Famous people who have made discoveries. Inventions and discoveries of Russian scientists who changed the world
Russian scientists pushed the curtain of the unknown, making their contribution to the evolution of scientific thought around the world. Many worked abroad in research institutions with world name. Our countrymen collaborated with many outstanding scientific minds. The opening has become a catalyst for the development of technology and knowledge around the world, and many revolutionary ideas and discoveries in the world were created on the foundation scientific achievements famous Russian scientists.
The world in the field of chemistry glorified our compatriots for centuries. Made the most important discovery for the world of chemistry - he described a periodic law chemical elements. The periodic table received with time recognition all over the world and now it uses in all corners of our planet.
Great in aviation business can be called Sikorsky. The aircraft designer Sikorsky is known for its development on the creation of multi-motor aircraft. It was he who created the world's first aircraft with technical characteristics for vertical takeoff and landing - helicopter.
Not only Russian scientists contributed to an aviation business. For example, the nesther pilot is considered the founder of the top pilot figures, besides, it first proposed to use the illumination of the takele break during night flights.
Famous Russian scientists were in medicine: pies, swords and others. Mechnikov developed the doctrine of phagocytosis (protective factors of the body). Pirog's surgeon for the first time applied anesthesia in field conditions for the treatment of the patient and developed classical means of operational treatment that were used to this day. And the contribution of the Russian scientist Botkin was that he for the first time in Russia conducted research on experimental therapy and pharmacology.
On the example of these three regions of science, we see that the opening of Russian scientists are used in all spheres of life. But this is only a small share of all that was opened by Russian scientists. Our countrymen glorified their outstanding homeland absolutely in all scientific disciplinesStarting from medicine and biology, and ending with development in space technology. Russian scientists left for us, their descendants, a huge treasure of scientific knowledge to provide us with a colossal material for creating new great discoveries.
Alexander Ivanovich Oparin is a famous Russian biochemist, the author of the materialistic theory of life appearance on Earth.
Academician, Hero of Socialist Labor, Laureate of the Lenin Prize.
Childhood and youth
Curiousness, inquisitiveness and desire to understand how from a tiny seed can grow, for example, a huge tree, manifested in the boy very early. Already in childhood he was very interested in biology. He studied the life of plants not only by books, but also in practice.
The family of Oparin moved from the coal to a country house in the village of Kocaevo. There were the very first years of childhood.
Yuri Kondratyuk (Alexander Ignatievich Shargei), one of the prominent flight theoretics into space.
In the 60s, he became world famous thanks to the scientific justification of the way of flights of spacecraft to the moon.
The trajectory calculated by him received the name "Kondratyuk's track". She used American spacecraft Apollo to landing a person on the lunar surface.
Childhood and youth
This one of the prominent founders of Cosmonautics was born in Poltava 9 (21) June 1897. He spent his childhood in a grandmother's house. She was an obstetric, and her husband is a Zemsky doctor and a government official.
For some time, he lived with his father in St. Petersburg, where from 1903 he studied in the gymnasium on Vasilyevsky island. When the father died in 1910, the boy returned to his grandmother again.
Telegraph inventor. The name of the inventor of the telegraph is forever insisted in history, as the invention of shillings allowed to transmit information over long distances.
The device allowed to use radio - and electrical signals on wires. The need to transmit information always existed, but in 18-19 centners. In the face of growing urbanization and development of technology, the exchange of data has become relevant.
Telegraph solved this task, the term from the ancient Greek language was translated as "writing far."
Emily Khristianovich Lenz is the famous Russian scientist.
With a school bench, we all familiar to the law of Joule - Lenza, which establishes that the amount of heat released in the conductor in the conductor is proportional to the strength of the current and the conductor resistance.
Another famous law is "Lenza rule", according to which the induction current is always moving in the direction, the opposite is the action that has generated it.
early years
The initial name of the scientist - Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz. He was born in Derpete (Tartu) and by origin was the Baltic German.
His brother Robert Christianovich became a famous Easternist, and his son, also Robert, went in the footsteps of his father and became a physicist.
Tremakovsky Vasily man with tragic fate. So it was pleased with the fate that two nuggets lived in Russia - and Tremakovsky, but one will be overwhelmed and remain in the memory of descendants, and the second will die into poverty forgotten by everyone.
From Scholyar to philologists
In 1703, Vasily Treyakovsky was boring on March 5th. He grew up in Astrakhan in a poor family of the clergy. 19 - The summer young man went to Moscow on foot to continue his studies in the Slavic-Greco-Latin Academy.
But in it, he was lingering for a while (2 years) and without regret, it was left to replenish the luggage of knowledge in Holland, and then to France - to Sorbonne, where he suffered a need and hunger, he studied for 3 years.
Here he participated in public disputes, compiled mathematical and philosophical sciences, was a listener of theology, studied French and Italian abroad.
