegians. So we can assume that every second German mountain shooter was born outside the borders of the Third Reich 1937.
That a large number of Volunteers from the captured Hitler of European countries are explained by many reasons, this is fashionable at the time in Europe the racial theory and the vivid successes of the national socialist ideology, and just a desire to live.
According to Gimler's plans, racially defective peoples of the USSR were to be discarded for the Urals, and their number is reduced several times. At the captured territories of Eastern lands were to settle the Aryans of Nordic Blood.
World War II is a unique of all wars, there has never been such cases of a massive transition of citizens of conquered countries to serve to the invaders. Under the Hitler's banners voluntarily became almost most of the population.
In the war against the USSR, not only the armed formations of European Waffen SS and foreign part of the Wehrmacht took part, the entire industry of Europe worked on the military machine of the Third Reich. In the early years of the war, almost every second projectile was cast from Swedish ore.
In the summer of 1941, every fourth tank in german army He was Czech or French. Germany won its first victories in many ways thanks to the Scandinavian gland and Swiss optics for sights.
Few people know that the most powerful tank of the Wehrmacht during the attack on the USSR was French B2. Half of super heavy guns that fired Leningrad, Sevastopol, were produced in France and the Czech Republic.
In 1938, in Munich, representatives of England and France treacherously gave Hitler Czechoslovakia. If it were not for this collusion, Germany for economic reasons could not start a full-scale war.
Czech defense industry was at the time one of the largest in Europe. From its raich plants received more than one and a half million rifles and pistols, about 4 thousand guns and mortars, over 6600 tanks and self-propelled guns.
Special importance for Germany was the supply of raw materials. American oil companies through their branches in Latin American countries have been transferred to Guitler gasoline for several tens of millions of dollars. Rockefeller's "Standard Oil" has set fuel and lubricants and fuels in the amount of 20 million dollars.
Henry Ford, a big fan of Hitler, had branches of his enterprises in Germany, who until the very end of the war supplied very good trucks, only about 40 thousand pieces. For America, the war has become a good business.
It is worth noting that on the captured territory of the USSR, the Germans, from 32 thousand enterprises were able to launch only two hundred. They gave products three times less than such a country as Poland.
"If we see that Germany wins, we must help Russia. And if the top will decide Russia, we must help Germany. And let them kill each other in this way as much as possible. All this for the benefit of America. " This statement on June 24, 1941 made the future US President Harry Truman, the American newspaper New York Times.
Neutral countries in the service of the Nazis
"... In the first days of the war, the German division for actions in Northern Finland was missing through the territory of Sweden. However, the Prime Minister of Sweden Social Democrat P. A. Hanson immediately promised the Swedish people that no German division would not be missed through the territory of Sweden and that the country would not enter the war against the USSR. Sweden took over the representation of the interests of the USSR in Germany, and yet the transit of German military materials in Finland unfolded through Sweden; German transport ships transported troops there, hiding in the territorial waters of Sweden, and before the winter of 1942/43 they accompanied the convoy of Swedish naval forces. The Nazis achieved the supply of Swedish goods on credit and transportation of them mainly at the Swedish courts ... "
"... It was the Swedish iron ore that was the best raw materials for Hitler. After all, this ore contained 60 percent of pure iron, while the ore received by the German military machine from other places contained only 30 percent of iron. It is clear that production military equipment From the metal splashed from Swedish ore, the treasury of the Third Reich was much cheaper.
In 1939, the very one when Hitler Germany unleashed the second world war, she was supplied 10.6 million tons of Swedish ore. Wow! After April 9, that is, when Germany has already won Denmark and Norway, the supply of ore has increased significantly. In 1941. seaway For the needs of the German military industry, 45 thousand tons of Swedish ore were supplied daily. Little-tolerant Trade of Sweden with Nazi Germany increased and, in the end, amounted to 90 percent of the entire Swedish foreign trade. From 1940 to 1944, the Swedes sold over 45 million tons of iron ore fascists.
