Environmental problems of the Aral Sea Presentation. Environmental catastrophe of the Aral Sea

Ecological problems Aral SeaWork
Performed
Pupils 11.
"A" class
Komarova
Karina
Boutaova
Olga
2015

Introduction

In 1989, the sea broke up for two
Isolated reservoir - Northern (Small)
And the southern (large) Aral Sea.
Almost all the influx of water is ensured
Rivers Amudarya and Syrdarya.
Aral Sea -
Former salty
Lake in Middle
Asia, on
border of Kazakhstan
and Uzbekistan. Before
Beginnings of B.
1960s
Aral Sea
It was 4 to
Square Lake
World. occupying
about 68 thousand km²;
His length
accounted for 426 km,
Width - 284 km,
Most
Depth - 68 m.

Causes of crosses

o.
Since the 1960s, the sea has become a chalet because
that water rivers flowing into it
increasing volumes allotted on
irrigation (≈90%). From 1960 to 1990 Square
irrigated land in Central Asia
increased from 4.5 million to 7 million hectares.
The needs of the national economy of the region
In the water increased by 2 times.
O.
Collector-drainage water
coming from the fields in the channel Syrdarya and
Amudarya are the cause of deposits
from pesticides and other
Agricultural Jadochimikatov
O.
Rain and snow precipitation as well
Underground sources give Aral
sea \u200b\u200bmuch less water than her
It is lost during evaporation.
O.
Water Amudarya do not reach the sea at all

Ceal of the Aral Sea from 1977 to 2014.

Effects

Consequences for climate and natural zones

Changed climate: it became
hotter in summer and colder
In winter, the level has decreased
air humidity,
decreased
Duration
growing season
More often began to be observed
drought.
Fell and ground level
water that accelerated the process
Desertification
terrain.
Former seabed
Completely covered with salt.

Consequences for fishing

Number of haughties
Here are species of fish
Reduced with 32.
up to 6 - result
Enhance
Saltness level
Water, loss
Sneshilla I.
Feed
plots.
Shipping by
Aral
stopped.

Consequences for the population

Local population suffers from big
prevalence of respiratory diseases, anemia,
Cancer throat and esophagus, as well as digestion disorders.
The diseases of the liver, kidneys and eye diseases are frequent.

Solving environmental problems

Restoration of all Aralsky
The sea is impossible. For this
It would take 4 times
increase the annual influx of water
Amudarya and Syrdarya. Possible
Means - reducing irrigation
Fields, but 4/5 countries in the pool
Of the Aral Sea (except
Kazakhstan) intend to increase
The volume of irrigation of farmland - in
main to feed
Growing population.
Would help the transition to less
moisture culture, however,
Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan
intend to continue
grow cotton for sale
abroad.
Modernization of the entire system
irrigation canals would help
Each year to save about 12 km³
water. It would cost $ 16 billion.

Former Renaissance Island

When the island of Renaissance was far away
sea, Soviet Union Used it in
quality testing
Bacteriological weapons. Pathogens
siberian ulcers, Tularemia, plague, typhoid, smallpox,
as well as botulinum toxin checked
Here on laboratory animals. In 2001 in
The result of water island island of revival
Connected with the mainland from the south side.
It is possible that dangerous microorganisms
preserved vitality, and infected
rodents can be their distributors
to other regions. Waste and pesticides,
Empty once in the water harbor
Aralsk, turned out to be today on the surface.
Strong storms spread to poisonous substances
throughout the region, destroying agricultural
And damaging the health of people.

