A comma between parts of a complex sentence. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

1. In a complex sentence, the subordinate clause is separated from the main clause or separated by commas, for example:

subordinate clause before the main clause: While the wife was preparing breakfast, Danilov went out into the garden(Panova);

subordinate clause after the main clause: He stayed here with to be in your studio the day after tomorrow (Leskov);

subordinate clause within the main clause: Therein, that the money is gone no one doubted(Leskov).

Note!

1) To correctly punctuate, you must first parse simple sentences as part of a complex sentence. This will help to accurately establish the boundaries of the main clause and the subordinate clause. At the same time, it is convenient to use vertical lines demonstrating the boundaries of simple sentences, with the corresponding numbers.

Therein, / 1 that the money is gone, / 2 no one doubted/ one . Simple sentences: no one doubted that; the money is gone; subordinating conjunction that.

2) A subordinating conjunction or allied word usually stands at the very beginning of a subordinate clause. The exception is the particle li, which is in the middle of a subordinate clause.

I do not know , / 1 will he come tomorrow / 2 .

Sometimes in the middle of the subordinate clause there can also be an allied word.

In the House tried not to speak about Pete / 1 whose death so shocked everyone/ 2 . union word whom is an inconsistent definition in a subordinate clause and comes after the noun death, on which it depends grammatically.

2. A comma is not placed between the main clause and the subordinate clause following it in the following cases:

• if a subordinating conjunction or allied word is preceded by a negative particle not:

  Try to find out not what they have already done, but what they are going to do next;

• if a subordinating conjunction or allied word is preceded by a coordinating conjunction (usually repeated):

  Consider both what he said and how he did it;

• if the subordinate clause consists of only one allied word:

  He left and didn't say where.

3. If the subordinate clause is connected to the main clause using a compound union ( due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, because, in order to, after, since, before etc.), then the comma is placed once: before the union, if the subordinate clause follows the main clause or is inside it, and, more often, after the entire subordinate clause, if it precedes the main one.

Wed: Apple trees disappeared because mice ate all the bark around(L. Tolstoy); After the war began, stopping the shops for a day, of course, turned out to be impossible.(Popov).

However, depending on the meaning and intonation and other conditions, the union can be divided into two parts: the first is part of the main sentence as a demonstrative word, and the second acts as a union. In these cases, a comma is placed only before the second part of the combination (that is, before the union what, to, how, than).

Wed: He didn't come because he was away(the emphasis in the message is on the very fact of non-appearance, the reason for it is not emphasized); He didn't come because he was away(in the foreground, an indication of the reason for the absence is put forward).

The conditions for dismembering a compound union include the following:

• the presence of a negative particle before the union is not:

  Pastukhov got along with Tsvetukhin not because he gravitated towards actors(Fedin);

• the presence of amplifying, restrictive and other particles before the union:

  He allowed the silence except just to scold your daughters(Pushkin); Driver just in order to people fled, stopped the car against the gate(Fadeev);

• the presence of an introductory word before the union:

  All this has an inexplicable charm for me, maybe because I don't see them anymore(Gogol);

• inclusion of the first part (indicative word) in a series of homogeneous terms or parallel constructions:

  The river has taken on a special appearance because the water is visible through the bare trees, and even more so because the water color has disappeared from the cold.(Aksakov).

Note!

1) More often not dismembered compound union, if the subordinate clause precedes the main one.

Before Samghin could guess to help her, she picked up a book from the floor.(M. Gorky); After the bandage was removed, the pain subsided to some extent.(Fedin).

2) Never not dismembered compound unions: while, meanwhile, while, as, as, since, so, as well as simple unions with an amplifying particle adjacent to them: only, just a little, even if, only when, just barely and etc.

For some reason, while waiting for him on the spot, while he wandered through the grove, she saw herself as an adult, and him as a small(Fedin); As soon as God's curse was fulfilled, from the same day of nature, the hot embraces forever cooled down for me.(Lermontov).

1. Simple sentences that are part of a compound sentence (CSP) separated from each other by commas.

Examples: The windows in all the buildings were brightly lit, and that is why it seemed very dark in the huge courtyard.(Chekhov); It's hot outside and the chickens are cold(Peskov).

2. Comma in front of single connecting and divisive unions- and, yes (meaning "and"), or, or - not put in the following cases:

a) common minor member:

Shortly after sunrise a cloud came up and a short rain splashed(Pushkin) (common minor member - circumstance of time shortly after sunrise, compare: Soon after sunrise a cloud came up; Shortly after sunrise, a short rain fell);

b) simple sentences in a compound sentence have general subordinate clause:

It was already quite dawn and people began to rise when I returned to my room.(L. Tolstoy) (subordinate tense when i got back to my room is common to both parts of a compound sentence, cf .: It was quite daylight when I returned to my room; People began to rise when I returned to my room.);

v) simple sentences of a compound sentence together explain a third sentence common to them, preceding them and connected with them by an allied connection:

He felt unwell: his body was weak and there was a dull pain in his eyes.(Kuprin) (parts of a compound sentence: The body was weak; There was a dull pain in the eyes- explain the meaning of the first simple sentence common to them, associated with them without union: He didn't feel well);

G) simple sentences in a compound sentence have general introductory word, introductory phrase or sentence:

According to the hunters, the beast in these forests has hatched and the bird has disappeared.(message source - according to the hunters- the same for the entire statement, cf .: According to the hunters, the beast has bred in these forests; According to the hunters, the bird has disappeared);

e) interrogative sentences:

Will you come to me or should I come to you?

e) a compound sentence includes incentive proposals:

Let the enemy in and give fire on command!(Furmanov);

g) a compound sentence includes exclamatory sentences:

How ridiculous he is and how stupid his antics!

h) a compound sentence includes one-part indefinitely personal sentences if the same producer of the action is thought:

The defendants were also taken out somewhere and just brought back(L. Tolstoy);

and) a compound sentence includes impersonal sentences that have synonymous words in the predicates:

But in the absence of synonymous words, a comma between two impersonal sentences is placed before the union:

Meanwhile, it was quite dawn, and it was necessary to go out to sea again.(Kataev);

To) a compound sentence includes denominative (nominative) sentences:

Frost and sun...(Pushkin).

3. Instead of a comma, simple sentences within a compound sentence can be separated by a semicolon. A semicolon is placed if parts of a compound sentence are significantly common (often these are complex sentences of a mixed type - with composition, subordination and union-free communication) and have commas inside them. More often, a semicolon is observed before unions. but, however, but, yes, and, less often before the union a:

For six years the commission had been fussing around the building; but the climate was in the way, or the material was already like that, only the government building couldn’t go higher than the foundation (Gogol).

Unions and, yes (in the meaning of “and”) are preceded by a semicolon only when they connect two sentences that would otherwise be separated by a period:

Soon the whole garden, warmed by the sun, caressed, came to life, and drops of dew, like diamonds, sparkled on the leaves; and the old, neglected garden this morning seemed so young, smart(Chekhov).

