For what reason the Crimean Tatars were deported. Deportation of Crimean Tatars
Myths The great war... "Deportation" Crimean Tatars: facts of history versus facts of consciousness
Myths of the Great War. "Deportation" of Crimean Tatars: The Logic of War and the Cost of Punishment
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The Soviet leadership did this because in the conditions of the continuation of the war on its territory I.V. Stalin did not consider it necessary and possible to pursue and destroy thousands of Tatar "renegades"; chase them through the mountains and forests; to catch and deal with everyone, losing their people, condemning local residents to new suffering, spending resources, time, efforts on a tiring, exhausting struggle for the country, which could drag on for many years. The decision was different. It did not provide for deportation, which would mean expulsion from the USSR, but forcible resettlement of the Tatars to those areas where their adaptation would take place as quickly and sparingly as possible, without provoking new religious and ethnic strife, and would not threaten the country's security.
In fact, this resettlement in Crimea removed the inevitable clash between the Tatars and the rest of the Crimeans (including those returning home from the front), whose loved ones were destroyed by them during the occupation. How serious this was, we can judge by the events of 1943-1944 in southeastern Poland and western Ukraine (Polesie, Kholmshchyna, Eastern Galicia), where according to some sources about 100 thousand people died on both sides in clashes between Ukrainians and Poles. and hundreds of villages and villages were burned. Then, in order to avoid further bloodshed by the Polish government and Soviet Union carried out an "exchange" of the population, during which 810 thousand Poles were resettled to Poland and 483 thousand Ukrainians to the Ukrainian SSR, as well as about 40 thousand Czechs and Slovaks to Czechoslovakia. So the Tatars were actually saved from physical extermination and were given the opportunity to atone for their guilt, if possible.
In pursuance of this, on May 11, 1944, the State Defense Committee adopted a resolution "On the Crimean Tatars", which announced the decision to resettle them to Central Asia... It, in particular, said: “In the period Patriotic War many Crimean Tatars betrayed their homeland, deserted from the Red Army units defending the Crimea, and went over to the enemy's side, joining the volunteer Tatar military units formed by the Germans that fought against the Red Army; during the occupation of Crimea by fascist German troops, participating in German punitive detachments, the Crimean Tatars especially distinguished themselves by their brutal reprisals against Soviet partisans ... ”. How much this corresponds to reality, everyone can now judge for himself.
In addition to defining the general task, the State Defense Committee outlined the procedure and conditions for resettlement in detail. In accordance with this "special settlers were allowed to take personal belongings, clothes, household equipment, dishes, food in an amount of up to 500 kg per family". The rest of the property was described with the preparation of an appropriate document (so-called "exchange receipts") for subsequent compensation. For each train, a doctor and nurses were allocated “with an appropriate supply of medicines for medical and sanitary services for the special settlers on the way. To provide people with hot food and boiling water on the way, it was necessary to allocate products ... based on the daily rate for 1 person: bread 500 g, meat and fish 70 g, cereals 60 g, fat 10 g. " In places of resettlement, it was allowed to issue a loan of up to 5,000 rubles per family for the construction of housing and housekeeping in installments for 7 years. Immediately upon arrival, the adult special settlers were provided with work on state farms and at industrial enterprises. In addition, during June-August 1944, everyone received help with food (the norm per month per person: flour and vegetables - 8 kg each, cereals - 2 kg).
It is worth noting that “not all Crimean Tatars were subjected to forced eviction ... Members of the Crimean underground, Crimean Tatars who acted behind enemy lines in the interests of the Red Army and members of their families were exempted from the“ migrant status ”. Quite often requests to return to the Crimea and the Tatar front-line soldiers were satisfied. Tatar women who married Russians were not evicted either. Proposals for this were set out in the Report addressed to people's commissar internal affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria dated 1.08.1944 signed by V. Chernyshov and M. Kuznetsov ".
Upon completion of the resettlement in a telegram I.V. Stalin, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs L.P. It was reported to Beria that “all the Tatars arrived at the places of resettlement and settled in the regions of the Uzbek SSR - 151604 people, in the regions of the RSFSR - 31551 people. In the telegram of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek SSR Babzhanov to Beria, it was reported that 191 people died on the way of the trains with the Tatars to Uzbekistan.
Was this decision out of the ordinary? Hardly. This is evidenced by the already mentioned "exchange" of citizens between Poland and the USSR in 1944, as well as the "Vistula" operation carried out in Poland in April-August 1947 after a series of terrorist acts carried out by UPA fighters (Bandera) on its territory. As a result of this operation, local Ukrainians living in the southeastern part of Poland (Western Galicia, the so-called Kholmshchyna and Podlasie) were relocated to the Vistula regions where the Germans had previously lived. In addition, 14 million Germans were deported to Germany from the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland in 1945-1949. And this exile took place in such monstrous conditions that two million Germans died, including the elderly, women, children, in the "death marches" when they were driven in columns to Germany.
Now representatives of the Crimean Tatars say that up to 46% died on the way and in the first months after the resettlement. As if they were not in warm Central Asia, but in a fierce winter in besieged Leningrad. As if they had to winter cold to live in dilapidated unheated houses, receiving an eighth of the so-called. "Bread" (125 g) per day. Of course, the conditions in which the Crimean Tatars found themselves were difficult. At first there was nowhere to live. It was necessary to build first temporary huts, and only then permanent housing. The tragedy of the position of the Tatars was aggravated by the loss of their homeland, internal state"Exodus", exile. But otherwise, their living conditions were no worse than those of those millions Soviet people, who at the beginning of the war after the evacuation found themselves behind the Urals without housing, and upon returning to their native villages and cities after the war, they were forced to completely restore them.
It is trite, but everything is learned in comparison. And we need to compare the position of the Tatars not with today, but with what could be seen throughout the country during and immediately after the war. However, there is an example of the 90s: refugees from Chechnya who lived in tents for more than one year. It is very difficult to live in such conditions, but we did not observe any data on mass deaths of people in refugee camps. We did not observe it, because such a percentage of mortality, which is called by representatives of the Crimean Tatars, is possible only in the event of an organized physical destruction of people or a mass epidemic.