"Father Satan", Academician Yangel Mikhail Kuzmich, was born on 10/25/1911 in the village. Zyryanova, Irkutsk region, originated from the family of descendants of the settlers-Katorzhan. At the end of the 6th grade (1926), Mikhail leaves for Moscow - to his older brother Konstantin, who studied there. When he studied in the 7th grade, she worked on a part-time stack of newspapers - orders typography. At the end of the FMU, she worked in the factory and at the same time he studied at Rabatka.
Student Mai. Beginning of professional career
In 1931, he comes to study in MAI - in the specialty "AirCreasing", and finishes him in 1937 by a student, Mikhail Yangel is arranged in KB Polycarpov, in the future, his scientific leader For the protection of the graduation project: "High-rise fighter with a hermetic cabin." Starting its work in KB Polycarpova Designer of the 2nd category, in ten years M.K. Yangel was the leading engineer, engaged in developing projects for fighters of new modifications.
02/13/1938, M.K. Yangel as part of a group of Soviet specialists in the field of the USSR aircraft engineering is visited by the United States for the purpose of a business trip. It is worth noting that the 30s of the twentieth century - this is quite an active period in collaboration of the USSR and the United States and not only in the field of engineering and aircraft construction, in particular, purchased (sufficiently limited parties) Small weapons - Tompson machine guns and colts pistols.
Scientist, founder of the theory of helicopter construction, doctor of technical sciences, Professor Mikhail Leontievich Miles owner of the Lenin and State Prizes, Hero of Socialist Labor.
Childhood, studies, youth
Mikhail Leontiev was born in, 11/22/1909 - in the family of a railway employee and a dentist doctor. Before you settle in the city of Irkutsk, his father, Leonthy Samuelovich, for 20 years I was looking for gold, working on the forecast. Grandfather, Samuel Mil, settled in Siberia at the end of a 25-year-old fleet service. From childhood, Mikhail showed versatile talents: loved to draw, he was fond of music and easily mastered foreign languages, engaged in the aircraft model. At the age of ten, he participated in the Siberian aircraft model, where the stage passing, Mishina was sent to the city of Novosibirsk, where he received one of the prizes.
Primary school, Mikhail ended in Irkutsk, at the end of which in 1925, he enters the Siberian Institute of Technology.
A.A. Ukhtomsky - outstanding physiologist, scientist, muscular researcher and nervous systems, as well as senses, Laureate of the Lenin Prize and member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Childhood. Education
Birth of Alexei Alekseevich Ukhtomsky occurred 13. (25) .06.1875 in the small town of Rybinsk. There was also his childhood and youth. This Volzhsky city forever left Alexey Alekseevich in the soul, the warmest and tender memories. He proudly marked himself throughout his life. When the boy graduated from the initial gymnasium, his father sent him to Nizhny Novgorod and defined the local cadet corps. Son obediently graduated from him, but military service Never been the limit of the dreams of a young man who was more attracted by such sciences as history and philosophy.
Passion philosophy
I ignoring the service in the army, he went to Moscow and entered the spiritual seminary into two faculties immediately - philosophical and historical. Deeply studying philosophy, Ukhtomsky began to think much over the eternal questions about the world, about a person, about the essence of being. In the end, philosophical secrets led him to the study natural Sciences. As a result, he stopped at physiology.
A.P. Borodin knows as an outstanding composer, the author of the opera "Prince Igor", the symphonies "Bogatyr" and other musical works.
It is much less known as a scientist who has made an invaluable contribution to science in the field of organic chemistry.
Origin. early years
A.P. Borodin was the extramarital son of the 62-year-old Georgian Prince L. S. Genovenishvili and A.K. Antonova. It was born 31.10. (12.11) 1833.
He was recorded as the son of the fortress servants of Prince - spouses Porphyria Ionovich and Tatyana Grigorievna Borodiny. Thus, for eight years, the boy was listed in the house of the Father as a serf. But before his death (1840), the prince gave the liberty on his son, bought him and his mother Avdata Konstantinovna Antonova four-storey house, preliminarily issued her marriage for the Voignach Kleinek.
The boy, in order to avoid unnecessary rumors, represented the nephew of Avdoti Konstantinovna. Since the origin did not allow Alexander to study in the gymnasium, he studied at home to all the subjects of the gymnasic course, in addition, German and french languages, having received a wonderful home education.