4. Instead of a comma, simple sentences in a compound sentence can be separated by a dash:

A dash is placed if the second part of a compound sentence contains an unexpected addition or a sharp opposition:

Often in these cases, either only the first sentence, or both sentences are denominative (nominative):

More pressure - and the enemy runs (Pushkin); Another year, two - and old age ... (Ehrenburg).

Plan for parsing a compound sentence

1. Specify type complex sentence (compound sentence).
2. Indicate how many parts a compound sentence consists of (highlight grammatical foundations).
3. Indicate what unions the parts of the compound sentence are connected with.
4. Build a complex sentence.

Sample parsing

Here, in the room, it was warm, and Annushka's eyes were cheerful, and I suddenly liked this humble recluse and this room unusually.(Tynyanov).

Compound sentence; consists of three simple parts: Here, in the room, it was warm 1/, and Annushka's eyes were cheerful 2/, and I suddenly liked this humble recluse and this room 3/ extraordinarily. Grammar bases: 1) It was warm; 2) eyes were funny; 3) liked the recluse and the room. The means of communication is connecting unions and.

And , and .
conn. conn.

1. The subordinate part of a complex sentence is separated by commas: While his wife was preparing breakfast, Danilov went out into the garden(Pan.); How long he sat at the fallen spruce, Andrey did not remember(Bub.); Her piercing, sharp voice, which is only found in the south, cut the distance, almost unabated.(Paul); Kapustin promised to negotiate with the head of the school,that he increase Meresyev's number of sorties,and invited Alexei to draw up a training program for himself(Floor.); The old man ordered to cook the meat for real,to make it look good(Sem.); The injection of water can serve as direct evidencethat pain influences by themselves are not able to lower the secretion(I.P.).

2. As part of a complex sentence, there may be incomplete sentences:

1) incomplete sentence as the main part: It's been two years now how we are married (cf .: We married for two years now- simple sentence); It's been a month how did he come back from the south(cf.: It's been a month since he returned from the south- a comma before the union would “tear off” the predicate from the subject); It's been three weeks since we've been here (cf.: We been here for three weeks- the circumstance of the place is expressed by a combination as here).

But: Third day as he is here- a simple sentence, while in the examples above, the main part of the sentence implied the words passed since that time or passed from that moment;

2) an incomplete (or close to incomplete) sentence as a clause: It was hard to understand what's the matter; Ready to help than I can; Gradually learned to understand what's what (cf. Understand what's what); people know what they do; come through, who already has tickets; Sit where it is free; Do whatever it takes; Set as you like; Tell who should; Resolutely scolded everything who is not too lazy - with a touch of clarification (cf .: Leaflets are piled up, they are taken by all and sundry- phraseological turnover with the meaning "anyone who wants, who wants to"); Send where needed.

But: Do whatever you want etc. [See § 41, paragraph 2.]

3. If main part a complex sentence is inside a subordinate clause (in a colloquial style of speech), then the comma is usually placed only after the main part (but not before it); cf .: The economy cannot be said for him to do...(G.) - It cannot be said that he was engaged in housekeeping; But these words I feel uncomfortable, for you to say...(Hertz.) - But I don't feel comfortable for you to say those words.

The words you see, you know, etc. are not separated by commas in interrogative-exclamatory sentences like: Do you know what good!; And he do you see what it does? See § 25, paragraph 8.]

4. A comma is not put between the main and the following subordinate part of a complex sentence:

1) if there is a negative particle before the subordinating union or allied word, do not: In the sea, in pitching, you sleepnot when you want, but when you can(Gonch.); Try to find outnot what they have already done, but what they are going to do next; I came not to interfere with your work, but, on the contrary, to help;The Roman generals considered it important to establishnot how many enemy troops are in front of them, but where they are; He knows not only where the game is found, but also what varieties of it live there;

2) if before the subordinating union or allied word is coordinative unionand, neither ... neither, or, either etc. (usually repeated): Please note and what he said, and how he said it; He didn't hear neither how the sister entered the room, nor how she silently left afterwards;I will answer your requestor when the next number arrives newsletter, or when I myself will make the necessary information; Not imaginedand how to get out of the situation; I know and how it is done;The boy was forgivenand when he did not listen to anyone.

But with a different order of the main and subordinate parts: What was the name of this boy and I don't remember;

3) if the subordinate clause consists of one allied word ( relative pronoun or adverbs): I would also like to know why (L.T.); I do not know why, but I didn't understand it(Trif.); It's hard to say why; He left and didn't say where; He promised to return soon, but did not specify when; The mother determined the temperature of the child with her lips: she would put them on her forehead and immediately determine how; Someone gave the patient a cup of water, he did not even look who; I won't say what I say - a great misfortune.

A comma is not placed before the subordinate clause and if there are several relative words that act as homogeneous members of the sentence: I don’t know why and how, but the letter suddenly disappeared; Call - ask who and why.

In context, it is possible to put a comma or a dash before a single allied word: What should be done? Teach what - enhanced logical selection of the pronoun; At one time he whispered something, they could not understand- what? (A.T.) - the setting of the dash emphasizes the meaning of the pronoun and is justified by interrogative intonation.

If there is a particle with the allied word forming the subordinate clause, then putting a comma in front of it is optional: I don’t remember what exactly; He finds it hard to say what else; This quote can be found, I even remember about where.

5. If there are words before the subordinating conjunction especially, in particular, that is, namely, for example, as well as, but simply etc. with an attached meaning, then a comma is not placed after these words: Not I want schoolchildren to study in the spring, especially when the sun shines warmly and brightly; I had to carry out additional research work, especially when an experimental test of the operation of the machine began; The author is entitled to receive part of the royalties in accordance with the terms of the contract, that is, when the manuscript is approved by the publisher; The expedition will have to end ahead of schedule under adverse conditions, namely when the rainy season will begin; On the Always carry your ID with you like when you will receive money by postal order; The graduate student came to Moscow to meet with his supervisor, and also to work in the archives.[Compare § 24, paragraph 4.]

6. If there are reinforcing particles in front of the subordinating union just, just, just, exclusively etc., then a comma is placed in front of them (contrary to intonation, since there is no pause before them when reading):Katya left the dining room, just when we stepped towards each other through some suitcases(Kav.); I will do this work only if I'm free (cf.: ...if only I'm free); He came solely to help me (cf.: He came not only to see me, but also to help me. is the influence of the negative particle not ).

After the excretory particles, here, after all, before the subordinating conjunction in the subordinate clause preceding the main one, a comma is not put: Nothing to brag about yet that's how Let's get the job done, then come.

7. If between main and adnexal parts complex sentence is an introductory word, then it is distinguished by commas on a general basis: He thought, perhaps that I don't want to meet him; If there is a demand for something, means, there will be an offer.

The assignment of the introductory word in meaning to the main or subordinate part is determined by the conditions of the context. Cf .: He was angry, apparently, because his face was excited- the introductory word refers to the main part (an excited face may be a consequence, and not the cause of the state of the subject); He was in a hurry because, apparently, he was afraid of being late for the meeting.- the introductory word refers to the subordinate part, as evidenced by the dismemberment of a complex subordinating union. [Cm.