So, let's think: who suffered the most in this war? Who was it harder for? Who suffered more tragedy and gave more lives? And then we will have to admit that the description of the conditions for the resettlement of the Crimean Tatars, of course, are harsh, can hardly be compared with the hardships experienced by the Soviet people, who were forced to evacuate across the Urals in 1941, fleeing the rapidly advancing German troops. Then all their belongings fit in one or two suitcases or several duffel bags. Echelons going east were constantly bombed. Water and food, fuel were sorely lacking. And then there were the difficult everyday life of the rear. They had to live and work, both in the rain and in the bitter frost, in unheated rooms, or simply in tents, where the machines and equipment of the factories evacuated to the rear were located. To work, releasing products for the front, for adults and children, seven days a week for 12 hours a day. Work despite hunger, chronic sleep deprivation and hand-held cold. And people not only withstood, but also won. They won because they believed in their country and, in spite of everything, remained people, not allowing hatred to splash out on other peoples.
The socio-political structure of the Soviet Union, which, according to S.G. Kara-Murza "a system with negative feedback in relation to conflicts ...", where "when the contradiction aggravated, economic, ideological and even repressive mechanisms were automatically turned on, which resolved or suppressed the conflict," calming "the system" and not allowing some peoples to exterminate others.
Is it possible to consider after this the policy of resettlement of the Crimean Tatars as genocide, if in reality genocide means a course towards the destruction of the people, towards the systematic reduction of its number and social degradation? Can the actions of the authorities be considered genocide, if they were based on the option of removing an extremely tense problem, which was the most sparing for the war participants? Apparently not. But now everything looks different. And the "people who miraculously survived", returning to their homeland to establish their life here, considers the forced eviction from Crimea as a historical offense that gave advantages not to the "true owners of Crimea" - the Crimean Tatars, but to its "lodgers", as Crimean Tatars are often called Russian population of Crimea.
Something in this story was forgotten, something was not so remembered. Once again, history is used as an argument in today's struggle for power, territory and resources. In it, the Soviet Union continues to look like an "evil empire", and the violence used by the Soviet government appears to be initially "criminal, even in the most critical periods when government bodies were forced to solve urgent and extraordinary tasks in order to save many lives of citizens. " Why are these arguments still not perceived by many citizens of Ukraine and Russia? Apparently, this is due to the dominance of certain mythologies, the purpose of the emergence and functioning of which has not yet been completed.
So, even on the example of only one episode of the Great War, it is clear that the history of the 20th century has not yet been written, since many questions turned out to be much more complicated than it was previously thought by official historiography. And one of the most interesting and topical issues of this period concerns the understanding of the role of the “Muslim legions” of the Crimean Tatars in the Great Patriotic War, as well as the policy of Soviet power during the Great War in the context of both the logic of the System itself and the logic of war. Its modern analysis, in particular, shows how simplified and one-sided, and, therefore, extremely mythologized, was the presentation of information during the period of "perestroika", which went down in history under the slogans of demythologization and a return to historical truth. Then it was not very clear what was behind all this, and who was behind it. The secret springs of these processes had not yet emerged, the mechanism of their deployment was not entirely clear. But manifested in all their might in the last decade of the twentieth century after the victory of the United States in " cold war»The contours of globalization force us to perceive these processes as a small but very important component of the new Great Game. A game in which peoples will again be the object of politics and a means, and their historical grievances will be used in the struggle for world resources to separate them, weaken them as much as possible and submit to new victors, who expect that this will always be so.
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Image copyright Getty Image caption Every year in May, the Tatars celebrate the anniversary of the deportation. This year, the Russian authorities banned the rally in Simferopol
On May 18-20, 1944, by order from Moscow, the NKVD fighters drove almost the entire Tatar population of Crimea to the railway cars and sent 70 echelons towards Uzbekistan.
This is the forced eviction of the Tatars, who Soviet authority accused of collaborating with the Nazis, became one of the fastest carried out deportations in world history.
How did Tatars live in Crimea before deportation?
After the creation of the USSR in 1922, Moscow recognized the Crimean Tatars as the indigenous population of the Crimean ASSR as part of the indigenous policy.
In the 1920s, Tatars were allowed to develop their culture. Crimean Tatar newspapers, magazines were published in Crimea, educational institutions, museums, libraries and theaters.
The Crimean Tatar language, together with Russian, was official language autonomy. More than 140 village councils used it.
In the 1920s-1930s, Tatars accounted for 25-30% of the total population of Crimea.
However, in the 1930s, Soviet policy towards the Tatars, as well as other nationalities of the USSR, became repressive.
Image copyright hatira.ru Image caption Crimean Tatar State Ensemble "Khaitarma". Moscow, 1935First, dispossession of kulaks and the eviction of the Tatars to the north of Russia and beyond the Urals began. Then came the forced collectivization, the Holodomor of 1932-33 and the purges of the intelligentsia in 1937-1938.
This turned many Crimean Tatars against the Soviet regime.
When did the deportation take place?
The main phase of the forced resettlement took place within less than three days, starting at dawn on May 18, 1944 and ending at 16:00 on May 20.
In total, 238.5 thousand people were deported from Crimea - almost the entire Crimean Tatar population.
For this, the NKVD attracted more than 32 thousand soldiers.
What caused the deportation?
The official reason for the forced resettlement was the accusation of the entire Crimean Tatar people of high treason, "the mass destruction of Soviet people" and collaboration - cooperation with the Nazi invaders.
Such arguments were contained in the decision of the State Defense Committee on deportation, which appeared a week before the start of the evictions.
However, historians name other, unofficial reasons for the resettlement. Among them is the fact that the Crimean Tatars historically had close ties with Turkey, which the USSR at that time viewed as a potential rival.
Image copyright hatira.ru Image caption Spouses in the Urals, 1953In the plans of the USSR, Crimea was a strategic springboard in case of a possible conflict with Turkey, and Stalin wanted to play it safe from possible "saboteurs and traitors", whom he considered Tatars.