Once, quite recently, the Aral Sea was among the largest lakes of the world, since it was in its area in the fourth place in the world among major lakes on the surface of the sushi. Of course, we understand that such water bodies are often called seas not only in size, but also for other factors. So, like the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea had tremendous importance for countries located on his shore. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are deprived of the only sea, which is located within the territory of these countries. And information about the death of the Aral Sea you can learn from this presentation on the geography of grade 10

You can consider this material, of course, in lessons 7 grade geography, but still, probably, with studying grades 10, it will be easier to disassemble the causes of the death of such a beautiful sea in Central Asia. I would like everything to be on Earth only fine, because a person always wants only the best. If the seas are clean, if the presentation in geography is the most colorful. But no matter how much they did not think, it is worth doing something, since we understand that during this time with the Aral Sea, nothing good has time to happen. The miracle is not - Aral dies, and the man himself again is to blame. In arid steppes and semi-deserts, only water of the Syrdarya and Amudarya rivers fifted this sea. But today the water of these rivers takes agriculture and the industry of Central Asian countries. Are people really watching how the Aral Sea dies? Are you not able to temper their appetites in pursuit of temporary accomplice? The question remains open. It is enough to see for these photos, how the whole scale of the tragedy becomes obvious.

We understand that the person went to our world of geography, just because he has a desire for a presentation on geography free download in order to spend your lesson at school. However, the school not only teaches, but also trying to engage in education. But how to educate young people, if not just adult people, and large peopleheaded large countries, nothing is done in order for their peoples to be left without the sea, which feed them.

Slide 1.

Aral Sea and the reasons for his death
Ecological problems

Slide 2.

The Aral Sea is a faceless salt lake in Central Asia, on the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Since the 1960s of the XX century, the sea level (and the volume of water in it) is rapidly reduced due to water intake from the main supply rivers Amudarya and Syrdarya. Before the annoyance of the Aral Sea was the fourth largest lake in the world. Excessive water fence for irrigation of agricultural land turned the fourth largest lake-sea in the world, before rich in life, in a fruitless desert. What happens to the Aral Sea is a real ecological catastrophe, the fault for which lies on Soviet power. IN currently The drying of the Aral Sea went 100 km from its former coastline Near Muinak in Uzbekistan

Slide 3.

Almost all the influx of water in the Aral Sea is provided by the rivers of Amudarya and Syrdarya. Throughout the millennium, it happened that the loudspeaker was left aside from the Aral Sea (to Caspian), causing a decrease in the size of Aral. However, with the return of the Aral River, invariably restored in the former borders. Today, intensive irrigation of cotton and rice fields is a significant part of the flow of these two rivers, which dramatically reduces the flow of water into their delta and, accordingly, in the sea itself. Rainfalls in the form of rain and snow, as well as underground sources give the Aral Sea much less water than it is lost during evaporation, as a result of which the water of the sea is decreased, and the level of salinity increases

Slide 4.

In the Soviet Union, the worsening state of the Aral Sea was hidden by decades, until 1985, when M.S. Gorbachev made this ecological catastrophe of publicity. In the late 1980s. The water level fell so much that all the sea was divided into two parts: Northern Small Aral and South Big Aral. By 2007, deep western and shallow oriental reservoirs were clearly marked in the southern part, as well as the remnants of a small separate bay. The volume of large aral decreased from 708 to only 75 km3, and the salinity of water increased from 14 to more than 100 g / l. With the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the Aral Sea turned out to be divided between newly educated states: Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Thus, an end was made by the Grand Soviet plan for the transfer of the far from the distant Siberian rivers, and competition was developed for the possession of melting water resources. It remains only to be happy that it was not possible to complete the project on the transfer of the Siberia rivers, because it is unknown, whatever catastrophes follow.

Slide 5.

Color-drainage waters coming from fields in Syrdarya and Amudarya's beds have caused deposits from pesticides and various other agricultural cakes that appear on some places by 54 thousand km? The former seabed, covered with salt. Dusty storms spread salt, dust and pesticides at a distance of up to 500 km. Sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate are transferred through air and destroy or slow down the development of natural vegetation and crops. The local population suffers from the great prevalence of respiratory diseases, anemia, larynx and esophagus cancer, as well as digestive disorders. Diseases of liver and kidney disease, eye diseases.

Slide 6.