1. Compound sentence.

compound is called a sentence that has two or more independent grammar basics connected by coordinating conjunctions.

Punctuation marks in compound sentences.

1. A comma is placed between parts of a complex sentence connected by conjunctions:
   1. connecting ( and yes in meaning and, neither... nor);
   2. adversative ( ah but yes in meaning but, however, the same, but, otherwise, not);
   3. separating ( or, either, whether ... whether, then ... then, not those ... not that);
   4. connecting ( yes, yes, and, too, also);
   5. explanatory ( that is, namely).
2. If parts of a compound sentence are significantly common or have commas inside them, then between them put a semicolon(before alliances but and Yes in the meaning of "and" only when they connect parts that would otherwise be separated by a dot): Almost every evening later they went somewhere out of town to Oreanda or to a waterfall; and the walk was a success, the impressions were invariably beautiful, majestic every time (H), I had only blue paint, but, despite this, I started to draw a hunt (L. T), I heard that he was crying, a I must tell you that Azamat was a stubborn boy, and nothing happened to knock out his tears, even when he was younger (L.)
3. If in second part compound sentence contains an unexpected attachment or a sharp contrast to the first part, then between them dash instead of comma: Dexterous and strong blows with sledgehammers on the barrels of machine guns, and the Nazis can no longer shoot (V. Stavsky). I'm in a hurry to go there - and there is already the whole city (P.)

1. Comma before unions ah yes(in the meaning of "and"), or, either in a compound sentence not put:
   1. common minor member (In such a storm the wolf does not prowl and the bear does not crawl out of the den);
   2. if parts of a compound sentence have (When the storm started, the game stopped and the children rushed to run home);
   3. between two nominal proposals (Walking in the woods and boating);
   4. between two interrogative proposals (What time is it now and how much time is left before the train leaves?).
2. No comma is placed between two impersonal sentences that have synonymous words as part of predicates (You need to rewrite the work and explain the mistakes made in it).
3. A comma is placed between parts of a compound sentence that have common minor member or general subordinate clause if these parts are connected repeated alliance (Heavy trucks moved along the streets, and cars raced, and pedestrians hurriedly walked).

   If the parts of the sentence are not connected by a repeating union, but have common member, then a comma between them not put: Eyes gleamed in a pale face and a nose was drawn out.

2. Complex sentence.

complex A sentence is a compound sentence that contains main part and dependent(subordinate clause). Parts of such a proposal are interconnected subordinating unions or allied words.

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence.

1. Subordinate clause separated from the main comma or separated by commas on both sides, if located inside the main.
2. Sometimes, with intonational emphasis, explanatory clauses (as well as conditionals with a union whether) before the main clause are separated from it not by a comma, but by dash: Who is cheerful, he laughs (L.-K.); As the teacher said, I listened at the window for a long time (Plssch.); Of course, it’s good that he marries her, but who knows how they will live (M. G.); Whether the plowman sings a song in the distance - a long song takes over the heart; Will the forest begin - pine and aspen (N.)(in the last example in the second part - an incomplete sentence).
3. In rare cases, a subordinating conjunction is preceded by colon: this occurs when in the previous part of the complex sentence contains a special warning about the subsequent clarification(in this place you can insert the words "namely"): Hadji Murat was sitting next to him in the room and, although he did not understand what they were saying, he understood, however, what he needed to understand: that they were arguing about him and that his exit from Shamil was a matter of great importance for the Russians .. (L T .)
4. When the subordinate clause is connected to the main clause with complex subordinating conjunction (because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because, so, instead of, in order to, so that, after, while, since like etc.), then comma is placed once:
   1. before the union, if subordinate clause follows the main clause: We sat on the corner of the bastion, so that everyone could see in both directions (L.);
   2. after the entire subordinate clause, if it precedes the main: As I talked, he came to his senses (M. G.)
   Note. Depending on the meaning, a complex union can be divided into two parts: the first part will be included in the main sentence as a relative word, and the second will play the role of a union; in such cases a comma is placed only before the second part of a complex union: He lost weight in one night so that only skin and bones remained (L.T.); Grandfather ordered not to wake Tanyusha until she wakes up (Ax.). Complex alliances while, as if, even if, only when do not break.
5. If a subordinating conjunction or a relative word is preceded by negation "not" or continuous coordinating conjunction o or or etc., then the subordinate clause does not separate from the leading comma: What matters is not what he said, but how he said it; It was noisy both when the children played in the yard and when they gathered in the dining room(a comma is placed between the subordinate clauses in such cases).
6. They are not subordinate clauses and do not separate That's why comma indecomposable expressions by all means, as if nothing had happened, who is in what much, what is urine etc.
7. Subordinate clause, consisting of only one relative word, no comma separated: He was offended, but I said why.

3. Complicated unionless proposal.

Associative complex sentence such a sentence is called in which the parts that form it (simple sentences) are interconnected in meaning, intonationally, by the order of the parts. Between the parts of such a sentence no unions.

Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence.

Comma and semicolon in non-union complex sentence
1. Between independent sentences combined into one compound non-union sentence, put a comma if such proposals closely related in meaning.: Deep darkness thinned in the sky, the day fell on a dark valley, the dawn rose (P.).
2. If the parts of the non-union complex sentence distant from each other in meaning or are very common and have commas inside them, then between them put a semicolon: At the gate I saw an old cast-iron cannon; the streets were cramped and crooked", the huts were low and mostly covered with straw (P.); It was already evening; the sun disappeared behind a small aspen grove that lay half a verst from the garden; its shadow stretched endlessly through the motionless fields (T.).
3. If an asyndetic compound sentence falls apart(groups of sentences), semantically distant from each other, then between them put a semicolon, and inside these parts, simple sentences are separated by a comma: The smell of the forest intensifies, there is a slight breeze of warm dampness; the wind that has taken off near you freezes (T.); The pale gray sky grew lighter, colder, bluer; the stars now twinkled with a faint light, then disappeared; the earth became damp, the leaves were sweaty, in some places living sounds, voices began to be heard (T.).

The colon in the non-union complex sentence is put:
1. If the second part (one or more sentences) explains, reveals the content of what is said in the first part (between both parts you can insert the words "namely"): I was not mistaken: the old man did not refuse the proposed glass. (P.) Here a rather entertaining picture opened up: a wide hut, with which the roof rested on two sooty pillars, was full of people (L.);
2. If in the first sentence with the help of verbs see, look, hear, know, feel etc., a warning is given that a statement of some fact or some description will follow: I know: in your heart there is both pride and direct honor (P.); Pavel feels: someone's fingers touch his arm above the elbow (N.O.).
   Notes.
   1. Sometimes these verbs are omitted: He thought, sniffed: it smells of honey (Ch.)(missing: and felt that).
   2. If the first sentence is pronounced without a hint of warning, then a comma is put instead of a colon: I hear the earth tremble (N.).
3. If the second part indicates the basis, the reason for what is said in the first part (a union can be inserted between both parts because): They were silent all the way to the farm: the jolting ride prevented talking (Ch.).