This theory is supported by the fact that other Muslim ethnic groups were also resettled from the Caucasian regions adjacent to Turkey: Chechens, Ingush, Karachais and Balkars.
Did the Tatars support the Nazis?
From nine to 20 thousand Crimean Tatars served in the anti-Soviet military units formed by the German authorities, historian Jonathan Otto Paul writes.
Some of them sought to protect their villages from Soviet partisans, who, according to the testimony of the Tatars themselves, often persecuted them on a national basis.
Other Tatars joined the German troops because they were captured by the Nazis and wanted to alleviate the difficult conditions in the POW camps in Simferopol and Nikolaev.
At the same time, 15% of the adult male Crimean Tatar population fought on the side of the Red Army. During the deportation, they were demobilized and sent to labor camps in Siberia and the Urals.
In May 1944, most of those who served in the German units retreated to Germany. Mostly wives and children who remained on the peninsula were deported.
How did the forced resettlement take place?
NKVD officers entered the Tatar dwellings and announced to the owners that because of treason they were being evicted from the Crimea.
They were given 15-20 minutes to collect things. Officially, each family had the right to take with them up to 500 kg of luggage, but in reality they were allowed to take much less, and sometimes nothing at all.
Image copyright memory.gov.ua Image caption Mari ASSR. Logging team. 1950People were taken by trucks to railway stations. From there, almost 70 echelons with tightly closed boxcars crowded with people were sent to the east.
During the move, about eight thousand people died, most of whom were children and the elderly. The most common causes of death are thirst and typhus.
Some people, unable to bear the suffering, went crazy. All the property left in Crimea after the Tatars was appropriated by the state.
Where were the Tatars deported to?
Most of the Tatars were sent to Uzbekistan and neighboring regions of Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. Small groups of people ended up in the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Urals and the Kostroma Region of Russia.
What were the consequences of the deportation for the Tatars?
In the first three years after the resettlement, according to various estimates, from 20 to 46% of all deportees died of hunger, exhaustion and disease.
Among those who died in the first year, almost half are children under 16 years of age.
Due to lack of clean water, poor hygiene and lack of medical care malaria, yellow fever, dysentery and other diseases spread among the deportees.
Image copyright hatira.ru Image caption Alime Ilyasova (right) with a friend, whose name is unknown. Early 1940sThe newcomers did not have natural immunity against many local ailments.
What status did they have in Uzbekistan?
The overwhelming majority of Crimean Tatars were transported to the so-called special settlements - surrounded by armed guards, checkpoints and fenced with barbed wire, the territories were more like labor camps than settlements of civilians.
The newcomers were cheap labor, they were used to work on collective farms, state farms and industrial enterprises.
In Uzbekistan, they cultivated cotton fields, worked in mines, construction sites, factories and factories. Among the hard work was the construction of the Farhad hydroelectric power station.
In 1948, Moscow recognized the Crimean Tatars as life-long settlers. Those who, without the permission of the NKVD, went outside their special settlement, for example, to visit relatives, were in danger of 20 years of imprisonment. There were such cases.
Even before the deportation, propaganda incited hatred of the Crimean Tatars among local residents, stigmatizing them as traitors and enemies of the people.
According to the historian Greta Lynn Ugling, the Uzbeks were told that "cyclops" and "cannibals" were coming to them, and they were advised to stay away from the newcomers.
After the deportation, some local residents felt the heads of the newcomers to check that they did not grow horns.
Later, upon learning that the Crimean Tatars were of the same faith, the Uzbeks were surprised.
Children of immigrants could receive education in Russian or Uzbek, but not in Crimean Tatar.
By 1957, all publications in Crimean Tatar were banned. Out of the Bolshoi Soviet encyclopedia withdrew an article about the Crimean Tatars.
This nationality was also banned from entering in the passport.
What has changed in Crimea without the Tatars?
After the Tatars, as well as Greeks, Bulgarians and Germans were evicted from the peninsula, in June 1945 Crimea ceased to be an autonomous republic and became a region within the RSFSR.
The southern regions of Crimea, where the Crimean Tatars used to live predominantly, have become empty.
For example, according to official data, only 2,600 residents remained in the Alushta region, and 2200 in the Balaklava region. Subsequently, people from Ukraine and Russia began to be resettled here.
"Toponymic repressions" were carried out on the peninsula - most of the cities, villages, mountains and rivers, which had Crimean Tatar, Greek or German names, received new Russian names. Exceptions include Bakhchisarai, Dzhankoy, Ishun, Saki and Sudak.
The Soviet government destroyed Tatar monuments, burned manuscripts and books, including volumes of Lenin and Marx, translated into Crimean Tatar.
Cinemas and shops were opened in mosques.
When were Tatars allowed to return to Crimea?
The regime of special settlements for Tatars existed until the era of Khrushchev's de-Stalinization - the second half of the 1950s. Then the Soviet government softened the living conditions for them, but did not drop the charges of high treason.
In the 1950s-1960s, the Tatars fought for their right to return to their historical homeland, including through demonstrations in Uzbek cities.
Image copyright hatira.ru Image caption Osman Ibrish with his wife Alime. Settlement Kibray, Uzbekistan, 1971In 1968, the occasion of one of these actions was Lenin's birthday. The authorities dispersed the rally.
Gradually, the Crimean Tatars managed to achieve the expansion of their rights, but the informal, but no less strict ban on their return to Crimea was in effect until 1989.
Over the next four years, half of all Crimean Tatars who then lived in the USSR returned to the peninsula - 250 thousand people.
The return of the indigenous population to Crimea was difficult and was accompanied by land conflicts with local residents who managed to settle in the new land. Still, major confrontations were avoided.
The annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014 became a new challenge for the Crimean Tatars. Some of them left the peninsula due to persecution.
Others were banned by the Russian authorities themselves from entering Crimea, including the leaders of the Crimean Tatars Mustafa Dzhemilev and Refat Chubarov.
Does the deportation have signs of genocide?
Some researchers and dissidents believe that the deportation of Tatars is in line with the UN definition of genocide.
They argue that the Soviet government intended to destroy the Crimean Tatars as an ethnic group and was purposefully moving towards this goal.
