A short description of each planet in the solar system. About the planets of the solar system for children
Our "home" is the solar system, which belongs to a galaxy called Milky Way... The solar system consists of a large bright star - the Sun, which by gravitational forces holds everything around it: planets, their satellites, comets, asteroids, cosmic gas and dust. Let's consider in more detail the planets of the solar system.
Opens the list of planets in the solar system Mercury, which is closest to the Sun and revolves around it much faster than its neighbors. In addition, Mercury is the smallest of all the planets. Its surface resembles a rocky desert.
During the daytime, Mercury is several times hotter than at the warmest point on Earth. But with the arrival of night, the temperature drops sharply, dropping below zero. This is due to the fact that Mercury has no atmosphere, and heat does not linger there.
Rice. 1. Mercury.
Venus
Venus resembles Earth in many ways, but its atmosphere is strikingly different from Earth's: it consists of a poisonous carbon dioxide... In addition, the atmosphere on the planet is so dense that it easily traps heat, and therefore it is very hot here. Venus is the brightest planet in the solar system, which rotates in reverse side... If you find yourself on its surface, you will have to admire the sunrise not in the east, but in the west.
Earth - unique planet Solar system, because only on it there is life. And all thanks to the fact that the planet has a breathable atmosphere, the World Ocean, and rich vegetation. In addition, the Earth is located from the Sun just enough to sunlight gave warmth, but did not burn everything on the surface. The Earth has a natural satellite - the Moon.
Rice. 2. Earth.
Mars
This planet is more like the rest of the Earth. That is why for a long time it was believed that there is life here. However, after careful exploration of the planet, it turned out that this is not the case. The surface of Mars resembles a desert with numerous channels and craters. There are also very high mountains. The upper layers contain a lot of iron, which gives the surface a reddish tint. Mars has 2 moons.
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Jupiter
The dimensions of this planet are amazing: Jupiter is so large that all the planets could easily fit inside it. Due to the fact that it spins very quickly, its middle part protrudes slightly, and the planet looks like a flattened ball.
Jupiter is the record holder not only for its size, but also for the number of satellites. 63 satellites revolve around the giant planet, four of which were discovered back in 1610 by the great Galileo Galilei.
The second largest planet that has distinctive feature- beautiful glowing rings made of billions of stone and ice particles. The main components of the planet are hydrogen and helium, making it the lightest of all planets. This means that if there was a huge ocean, Saturn could float freely in it. The planet has 7 satellites.
Rice. 3. Saturn.
Uranus
Since the planet is located at a great distance from the Sun, it is very cold on it. The main feature of Uranus is its way of rotation: the planet rotates, as if lying on its side. She has rings like Saturn, but not as bright. Has 5 main satellites.
Neptune
Neptune is the twin brother of Uranus, only smaller in size. Severe frosts reign here, which is difficult for a person to imagine: on the surface of Neptune, the temperature is -20C. This is the first planet that was discovered not by observation, but calculated mathematically. Due to its great distance from Earth, Neptune was explored by only one spacecraft almost 20 years ago. Has 14 satellites.
What have we learned?
When studying the program of the outside world of 3-5 grade, we learned which planets are included in the solar system, how they are located, and what characteristics they have. We learned that the only planet that has life is our Earth.
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This is a system of planets, in the center of which is a bright star, the source of energy, heat and light - the Sun.
According to one theory, the Sun was formed together with the solar system about 4.5 billion years ago as a result of the explosion of one or more supernovae. Initially, the solar system was a cloud of gas and dust particles, which, in motion and under the influence of their mass, formed a disk in which new star The sun and our entire solar system.
In the center of the solar system is the sun, around which nine large planets revolve in orbits. Since the Sun is displaced from the center of planetary orbits, then during the cycle of revolution around the Sun the planets either approach or move away in their orbits.
There are two groups of planets:
Terrestrial planets: and ... These planets are small in size with a rocky surface, they are closer to the Sun than others.