In these cases, most often the main part of the statement (corresponding to the main clause in complex sentences) is contained in the first part of the non-union complex sentence, and in the second part (corresponding to subordinate clause in complex sentences) an explanation is given, disclosure of the content of the first part.

A dash in a non-union complex sentence is put:
1. If the second part contains an unexpected addition, an indication of a rapid change of events: Suddenly, men with axes appeared - the forest rang, groaned, crackled (N.); Ignat pulled the trigger - the gun misfired (Ch.);
2. If the second part contains sharp opposition in relation to the first part: The oak is holding on - the reed has fallen to the ground (Kr.); They mowed a mile - they mowed a penny (M. G.);
3. If the second part contains consequence, conclusion from what is said in the first part: Praises are tempting - how not to wish for them? (Cr.);
4. If in the first part indicate the time of the action, which is mentioned in the second part (you can add the union when): They plow arable land - they don’t wave their hands (ate); They cut the forest - the chips fly (ate.);
5. If the first part is condition for an action, which is discussed in the second part (you can add the union if): Do you like to ride, love to carry sleds(last); Lying on the stove - you can’t see workdays(last);
6. If one part contains comparison with what is said in another: Says a word - the nightingale sings (L.).

A dash is put also in cases where second part an asyndetic compound sentence is incomplete sentence: (I thought it was a wolf).

§ 33.1

The subordinate clause of a complex sentence is separated or highlighted commas: While the wife was preparing breakfast, Danilov went out into the garden(Pan.); How long did he sit by the fallen spruce, Andrew did not remember(Bub.); Her piercing voice, which are only in the south, cut the distance, almost without weakening(Paul); Kapustin promised to negotiate with the head of the school, that he increase Meresyev's number of sorties, and invited Alexei to draw up a training program for himself(Floor.); The injection of water can serve as direct evidence that pain influences by themselves are not able to lower the secretion(I.P.); The old man ordered to cook the meat for real, to make it look good(Sem.).

§ 33.2

As part of a complex sentence, there may be an incomplete sentence - in the main part or subordinate clause:

1) incomplete in the main part: Already two years since we've been married(cf.: We've been married for two years now- simple sentence); It's been a month how did he come back from the south(cf.: It's been a month since he returned from the south- comma before union how would “tear off” the predicate from the subject); It's been three weeks now how are we here(cf.: We've been here for three weeks now - the circumstance of place is expressed by the combination like here); but: The third day as he is here - a simple sentence, while in the examples above, the words in the main part of the sentence were: passed from that time, from that moment;

2) incomplete or close to incomplete in the subordinate part: It was difficult to understand what's the matter; Ready to help, than I can; Gradually learned to understand what is what(cf.: Understand what's what); People know what they do; come through, who is already with checks; Sit down, where free; Do everything what do you need; Put, as you wish; inform, who should; Resolutely scolded everything who is not lazy(with a touch of clarification; cf.: Leaflets piled in a heap, they are taken by all and sundry - phraseological turnover with the meaning "anyone who wants, who wants to"); Send where needed; but: Do whatever you want etc. (see § 41, item 2).

§ 33.3

If the main part of a complex sentence is inside the subordinate clause (in colloquial speech), then comma usually placed only after the main part (but not before it); compare: economy can't say for him to do...(G.) - It cannot be said that he would be engaged in farming; But these words I feel uncomfortable, for you to say...(Hertz.) But I don't feel comfortable for you to say those words.

Words not separated by commas see you know etc. in interrogative-exclamatory sentences like: And you know how good he is!; Do you see what he is doing?(see § 25, paragraph 8).

§ 33.4

A comma is not placed between the main and the following subordinate part of a complex sentence in the following cases:

1) if there is a negative particle before the subordinating union or allied word not: At sea, in pitching, sleeping not when you want, but when you can(Gonch.); Try to find out not what they have already done, but what they are going to do next; I came not to interfere with your work, but, on the contrary, to help; The Roman generals considered it important to establish not how many enemy troops are in front of them, but where they are; He knows not only where the game is found, but also what varieties of it live there;

2) if a subordinating union or allied word is preceded by a coordinating union and, or, or etc. (usually repetitive): Please note and what he said, and how he said it; He didn't hear neither how the sister entered the room, nor how she silently left afterwards; I will answer your request or when the next issue of the newsletter arrives, or when I myself make the necessary information, cf. also with a single union: Didn't imagine and how to get out of the situation; I know and how it is done; The boy was forgiven and when he did not listen to anyone, but (when reverse order main and subordinate parts): What was the name of this boy and I don't remember;

3) if the subordinate clause consists of one allied word (relative pronoun or adverb): I would also like to know why(L.T.); Do not know why, but I didn't understand it(Trif.); He left and didn't say where; He promised to return soon, but did not specify when; Hard to say why; The mother determined the temperature of the child with her lips: she would put them on her forehead and immediately determine how; Someone gave the sick man a cup of water, he did not even look at who; I will not say which, I say - a great misfortune.

A comma is not put and if there are several relative words that act as homogeneous members of the sentence: Do not know why and how but the letter suddenly disappeared; call- R ask who and why.

If the allied word has a particle, then the statement comma optional; compare: I do not remember, what exactly; He finds it hard to say what else; This quote can be found, I even remember about where.

In context, it is possible to set comma and before a single allied word; compare: What should be done? Teach what(strengthened logical selection of the pronoun). - At one time he whispered something, they could not understand - what?(A.T.) (setting a dash emphasizes the meaning of the pronoun and is justified by interrogative intonation).

§ 33.5

If the subordinating conjunction is preceded by the words especially, in particular, that is, namely, for example, as well as, but simply etc. with an attached meaning, then a comma is not placed after these words (cf. § 24, paragraph 4): Schoolchildren do not want to study in the spring, especially when the sun is warm and bright; Additional research work had to be done particular when the experimental verification of the operation of the machine began; The author has the right to receive part of the royalties in accordance with the terms of the contract, that is when the manuscript is approved by the publisher; The expedition will have to end ahead of schedule under adverse conditions, and exactly when does the rainy season start? Just in case, have your ID with you. For example when will you receive money by postal order; The graduate student came to Moscow to meet with his supervisor, and also to work in the archives.

§ 33.6

If the subordinating conjunction is preceded by reinforcing particles just, just, just, exclusively etc., then comma is placed in front of them despite intonation (when reading, there is no pause in front of them; cf. § 20): Katya left the dining room, just when we stepped towards each other through some suitcases(Kav.); I will do this work only if I am free (cf .: ... if only I am free); He came exclusively to help me(cf.: He came not only to see me, but also to help me - in the influence of a negative particle not).

Do not put a comma after the highlight particles here, after all, standing before the subordinating conjunction in the subordinate clause preceding the main: Nothing to brag about yet here When we get the job done, then come.