1. P.N. Apple and A.N. Lododagin - the world's first light bulb
2. A.S. Popov - Radio
3. V.K. Zvorakin (the world's first electronic microscope, TV and television)
4. A.F. Mozhaisky - the inventor of the world's first aircraft
5. I.I. Sikorsky - the Great Aircraft Design, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber
6. A.M. Understood - the world's first video recorder
7. S.P. Korolev - the first ballistic rocket in the world, spaceship, first satellite
8. A.M.Prokhorov and N.G. Basov - the world's first quantum generator - Maser
9. S. V. Kovalevskaya (the first woman in the world - Professor)
10. S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photo
11. A.A.Alekseev - Needle Screen Creator
12. F.A. Pyroatsky - the world's first electric tram
13. F.A. Blinov - the world's first tracked tractor
14. V.A. Oldevich - Surround-multiplication cinema
15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bike with pedals, steering wheel with a rotating wheel
16. O.V. Losev - the world's first amplifier and generating semiconductor device
17. V.P. Mutalin - the world's first hinged building combine
18. A. R. Vlasenko - the first combustion machine in the world
19. V.P. Demikhov - the first in the world carried the lung transplant and the first created model of artificial heart
20. A.P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - geochemistry of isotopes
21.I.I. Sliders - the world's first thermal engine
22. G. E. Kotelnikov - the first Ranger rescue parachute
23. I.V. Kurchatov - the first nuclear power plant (Obninskaya), also under his leadership the first hydrogen bomb in the world with a capacity of 400 Kt was developed, undermined on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team who developed the RDS-202 thermonuclear bomb (tsar-bomb) of a record capacity of 52,000 KT.
24. M. O. Tolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented the three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer than put the point in disputes of supporters of permanent (edison) and alternating current
25. V. P. Vologdin - the world's first high-voltage mercury straightener with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for using high frequency currents in industry
26. S.O. Kostovich - created in 1879 the world's first gasoline engine
27. V.P. Glushko - the world's first e / thermal rocket engine
28. V. V. Petrov - opened the phenomenon of arc discharge
29. N. G. Slavyanov - Arc Electric Welding
30. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - invented the stereo apparatus
31. D.P. Grigorovich - Creator of the Hydrosolt
32.G.Fedorov - the world's first automatic
33. A.K.Nartov - built the world's first lathe with a movable caliper
34. M.V. Lomonosov - For the first time in science, the principle of preserving matter and movement was formulated, for the first time in the world began to read the course of physical chemistry, first discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus
35. IP Culibine - Mechanic, developed a project of the world's first wooden arched union bridge, the inventor of the spotlight
36. V.V.Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened electric arc
37. P.I.Prokopovich - For the first time in the world invented the framework of the Flow, in which the store applied with the framework
38. N.I.Lobachevsky - Mathematics, the creator of "non-child geometry"
39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented a caterpillar
40. B.O. Squobi - invented galvanoplasty and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft
41. P.P.Anosov - Metallurg, revealed the secret of the manufacture of ancient beads
42. D.I. Zhuravsky - for the first time developed the theory of settlements of bridge farms, which is currently used worldwide
43. N.I.Pirogov - For the first time in the world, the Atlas "Topographic Anatomy" was atlas, which did not have analogue, invented anesthesia, plaster and much more
44. I.R. Hermann - for the first time in the world amounted to a summary of uranium minerals
45. A.M. Butlerov - for the first time formulated the main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds
46. \u200b\u200bIM Schechenov - the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published its main work "Brain Reflexes"
47. D.I. Inendeyev - opened the periodic law of chemical elements, the creator of the Table of the same name
48. M.A.Novinsky - Veterinary doctor, laid the foundations of experimental oncology
49. G.G.Nignatev - For the first time in the world, developed a system of simultaneous telephoning and telegraphing on one cable
50. K.S.Jewetsky - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor
51. N.I. Kiblchich - for the first time in the world developed a scheme of a rocket aircraft
52. N.N. Benardos - invented electric welding
53. V.V. Dokucheev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science
54. V.I. Szzannevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial photography
55. A.G.Stolets - physicist, for the first time in the world created a photocell based on an external photo effect
56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first gas turbine in the world
57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible photosensitive non-combustible film, was based on the creation of cinema
58. I.A.Timchenko - developed the world's first film equipment
59. S.M.Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freudenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange
60. N.D.pilchov - physicist, for the first time in the world created and successfully demonstrated a system of wireless control
61. V.A.Gassiev - Engineer, built the world's first photophone machine
62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky - the founder of astronautics
63. P.N. Lebedev - physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of pressure of light on solid bodies
64. I.P. Pavlov - the creator of the science of the highest nervous activity
65. V.I. Vernadsky - naturalist, creator of many scientific schools
66. A.N. Skryabin - Composer, for the first time in the world used light effects in the symphonic poem "Prometheus"