In 2006, the Kurultai of the Crimean Tatar people appealed to the Verkhovna Rada with a request to recognize the deportation as genocide.
Despite this, in most historical works and diplomatic documents, the forced resettlement of the Crimean Tatars is now called deportation, not genocide.
In the Soviet Union, the term "resettlement" was used.
Deportation of Crimean Tatars to Last year The Great Patriotic War was a mass eviction of local residents of the Crimea to a number of regions of the Uzbek SSR, Kazakh SSR, Mari ASSR and other republics of the Soviet Union.
This happened immediately after the liberation of the peninsula from the Nazi invaders. The official reason for the action was the criminal assistance of many thousands of Tatars to the invaders.
Collaborators of Crimea
The eviction was carried out under the control of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in May 1944. The order for the deportation of the Tatars, allegedly part of the collaborationist groups during the occupation of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, was signed by Stalin shortly before that, on May 11. Beria substantiated the reasons:
Desertion of 20 thousand Tatars from the army during the period 1941-1944;
- the unreliability of the Crimean population, especially pronounced in the border areas;
- a threat to the security of the Soviet Union due to collaborationist actions and anti-Soviet sentiments of the Crimean Tatars;
- the hijacking of 50 thousand civilians to Germany with the assistance of the Crimean Tatar committees.
In May 1944, the government of the Soviet Union did not yet have all the figures regarding the real situation in Crimea. After the defeat of Hitler and the calculation of the losses, it became known that 85.5 thousand newly minted "slaves" of the Third Reich were actually driven to Germany only from among the civilian population of Crimea.
Almost 72 thousand were executed with the direct participation of the so-called "Noises". Schuma - auxiliary police, and in fact - punitive Crimean Tatar battalions, subordinate to the Nazis. Of these 72 thousand, 15 thousand communists were brutally tortured in the largest concentration camp in Crimea, the former collective farm "Red".
Main charges
After the retreat, the Nazis took some of the collaborators with them to Germany. Subsequently, a special SS regiment was formed from among them. The other part (5,381 people) were arrested by the Chekists after the liberation of the peninsula. During the arrests, many weapons were seized. The government feared an armed rebellion of the Tatars because of their proximity to Turkey (the latter was expected to be drawn into the war with the communists by Hitler).
According to the research of the Russian scientist, professor of history Oleg Romanko, during the war, 35 thousand Crimean Tatars helped the Nazis in one way or another: they served in the German police, participated in executions, extradited communists, etc. For this, even distant relatives of traitors were entitled to exile and confiscation of property.
The main argument in favor of the rehabilitation of the Crimean Tatar population and its return to their historical homeland was that the deportation was actually carried out not on the basis of the real deeds of specific people, but on a national basis.
Even those who did not contribute to the fascists were sent into exile. At the same time, 15% of Tatar men fought alongside other Soviet citizens in the Red Army. In the partisan detachments, 16% were Tatars. Their families were also deported. This mass character reflected Stalin's fears that the Crimean Tatars might succumb to pro-Turkish sentiments, revolt and find themselves on the side of the enemy.
The government wanted to eliminate the threat from the south as quickly as possible. The eviction was carried out urgently, in freight cars. On the way, many died due to cramped conditions, lack of food and drinking water. In total, about 190 thousand Tatars were deported from Crimea during the war years. 191 Tartars died during transportation. Another 16 thousand died in new places of residence from the mass starvation in 1946-1947.
The forced eviction of the Crimean Tatar population took place on May 18, 1944. It was on this day that the employees of the punitive body of the NKVD came to the Crimean Tatar houses and announced to the owners that because of treason they would be evicted from Crimea. By order of Stalin, hundreds of thousands of families were sent in trains to Central Asia. During the period of forced deportation, about half of the displaced persons died, a third of them were children under 14 years old.
Therefore, Ukrinform infographics dedicated to the memory of the victims of the genocide-deportation of the Crimean Tatar people from Crimea.
Spring 1944: chronology of events
April 8-13 - the operation of the Soviet troops to expel the Nazi occupiers from the territory of the Crimean Peninsula;
April 22 - in a memo addressed to Lavrenty Beria, Crimean Tatars were accused of mass desertion from the ranks of the Red Army;
May 10 - Beria, in a letter to Stalin, proposed to evict the Crimean Tatar population to Uzbekistan, citing the accusation of “treacherous actions of the Crimean Tatars against Soviet people"And" undesirability of further residence of the Crimean Tatars on the border outskirts of the Soviet Union ";
May 11 - a secret resolution of the State Defense Committee No. 5859ss "On the Crimean Tatars" was adopted. In it, unfounded claims were made against the Crimean Tatar population - such as mass betrayal and mass collaborationism - which became the justification for deportation. In fact, there is no evidence of the "mass desertion" of the Crimean Tatars.
"Detatarization" of Crimea by the punitive organs of the NKVD:
32 thousand employees of the NKVD were involved in the operation;
the deported were given from several minutes to half an hour to collect;
it was allowed to take with you personal belongings, dishes, household equipment and provisions in the calculation of up to 500 kg per family (in fact, 20-30 kg of things and food);
the Crimean Tatar population was sent to the places of exile in echelons under escort;
the property left behind was confiscated by the state.
The number of Crimean Tatar population deported from Crimea:
183 thousand people in the general special settlement;
6 thousand in the reserve management camps;
6 thousand to the GULAG;
5 thousand special contingents for the Moscow Coal Trust;
only 200 thousand people.
Also among the adult special settlers were 2,882 Russians, Ukrainians, Gypsies, Karaites and representatives of other nationalities.
Geography of Kyryml settlement:
More than 2/3 of the evicted Crimean Tatars were sent to the Uzbek SSR. The first 7 echelons with the displaced persons arrived in Uzbekistan on June 1, 1944, the next day - 24; June 5 - 44; June 7 - 54 echelons. All of them were sent to Tashkent region - 56 thousand 641, Samarkand region - 31 thousand 604, Andijan region - 19 thousand 773, Fergana region - 16 thousand, Namangan region - 13 thousand 431, Kashkadarya region - 10 thousand, Bukhara region - 4 thousand. human.