Swedish port Luleo was specially converted to the supply of iron ore to Germany through the waters of the Baltic. (And only Soviet submarines After June 22, 1941, the Swedes delivered large inconveniences, torpedoing Swedish transport, in the holds of which this ore was shipped). The supply of ore to Germany continued almost until the moment when the third Reich had already begun, speaking figuratively, to emit the spirit. It is enough to say that in 1944, when the outcome of the Second World War had no doubt, the Germans received 7.5 million tons of iron ore from Sweden. Until August 1944, Sweden received Nazi gold through Switzerland banks.
In other words, NorshinSflamman wrote, "Swedish iron ore provided Germans in the war. And it was a bitter fact for all Swedish anti-fascists. " However, the Swedish iron ore came to the Germans not only in the form of raw materials.
The Concern "SCF famous for the whole world, which produced the best ball bearings on the planet, supplied these, not so, at first glance, cunning technical mechanisms, Germany. As many as ten percent of the ball bearings received by Germany, according to Norshesflamman, in Sweden. Anyone, even at all, inexpirated in a military business, it is clear that they mean ball bearings for the production of military equipment. Why, without them, no tank from the place is stronner, no submarine will not come to the sea!
Note that Sweden, as noted by Norschlasflamman, produced the bearings of "special quality and technical characteristics", which Germany could not get any more. The import of bearings from Sweden became especially important for Germany when in 1943 the VKF bearing plant in Schweinfurt was destroyed. In 1945, the economist and adviser on economic issues per Jacobsson provided information that helped to bring up the supply of Swedish bearings to Japan.
Let's think: how many lives it was cut off because formally neutral Sweden provided fascist Germany with strategic and military products, without which the flywheel of the Nazis mechanism would continue, of course, to unwind, but certainly, not at such a high speed, as it was?
In the autumn of 1941, the most cruel autumn, when the existence of the entire state-owned state was raised on the map (and therefore, as a result, the fate of his peoples inequate), the King of Sweden Gustav V Adolf sent a letter to Hitler, in which he wanted to "dear Reichskanzler further success in Fight with Bolshevism "..."
Even more military orders Sweden received after the start of the Second World War. And mostly these were orders for Hitler Germany. Neutral Sweden has become one of the main economic supports of the National Reich. It is enough to say that only in 1943 from 10.8 million tons of iron ore to Germany from Sweden was sent 10.3 million tons.
Until now, few people know that one of the main tasks of the Soviet Union ships of the Soviet Union, who fought in the Baltic was not only the struggle with fascist ships, but also the destruction of vessels of neutral Sweden transported goods for the Nazis.
Well, what did Nazis walked with the Swedes for the goods received from them?
Just because they awarded in the territories occupied by them and most of all - at the Soviet occupied territories. Other resources for settlements with Sweden, Germans almost did not have. So, when you once again tell about "Swedish happiness", remember who I paid him for whose account.
The war in Europe was rather for political influence and for controlling the territories, the war on the Eastern Front, was the war to destroy and survival, it was absolutely two different wars, they simply passed at the same time.
Civilized Europe always diligently deletes these shameful facts of their cooperation with the very bloody and inhuman regime of the twentieth century from the history of the Second World War, and this truth about the war you need to know and what to remember.
English publicist of the XIX century T. J. Dunning:"Capital avoids noise and brave and is distinguished by a feasible nature. It is true, but this is not the whole truth. Capital is afraid of lack of profits or too small profits, as nature is afraid of emptiness. But once there is sufficient profits, the capital becomes brave. Provide 10 percent, and the capital agrees for any application, at 20 percent it becomes a lively, at 50 percent it is positively ready to break my head, at 100 percent he tramples all human laws, at 300 percent there is no such crime to which he would not risk At least under the fear of the gallows. If the noise and brand bring profit, the capital will contribute to the other. Proof: smuggling and trade in slaves. "
The fifth of Europeans simply does not know anything about the events of 70 years ago, and only every eight believes that the Soviet Army Soviet Army played a key role in the liberation of Europe from fascism. European decades adjust consciousness regarding the role of the USSR and Russia in the history of the twentieth century. In this way, the goal is to bring the importance of our country, even the cost of falsifying the results of the Second World War and Victory soviet people, and send Russia to the backyard history. Nothing personal just business.