67. N.E. Zhukovsky - Creator of aerodynamics
68. S.V. Lebedev - first received artificial rubber
69. G.A. Tikhov - Astronomer, for the first time in the world found that the Earth when observing it from the space should have a blue color. In the future, as you know, it was confirmed when shooting our planet from space
70. N.D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first coal high efficient gas mask
71. N.P. Dubinin - genetics, discovered the division of the gene
72. MA Koelestnikov - invented Turbobur in 1922
73. E.K. Zamer opened electric paramagnetic resonance
74. N.I. Lunin - proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings
75. N.P. Wagner - opened insect pedogenesis
76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world spent the treatment of glaucoma
77. S.S. Yudin - for the first time applied in the clinic blood transfusion suddenly dead people
78. A.V. Shubbnikov - predicted existence and first created piezoelectric textures
79. L.V. Shubbnikov - the effect of Schubnikov-de Haaza ( magnetic properties superconductors)
80. N.A. Rangaryzhev - opened the phenomenon of the passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes
81. P.P. Lazarev - the creator of the ion theory of excitement
82. P.A. Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radio
83. N.A. The minds - the physicist, the energy equation, the concept of energy stream; By the way, the first explained almost and ether to delibe the theory of relativity
84. E.S. Fedorov - the founder of crystallography
85. G.S. Petrov - Chemist, first synthetic detergent
86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a rangefinder for artillery
87.I.I. Orlov - invented a way to manufacture woven credit tickets and a method of single-rogon multiple printing (Oryol Print)
88. Mikhail Ostrogradsky - Mathematics, Formula O. (multiple integral)
89. P.L. Chebyshev - Mathematician, polynomials Ch. (Orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram
90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, radiation Ch. (New optical effect), Counter C. (nuclear radiation detector in nuclear physics)
91. D.K. Chernov - points of C. (Critical points of the phase transformations of steel)
92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not that kalashnikov, but the other who first equipped the river ships with a steam engine with a multiple steam expansion
93. A.V. Kirsanov - chemist-organizing, reaction K. (phosphozoaction)
94. A.M. Lyapunov - Mathematics, created the theory of stability, equilibrium and movement mechanical Systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as theorem L. (one of the limit theorems of the theory of probability)
95. Dmitry Konovalov - Chemist, the laws of Konovalov (elasticity of pararoitters)
96. S.N. Reformed - a chemical-organogen, Reformed reaction
97. V.A. Semennikov - Metallurg, the first in the world in the world did not care for the copper matte and got black copper
98. I.R. Prigogin - Physicist, Theorem P. (Thermodynamics of non-equilibrium processes)
99. M.M. Protodiakonov - a scientist, developed a worldwide fortress-generally accepted
100. M.F. Shostakovsky - Chemist Organic, Balsam Sh. (Vinylin)
101. M.S. Color - Color Method (Chromotography of Plant Pigments)
102. A.N. Tupolev - constructed the world's first jet passenger aircraft and the first supersonic passenger aircraft
103. A.S. Faminzin - physiologist of plants, the first developed a method for implementing photosynthetic processes in artificial lighting
104. B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - the thermal calculation of aircraft engines and air-jet engines
105. A.I. Leipunk - physicist, opened the power transmission phenomenon with excited atoms and
Molecules free electrons in collisions
106. D.D. Maksutov - Optic, Telescope M. (Menisk System of Optical Devices)
107. N.A. Menshutykin - Chemist, opened the effect of the solvent on the rate of chemical reaction
108. I.I. Swords - founders of evolutionary embryology
109. S.N. Vinogradsky - opened chemosynthesis
110. V.S. Highlights - Metallurg, invented the method of producing armor plates by rolling method
111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal combine (for coal mining)
112. A.N. Belozersky - opened DNA in higher plants
113. S.S. PRUKHONENKO - physiologist, created the first apparatus of artificial blood circulation in the world (autotent)
114. G.P. Georgiev - Biochemist, opened RNA in animal cell nuclei
115. E. A. Murzin - invented the world's first optical-electronic synthesizer "ANS"
116. P.M. Golubitsky - Russian inventor in telephony
117. V. F. Mitkevich - for the first time in the world offered to use a three-phase arc for welding metals
118. L.N. Gobyato - Colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904
119. V.G. Shukhov - inventor, the first in the world applied for the construction of buildings and steensions steel mesh shells
120. I.F. Trrusenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian trip around the world, studied the islands Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and Oh. Sakhalin
121. F.F. BELLINSGAUZEN and M.P. Lazarev - opened Antarctica
122. The world's first icebreaker in the world is a steamer of the Russian fleet "Pylot" (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker - "Ermak", built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarova.
123. V.N. Chev is the founder of biogeocenology, one of the founders of the teachings on phytocenosis, its structure, classification, dynamics, relationships with the medium and its animal population
124. Alexander Hestmeyanov, Alexander Arbuzov, Grigory Razuev - the creation of chemistry of elementorganic compounds.
125. V.I. Levkov - Under his leadership, for the first time in the world, apparatuses on an air cushion were created
126. G.N. Babakin - Russian Designer, Creator of Soviet Moonholders
127. P.N. Nesterov - the first in the world performed a closed curve in the vertical plane on the plane, "dead loop", called subsequently "Nesterov's loop"
128. B. B. Golitsyn - became the founder of the new science of seismology
And many more and many others ...