In total, 35 thousand 275 families of Crimean Tatars were deported to the Uzbek SSR.
Crimean Tatars also arrived in the Kazakh SSR - 2 thousand 426 people, the Bashkir ASSR - 284, the Yakut ASSR - 93 people, in the Gorky region of Russia - 2 thousand 376 people, as well as Molotovskaya - 10 thousand, Sverdlovsk - 3 thousand 591 people, Ivankovskaya - 548, Kostroma region - 6 thousand 338 people.
According to researchers, the human losses during the transportation of the Crimean Tatars by echelons to the east amounted to 7 thousand 889 people. In the certificate on the movement of Crimean special settlers in 1944-1946, it was noted that in the first period, 44 thousand 887 people died among them, that is, 19.6%.
Consequences of deportation
The deportation led to disastrous consequences for the Crimean Tatars in the places of exile. A significant number of the deported (estimated - from 15 to 46%) died of hunger and disease in the very first winter of 1944-45.
As a result of the deportation, the Crimean Tatars were confiscated: more than 80 thousand houses, more than 34 thousand homestead houses, about 500 thousand head of livestock, all food supplies, seeds, seedlings, feed for domestic animals, building materials, tens of thousands of tons of agricultural products. 112 private libraries, 646 in primary schools and 221 in secondary schools were liquidated. In villages, 360 reading rooms ceased to operate, in cities and regional centers - more than 9 thousand schools and 263 clubs. Mosques were closed in Evpatoria, Bakhchisarai, Sevastopol, Feodosia, Black Sea and in many villages.
On the eve of the war, Crimean Tatars made up less than one fifth of the population of the peninsula. Here is the 1939 census data 1:
Nevertheless, the Tatar minority was not in the least infringed on its rights in relation to the "Russian-speaking" population. Quite the opposite. State languages The Crimean ASSR was Russian and Tatar. The basis administrative division the national principle was established in the autonomous republic: in 1930, national village councils were created: 207 Russians, 144 Tatar, 37 German, 14 Jewish, 9 Bulgarian, 8 Greek, 3 Ukrainian, Armenian and Estonian - 2. In addition, national areas. In 1930, there were 7 such districts: 5 Tatar (Sudak, Alushta, Bakhchisarai, Yalta and Balaklava), 1 German (Biyuk-Onlarsky, later Telmansky) and 1 Jewish (Freidorf) 2 In all schools, children of ethnic minorities studied in their own native language... After the start of the Great Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars were drafted into the Red Army. However, their service was short-lived. We will quote the memo of the deputy. People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR B.Z. Kobulov and deputy. People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR I.A. Serov in the name of L.P. Beria, dated April 22, 1944:
"... All those drafted into the Red Army numbered 90 thousand people, including 20 thousand Crimean Tatars ... 20 thousand Crimean Tatars deserted in 1941 from the 51st Army when it retreated from the Crimea ..." 3
Thus, the desertion of the Crimean Tatars from the Red Army was almost universal. This is confirmed by the data for individual settlements. So, in the village of Koush, out of 132 drafted into the Red Army in 1941, 120 people deserted 4.
Then the subservience to the German invaders began.
"From the very first days of their arrival, the Germans, relying on the Tatar-nationalists, without robbing their property openly, as they did with the Russian population, tried to provide good relationship to the local population "5, - wrote the head of the 5th partisan district Krasnikov.
Already in December 1941, the German command began to organize the so-called "Muslim committees". Under the leadership of the Germans, armed "self-defense" detachments began to form. Many Tatars were used as guides for punitive detachments against partisans. Separate detachments were sent to the Kerch Front and partly to the Sevastopol sector of the front, where they participated in battles against the Red Army. But most of all they became famous for the massacres of the civilian population. Here it is appropriate to recall one of the main arguments of the defenders of the "repressed peoples":
"The accusation of betrayal, really committed by individual groups of Crimean Tatars, was unfoundedly extended to the entire Crimean Tatar people."
Say, not all Tatars served the Germans, but only "separate groups", while others were partisans at that time. However, there was also an anti-Hitler underground in Germany, so now the Germans should be recorded as our allies in World War II? Let's look at specific numbers. Let's turn to the data of N.F.Bugai himself:
"In subdivisions German army stationed in the Crimea, consisted, according to rough data, more than 20 thousand Crimean Tatars "7
.That is, taking into account the information given in the note cited above by Kobulov and Serov, almost all of the Crimean Tatar population of draft age. It is indicative that this unseemly circumstance is actually recognized in a very characteristic edition ("The book is a documentary historical background held in Russian Federation measures for the rehabilitation of abused and punished peoples "8).
And how many Crimean Tatars were there among the partisans? As of June 1, 1943, there were 262 people in the Crimean partisan detachments, including 145 Russians, 67 Ukrainians and ... 6 Tatars 9. As of January 15, 1944, according to the party archives of the Crimean Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, there were 3,733 partisans in Crimea, including Russians - 1944, Ukrainians - 348, Tatars - 598 10. Finally, according to the certificate on the party, nationality and age composition of the Crimean partisans in April 1944, among the partisans there were: Russians - 2075, Tatars - 391, Ukrainians - 356, Belarusians - 71, others - 754 11.
So, even if we take the maximum of the given figures - 598, then the ratio of Tatars in the German army and among the partisans will be more than 30 to 1. It is also very interesting to read the newspaper Azat Crimea (Liberated Crimea), published in the occupied Crimea since 1942 to 1944. Here are some 12 characteristic excerpts:
03.03.1942 g.
After our brothers-Germans crossed the historic moat at the gates of Perekop, the great sun of freedom and happiness rose for the peoples of Crimea.
03/10/1942
Alushta. At a meeting hosted by the Muslim committee, Muslims expressed their gratitude to the Great Fuhrer Adolf Hitler-Effendi for the free life given to them to the Muslim people. Then they arranged a service for the preservation of life and health for many years to Adolf Hitler Effendi.