Europeans prefer the American army
From March 20 to April 9, 2015 in the United Kingdom, France and Germany, ICM Research for the Sputnik agency conducted a survey. Three thousand people (1000 each of the countries) answered the question: who, in your opinion, played a key role in the liberation of Europe in World War II? Most respondents called the main liberators American and British army. The answers in general looked like this:
Soviet army - 13 percent;
The American Army is 43 percent;
United Kingdom Army - 20 percent;
Other armed forces - 2 percent;
I do not know - 22 percent.
At the same time, in France and Germany, the first liberator consider the American army, respectively, 61 and 52 percent (only in the UK was preferred, and not american army - 46 percent). Judging by the results of the survey, the most disinforced by the inhabitants of France, in which the true role of the Soviet army is only 8 percent of respondents.
The fifth of Europeans has a significant gap in the knowledge of the events of 70 years ago. This is infamous, especially amazing against the background of well-known and indisputable historical facts. Investments in infamousity, fake historical guidelines can cost Europeans expensive.
Figures and Facts: Troops, Front Line, Technique
This Soviet Union stopped a victorious procession in 1941 fascist Germany in Europe. At the same time, the power of the Hitler's military machine was the greatest, and the military capabilities of the United States and the UK remained modest.
The victory near Moscow dispelled the myth of the invincibility of the German army, contributed to the rise of the resistance movement and strengthened the anti-Hitler coalition. After the defeat near Stalingrad, Germany, and for her and Japan switched from the offensive war to defensive. In Kursk battle soviet troops They finally undermined the combat spirit of the Hitler's army, and the forcing of the Dnieper opened the way to liberate Europe.
Soviet Army Vel martialctions against the bulk of the troops of Hitler's Germany. In 1941 - 1942, more than 75 percent of all German troops were fighting against the USSR, in the following years there were about 70 percent of the Wehrmacht compounds in the Soviet-German Front. At the same time in 1943, it was the USSR that achieved a radical fracture during the Second World War in favor of the anti-Hitler coalition.
By the beginning of 1944, Germany suffered significant losses, and yet remained a strong opponent - held 5 million people on the Eastern Front. Also, almost 75 percent of German tanks and self-propelled artillery plants were focused (5.4 thousand), guns and mortars (54.6 thousand), aircraft (more than 3 thousand).
And after the opening of the second front for Germany, the Eastern Front remained the main front. In 1944, over 180 German divisions acted against the Soviet Army. The Anglo-American troops counteracted 81 German division.
In the Soviet-German front, military actions were carried out with the greatest intensity and spatial scope. Of the 1418 days, active battles went 1320 days. In the North African front, respectively, from 1068 days were active 309, on Italian out of 663 days - 49.
The spatial scope of the Eastern Front was: on the front 4 - 6 thousand km, which was four times superior to the North African, Italian and Western European fronts combined.
The Red Army defeated 507 German-fascist divisions and 100 divisions of its allies - 3.5 times more than allies on all fronts of the Second World War. On the Soviet-German front, the Armed Forces of Germany suffered more than 73 percent of losses. Here, the main part of the Wehrmacht military equipment was destroyed: about 75 percent of aircraft (70 thousand), tanks and assault implements (about 50 thousand), artillery tools (167 thousand).
The continuous strategic offensive of the Soviet Army in 1943 - 1945 reduced the duration of the war, preserved millions of lives of the British and Americans, created favorable conditions for our allies in Europe.
In addition to its territory, the USSR liberated 47 percent of the territory of Europe (the Allies liberated 27 percent, the joint efforts of the USSR and the Allies were released 26 percent of the European territory).
The Soviet Union eliminated the fascist domination over most of the enslaved peoples, retaining their statehood and historically fair borders. If you consider according to the current state of Europe (individual Bosnia, Ukraine, etc.), the USSR liberated 16 countries, allies - 9 countries (joint efforts - 6 countries).