01/17/2012 02/12/2018 by. ☭ USSR ☭
In our country there were a lot of outstanding figures, which we, unfortunately, forget, not to mention the discoveries that were made by Russian scientists and inventors. Events that turned the history of Russia are also not known to everyone. I want to correct this situation and recall the most famous Russian inventions.
1. Airplane - Mozhaysky A.F.
Talented Russian inventor Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky (1825-1890) The world has created a natural magnitude aircraft capable of raising in the air of man. Over the solution of this complex technical problem to A. F. Mozhaysky, as you know, people of many generations worked both in Russia and in other countries, they walked in different ways, but no one managed to bring the case to practical experience with a full-time aircraft. A. F. Mozhaisky found a sure way to solve this task. He studied the works of his predecessors, developed and supplemented them using its theoretical knowledge and practical experience. Of course, not all questions managed to resolve him, but he did, perhaps, everything that was possible at the time, despite the extremely unfavorable setting for him: the limited material and technical capabilities, as well as distrust of its work on the part of the military-bureaucratic apparatus Tsarist Russia. Under these conditions, A. F. Mozhaisky managed to find spiritual and physical powers to complete the construction of the world's first aircraft. It was a creative feat, forever glorifying our homeland. Unfortunately, the preserved documentaries do not allow in the necessary details to describe the aircraft A. F. Mozhaisk and its tests.
2. Helicopter. - B.N. Yuriev.
Boris Nikolayevich Yuriev is an outstanding aviation scientist, a valid member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Lieutenant-General of Engineering Service. In 1911, invented a sacking machine (main node of a modern helicopter) - a device that made it possible to build helicopters with characteristics of stability and controllability, suitable for safe piloting with ordinary pilots. It was Yuriev who paved the road for the development of helicopters.
3. Radiocene - A.S.popov.
A.S. Popov first demonstrated the action of its device on May 7, 1895. At the meeting of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society in St. Petersburg. This device was the first radio in the world, and the day of May 7 was the birthday of the radio. And now it is celebrated annually in Russia.
4. TV - Roseng B.L.
On July 25, 1907, he filed a request for the invention "The method of electrical transmission of images at distances." The beam sweep in the tube was made by magnetic fields, and the signal modulation (brightness change) with a condenser, which could deviate a beam vertically, thereby changing the number of electrons passing to the screen via a diaphragm. On May 9, 1911, at a meeting of the Russian Technical Society, Roseng demonstrated the transfer of television images of simple geometric figures And accept them with playback on the CRT screen.
5. Parachute Ranger - Kotelnikov G.E.
In 1911, the Russian military, kotelnikov, under the impression of the airflow seen in the All-Russian holiday in 1910 in 1910, the death of the Russian pilot captain L. Mazievich invented a fundamentally new parachute of RK-1. Parachute Kotelnikov was compact. His dome is made of silk, the slings were divided into 2 groups and was attached to the shoulder gaps of the suspended system. The dome and slings were laid in a wooden, and later aluminum quarrels. Later, in 1923, Kotelnikov proposed a ladder for laying a parachute made in the form of an envelope with honeycombs for a sling. In 1917, 65 parsles with parachutes were registered in the Russian army, 36 - for salvation and 29 voluntary.
6. Nuclear power plant.
Launched on June 27, 1954 in Obninsk (then the village of Obninsky Kaluga region). It was equipped with one AM-1 reactor ("atom peace") with a capacity of 5 MW.
The reactor of the Obninsk NPP, in addition to the production of energy, served as a base for experimental studies. Currently, the Obninsk NPP is derived from operation. Her reactor was muffled on April 29, 2002 for economic reasons.
7. Periodic Table of Chemical Elements - Mendeleev D.I.
Periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeleeva Table) is the classification of chemical elements, which establishes the dependence of the various properties of the elements from the charge of the atomic kernel. The system is a graphic expression of a periodic law established by the Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleev in 1869. Its initial version was developed by D. I. Mendeleev in 1869-1871 and established the dependence of the properties of the elements on their atomic weight (in modern, from the atomic mass).
8. Laser.
The prototype laser Maasers were made in 1953-1954. N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, and also, regardless of them by Americans, Ch. Towns and his employees. Unlike quantum generators of Basov and Prokhorov, which found an exit to use more than two energy levels, a Town Maser could not work in constant mode. In 1964, Basov, Prokhorov and Towns received the Nobel Prize in Physics "For fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which allowed to create generators and amplifiers based on the principle of the Maser and Laser."