Planets giants: and ... These are large planets, mostly made of gas, and are characterized by rings of ice dust and many rocky pieces.
And here does not fall into any group, because, despite its location in the solar system, it is located too far from the sun and has a very small diameter, only 2320 km, which is half the diameter of Mercury.
The planets of the solar system
Let's start a fascinating acquaintance with the planets of the solar system in order of their location from the sun, and also consider their main satellites and some others space objects(comets, asteroids, meteorites) in the gigantic expanses of our planetary system.
Jupiter's rings and moons: Europa, Io, Ganymede, Callisto and others ...
The planet Jupiter is surrounded by a whole family of 16 satellites, and each of them has its own, unlike other features ...
Rings and moons of Saturn: Titan, Enceladus and others ...
Not only the planet Saturn has characteristic rings, but also other giant planets. Around Saturn, the rings are especially clearly visible, because they consist of billions of small particles that revolve around the planet, in addition to several rings, Saturn has 18 satellites, one of which is Titan, its diameter is 5000 km, which makes it the largest satellite of the solar system ...
Rings and moons of Uranus: Titania, Oberon and others ...
The planet Uranus has 17 satellites and, like other giant planets, thin rings encircling the planet, which practically do not have the ability to reflect light, so they were discovered not so long ago in 1977, quite by accident ...
Rings and moons of Neptune: 
Triton, Nereid and others ...
Initially, before the exploration of Neptune by the Voyager 2 spacecraft, it was known about two satellites of the planet - Triton and Nerida. An interesting fact is that the satellite Triton has the opposite direction of orbital motion, and strange volcanoes were also discovered on the satellite, which spewed nitrogen gas, like geysers, spreading a mass of dark color (from liquid state in steam) for many kilometers into the atmosphere. During its mission, Voyager 2 discovered six more satellites of the planet Neptune ...
In ancient times, people knew only five planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, only they can be seen with the naked eye.
Uranus, Neptune and Pluto were discovered with telescopes in 1781, 1846 and 1930. Long time astronomers studied the planets by observing them from Earth. They determined that all the planets, except Pluto, move in circular orbits in the same plane and in the same direction, calculated the sizes of the planets and the distances from them to the Sun, formed their own idea of the structure of the planets, even suggested that Venus and Mars could be similar to Earth, and there may be life on them.
The launch of unmanned space stations to the planets made it possible to significantly expand, and in many respects, revise the concept of the planets: it became possible to see photographs of the surface, to study the soil and atmosphere of the planets.
Mercury.
Mercury is a small planet, slightly larger than the Moon. Its surface is also dotted with craters from impacts with meteorites. No geological processes have erased these dents from his face. Inside, Mercury is cold. It moves around the Sun faster than other planets, and very slowly around its axis. Having walked around the Sun twice, Mercury only manages to turn around its axis three times. Because of this, the temperature on the sunny side of the planet exceeds 300 degrees, and on the unlit side, darkness and fierce cold reign. Mercury has practically no atmosphere.
Venus.
Exploring Venus is not easy. It is enveloped in a thick layer of clouds, and under this serene appearance there is a real hell, the pressure exceeds the Earth's by a hundred times, the temperature on the surface is about 500 degrees, which is caused by the "greenhouse effect". For the first time, the Soviet automatic station "Venera - 9" was able to transmit to the Earth images of the lava-filled and stone-covered surface. In the conditions of Venus, the device, launched to the surface of the planet, quickly fails, so American scientists decided to obtain data on the planet's relief in a different way.