§ 33.7

If there is an introductory word between the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence, then it is highlighted commas on a universal basis: He thought maybe, that I don't want to meet him; If there is a demand for something, means, there will be an offer. The assignment of the introductory word in meaning to the main or subordinate part is determined by the conditions of the context; compare: He got angry apparently because his face was excited(the introductory word refers to the main part: an excited person may be a consequence, and not the cause of his condition). - He was in a hurry because apparently that he was afraid to be late for the meeting(the introductory word refers to the subordinate part, as evidenced by the dismemberment of a complex subordinating union; see § 34, paragraph 2).

§ 34. Comma with complex subordinating unions

§ 34.1

If the subordinate part of a complex sentence is connected to the main one with the help of a complex (compound) subordinating union ( due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, because, instead of, in order to, while, because, because, despite the fact that, after, before just as, before, since, just as etc.), then comma set once:

1) before the union, if the subordinate part follows the main part or is inside it: The apple trees are gone because the mice ate all the bark around(L.T.); ... Breathing became deeper and freer, as his body rested and cooled(Cupr.); ... trampled on the spot and decided before the sun goes down get together again(Ser.); All wagons because there were bales of wool on them, seemed very tall and plump(Ch.);

2) but more often - after the entire subordinate part, if it precedes the main one: But before that piece could hit the ground, the worker with extraordinary dexterity wrapped it in a chain as thick as his arm.(Cupr.); After the war began and the plant switched to defense orders, shutting down workshops for a day, of course, turned out to be impossible(Pop.).

Wed also: Impossible to delay development of society, just as it is impossible to turn back the wheel of history; Forces accumulated as health improved; They haven't met lately since she left; sent sentries, in order to prevent any possibility of a surprise attack; Help me, just as you helped him; He managed to get his due to the fact that his comrades supported him in time; The defendant continued to deny his guilt, despite the fact that he was completely exposed.

§ 34.2

However, depending on the meaning and intonation, the logical underlining of the subordinate part of a complex sentence, the presence of certain lexical elements and other conditions in the sentence, a complex union can be divided into two parts: the first part is included in the main part as a correlative word, and the second plays the role of a union; in these cases comma is placed only before the second part of the combination (i.e., before unions what, to, how) . Wed: He didn't come becausewhatgot sick(the emphasis in the message is on the very fact of non-appearance, the reason for it is not emphasized). - He didn't come becausethat got sick(in the foreground, an indication of the reason for the absence is put forward).

Wed also: Due to the fact that the summer was very hot and dry, every tree had to be watered(Ch.). - In just a few minutes, this small, fragile face seemed charming, precisely because of the fact that that it was so wrong(Kar.);

You promised in if you have a story don't forget us(Dost.). - When, if someone sticks to you, then let him see where you went(Cat.);

To every person in order to act consider your work important and good(L.T.). - All this is said for to arouse attention to the life of thousands of young writers(M.G.);

Not only was the stem pricked from all sides ... - he was so terribly strong that I fought with him for about five minutes(L.T.). - But not only that, that there has never been such hostility, cornflower from ancient times participated in many beautiful rituals and festivities(Sol.);

Raskolnikov was silent and did not resist, despite the fact that I felt in myself enough strength to rise(Dost.). - Despite, that the wind ... swept freely over the sea, the clouds were still(M.G.);

Before they went down into the dugout, he still managed to notice how the soldiers near the anti-aircraft guns ... took away some heavy parts from the trunks(F.). - He ran out of the house at the very last moment before how the roof collapsed(Il.);

Just as the force of a magnet attracts iron filings to itself, cities draw in, suck in people living in adjacent spaces(Sol.). - Like that as a writer's style is a concentrated expression of the inner movements of the emotional mind, portrait - reified psychological world(Bond.);

As my family grew rich, old favorites quietly disappeared from our house(S.-SH.). - Round dances of stars intertwined in wonderful patterns in the distant sky, and one after another went out as how a pale reflection of the east spilled over a dark purple vault (L.);

Only after four hours of duty at Stepan's bed had passed, Ivan Ivanovich departed soul(Copt.). - And even after How poetry is printed he comes back again and again...(Chuk.);

Before I start proving I still need to force myself to listen.(S.-SH.). - But before rather than sit in the saddle, he considered it his duty to address the horse with this speech(Cr.);

Before I stopped in this birch forest I walked with my dog ​​through a high aspen grove(T.). - But before than to talk about the personality of the officer and his conversation, it is necessary to take a closer look at the inside of his booth and know at least a little of his way of life and occupations(L.T.);

The brigade commander decided to stop the pursuit before dawn, with in order to pull up reserves by morning(Sh.). - I invited you, gentlemen, so to give you bad news(G.);

Since she refused Andrei, the old man was officially dry with Nonna(Pan.). - Since then, how my coachman rode behind, he seemed to become more cheerful and talkative(L.T.).

The dismemberment of a complex union is also observed in the following sentences: Grandfather ordered not to wake Tatyana until until she wakes up(Ax.); It's been more than three hours since how i joined the boys(T.); Levin wished that the sun would not rise before how will he get to the swamp(L.T.); As if because that the grass is not visible in the darkness of its old age, a cheerful, young chatter rises in it(Ch.); Bombs fall into the water, into the sand, into the swamp because that the system of enemy aircraft is broken and torn apart(Guide.); Goreva was asked to be a translator in case if guests are interested in the castle(Paul); We went home after how the detachment stopped in the city center(BUT.).

§ 34.3

The conditions for dismembering a complex union include:

1) the presence of a negative particle before the union not: Pastukhov met with Tsvetukhin not because he gravitated towards actors(Fed.); Moscow looked empty from the fact that the life in her has diminished, but because the war swept everything extraneous out of it ...(Leon.); Winkel did not go to Landsberg because he was eager to continue his intelligence activities(Kaz.);

2) the presence of amplifying, restrictive and other particles before the union: He allowed the silence only to scold your daughters(P.); He holds Evprakseyushka only because thanks to her, household chores go on without going astray from the once planned track(S.-SH.); Natasha this winter for the first time began to sing seriously and especially because Denisov admired her singing(L.T.); I just don't care for her because she is indifferent to me(Er.); The driver is just to make people go away stopped the car against the gate(F.); Is it worth it to give up a difficult task only because it's hard?(Crimea.);

3) the presence of an introductory word before the union: ... All this has an inexplicable charm for me, maybe because I don't see them anymore(G.); Young grouse did not respond to my whistle for a long time, probably because I whistled not naturally enough(T.); Here, in the kitchen, it is also night, but in the windows, maybe because the lamp is weaker here, yet I see as if the signs of the day(Ol.);

4) the inclusion of the first part (correlative word) in a series of homogeneous members of the sentence or parallel constructions: The river took on a special form because the water is visible through bare branches, and even more because the water color disappeared from the cold(Ax.); The economic part in the house of Pshenitsyna flourished not because only because Agafya Matveevna was an exemplary hostess, but also because Ivan Matveevich Mukhoyarov was a great epicurean in gastronomic terms (Gonch.); Nekhlyudov went to the aunts because their estate was on the way to his regiment that had passed forward, and because they asked him very much about it (L.T.); Romashov blushed to real tears from his impotence and confusion, and from pain for the offended Shurochka, and because, through the deafening sounds of the quadrille, he could not insert a single word(Kupr.).