9. Bodybuilding
The Russian athlete Evgenia Sandov, the name of his book "Building Body" - Bodybuilding was literally transferred to the English. language.
10. Hydrogen bomb - Sakharov A.D.
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (May 21, 1921, Moscow - December 14, 1989, Moscow) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and a politician, dissident and human rights activist, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bombs. Laureate. Nobel Prize Peace for 1975.
11. The first artificial satellite of the Earth, the first cosmonaut, etc.
12. Gypsum -N. I. Pirogov 
Pies for the first time in the history of world medicine applied a gypsum bandage, which made it possible to speed up the process of healing fractures and delivered many soldiers and officers from the ugly curvature of the limbs. During the siege of Sevastopol, to care for wounded, pies used the help of her mercy sisters, some of which came to the front from St. Petersburg. It was also an innovation for those times.
13. Military medicine
Pirogov invented the stratification of military medical service, as well as the methods of studying the human anatomy. In particular, he is the founder of topographic anatomy.
Antarctica was opened on 16 (28 January) of 1820 by the Russian expedition under the leadership of Faddeya Bellinshausen and Mikhail Lazareva, who were at the East and Mirny Sluts approached it at 69 ° 21? Yu. sh. 2 ° 14? s. d. (g) (district of the modern shelves Glacier Bellingshausen).
15. Immunity
Having found in 1882 the phenomena of phagocytosis (as he reported in 1883 at the 7th Congress Rus. Naturalists and doctors in Odessa), developed on them a comparative pathology of inflammation (1892), and in the future - phagocytic immunity theory ("immunity in infectious diseases" , 1901 - Nobel Prize, 1908, together with P. Erlich).
The main cosmological model in which the consideration of the evolution of the Universe begins with a state of dense hot plasma consisting of protons, electrons and photons. For the first time the model of the hot universe was considered in 1947 by George Gamov. The origin of the elementary particles in the model of the hot universe from the end of 1970s is described using a spontaneous symmetry disorder. Many disadvantages of the hot universe model were resolved in the 1980s as a result of constructing the theory of inflation.
The most famous computer game was invented by Alexey Pazitinov in 1985.
18. The first automaton - V.G.Fedorov
Automatic carbine designed for firing queues from hand. V.G.Fadorov. Abroad, this type of weapon is referred to as the "assault rifle". 
1913 - an experienced sample under a special intermediate patron (between pistol and rifle).
1916 - adoption for weapons (under the Japanese rifle cartridge) and the first combat application (Romanian front).
19. Incandescent lamp - Lamina Lamina A.N.
The light bulb has no single inventor. The story of the bulb is a whole chain of discoveries made different people At different times. However, the merits of Lodigina in the creation of incandescent lamps are especially great. Lododyagin was the first to propose to use tungsten threads in the lamps (in modern electric light bulbs, it is from tungsten) and twist the thread of incandescent in the form of a spiral. Also Lododagin was the first to pump out air lamps than increased their service life many times. Another invention of Lodigin, aimed at increasing the life of the lamps, was filling them with an inert gas. 
20. Diving machine
In 1871, Lododagin created a project of an autonomous diving sensor using a gas mixture consisting of oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen should have been produced from water by electrolysis.
21. Induction oven.
The first caterpillar propulsion (without a mechanical drive) was proposed in 1837 by headquarten D. Zagryazhsky. His tracked propulsion was built on two wheels circled with iron chain. And in 1879, the Russian inventor F. Blinov received a patent for the "Crawler" for the tractor created by him. He called him "locomotive for dirt roads"
23. Cable telegraph line 
The line Petersburg-tsarist village was built in 40-Russia. XIX century and had a length of 25 km. (B. Skyca)
24. Synthetic oil rubber - B. Babyz
25. Optical sight
"Mathematical tool with a promising visual tube, with protected affiliates and waterpasses for emergency leaving from the battery or from the ground of the Earth along the place shown in the target horizontally and by deception." Andrei Konstantinovich Narzov (1693-1756).
In 1801, the Ural Master of Artamonov decided the task of facilitating the weight of the wagon by reducing the number of wheels from four to two. Thus, Artamonov created the first pedal scooter in the world a model of a future bike.
27. Electrosvarka
The method of electrical welding of metals came up with and for the first time in 1882, the Russian inventor Nikolai Nikolayevich Benardos (1842 - 1905). "Stitching" by electric seam, he called "Electrichefest".
The world's first personal computer
It was invented not by the American firm "EPPL Computer" and not in 1975, but in the USSR in 1968 
year by the Soviet designer from Omsk Arseny Anatolyevich Gorokhov (born 1935). In the author's certificate No. 383005 described in detail the "programming device", as the inventor called him then. The industrial sample did not give money. The inventor was asked to wait a bit. He waited, until once again abroad, the domestic "bike" did not invent.