The cumulative population of countries liberated by the USSR - 123 million, the Allies liberated 110 million, almost 90 million people were released joint efforts.
Thus, it was the Soviet army that provided the victorious move and the outcome of the war, defended the peoples of Europe and the world from the German-fascist enslavement.
Severing losses
The Soviet Union made the greatest contribution to the armed struggle, defeated the main forces of the Hitler's block, ensured the complete and unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan. And the number of our losses in World War II several times exceeds the loss of other countries (even together) - 27 million Soviet citizens against 427 thousand people in the United States, 412 thousand people from the United Kingdom, 5 million people in Germany.
When producing Hungary, our losses amounted to 140,004 people (112,625 people died), and almost the same - in Czechoslovakia. In Romania - about 69 thousand people, in Yugoslavia - 8 thousand people, Austria - 26 thousand people, in Norway - more than 1 thousand people, in Finland - about 2 thousand people. During the fighting in Germany (including Eastern Prussia), the Soviet army lost 101,961 people (92,316 dead).
In addition to 27 million dead, tens of millions of our citizens were injured, were crippled. On June 22, 1941, in the Red Army and the Navy consisted of the list of 4,826,907 soldiers. Over the four years of the war, another 29,574,900 more people were mobilized, and in total, together with the staff of the Army, 34 million 476 thousand 752 people were brought to the fleet and to military formations of other departments. For comparison: on the territory of Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1939, Germans had lived aged 15 to 65 years old, 24.6 million.
A huge damage to the health of several generations has fallen, the vital level of the population and the birth rate has sharply fell. During the war, millions of people experienced physical and moral suffering.
Huge damage is inflicted by the national economy. Our country has lost a third of national wealth. 1,710 cities and towns were destroyed, more than 70 thousand villages, 6 million buildings, 32 thousand enterprises, 65 thousand km railways. The war devastated the treasury, prevented the creation of new values, led to negative consequences in economics, psychology, morality.
All these facts, Western propagandists deliberately smear or distort, attributing a decisive contribution to the victory of the United States and the UK, in order to bring the role of our country in the international arena. Nothing personal just business.
Each country contributed to the victory over German fascism. This historical mission determines the authority of the state in the post-war world, the political weight in solving international issues. Therefore, it is not allowed to forget or distort the exceptional role of our country in World War II and victory over German fascism.
Crimean (Yalta) Conference
4-11 February 1945. Under Yalta (Crimea), the second meeting of the leaders of the Anti-Hitler Coalition of the USSR, the United States and the UK took place in the Livadia Palace. I. V. Stalin, F. Roosevelt and W. Churchill mainly discussed not so much military plans for the defeat of Germany, how much post-war device of the world. They agreed on the conditions of the unconditional surrender of Germany, the conditions for its occupation and demilitarization stated.
D. Nalbaldyan. Crimean conference.1945
In Yalta, it was decided to convene the United Nations constituent conference, which was to create in order to prevent new wars in the future. Declaration on liberated Europe, proclaimed the need to harmonize the actions of the USSR, USA and the United Kingdom in post-war Europe. The USSR confirmed his promise to join the war against Japan 2-3 months after the defeat of Germany.
Liberation of Europe from fascism
At the Soviet -German Front, at the beginning of 1945, 10 Soviet fronts were fought as part of 6.7 million people equipped with 107.3 thousand guns and mortars, 12.1 thousand tanks and sau, 14.7 thousand aircraft. In December 1944 - January 1945, the Anglo-American troops experienced serious difficulties in Ardennes (South-West Belgium). Therefore, in January 1945, Soviet troops at the request of W. Churchill early began the offensive throughout the front line.
January 12 - February 3, 1945 was held Fold-Oder Operation By defeating the German-Hungarian grouping in Western Carpathians. Having broke through the defense of the enemy and destroying 17 divisions, the troops of the 1st Belorussky (commander of the city of K. Zhukov) and the 1st Ukrainian (commander I. S. Konev) freed the territory of Poland to the west of Vistula. By the beginning of February, Soviet troops came to Oder, capturing a number of bridgeheads on his left bank.