Drying the Aral Sea had the most severe consequences. Because of a sharp decrease in the flow of rivers, spring floods stopped with low-level emaces and syrdarya floats freshwater and fertile deposits. The number of fish-having fun here decreased from 32 to 6 - the result of increasing the level of water salinity, the loss of spawning and feed plots (which are mainly preserved in the river delta). If in 1960, Fish catch reached 40 thousand tons, then by the mid-1980s. Local fishing fisheries simply ceased to exist, and more than 60 thousand related jobs were lost. The most common inhabitant remained the Black Sea Kambala, adapted to life in Solen sea water And brought here in the 1970s. However, by 2003, in Great Aral, it disappeared and it disappeared, not to withstand the salinity of water more than 70 g / l - 2-4 times more than in the usual marine environment.

Slide 7.

Shipping on Aral stopped because Water retreated for many kilometers from the main local ports: the cities of Aralsk in the north and the city of Muinak in the south. And maintaining all the longer channels to the ports in navigable state, it turned out to be too expensive. With a decrease in the water level in both parts of the aral, the groundwater level fell, which accelerated the process of desertification of the area. By the mid-1990s. instead of the lush greenery of trees, shrubs and herbs on the former sea shores Only rare bunches of halophytes and xerophytes - plants adapted to saline soils and dry habitats are visible. At the same time, only half of the local species of mammals and birds remained. In the range of 100 km from the original coastline, the climate changed: it was hotter in the summer and colder in winter, the level of air humidity decreased (the amount of atmospheric precipitation decreased), the duration of the growing season decreased, the duration of the growing season decreased.

Slide 8.

Despite the extensive catchment pool, the Aral Sea almost does not receive water because of the irrigation channels, which, as the photo shows below, take water from Amudarya and Syrdarya for hundreds of kilometers of their flow through the territory of several states. Among other implications - the disappearance of many species of animals and plants

Slide 9.

However, if you turn to the history of Aral, the sea has already burned, while returning back to the old shores. So, how was the aral of the last few centuries and how did his sizes changed? In the historical era there was significant fluctuations in the level of the Aral Sea. So, on the retreating day, the remains of trees growing at this place were found. In the middle cenozoic era (21 million years ago) Aral was connected to Caspian. Until 1573, the Amudarya on the sleeve was a Uzuba in the Caspian Sea, and the River Turgai - to Aral. On the map compiled by the Greek scientist Claudius Ptolem (1,800 years ago), shown by Aral and Caspian SeaThe Zapafshan and Amudarya rivers flow into the Caspian. At the end of the 16th and early 17th centuries, due to the decrease in the sea level, the islands of Barsakelmes, Cascacaculalan, Kozhetpeses, Slalya, Biiktau, Renaissance were formed. Since 1819, the Zhanadarya River since 1823 ceased to fall into Aral. Since the beginning of the systematic observations (XIX century) and until the middle of the XX century, the level of Aral has not changed. In the 1950s, the Aral Sea was the fourth in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Lake of the world, occupying about 68 thousand km;; Its length was 426 km, width - 284 km, the highest depth - 68 m.

Slide 10.

Aral problems
In the 1930s, the large-scale construction of irrigation channels in Central Asia began, which was especially intensified in the early 1960s. Since the 1960s, the sea has become a chart due to the fact that the water of the rivers flowing into it, in all increasing volumes, was given to irrigation. From 1960 to 1990, the area of \u200b\u200birrigated land in Central Asia increased from 4.5 million to 7 million hectares. The needs of the national economy of the region in water increased from 60 to 120 km? per year, of which 90% accounted for irrigation. Starting from 1961, the sea level dropped with an increasing rate of 20 to 80-90 cm / year. Until the 1970s, 34 species of fish lived in Aral, of which more than 20 were fishing. In 1946, 23 thousand tons of fish were caught in the Aral Sea, in the 1980s, this figure reached 60 thousand tons. At the Kazakh part of Aral, there were 5 fishers, 1 fish conservable combine, 45 fish acceptables, at the Uzbekistan (Republic of Karakalpakstan) - 5 fishes, 1 fish and conservable plant, more than 20 fish receptions.

Slide 11.