In the same issue:
Great Hitler - the liberator of all peoples and religions! 2 thousand Tatars der. Kokkozy (now the village of Sokolinoe, Bakhchisarai district) and its environs gathered for a prayer service ... in honor of the German soldiers. We created a prayer for the German war martyrs ... The entire Tatar people every minute prays and asks Allah to grant the Germans victory over the whole world. Oh, great leader, we tell you from the bottom of our hearts, from our whole being, believe us! We Tatars give our word to fight the herd of Jews and Bolsheviks together with German soldiers in the same row! .. May the Lord thank you, our great Mr. Hitler!
03/20/1942
Together with the glorious German brothers who arrived in time to liberate the world of the East, we, the Crimean Tatars, declare to the whole world that we have not forgotten Churchill's solemn promises in Washington, his desire to revive the Jewish rule in Palestine, his desire to destroy Turkey, seize Istanbul and the Dardanelles , raise an uprising in Turkey and Afghanistan, etc. etc. The East is waiting for its liberator not from the lying democrats and swindlers, but from the National Socialist Party and from the liberator Adolf Hitler. We have made an oath to make sacrifices for such a sacred and brilliant task.
04/10/1942
From the message to A. Hitler, received at the prayer service for more than 500 Muslims of the city of Karasubazar.
Our liberator! Only thanks to you, your help and thanks to the courage and dedication of your troops, we were able to open our houses of prayer and perform prayers in them. Now there is not and cannot be such a force that would separate us from the German people and from you. The Tatar people swore an oath and gave their word, having signed up as volunteers in the ranks of the German troops, hand in hand with your troops to fight against the enemy to the last drop of blood. Your victory is the victory of the entire Muslim world. We pray to God for the health of your troops and ask God to give you, the great liberator of nations, long years of life. You are now the liberator, the leader of the Muslim world - Adolf Hitler Gaza.
In the same issue:
The liberator of the oppressed peoples, the son of the German people, Adolf Hitler.
We, Muslims, with the arrival of the valiant sons of Great Germany in Crimea, with your blessing and in memory of long-term friendship, have become shoulder to shoulder with the German people, took up arms and began to fight to the last drop of blood for the great universal human ideas put forward by you - the destruction of the red Jew- the Bolshevik plague to the end and without a trace.
Our ancestors came from the East, and we were waiting for liberation from there, but today we are witnessing that liberation comes to us from the West. Perhaps for the first and only time in history it happened that the sun of freedom rose from the west. This sun is you, our great friend and leader, with your mighty German people.
Presidium of the Muslim Committee.
As we can see, Gorbachev's notorious " common human values"was a worthy predecessor.
After the liberation of Crimea Soviet troops the hour of reckoning has come.
The organs of the NKVD and the NKGB are carrying out work in Crimea to identify and remove the enemy's agents, traitors to the Motherland, accomplices of the German fascist invaders and other anti-Soviet elements.
As of May 7 this year. 5381 such persons were arrested.
5995 rifles, 337 machine guns, 250 submachine guns, 31 mortars and a large number of grenades and rifle cartridges ...
By 1944, over 20 thousand Tatars had deserted from the units of the Red Army, who betrayed their Motherland, went into the service of the Germans and fought with arms in their hands against the Red Army ...
Taking into account the treacherous actions of the Crimean Tatars against the Soviet people and proceeding from the undesirability of further residence of the Crimean Tatars on the border outskirts of the Soviet Union, the NKVD of the USSR submits for your consideration a draft decision of the State Defense Committee on the eviction of all Tatars from the territory of Crimea.
We consider it expedient to resettle the Crimean Tatars as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR for use in work both in agriculture - collective farms, state farms, and in industry and construction.
The question of the resettlement of the Tatars in the Uzbek SSR was coordinated with the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Uzbekistan, comrade Yusupov.
According to preliminary data, currently there are 140-160 thousand Tatar population in Crimea. The eviction operation will begin on May 20-21 and end on June 1. At the same time, I present a draft resolution of the State Defense Committee, I ask for your decision.
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR
L. Beria
Project
Resolution
State Defense Committee 14
May 1944
GKO decides:
1. All Tatars to be evicted from the territory of the Crimea and to settle them for permanent residence as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR. The eviction shall be entrusted to the NKVD of the USSR. To oblige the NKVD of the USSR (Comrade Beria) to complete the eviction of the Crimean Tatars by June 1, 1944.
2. Establish the following procedure and conditions for eviction:
a) Allow the special settlers to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in an amount of up to 500 kg per family.
Remaining property, buildings, outbuildings, furniture and household land are accepted local authorities authorities; all productive and dairy cattle, as well as poultry are accepted by the People's Commissariat for Meat Production; all agricultural products - by the People's Commissariat of the USSR; horses and other draft animals - by the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs; pedigree cattle - by the USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture.
Acceptance of livestock, grain, vegetables and other types of agricultural products shall be carried out with an extract of exchange receipts for each settlement and each farm.
To instruct the NKVD of the USSR, the People's Commissariat for Agriculture, the People's Commissariat of the Ministry of Health, the People's Commissariat for State Farm and the People's Commissariat of the USSR from July 1 to submit to the Council of People's Commissars proposals on the procedure for returning the livestock, poultry, agricultural products received from them to the special settlers on exchange receipts.
b) To organize reception from the special settlers of the property, cattle, grain and agricultural products left by them in the places of eviction, send a commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR to the place: the chairman of the commission comrade Gritsenko (deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR) and members of the commission - comrade. Krestyaninov (member of the board of the USSR People's Commissariat for Land), Comrade Nadyarnykh (member of the board of the NKM and MP), comrade Pustovalov (member of the collegium of the USSR People's Commissariat for Agriculture), comrade Kabanov (Deputy People's Commissar of State Farms of the USSR), Comrade Gusev (member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR).
To oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Benediktova), the People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Subbotin), the People's Commissariat of Education and the MP (Comrade Smirnova), the People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Lobanova) to send livestock, grain and agricultural products from the special settlers (in agreement with Comrade. Gritsenko) to Crimea the required number of workers.
c) To oblige the NKPS (Comrade Kaganovich) to organize the transportation of special settlers from the Crimea to the Uzbek SSR by specially formed echelons according to a schedule drawn up jointly with the NKVD of the USSR. The number of echelons, loading stations and destination stations at the request of the NKVD of the USSR. Calculations for transportation shall be made according to the tariff for transportation of prisoners.
d) The USSR People's Commissariat for Health (Comrade Mitereva) shall be allocated for each echelon with special settlers, within the time frame agreed with the USSR NKVD, one doctor and two nurses with an appropriate supply of medicines, and provide medical and sanitary services for the special settlers on the way.
e) The People's Commissariat of Trade of the USSR (Comrade Lyubimov) to provide all trains with special settlers daily with hot meals and boiling water. To organize food for the special settlers on the way, provide the Narkomtor with food ...
3. To oblige the secretary of the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Uzbekistan comrade Yusupov, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the UzSSR comrade. Abdurakhmanov and People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek USSR Comrade. Kobulov until July 1 of this year. carry out the following measures for the reception and resettlement of special settlers:
a) Accept and resettle within the Uzbek SSR 140-160 thousand people of special settlers Tatars sent by the NKVD of the USSR from the Crimean ASSR.
The resettlement of the special settlers should be carried out in state farm settlements, existing collective farms, subsidiary farms of enterprises and factory settlements for use in agriculture and industry.
b) In the areas of resettlement of special settlers, create commissions consisting of the chairman of the regional executive committee, the secretary of the regional committee and the head of the UNKVD, entrusting these commissions with all measures related to the direct placement of arriving special settlers.
c) Prepare guzhavotransportation for the transport of special settlers, mobilizing for this transport of any enterprises and institutions.
d) Ensure the endowment of the arriving special settlers with household plots and provide assistance in the construction of houses with local building materials.
e) To organize in the areas of resettlement of the special settlers the special commandant's office of the NKVD, attributing their maintenance at the expense of the estimates of the NKVD of the USSR.
f) the Central Committee and SNK of the UzSSR by May 20 of this year. submit to the NKVD of the USSR Comrade Beria, a project for the resettlement of special settlers in regions and districts, indicating the stations for unloading trains.
4. To oblige the Selkhozbank (Comrade Kravtsova) to issue to the special settlers sent to the Uzbek SSR, in the places of their settlement, a loan for the construction of houses and for economic establishment of up to 5,000 rubles per family with an installment plan of up to 7 years.
5. To oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Subbotin) to allocate flour, cereals and vegetables at the disposal of the SNK of the Uzbek SSR for distribution to special settlers during June-August of this year. equal monthly amounts ... Issuance of flour, cereals and vegetables to the special settlers during June-August of this year. produce free of charge, taking into account the agricultural products and livestock accepted by them in the places of eviction.
6. To oblige the NCO (Comrade Khrulev) to transfer within May-July of this year. to reinforce the vehicles of the NKVD troops deployed by garrisons in the areas of settlement of special settlers in the Uzbek SSR, Kazakh SSR and Kirghiz SSR 100 Jeep cars and 250 trucks that were out of repair.
7. To oblige Glavneftesnab (Comrade Shirokova) to allocate and ship by May 20, 1944 to the points at the direction of the USSR NKVD 400 tons of gasoline and at the disposal of the SNK of the Uzbek SSR - 200 tons.
8. To oblige the Glavsnables SNK of the USSR (Comrade Lopukhova) to supply the NKPS with 75,000 wagon boards, 2.75 m each, at the expense of the sale of resources, with their delivery by May 15 of this year; transportation of NKPS boards to carry out by own means.
9. The People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR (Comrade Zverev) to release the NKVD of the USSR in May of this year. from the reserve fund of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for special events 30 million rubles.
Chairman of the State Defense Committee
I. Stalin
On April 2 and May 11, 1944, the State Defense Committee adopted resolutions No. 5943ss and No. 5859ss on the eviction of the Crimean Tatars from the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to the Uzbek SSR 15.
The operation was carried out quickly and decisively. The eviction began on May 18, and already on May 20 Serov and Kobulov reported:
Telegram addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria 16
We hereby report that, started in accordance with your instructions on May 18 this year. the operation to evict the Crimean Tatars was completed today, May 20, at 16:00. A total of 180014 people were evicted, loaded into 67 echelons, of which 63 echelons with 173.287 people. sent to their destinations, the remaining 4 echelons will also be dispatched today.
In addition, the district military commissars of the Crimea mobilized 6,000 Tatars of military age, who were sent to the cities of Guryev, Rybinsk and Kuibyshev, according to the orders of the Red Army Chief Executive Office.
Of the 8,000 special contingent of 5,000 sent at your order to the Moskovugol trust. also make up the Tatars.
Thus, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were removed from the Crimean ASSR.
During the eviction of the Tatars, 1137 anti-Soviet elements were arrested, and in total, 5989 people were arrested during the operation.
Weapons withdrawn during the eviction: mortars - 10, machine guns - 173, machine guns - 192, rifles - 2650, ammunition - 46.603 pcs.
In total, during the operation, the following were seized: mortars - 49, machine guns - 622, machine guns - 724, rifles - 9888 and ammunition - 326.887 pcs.
During the operation, no excesses took place.
Serov
Kobulov
In addition to the Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians and persons of foreign citizenship were evicted from Crimea. The need for this step was justified by the following document:
I.V. Stalin 17
After the eviction of the Crimean Tatars in Crimea, work continues on the identification and seizure of anti-Soviet elements by the NKVD of the USSR, sweeping, etc. On the territory of Crimea, currently residing Bulgarians - 12075, Greeks - 14300, Armenians - 9919 people are counted.
The Bulgarian population lives mostly in settlements between Simferopol and Feodosia, as well as in the Dzhankoy region. There are up to 10 village councils with a population of 80 to 100 Bulgarians each.
During the German occupation, a significant part of the Bulgarian population actively participated in the activities carried out by the Germans to procure bread and food for the German army, assisted the German military authorities in identifying and detaining the Red Army and Soviet partisans, and received "security certificates" from the German command.
The Germans organized police detachments from the Bulgarians, and also recruited among the Bulgarian population to be sent to work in Germany.