From the document (F. V. Mellentin. Tank battles 1939-1945):
... January 12, the onset of Konev's troops from the Baranvian bridgehead began the long-awaited offensive of Russians. Forty-two shooting divisions, six tank buildings and four mechanized brigades broke into South Poland and rushed to the industrial area of \u200b\u200bthe Upper Silesia ...
On January 9, Guderian warned Hitler that "Eastern Front is reminded by a card house", but Hitler stubbornly continued to think that the preparation of Russians is just a giant bluff. He demanded hard to retain his position and threw a tank reserves from Poland to Hungary, trying in vain to alleviate the position of the troops in Budapest. As a result, in a few days, the front of the German troops on the Vistula collapsed. On January 17, Warsaw fell on January 18, the Russians were mastered by Lodge and Krakow, and on January 20, the upcoming troops of Zhukov moved the border of Silesia. The frozen land favored rapid promotion, and the Russian offensive developed with unprecedented force and rapidness. It was clear that their supreme commander was fully overlapping the technique of organizing the onset of huge mechanized armies and that Stalin was determined by the first to enter Berlin. On January 25, the Russians were already under the walls of my hometown of Breslau, and by February 5, Zhukov came to Oder from Kustere, just 80 km from the capital of Germany ...
... It is impossible to describe everything that happened between the vistula and Oder in the first months of 1945. Europe did not know anything like it since the death of the Roman Empire.
January 13-12 April 1945 Troops of the 2nd (commander K. K. Rokossovsky) and 3rd (commander I. D. Chernyakhovsky, from February 20 - A. M. Vasilevsky) Belarusian and parts of the 1st Baltic ( Commander I. X. Bagramyan) fronts in cooperation with the Baltic Fleet (Commander V. F. Tributz) during East Prussian operation He broke through the powerful defense of the German Army Group "Center", reached the Baltic Sea and eliminated the main forces of the enemy (over 25 divisions), taking Eastern Prussia and freed the Northern part of Poland.
Königsberg assault
When destroying the enemy at sea, during the East Prussian operation, an outstanding success was achieved by a submarine "C-13" under the command of Captain 3 rank A. I. Marnesco. On January 30, she sank the German liner "Wilhelm Gustloff" with displacement of 25.5 thousand tons, February 9 - the German steamer "General von StustoBen" with displacement of 14.7 thousand tons. No Soviet submariner has sought such brilliant results for one trip. For military merit boat "C-13" was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
I. I. Rodionov. Destruction of the German liner "Wilhelm Gustlov"
By the beginning of April, the territory of Hungary, Poland and East Prussia was liberated from the enemy. In mid-April, the troops of the 1st Belorussky (commander of the city of K. Zhukov), the 2nd Belorussky (commander K. K. Rokossovsky) and the 1st Ukrainian (commander I. S. Konev) fronts with a total number of 2.5 million people We started the final operation by defeating Germany. According to the developed plan for the destruction of Army Groups "Center" and "Vistula", the capture of Berlin and the elbo to connect to the allies, on April 16, part of the 1st Belarusian front attacked the central portion of the German Strength line on Oder. They came across stubborn resistance, especially from Zeelian heights that managed to take only on April 17 at the cost of huge losses.
Battle for Zeelian heights
On April 17, 1945, in the sky over Berlin, the 62nd German plane I. N. Kozhevub, the squadron commander, deputy commander of the regiment, three times the hero of the Soviet Union. In just over the war years, he spent 120 air bonds; hit 62 aircraft.
I. N. Kozhevyub
On April 19, breaking the 30-km breech in the defense of the enemy, parts of the 1st Belarusian front rushed to Berlin and reached his suburbs on April 21. The 1st Ukrainian Front for April 16 forced Neise, by April 19 broke through the defense of the Germans, defeated the 4th tank army and moved to Berlin from the south. On April 25, the troops of the 1st Ukrainian and 1st Belarusian fronts completed the environment of the Berlin grouping.