29. Digital technology.
- Father of all digital technology in data transmission.
30. Electric motor- B.jakobi.
31. Electric car
Double Electric Mobile I.Romanova Sample 1899 Changed the speed of movement in nine gradations - from 1.6 km per hour to the maximum 37.4 km per hour
32. Bombarder 
Four-rotor aircraft "Russian Vityaz" I.Sikorsky.
33. Kalashnikov automaton
Symbol of freedom and struggle with oppressors.
Our understanding of the world in the flowering of the technological era is all this, and much more is the result of the work of numerous scientists. We live in a progressive world, which develops in a huge pace. This growth and progression is the product of science, numerous studies and experiments. All we use, including cars, electricity, health care and science - the result of inventions and discoveries of these intellectuals. If it were not for the greatest minds of humanity, we still live in the Middle Ages. People perceive everything as proper, but it is still worth giveing \u200b\u200btribute to whom we have what we have. This list presents ten greatest scientists in history, the inventions of which have changed our lives.
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Sir Isaac Newton - english physicist And the mathematician is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time. The contribution of Newton to science is wide and unique, and the bred laws are still taught in schools as the basis of scientific understanding. His genius is always mentioned together with funny history "Allegedly, Newton opened the power of gravity thanks to the apple, falling from the tree to his head. Truthful story about an apple, or not, but Newton also approved the heliocentric model of space, built the first telescope, formulated the empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of the sound. As mathematician, Newton also took a lot of discoveries that influenced the further development of humanity. 
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Albert Einstein is a physicist of German origin. In 1921, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for the opening of the photovoltaic effect. But the most important achievement of the greatest scientist in history is the theory of relativity that along with quantum mechanics Forms the basis of modern physics. It also formulated the ratio of the equivalence of mass energy E \u003d M, which is called as the most famous equation in the world. He also collaborated with other scientists at work, such as Bose Einstein statistics. Einstein's letter to President Roosevelt in 1939, leading to his potential nuclear weaponsis supposed to be a key stimulus in the development atomic bombs USA. Einstein believes that this is the biggest mistake of his life. 
James Maxwell (1831-1879)
Maxwell - Scottish mathematician and physicist, introduced the concept electronic magnetic field. He proved that the light and the electromagnetic field are moved at the same speed. In 1861 Maxwell made the first color photo after research in the field of optics and colors. The work of Maxwell over thermodynamics and kinetic theory also helped other scientists to make a number of important discoveries. The distribution of Maxwenel-Boltzmann is another major contribution to the development of the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. 
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Louis Paster, French chemist and microbiologist, whose main invention was the process of pasteurization. Pasteur made a number of discoveries in the field of vaccination, creating vaccines from rabies and Siberian ulcers. He also studied the reasons and developed methods for the prevention of diseases than they saved many lives. All this made Pasteur "Father Microbiology". This greatest scientist founded the Pasteur Institute to continue scientific research in many areas.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Charles Darwin is one of the most influential figures in the history of mankind. Darwin, English Naturalist and Zoologist, put forward an evolutionary theory and evolutionism. He provided the basis for understanding the origin of human life. Darwin explained that all his life appeared from the general ancestors and that the development occurred through natural selection. This is one of the dominant scientific explanations of the diversity of life. 
Maria Curi (1867-1934)
Maria Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911). She became not only the first woman who received a prize, but also the only woman who made it in two fields and the only person who achieved it in different sciences. Its main field of research was radioactivity - methods of isolation of radioactive isotopes and the opening of polonium and radium elements. During World War II, Curi opened the first X-ray center in France, and also developed a mobile field x-ray that helped save the lives of many soldiers. Unfortunately, the prolonged impact of radiation led to aplastic anemia, from which Curie died in 1934. 
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)
Nikola Tesla, Serbian American, most famous for his work in the field modern system Power supply and alternating current studies. Tesla at the initial stage worked at Thomas Edison - Developed engines and generators, but later quit. In 1887, he built an asynchronous engine. Tesla experiments gave rise to the invention of radio communications, and the special nature of Tesla gave him a nickname "crazy scientist." In honor of this greatest scientist, in 1960, the unit for measuring the induction of the magnetic field was called "Tesla". 
Niels Bor (1885-1962)
Nobel Prize in 1922 Danish physics in 1922, for its work on quantum theory and the structure of the atom. Bor is known for the opening of the atom model. In honor of this greatest scientist, they even called the element of the Borium, previously known as "Gafnia". Bor also played an important role in the founding of the CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research. 
Galileo Galilee (1564-1642)
Galileo Galilee is most famous for its achievements in astronomy. Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher, he improved the telescope and made important astronomical observations, among which the confirmation of the Venus phases and the opening of Jupiter satellites. Furious support for heliocentrism was the reason for the persecution of the scientist, Galilee was even subjected to homely arrest. At that time, he wrote 'two new sciences', thanks to which was called the "father of modern physics." 