§ 34.4

Some unions, when “breaking” into two parts, change their meaning dramatically, so punctuation options are not allowed; compare: The bridge is rotten so its dangerous to drive(the consequence is indicated). - M the ost is so rotten that it is dangerous to drive(the degree of the sign is indicated). Wed also:

We sat on the corner of the bastion so that both sides could see everything(L.). - He lost weight in one night so that only skin and bones remained (L.T.);

In the yard stood a completely black, impenetrable night, so at first Romashov had to, like a blind man, feel the road in front of him(Kupr.). - Then he stood up and stretched so that the bones crunched(M.G.);

After that, Anya did not have a single free day, since she took part either in a picnic, or in a walk, or in a play(Ch.). - H the stranger did not consider us the way we viewed it(Ars.).

§ 34.5

More often, a complex subordinating union is not divided if the subordinate part of the complex sentence precedes the main one: As the chaise approached the porch, Manilov's eyes became more cheerful(G.); Since I got married I don't see the same love from you(Sharp); Before Samghin thought to help her, she picked up a book from the floor(M.G.); After the bandage was removed, the pain has subsided to some extent.(Fed.); Before taking up the violin he rolled up the sleeves of his shirt, bared his chest and stood at the window(Fed.); Before she started working at the post office, she did not think about the problem of its delivery to remote places(gas.); Before answering matchmakers, Stepan exchanged glances with his wife(Mark.).

§ 34.6

Complex unions are not dismembered while, meanwhile, while, while, as if, as well as simple conjunctions and the amplifying particle adjacent to them (even if, only when, only, only, barely, barely, just a little etc.): ... Having met Gapka, he began to scold why she was wandering around doing nothing, while she dragged the grits into the kitchen(G.); ... She realized the strength in herself and decided to fight with her husband, without tears and complaints, to demand, while so far she only cried(Rem.); For some reason, waiting for him on the spot, in while he wandered through the grove, she saw herself as an adult, and him as a small(Fed.); As soon as God's curse was fulfilled, from the same day of nature, hot embraces have cooled down for me forever(L.); Like a mother over her son's grave, the sandpiper groans over the dull plain(N.); But as soon as he drove away from Bagration, how the forces changed him(L.T.).

§ 35. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

§ 35.1

Between homogeneous subordinate parts of a complex sentence, not connected by unions, is placed comma: I remember, how we ran across the field, how the bullets buzzed, how the branches they torn off fell, how we made our way through the hawthorn bushes (Garsh.); Rumors spread around the farm that grain is being collected for shipment abroad, that there will be no sowing this year, that war is expected from hour to hour (Sh.); Who does not feel self-confidence, who does not have determination, better stay where you are(Azh.).

§ 35.2

If after homogeneous clauses of a complex sentence there is a generalizing word, which is preceded by an introductory word or a word combination (in a word, in a word, in short etc.), then the last one is preceded by comma and dash(in contrast to the enumeration of homogeneous members of a simple sentence, when in such a case only a dash is put; see § 25, paragraph 2), and after it - comma: On one of the hauls we talked about private affairs, who is from where, what they did, in what environment they grew up, - in a word, on endless topics(Furm.).

(On setting a semicolon in a complex sentence, see § 37.)

§ 35.3

Between homogeneous subordinate parts of a complex sentence connected by non-repeating connecting or separating unions, a comma is not put: My father said that he had never seen such loaves, and that this year's harvest was from a personal(Ax.); It seemed as if the whole forest is uprooted at once, and the roots torn out of the ground and the earth itself groan and scream in pain(Fed.) - there are no repeating unions here (the first union and connects two subordinate parts, the second - homogeneous subjects roots and land, third - homogeneous predicates groan and yell); What is this connection and who is Kovpak, we didn't know then(Medv.).

§ 35.4

With repeated coordinating conjunctions between subordinate clauses of a complex subordinate sentence, comma: While in the hospital, he recalled how the fascists suddenly attacked them, and how they ended up surrounded, and how the detachment still managed to get through to their own (gaz.).

§ 35.5

Unions whether ... or are considered as repetitive, and the subordinate clauses of the complex sentence connected by these unions are separated comma: And for a long time all those present remained at a loss, not knowing did they really see those extraordinary eyes, or was it just a dream...(G.); ... To the left, the entire sky above the horizon was filled with a crimson glow, and it was difficult to understand was there a fire somewhere, or was the moon about to rise(Ch.); After that, decide will he fight, fly, live, or will he always be given a seat on the tram and see him off with sympathetic looks (Pol.).

§ 35.6

Between the subordinate parts of a complex sentence with sequential subordination comma placed on a general basis: Victor asked to be a slaughterer, because he heard that this is the most honorable profession in the mine(Hump.); ... Bobrov recalled the poems he read in some magazine, in whom the poet tells his sweetheart that they will not swear to each other, because oaths would offend their trusting and ardent love (Kupr.); I already told you that on that wonderful evening when we honored you, our sweet fairy called you a child(Pog.).

§ 36. Comma at the junction of two unions

§ 36.1

With sequential subordination, one subordinate part of a complex sentence may be inside another and there will be a “meeting” of two subordinating conjunctions or a subordinating conjunction and an allied word: I think, that when the prisoners see the stairs, many will want to run(M.G.) - comma separates subordinating conjunctions what and when; The maid was an orphan who, in order to be fed, had to enter the service(L.T.) - a comma separates the union word which and subordinating conjunction to. The reason for such punctuation is the fact that the second subordinate clause can be removed from the text or rearranged to another place - at the end of a complex sentence.

However, not always such a simple operation can be done. Let's compare two sentences with almost the same lexical composition, but with a slight addition in the second of them: He said, that, if he is free, he will come to me in the evening. - He said, that if he is free, he will come to me in the evening(added the second part of the double union if...then). The punctuation is different: in the first sentence (there is a comma between adjacent subordinating conjunctions), the second clause can be removed or rearranged without violating the structure of the sentence; this cannot be done in the second sentence, since with the removal or rearrangement of the second subordinate part, the words will be next something ... something, but such a neighborhood violates stylistic norms literary language. Wed also: The sword felt that if you have to shoot back again, he will no longer be different from Peaks(F.). - I already thought that if I don’t argue with the old man at this decisive moment, then later it will be difficult for me to free myself from his guardianship (P.).

Thus, at the "meeting" of two subordinating unions (or a subordinating union and an allied word) comma between them is placed if the removal of the second subordinate part does not require the restructuring of the main part (practically - if the second part of the double union does not follow further then, so or but, the presence of which requires such a restructuring), and is not placed if the indicated second part of the double union follows.