April 25, 1945 Divisions of the 1st Ukrainian Front reached the Elbe and in the area Torgaumeets with parts of the 1st American Army. Here, East and West Fronts connected.
Meeting allies in Torgau
The 2nd Belorussian front attacked the Army Group "Vistula", hurrying to help Berlin. On April 20, his troops fucked Oder and April 26 sewed shafttin. On April 26, the 1st Ukrainian and the 1st Belarusian fronts began to eliminate the two surrounded vermoche groups. On April 28, they captured the outskirts of the city and tied the battles for the central quarters. On April 30, 1945, the fighters of the 150th Rifle Division M. A. Egorov and M. V. Kantaria watered over Reichstag Red Victory Banner.
On the same day, the life of Hitler's suicide was committed. May 2, Berlin garrison capitulated. On May 8, an act of unconditional surrender of Germany was signed in Karlshorsta under Berlin representatives of the winning countries and the German military command. From the USSR, the signature under the document put Marshal G. K. Zhukov.
On the same day, part of the 1st Ukrainian Front occupied Dresden. May 9, 1945. Capitulated the remnants of the German army in Czechoslovakia. This day was announced Happy Victory.
However, then the USSR only accepted the capitulation of fascist Germany, formally, the war with the Germans ended in 1955, when a decree was issued "on the cessation of the state of war between the Soviet Union and Germany."
On June 24, 1945, a parade of Victory took place on Red Square. He was accepted by the Marshal of the Soviet Union G. K. Zhukov. Commanded the parade of the Marshal of the Soviet Union K. K. Rokossovsky. The low-depth German banned was carried out in gloves to emphasize the disgust for the fascists. After the parade of the gloves and the wooden platform at the mausoleum were solemnly burned.
Potsdam Conference
On July 17 - 2 August 1945, a conference of leaders of the winning leaders took place in the suburb of Berlin Potsdam. The Soviet delegation was headed by I. V. Stalin, American - Truman, English - W. Churchill (he was replaced by a new Prime Minister K. Ettley). The central place was taken by the issue of the post-war device of Europe. It was decided to preserve Germany a single state, to carry out measures for its disarmament and demilitarization, the complete elimination of the remains of the fascist regime (the so-called denazification). To do this, the troops of the winning countries should be included in Germany (including France), and the term of their stay was not limited. The question of reparation payments with Germany in favor of the USSR as the country most affected by the Hitler's aggression has been resolved.
"Big Troika" on the Potsdam Conference
At the conference, the leaders of the winning leaders established new borders in Europe. Pre-war borders of the USSR were recognized, the territory of Poland was expanded at the expense of German lands. The territory of Eastern Prussia was divided between Poland and the USSR. The USSR confirmed its obligation no later than 3 months to declare the war of Japan.
War of the USSR with Japan
World War II after the defeat of Germany continued on Far EastWhere the United States, England and China warned war with Japan. On August 8, the USSR, faithful to allied obligations, declared the war of Japan. During the Manchurian operation, a crushing blow on the Million Japanese Quantong Army was applied.
In two weeks, the Soviet army under the command of Marshal A. M. Vasilevsky defeated the main forces of the Japanese, took Harbin and Mukden in Northeast China, Port Arthur, Far, Pyongyang. In the course of landing operations from the Japanese, South Sakhalin and Kuril Islands were liberated. Japan's losses in the Far Eastern Front for three weeks amounted to almost 800 thousand people.
On August 6 and 9, the US Armed Forces carried out atomic bombings of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki with an official goal - to speed up the capitulation of Japan. From the bombs "Little Boy" ("Kid") and "Fat Man" ("Tolstik") died from 90 to 166 thousand people in Hiroshima and from 60 to 80 thousand people - in Nagasaki. The need and ethical validity of atomic bombing of Japan still cause discussions.
Atomic explosions in Hiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right)
On September 2, 1945, an act of unconditional surrender was signed on board the American Linkura "Missouri" in Tokyo Gulf. From Japan, he was signed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs S. Mamoru and the head of the General Staff W. Yoshidziro, from the USA, General D. MacArthur, from the USSR, Lieutenant General K. N. Derevko.