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Aristotle is a Greek philosopher, which is the first real scientist in history. His views and ideas influence scientists and in a later year. He was a student of Plato and Alexander Great Teacher. Its work covers a wide variety of objects - physics, metaphysics, ethics, biology, zoology. His views on natural science and physics were innovative and became the base for the further development of humanity. 
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev can be bolded by one of the greatest scientists in the history of mankind. He discovered one of the fundamental laws of the Universe - the periodic law of chemical elements, which was subordinate to all the universe. The history of this amazing person deserves many volumes, and its discoveries became the engine of the development of the modern world.
Aristotle (384-322 BC.)
Aristotle is an ancient Greek scientist encyclopedist, philosopher and logic, founder of classical (formal) logic. It is considered one of the greatest geniuses in history and the most influential philosopher of antiquity. Made a huge contribution to the development of logic and natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics and biology. Although many of his scientific theories They were refuted, they significantly contributed to the search for new hypotheses of their explanation.
Archimedes (287-212 BC. E.)
Archimedes - ancient Greek mathematician, inventor, astronomer, physicist and engineer. As a rule, it is considered the greatest mathematician of all times and one of the leading scientists of the classical period of antiquity. Among its contribution in the field of physics - fundamental principles of hydrostatics, static and explanation of the principle of action on the lever. The invention is attributed to the invention of innovative mechanisms, including siege machines and a screw pump, named in his honor. Archimeda also invented a spiral, which carries its name, formulas for calculating the volumes of rotation surfaces and the original system to express very large numbers.
Galileo (1564-1642)
At the eighth place in the ranking of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is Galileo - Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. The father of observation astronomy and the "father of modern physics" was called "Father of Observation Astronomy". Galileo became the first who used a telescope for observing heavenly bodies. Thanks to this, he made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries, such as the opening of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, solar spots, the rotation of the Sun, and also found that Venus changes the phases. He also invented the first thermometer (without a scale) and the proportional circulation.
Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
Michael Faraday is an English physicist and a chemist, primarily known for the opening of electromagnetic induction. Faraday also opened the chemical effect of the current, diamagnetism, the effect of the magnetic field into the light, the laws of electrolysis. He also invented the first, albeit a primitive electric motor, and the first transformer. Introduced the term cathode, anode, ion, electrolyte, diamagnetism, dielectric, paramagnetism, etc. In 1824, he opened the chemical elements of benzene and isobutylene. Some historians consider Michael Faraday the best experimenter in the history of science.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)
Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor and businessman, the founder of the prestigious scientific journal Science. It is considered one of the most prolific inventors of its time with a record number of patents issued in his name - 1093 in the United States and 1239 in other countries. Among his inventions - the creation of an electric power lamp in 1879, the electricity distribution system to consumers, the phonograph, the improvement of the telegraph, telephone, film equipment, etc.
Marie Curie (1867-1934)
Maria Sklodovskaya-Curie is a French physicist and chemist, teacher, a public figure, a pioneer in the field of radiology. The only woman laureate of the Nobel Prize in two different areas of science - physics and chemistry. The first woman is a professor who teaches at the University of Sorbonne. Its achievements include the development of the theory of radioactivity, methods for separating radioactive isotopes and the discovery of two new chemical elements - radium and polonium. Marie Curie is one of the inventors who died from their inventions.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Louis Pasteur is a French chemist and a biologist, one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. He opened the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases. Initiated a new chemistry department - stereochemistry. The most important achievement of Pasteur is the work on bacteriology and virology, as a result of which the first vaccines against rabies and Siberian ulcers were created. His name is widely known thanks to them and called later in his honor of pasteurization technology. All the works of Pasteur became a vivid example of a combination of fundamental and applied research in the field of chemistry, anatomy and physics.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
Isaac Newton - English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, historian, Bible researcher and Alchemist. It is the primary law of the laws of movement. Sir Isaac Newton opened the law of world gravity, laid the foundations of classical mechanics, formulated the principle of preserving the impulse, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, built the first telescope reflector and developed the color theory, formulated the empirical law of heat exchange, built the theory of sound speed, proclaimed the theory of the origin of the stars and Many other mathematical and physical theories. Newton also became the first one who mathematically described the phenomenon of tides.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Albert Einstein is the second place in the list of the greatest scientists in the history of the world - a German physicist of Jewish origin, one of the greatest physicists of theoretics of the twentieth century, the creator of the general and special theory Relativity, discovered the law of the relationship of mass and energy, as well as many other significant physical theories. The winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for the opening of the photoelectric effect law. Author of more than 300. scientific work In physics and 150 books and articles in the field of history, philosophy, journalism, etc.
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)
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