In 1989, the sea broke up into two isolated reservoirs - Northern (small) and southern (large) Aral Sea. For 2003, the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe Aral Sea is about a quarter of the initial, and the volume of water is about 10%. By the beginning of the 2000s, the absolute water level in the sea fell to a mark of 31 m, which is 22 meters below the source level observed in the late 1950s. Fisheries has been preserved only in Malny Aral, and in Great Aral, because of its high saline, all the fish died. In 2001, the Southern Aral Sea was divided into Western and Eastern parts. In 2008, geological exploration was carried out at the Uzbek part of the sea (the search for oil gas fields). The contractor is the company Petrolyans, the customer - the government of Uzbekistan. In the summer of 2009. east End Southern (big) Aral Sea dried.

Slide 12.

The retreating sea left after himself 54 thousand km2 of a dry seabed, coated with salt, and in some places there are also sediments from pesticides and various other agricultural cakes, washed out once with local fields. Currently, the strong storms will spread salt, dust and pesticides at a distance of up to 500 km. The northern and northeastern winds have an adverse effect on the Amudarya River located south, the most tightly populated, most economically and environmentally friendly part of the entire region. Air Bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate destroy or slow down the development of natural vegetation and crops - on bitter irony, it is the irrigation of these cultural fields that caused the Aral Sea to the current deplorable state.

Slide 13.

According to medical experts, the local population suffers from the great prevalence of respiratory diseases, anemia, throat cancer and esophagus, as well as digestive disorders. Liver and kidney disease frequent, not to mention eye diseases.

Slide 14.

Another, a very unusual problem is related to the island of Renaissance. When he was far away in the sea, the Soviet Union used him as a landfill on testing bacteriological weapons. The pathogens of Siberian ulcers, Tularemia, Brucellize, plague, typhoid, smallpox, and botulinum toxin were checked here on horses, monkeys, sheep, donkey and other laboratory animals. In 2001, as a result of water, the island of the Renaissance was connected to the mainland from the south side. Doctors fear that dangerous microorganisms have retained vitality, and infected rodents can become their distributors to other regions. In addition, hazardous substances can get into the hands of terrorists. Waste and pesticides thrown once in the water of Harbor Aralsk were today in relevant. Strong storms spread to poisonous substances, as well as a huge amount of sand and salt throughout the region, destroying agricultural medication and damaging people's health

Slide 15.

Slide 16.

The restoration of the entire Aral Sea is impossible. To do this, it would be necessary to increase the annual influx of Amudarya and Syrdarya waters four times compared to the current average of 13 km3. The only possible means would be to reduce the irrigation of fields, to which 92% of the water fence takes place. However, four of the five former soviet republics In the pool of the Aral Sea (with the exception of Kazakhstan), it is intended to increase the volume of irrigation of agricultural products - mainly to feed the growing population. In this situation, the transition to less moisture-boring cultures would help, for example, the replacement of cotton with winter wheat, but the two main water consuming countries of the region - Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan - intend to continue to grow cotton for sale abroad. It would also be possible to significantly improve the existing irrigation channels: many of them are ordinary trenches, through the walls of which seeps and goes in the sand a huge amount of water. The upgrade of the entire irrigation system would help annually save about 12 km3 of water, but would cost $ 16 billion.

Slide 17.

Within the framework of the project "Regulation of the River Syrdarya River and the Northern Aral Sea" (RRRSAM) in 2003-2005, Kazakhstan built a Cocararal to the mouth of Syrdarya Cocarala Dam with a hydraulic shutter (which allows you to skip excess water to regulate the reservoir level), extinguished Small Aral from The rest of the rest (Big Aral). Because of this, the stock of Syr Darya accumulates in Malny Aral, the water level here rose to 42 meters. In 2007, fish in Mall Aral Aral amounted to 1910 tons, of which Cambali accounts for 640 tons, the rest - freshwater species (Sazan, Zherh, Sudak, Bream, Som). It is assumed that by 2012, fish in Malaya Aral will reach 10 thousand tons (in the 1980s, about 60 thousand tons were caught in all Aral Sea). The length of the cocarala dam is 17 km, the height is 6 m, the width of 300 m. The cost of the first phase of the RRCAM project was $ 85.79 million ($ 65.5 million falls on the loan of the World Bank, the remaining funds are allocated from the republican budget of Kazakhstan). It is assumed that water will be covered with an area of \u200b\u200b870 square km, and this will allow you to restore the flora and the fauna of the prialay. In Aralsk, the fishing-friendly plant "Kambala Balyk" (300 tons per year) is operating on the site of the former bakery. In 2008, it is planned to open two fish processing plants in the Aral district: "Atameken Holding" (project capacity 8000 tons per year) in Aralsk and "Kambasha Balyk" (250 tons per year) in Kamyslibash.