Act of unconditional surrender of Japan
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In the spring of 1944, a radical fracture occurred during the Great Patriotic War. On March 26, 1944, the troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front under the command of Marshal Ivan Konev during the Umansky-Botosan operation came to the River Prut - the state border of the USSR and Romania. In honor of this event, artillery salute was given in Moscow.
The troops of the Red Army began the liberation of Europe from the "brown plague". More than 1 million Soviet soldiers gave their lives in the struggle for saving enslaved European peoples.
Almost simultaneously with the beginning of the offensive operations of the Red Army in Europe, the Allies of the USSR - the United States, England and the United Kingdom - opened the second front. On June 6, 1944, the Anglo-American troops began operation "Overlord", landing in Normandy.
Romania: request for help
As a result of the 13th Chisinau operation, held from 20 to 29 August 1944, the German-Romanian group of troops was destroyed and the territory of Moldova was released. The crushing victory of the Red Army became an incentive for the overthrow of the Antonescu's protashist regime in Romania. On August 23, an uprising was raised in the country, as a result of which the Dictator of Antonescu was arrested and formed a new government. The new authorities declared the release of Romania from the war on the side of Germany, the adoption of peaceful conditions, and also asked the USSR military aid. On August 31, the troops of the 2nd Ukrainian entered Bucharest. On September 12, 1944 in Moscow, the Soviet government signed an armistice agreement with Romania.
Bulgaria: With the hope of Russian
The liberation of Bulgaria passed almost bloodlessly during the Bulgarian operation, conducted on September 5-9, 1944. Formally, Bulgaria did not participate in the war against the USSR due to the sympathy of the country's population to the Russians, who liberated the country from Ottoman Iega in 1878. Nevertheless, the country was headed by the opposite government, the Bulgarian army performed the function of the occupying troops in Greece and Yugoslavia, and the German troops used the entire transport infrastructure of the country. September 8, the front part of the troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front and Black Sea Fleet Entered into Bulgaria, without having resistance.
On September 9, a popular uprising occurred in the country, the protascious government was overthrown and the government of the Patriotic Front was formed. In the future, it declared war in Germany and its ally - Hungary.
On the picture:Residents of Sofia welcome part of the Soviet Army entering the city, November 20, 1944.
Yugoslavia: together with the partisans
On April 6, 1941, the German fascist troops invaded Yugoslavia, on April 17, the country capitulated. On July 8, 1941, the People's Liberation War of Yugoslavia against the German-fascist invaders, which was expressed in the mass partisan movement. She had the same meaning as the Great Patriotic War in the history of Russia.
The population of the country sympathized by Russians and the USSR. The Soviet Union sent to the fraternal people of Yugoslavia instructors for military training.
On September 28, during the Belgrade operation, the Red Army began the assault of Belgrade, in which Yugoslav partisans also participated. On October 20, 1944, the capital of Yugoslavia was completely freed from the invaders.
On the picture:The commander of the rifle battalion Major V. Romanenko tells Yugoslav partisans and residents of the village of Starcevo on the fighting of the young intelligence officer of Efreitor Viktor Zhillavorka, September 15, 1944.
Norway: Royal Recognition
Northern Norway was released as a result of the Petsamo-Kirkenes offensive operation, in which the troops of the Karelian Front and the Northern Fleet of the USSR Navy participated in the North of Norway from October 7 to October 29, 1944.
In Norway, the Germans were installed a hard occupation regime, they used the territory of the country as a military base for operations against the Northern Allied Conviews, thanks to which deliveries were carried out in the USSR. Soviet troops had to be released from the fascists of the plastic (Luostari and Pechenga) and Kirkenes in Northern Norway.
On October 18, 1944, the fighters of the Red Army landed in Norway. October 25, during fierce fighting, Kirkenes was released.