Compare: (a comma is placed) The road seemed to lead to heaven because, as far as eyes could see, she kept rising(L.); ... He always felt the injustice of his excess in comparison with the poverty of the people and now he decided to himself, that, in order to feel completely right, he ... will now work even harder and allow himself even less luxury (L.T.); …It turned out, that although the doctor spoke very fluently and at length, it was in no way possible to convey what he said(L.T.); The bear fell in love with Nikita so much, that when he went somewhere, the beast sniffed the air anxiously(M.G.); I read before that when he heard the ringing of the bell on the front porch, he did not immediately understand who it was ringing and why(M.G.); Thus, the enemy creates for himself a situation in which which, if we are resolute and bold without hesitation, he himself will expose his main forces to defeat us(A.T.); This silent conversation of glances excited Lisa so much, that when she sat down at a table in the great hall, her eyes, not answering anyone, also spoke of embarrassment(Fed.); Finally he felt that he can no longer, that no force will move him from his place, and that if he sits down now, he will no longer get up (Pol.);

(comma not included) Sobakevich ... in a quarter of an hour with a little drove him[sturgeon] Total, so that when the chief of police remembered him, he saw that only one tail remained from the work of nature (G.); Anton Prokofievich had, by the way, only pantaloons of such a strange quality, that when he put them on, the dogs always bit him on the calves (T.); The garden was followed by peasant huts, which, although they were lined up scattered and not enclosed in regular streets, showed the contentment of the inhabitants (T.); Hadji Murat sat down and said, that if they only send to the Lezgin line and give an army, then he guarantees that he will raise the whole of Dagestan(L.T.); The ferry moved with such slowness, that if it were not for the gradual delineation of its contours, then one would think that it stands in one place or goes to the other side (Ch.); The blind man knew that the sun is looking into the room and that if he stretches his hand out the window, then dew will fall from the bushes(Kor.); Who doesn't know that when a patient wants to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live(Shv.); That's why the locals are convinced that if it were possible to blow up the gorges on the padun and lower the level of the lake, then the banks would dry up and good grass would grow (Prishv.); But, probably, something has already happened in the world or something was happening at that time - fatal and irreparable, - because although it was still the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me a Roman villa(Cat.).

§ 36.2

There is no comma between comparative and subordinating conjunctions: Not so much because her mother told her, but because it was Konstantin's brother, for Kitty these faces suddenly seemed most unpleasant(L.T.); Report your observations not only when the testing of the machine begins, but also during the entire experiment; Article deserves attention both because the issues raised in it are relevant, and because they have been studied seriously and deeply.

§ 36.3

At the meeting" coordinating union and subordinating (or union word) comma between them is placed or not, depending on the conditions indicated above (clause 1). Wed:

(comma is placed) Grigory, scorched by his sudden and joyful determination, with difficulty restrained his horse and, when the last hundred, almost trampling Stepan, rushed past, jumped up to him(Sh.) - when withdrawing the subordinate part with the union when prepositional combination to him it becomes unclear, but structurally such an exception is possible, therefore a comma between the coordinating and subordinating conjunctions in such cases is usually placed; Mumu did not go to the master's house and, when Gerasim carried firewood to the rooms, always stayed behind and waited impatiently for him at the porch(T.); Levin said goodbye to them, but, not to be alone clung to his brother(L.T.);

(comma not included) The woman's feet were burned and barefoot, and when she said then with her hand she raked warm dust to the inflamed feet, as if trying to soothe the pain with this(Sim.) - when withdrawing or rearranging the subordinate part with the union when next to the words and ... that; On a cold night ... the boy knocked on unfamiliar houses, asking where Oznobishin lived, and if dead silence did not answer him, then there was a quarrelsome shout or a suspicious interrogation(Fed.); Nikolai Nikolayevich tries to walk beside him, but as he gets confused between the trees and stumbles, then he often has to catch up with his companion skipping(Cupr.); He looked sadly around, and he felt unbearably sorry for the sky, and the earth, and the forest, and when the highest note of the flute swept long through the air and trembled like the voice of a weeping man, he became extremely bitter and offended by the disorder that had been replaced in nature(Ch.) - after an opposing union a the comma in these cases, as a rule, is not put, even if the second part of the double union does not follow then, since neither the removal nor the rearrangement of the subordinate part is possible without the restructuring of the main part; The sounds gradually died away, and the farther we went from home, the more deaf and dead it became around(M.G.) - union and attaches a whole complex sentence; He left a long time ago and where is he now no one knows - union and joins a whole complex sentence.

§ 36.4

At the "meeting" of the connecting union and and a subordinating union, the following cases are possible:

1) comma put only before the union and(regardless of whether it connects homogeneous members of the sentence, independent proposals or subordinate clauses), if the clause is followed by the second clause of the double conjunction how or but(in this case union and joins a whole complex sentence): He wore dark glasses, sweatshirt, ears pawned cotton wool, and when he got into a cab, he ordered raise the top(Ch.) - union and connects homogeneous members of the sentence; Occasionally a small snowflake stuck to the outside of the glass, and if you look closely, you could see her thinnest crystal structure (Paust.) - union and connects simple sentences; The doctor said, that the patient needs rest, and if we don't want to disturb him, then must leave the room- union and connects subordinate subordinate parts; Please find out whether the reviewer read the manuscript, and if you read what is his opinion of her - union and connects subordinated with subordinate parts;

2) comma placed only after union and, if it connects two homogeneous member sentences or two subordinate clauses and the second part of the double union does not follow: He thought to surprise her with his generosity, but she even did not lead and when he turned away from her, contemptuously grimaced her clenched lips(T.); Apparently, in his own words attached it is of no small value, and, in order to aggravate their price, tried pronounce them loudly(Ch.); It turned out, that the manuscript has not yet been finalized and, until more work is done on it, you can’t put it in a set;

3) comma put before the union and, and after it if it connects two simple sentences(moreover, the second part of the double union does not follow the subordinate clause): Gulyaev was a strong man, and, when he returned to the Urals, behind him stretched the brilliant glory of a millionaire(M.-S.); For some reason, they said about him that he was a wonderful artist, and, when his mother died his grandmother sent him to Moscow, to the Komissarov School(Ch.); This newborn gentleman especially annoyed Samghin, and, if Klim Ivanovich were capable of hating, he would hate him(M.G.); ... In my head it became easier, clearer, everything somehow thickened, and, while this condensation was going on in the head, it's quieter outside too.(M.G.); She looked at the calmly beautiful Elizaveta Mikhailovna with large tender eyes, and, when she caressed her with a soft and tender hand, her heart skipped a beat(S.-SH.); Liza went to the deserted square, and, when her legs began to fall heavily from the round bald heads of the cobblestones, she remembered how she returned to this square on a sunny day after the first meeting with Tsvetukhin(Fed.); A frisky wind from the sea blew the sails, and, when the sun rose, and the city walls were left behind the stern of the last plow, a loud song spilled over the expanse of the Volga(Evil.); And the woman kept talking and talking about her misfortunes, and, although her words were familiar, Saburov's heart suddenly ached from them(Sim.); On the turns the sled was thrown to the shores, and, so that it does not break on sharp stones sticking out from under the snow, Alitete pushed off with his feet(Sem.).