Slide 18.

Slide 19.

Fish fishing and in Delta Syrdarya develops. In the dummy of Syrdarya - Karaozek built a new hydraulic structure of the capacity of more than 300 cubic meters of water per second (Aklaki hydroeezel), due to which it became possible to abandon lake systems that enlite more than one and a half billion cubic meters of water. For 2008, the total area of \u200b\u200bthe lakes is more than 50 thousand hectares (it is planned to increase to 80 thousand hectares), the number of lakes in the region increased from 130 to 213. As part of the implementation of the second phase of the RRCAM project in 2010-2015, it is planned to build a dam with a hydraulic dose in Northern Parts of the Small Aral, separating the Bay of Saryshiganak and fill it with water along a specially dusty canal from the mouth of Syrdarya, bringing the water level in it to 46 meters ABS. From the bay it is planned to build a shipping channel to the port of Aralsk (the width of the channel for the bottom will be 100 m, length 23 km). To ensure transport links between the Aral and complex of structures in the Saryschiganak bay, the project provides for the construction of a highway of a length of about 50 km and a width of 8 m parallel to the former coastline of the Aral Sea.

Slide 20.

Slide 21.

The sad fate of Aral is beginning to repeat other large water bodies of the world - primarily lake Chad in Central Africa and Lake Solton-si in the south of the US state of California. Dead Fish Tilapia Escape Lake Salton-Son-Si in the American state of California (at the top) - due to the unsalimensional water intake for irrigation of the fields of water in it all the stralee. There are various plans for the debris of this lake. As a result of the rapid development of irrigation from the 1960s. Lake Chad in Africa decreased to 1/10 of its former sizes. Farmers, shepherds and local residents of four surrounding countries are often fiercely fighting among themselves for the remaining water (down to the right, blue color), and the depth of the lake is only 1.5 m. Experience associated with loss and then with partial Restoration of the Aral Sea, can go all for the benefit. In the picture of Lake Chad in 1972 and in 2008

Slide 2.

The Aral Sea is a faceless salt lake in Central Asia, on the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Since the 1960s of the XX century, the sea level (and the volume of water in it) is rapidly reduced due to water intake from the main supply rivers Amudarya and Syrdarya. Before the annoyance of the Aral Sea was the fourth largest lake in the world. Excessive water fence for irrigation of agricultural land turned the fourth largest lake-sea in the world, before rich in life, in a fruitless desert. What happens to the Aral Sea is a real ecological catastrophe, wine for which lies on the Soviet power. At the moment, the drying of the Aral Sea took away 100 km from its former coastline near the city of Muinak in Uzbekistan.

Slide 3.

Slide 4.

Color-drainage waters coming from the fields in Syrdarya and Amudarya beds have caused deposits from pesticides and various other agricultural cakes that appear on some places for 54 thousand km of the former seabed, covered with salt. Dusty storms spread salt, dust and pesticides at a distance of up to 500 km. Sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate are transferred through air and destroy or slow down the development of natural vegetation and crops. The local population suffers from the great prevalence of respiratory diseases, anemia, larynx and esophagus cancer, as well as digestive disorders. Diseases of liver and kidney disease, eye diseases.

Slide 5.