"We watched with admiration and enthusiasm for the heroic and victorious struggle of the Soviet Union against our common enemy," Norwegian King Hocon VII said in his radio planning on October 26, 1944. "The debt of each Norwegian is to provide maximum support to our Soviet ally."
On the picture:Northern fleet. Boats with Soviet paratroopers go to the shores of Northern Norway, October 15, 1944. Reproduction of TASS.
Baltic States: Strategic Breakthrough
Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia were liberated from the fascists during the Belarusian (June 23 - August 29, 1944) and the Baltic (September 14 - November 24, 1944) offensive operations.
On July 13, 1944, Vilnius was liberated from the fascist invaders. Tallinn was released on September 22, and completely the territory of Estonia - by September 26, 1944. In Riga, Soviet troops entered October 15, 1944, and by October 22, most of Latvia was cleared of the invaders.
Losting the Baltic States, the Wehrmacht lost a favorable strategic area, which served for the Germans an important industrial, raw material and food base.
On the picture:Soviet infantry during the onset of the southeast of the city of Klaipeda, October 26, 1944.
Hungary: With the support of volunteers
From October 29, 1944 to February 13, 1945, a Budapest offensive operation was held, in which the troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian fronts took part. Bloody battles for Budapest continued for a month and a half. The Budapest operation was completed by the Commander of the Obergrupenfürerer SS Karl Pfefer-Wildenbruha who commanded the 188-thousand group of German troops. Thus, Hungary stopped participating in the war.
In the ranks of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian fronts, Hungarian volunteers fought - soldiers and officers of the Hungarian army, which passed on the side of the Soviet troops.
On the picture:The boy in one of the liberated cities of Hungary with the warrior of the Red Army, March 1, 1945.
Poland: Road to Berlin
In Poland, there were large industrial centerswho had strategic importance for the Germans, so the Wehrmacht tried to create a powerful, deeply echelonized defense in the country. The resistance of the enemy was able to break during the VOLO-Oderian strategic offensive operation carried out by the 1st Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts and opened from January 12 to February 3, 1945.
Socks with the fighters of the Red Army fought soldiers of Polish troops. It was to the Soviet command of January 17, 1945, it was given the opportunity to be the first to enter into a fully destroyed and fascist warsaw.
For 23 days of bloody fights for Poland, more than 600 thousand Soviet soldiers and officers gave their lives. As a result of the taste-Oder operation, favorable conditions were created for the attack on Berlin, to which the Red Army approached 60-70 km.
Austria: Restoration of sovereignty
The Vienna offensive operation began on March 16, 1945 and lasted on April 15. It participated in the troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian fronts and the Danube military flotilla.
Considering that Vienna was the last line on the approaches to Germany, the city was an impregnable fortress with anti-tank moats and anti-personnel booms. The fierce resistance of the German garrison was broken due to the courage and courage of the warriors-panery and assault detachment of the Marine Infantry of the Danube Flotilla. On the night of April 13-14, 1945, Vienna was completely cleared of the defending German garrison. On April 27, a temporary government was created that made public a declaration on independence, which the country lost in 1938.
On the picture: The armored personnel carrier of the Red Army cleans the streets of Vienna from the enemy. Austria, April 12, 1945.
Czechoslovakia: International Operation
Prague offensive operation, which lasted from 6 to 11 May 1945, became the last during the Great Patriotic War. Already after signing the capitulation of fascist Germany in Czechoslovakia, there was a powerful group of troops of the Army Groups "Center" and "Austria", which consisted of about 900 thousand people. In early May, antinocyst statements began in various cities of Czechoslovakia, and on May 5, 1945, Czech resistance raised the armed uprising of the population of Prague. The mass escape of the German fascist troops from the city began. On May 7, Marshal of the USSR Ivan Konev gave an orders for the persecution of the enemy. On May 8, the German garrison in Prague capitulated, and on May 9, the Red Army joined Prague. For several hours, the city was cleared of the remnants of German troops.
As a result of the Prague operation, about 860 thousand German soldiers and officers surrendered. In the liberation of Czechoslovakia, soldiers and officers of the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Poland participated from the fascists.
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