The Greek population lives in most areas of Crimea. A significant part of the Greeks, especially in the coastal cities, with the arrival of the occupiers, engaged in trade and small industry. German authorities assisted the Greeks in trade, transportation of goods, etc.
The Armenian population lives in most regions of Crimea. Large settlements with the Armenian population, no. The Armenian Committee organized by the Germans actively cooperated with the Germans and carried out a great deal of anti-Soviet work.
In the mountains. In Simferopol, there was a German intelligence organization "Dromedar", headed by the former Dashnak general Dro, who led intelligence work against the Red Army and for this purpose created several Armenian committees for espionage and subversive work in the rear of the Red Army and to help organize the Armenian volunteer legions.
Armenian National Committees under active participation emigrants who arrived from Berlin and Istanbul carried out work to promote "independent Armenia".
There were the so-called "Armenian religious communities", which, in addition to religious and political issues, were engaged in organizing trade and small industry among the Armenians. These organizations provided assistance to the Germans, especially "by raising funds" for the military needs of Germany.
The Armenian organizations formed the so-called "Armenian Legion", which was supported by the funds of the Armenian communities.
The NKVD considers it expedient to evict all Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians from the territory of Crimea.
L. Beria
Summing up the results of the eviction operations from the Crimea, Beria reported to Stalin:
State Defense Committee
Comrade Stalin I.V. eighteen
July 5, 1944
In pursuance of your instructions, the NKVD-NKGB of the USSR, in the period from April to July 1944, the territory of Crimea was cleared of anti-Soviet spy elements, and also evicted to eastern regions Soviet Union Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians and persons of foreign citizenship. As a result of the measures, 7,883 anti-Soviet elements were seized, 998 spies were evicted, a special contingent was evicted - 225,009 people, 15,990 weapons illegally stored from the population were seized, including 716 machine guns, ammunition - 5 million pieces.
23,000 soldiers and officers of the NKVD troops and up to 9,000 people from the operational staff of the NKVD-NKGB bodies took part in the operations in the Crimea.
L. Beria
According to the generally accepted opinion, all Crimean Tatars, including those who honestly fought in the Red Army or in partisan detachments, were evicted. In fact, this is not the case:
"Members of the Crimean underground, who acted behind enemy lines, and members of their families were also exempted from the status of a" special settler. So, the family of S.S. Useinov, who was in Simferopol during the occupation of Crimea, was released from December 1942 to March 1943. was a member of an underground patriotic group, then he was arrested by the Nazis and shot. Family members were allowed to live in Simferopol " 19 .
"... The Crimean Tatars-front-line soldiers immediately asked to release their relatives from special settlements. Such appeals were sent by the deputy commander of the 2nd Aviation Squadron of the 1st Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Higher Officer's School of Air Combat, Captain E.U. Chalbash, Major of Armored troops H. Chalbash and many others ... Often requests of this nature were satisfied, in particular, E. Chalbash's family was allowed to live in the Kherson region " 20 .
Women who married Russians were also exempted from eviction:
Report to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria 21
During the resettlement from Crimea, there were cases of eviction of women of ethnicity Tatar, Armenian, Greek and Bulgarian, whose husbands are Russian by nationality and left to live in Crimea or are in the Red Army.
We consider it expedient to release such women from the special settlement in the absence of compromising data on them.
We ask for your instructions.
V. Chernyshov
M.M. Kuznetsov
In conclusion, we will give one more quote:
"The Black Sea Greeks were evicted, and the Azovs were left. The Armenians were deported from Crimea, but the Republic of Armenia was not liquidated. Actually anti-Tatar, anti-Armenian, anti-Greek propaganda was not carried out, as the fascists did with their racial theory and their accomplices, ethnocrats. own ideas about national security and the country's geostrategic interests " 22 .
Let us add that proceeding from these ideas, the "Stalinist regime" managed to win the war against the strongest enemy, to defend the independence and territorial integrity of our country.
__________
Notes (edit)
1. Crimea is multinational. Questions and answers. Issue 1. / Comp. N.G. Stepanova. Simferopol: Tavria, 1988.S. 72.
2. Ibid. P.66.
3. Joseph Stalin to Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments / Comp. N.F.Bugay. M .: Friendship of peoples, 1992.S. 131.
4. Archive of the Institute Russian history RAS (IRIRAN). F.2. Section VI. Op.13. D.26. L.5. Cit. Quoted from: Bugay N.F. L. Beria - I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... M .: "AIRO-XX", 1995. P.148.
5. IRIRAN Archive. F.2. Section VI. Op.13. D.31. L.6. Cit. Quoted from: Bugay N.F. L. Beria to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... P.145.
6. "They were loaded into trains and sent to the places of settlements ...". L. Beria - I. Stalin. Compiled by Bugay N.F. // History of the USSR. 1991, no. 1. P.160.
7. Bugay N.F. L. Beria to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... p.146.
8. Ibid. C.2.
9. Crimea is multinational. Questions and answers. Issue 1.P. 80.
10. Ibid.
11. Archive IRIRAN. F.2. Section 2. Op. 10. D.51b. L.3, 13. Cit. Quoted from: Bugay N.F. L. Beria to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... P.146.
12. National policy of Russia: history and modernity. M .: Russian world. 1997.S. 318-320.
13. Deportation. Beria reports to Stalin ... // Communist. 1991, no. 3. P.107.
14. Joseph Stalin to Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. Pp. 134-137.
15. Bugai N.F. L. Beria to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... pp. 150-151.
16. Joseph Stalin to Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. Pp. 138-139.
17. GARF. F.R-9401. Op. 2. D.65. L. 162-163. Cit. Quoted from: Joseph Stalin to Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. S.140-142.
18. GARF. F.R.-9401. Op. 2. D.65. L.271-272. Cit. Quoted from: Joseph Stalin to Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. P.144.
19. Bugay N.F. L. Beria to I. Stalin: According to your instructions ... P.156.
20. Ibid. S.156-157.
21. Joseph Stalin to Lavrenty Beria: "They must be deported ...": Documents, facts, comments. P.145.
22. National policy of Russia: history and modernity. P.320.
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