Drying the Aral Sea had the most severe consequences. Due to the sharp decrease in the flow of rivers, the spring floods stopped with low-row immunera and syrdarya fresh water and fertile deposits. The number of fish-having fun here decreased from 32 to 6 - the result of increasing the level of water salinity, the loss of spawning and feed plots (which are mainly preserved in the river delta). If in 1960, Fish catch reached 40 thousand tons, then by the mid-1980s. Local fishing fisheries simply ceased to exist, and more than 60 thousand related jobs were lost. The most common inhabitant remained the Black Sea Flock, adapted to life in salted sea water and brought here in the 1970s. However, by 2003, in Great Aral, it disappeared and it disappeared, not to withstand the salinity of water more than 70 g / l - 2-4 times more than in the usual marine environment.

Slide 6.

Shipping on Aral stopped because Water retreated for many kilometers from the main local ports: the cities of Aralsk in the north and the city of Muinak in the south. And maintaining all the longer channels to the ports in navigable state, it turned out to be too expensive. With a decrease in the water level in both parts of the aral, the groundwater level fell, which accelerated the process of desertification of the area. By the mid-1990s. Instead of the lush greenery of trees, shrubs and herbs on the previous sea shores, only rare bundles of hayophytes and xerophytes - plants adapted to saline soils and dry habitats are seen. At the same time, only half of the local species of mammals and birds remained.

Slide 7.

Despite the extensive catchment pool, the Aral Sea almost does not receive water because of the irrigation channels, which, as the photo shows below, take water from Amudarya and Syrdarya for hundreds of kilometers of their flow through the territory of several states. Among other consequences are the disappearance of many species of animals and plants.

Slide 8.

In 1946, 23 thousand tons of fish were caught in the Aral Sea, in the 1980s, this figure reached 60 thousand tons. At the Kazakh part of Aral, there were 5 fishers, 1 fish conservable combine, 45 fish acceptables, at the Uzbekistan (Republic of Karakalpakstan) - 5 fishes, 1 fish and conservable plant, more than 20 fish receptions. In the 1930s, the large-scale construction of irrigation channels in Central Asia began, which was especially intensified in the early 1960s. Since the 1960s, the sea has become a chart due to the fact that the water of the rivers flowing into it, in all increasing volumes, was given to irrigation. From 1960 to 1990, the area of \u200b\u200birrigated land in Central Asia increased from 4.5 million to 7 million hectares. The needs of the national economy of the region in water increased from 60 to 120 km per year, of which 90% fall into irrigation. Starting from 1961, the sea level dropped with an increasing rate of 20 to 80-90 cm / year. Until the 1970s, 34 species of fish lived in Aral, of which more than 20 were commercial importance.

Slide 9.

Slide 10.

Slide 11.

Slide 12.

Slide 13.

In 2001, as a result of water, the island of the Renaissance was connected to the mainland from the south side. Doctors fear that dangerous microorganisms have retained vitality, and infected rodents can become their distributors to other regions. In addition, hazardous substances can get into the hands of terrorists. Waste and pesticides thrown once in the water of Harbor Aralsk were today in relevant. Strong storms spread to poisonous substances, as well as a huge amount of sand and salt throughout the region, destroying agricultural medication and damaging people's health

Slide 14.

The restoration of the entire Aral Sea is impossible. To do this, it would be necessary to increase the annual influx of Amudarya and Syrdarya waters four times compared to the current average of 13 km3. The only possible means would be to reduce the irrigation of fields, to which 92% of the water fence takes place. However, four of the five former Soviet republics in the Aral Sea basin (with the exception of Kazakhstan) intend to increase the volume of irrigation of agricultural products - mainly to feed the growing population. In this situation, the transition to less moisture-boring cultures would help, for example, the replacement of cotton with winter wheat, but the two main water consuming countries of the region - Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan - intend to continue to grow cotton for sale abroad. It would also be possible to significantly improve the existing irrigation channels: many of them are ordinary trenches, through the walls of which seeps and goes in the sand a huge amount of water. The modernization of the entire irrigation system would help annually save about 12 km3 water, but would cost $ 16 billion.

Slide 15.

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