§ 36.5

The placement of a comma between the connecting union (at the beginning of the sentence, after the dot) and the subordinating union following it depends on the meaning of the union:

1) usually after union and no comma: And when Levinson, having completed all his daily tasks, finally gave the order to march,- there was such jubilation in the detachment, as if with this order all sorts of ordeals actually ended(F.); And although the weather has improved considerably, the danger of drought has not passed; AND instead of turn right, by mistake went straight;

2) after the union a The comma is also omitted: And when the sun rose, a view of the snowy peak opened before us; And if believe the reports of weather forecasters, warming should come tomorrow;

3) after the union but comma not put in the absence of a pause between unions and put if a pause is made; compare: But when he, leaning on a stick, got out of the staff bus to the square ... and, not waiting to be hugged, he himself began to hug and kiss everyone who fell into his arms, something pinched in the wound(Paul); But if even the enemy managed to repulse the attackers, the infantry again rushed to the attack(Sim.);

4) after the union but comma usually set: However, if circumstances require it, I will not stand aside.

§ 37. Semicolon in a complex sentence

If homogeneous clauses of a complex sentence are common, especially if there are commas inside them, then a comma can be placed between such clauses instead of a comma semicolon: What was he thinking about? That he was poor; that by labor he had to give himself both independence and honor; that God could give him brains and money; that there are such idle lucky ones, of a narrow-minded mind, sloths, for whom life is much easier(P.); Davydov felt a little sad because so much had changed there now; that now he would no longer be able to sit all night long at the drawings; that now they seem to have forgotten about him(Sh.).

§ 38. Dash in a complex sentence

§ 38.1

Dash is set for the intonational separation of the main part of a complex sentence from the subordinate clause. Most often dash used when the main part is preceded by:

1) subordinate explanatory: How did he get here - he couldn't understand it.(G.); As the teacher said I listened at the window for a long time(Pl.); Of course, it's good that he's married to her, how will they live - who knows(M.G.); Why did he torture her? - she never asked; He will come, but when - I do not know(cf. with a different order of parts: I do not know when he will come) They left but where - did not say; A here to admit your guilt in front of everyone - the spirit is not enough; Did she reply to his letter or not - he never found out; That he is a man who knows - fact; There were some new rumors about him, but what kind - unknown; Who doesn't love art - or callous soul, or deaf to everything beautiful; How to be in such cases - radio listeners ask;

2) conditional clause (usually with unions whether ... whether, whether ... or): Will someone ask what - shut up(P.); Whether the head thinks, whether the heart feels, or hands overturn glasses - everything is covered with equal splashes(G.); Looked into the distance, will I look at you - and in the heart some kind of light will light up(Fet); Did Judas realize that it was a stone and not bread, or did he not - it's a moot point(S.-SH.);

3) subordinate concession: Let them tyrannize as they wish, even if they take the skin off the living - I will not give up my will(S.-SH.); No matter how much you look at the sea - it will never get tired(Cat.).

§ 38.2

Conditions Favoring Setting dash:

1) parallelism of the structure of a complex sentence: Whether the plowman sings a song in the distance - a long song takes over the heart; Will the forest begin - pine and aspen(N.); Whoever is cheerful - he laughs, whoever wants - he will achieve, who is looking for - he will always find!(OK.); If someone comes, I rejoice, if no one looks in, I don’t grieve either; What was - is known, what will be - no one knows;

2) incompleteness of the composition of the sentence in the subordinate part: Some ask why there was a delay in resolving the issue, others - why did it come into being at all? third - why other questions are not considered along the way; He is a good person, sorry. - drunkard; I answered something that - I myself do not remember;

3) the presence of words this, here: That she is an honest nature - it's clear to me(T.); When a fly obtrusively curls before your eyes- uh it's unpleasant but when a mosquito blows relentlessly over your ear at night - it's just unbearable; What is wonderful about this forest - is that it is all made of pines; Where is he now, what is he doing - here are the questions I couldn't get answers to; And that he was smart - you can believe me; What did he find in her? - it's his business;

4) listing of accessory parts: If you are not confident in yourself, if you do not have the courage - refuse; Around people and who came for what, who cares - dont clear; A what was going on in this chaos of things, how he understood it - the mind is incomprehensible; He is to show that he knows all this and agrees with everything, that he is far from any doubt - immediately offered his services;

5) an abundance of commas, against which the dash acts as a more expressive sign: But we have gained experience, and for experience, as they say, no matter how much you pay, you will not overpay;

6) intonational separation of the main part from the subordinate clause following it: You ask - why did I go for it?; Are you sure - is it necessary?;

7) between subordinate clauses, if the opposite conjunction or the second part of the comparative conjunction is omitted: Artistry lies in the fact that each word is not only in place - so that it is necessary, inevitable and that there are as few words as possible(Black).

§ 39. Colon in a complex sentence

Colon is placed before the subordinating conjunction in those rare cases when the preceding main part of the complex sentence contains a special warning about the subsequent clarification (a long pause is made at this point and you can insert the words namely):And, having done this, I felt that the result was the desired one: that he was touched and she was touched(L.T.); Hadji Murat was sitting next to him in the room and, although he did not understand what they were saying, he understood what he needed to understand: that they were arguing about him.(L.T.); Now that their military duty had been fulfilled, when they had brought clarity to the confusing situation of the bay, when the most important task had been secured, they thought about what so far none of them had even thought: that they were saved, that they did not drown, that in this vast night sea they would not slip past a tiny boat anchored(Inc.); I am afraid of one thing: that the overwork of our people will not be reflected in their work in caring for the wounded.(Pan.); Every day it became more and more obvious that the idea that the Americans themselves expressed to us more than once: that newspapers in the USA are not yet public opinion.(gas.).

§ 40. Comma and dash in a complex sentence

Comma and dash as a single sign are placed in a complex sentence:

1) before the main part, which is preceded by a series of homogeneous subordinate clauses, if the division of a complex sentence into two parts is emphasized (a long pause is made before the main part): Who is to blame among them, who is right, is not for us to judge.(Cr.); Did Stoltz do anything for this, what he did and how he did it - we do not know.(Good.); How many of them there were in total, these people, whether they came here by chance, how long they will stay here - I cannot tell you this,

2) before the word that is repeated in the subordinate part, in order to connect with it the further part of the same sentence: Now, as a judicial investigator, Ivan Ilyich felt that without exception, the most important, self-satisfied people, everything was in his hands.(L.T.). The same when repeating the word in the main part: AND thought, that he can be guided by this interest, that in order to sell this timber he will seek reconciliation with his wife - this thought insulted him(L.T.); A life which began (so miraculously in the memories) with a huge church porch ... and the voice of my mother, in which the familiar flinty path shone a thousand times and the star spoke to the star - this a life with each hour filled with a new, ever new meaning(Cat.).

In other cases dash is placed after a comma that closes the subordinate part, to enhance punctuation, when the structure is “breaking”, before the word it etc.: Once I asked myself: what if he comes back, suddenly comes to you - will you be happy?; The best thing he could do was to leave in time; What was this case in which there was so much obscurity, - this he could not remember; The only thing I like here is the old shady park; Even if I am mistaken, well, it is human nature to make mistakes; He fell silent, but not because he lacked words, he lacked breath; In embarrassment, he did not say what he thought - he uttered the first words that came to mind.