The unmanned station "Magellan", orbiting Venus many times, probed the planet with radar, as a result, a comprehensive picture of the surface was obtained. In places, the relief of Venus is similar to that of the Earth, but, in general, the landscapes are strange: high mountainous round areas surrounded by mountain ranges 250 - 300 km across, the entire area of which is occupied by volcanoes; other volcanic formations resemble flat-topped cakes with steep edges. The surface of the planet is cut by channels, which were laid by lava. Traces of active volcanic activity are visible everywhere. Meteorite craters on the surface of Venus are evenly distributed, which means that its surface was formed at the same time. Scientists cannot explain how this could have happened, Venus seemed to boil and was flooded with lava. Now there is no volcanic activity on the planet.
The atmosphere of Venus is not at all similar to Earth's, it is mainly composed of carbon dioxide. The thickness of the gas shell of Venus, in comparison with the earth, is monstrously large. The cloud layer reaches 20 km. They found the presence of concentrated aqueous solution sulfuric acid. Sunlight does not reach the surface of Venus, twilight reigns there, there is a sulfur rain, the landscape is constantly illuminated with flashes of lightning. High in the planet's atmosphere, constant winds are raging, which drive the clouds at a tremendous speed, the upper layer of the Venusian atmosphere makes a full revolution around the planet for four Earth days. Solid Venus, on the other hand, rotates very slowly on its axis and in a different direction than all other planets. Venus has no satellites.
Mars.
In the 20th century, the planet Mars was chosen by science fiction writers; in their novels, the Martian civilization was incomparably higher than the earthly one. The mysterious inaccessible Mars began to reveal its secrets when Soviet and American automatic spacecraft began to be sent to study it.
Station "Mariner - 9", revolving around Mars, took pictures of all parts of the planet, which made it possible to create detailed map surface relief. Researchers have found traces of active geological processes on the planet: huge volcanoes, the largest of them, Olympus, 25 km high, and a huge fault in the Martian crust, called the Mariner Valley, which crosses an eighth of the planet.
Giant structures have been growing in the same place for billions of years, unlike the Earth with its drifting continents, the surface of Mars did not move. The geological structures of the Earth, in comparison with the Martian ones, are dwarfs. Are volcanoes active on Mars now? Scientists believe that geological activity on the planet is obviously a thing of the past.
Reddish rocky deserts prevail among the Martian landscapes. Light transparent clouds float above them in the pink sky. Blue sky becomes at sunset. The atmosphere of Mars is very thin. Every few years there are dust storms that capture almost the entire surface of the planet. A day on Mars lasts 24 hours 37 minutes, the inclination of the axis of rotation of Mars to the plane of the orbit is almost the same as that of the Earth, therefore the change of seasons on Mars is quite consistent with the change of seasons on Earth. The planet is sparsely warmed by the Sun, so the temperature of its surface even on a summer day does not exceed 0 degrees, and in winter time from the fierce cold, frozen carbon dioxide settles on the stones, and the Polar Caps mainly consist of it. No traces of life have yet been found.
From Earth, Mars is visible as a reddish star, which is probably why it bears the name of the god of war Mars. His two companions received the names Phobos and Deimos, which translated from ancient Greek means "fear" and "horror". Satellites of Mars - space "stones" irregular shape... Phobos is 18km x 22km and Deimos is 10km x16km.
The planets are giants.
In 1977, American scientists and engineers within the framework of the Voyager program launched an automatic interplanetary station towards Jupiter. Once every 175 years, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Pluto are positioned in such a way relative to the Earth that a launched spacecraft can survey all these planets in one flight. Scientists calculated that under certain conditions a spacecraft, flying up to the planet, falls into a gravitational sling, the planet itself sends the device further to another planet. The calculations turned out to be correct. Earthlings were able to see these distant planets and their satellites "through the eyes" of space robots, unique information was transmitted to the Earth.
Jupiter.
Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. It does not have a solid surface and consists mainly of hydrogen and helium. Due to the high speed of rotation around its axis, it is noticeably compressed at the poles. Jupiter has a huge magnetic field recorded, if it became visible, then from Earth it would look the size of a solar disk.
In the photographs, scientists were able to see only clouds in the planet's atmosphere, which create stripes parallel to the equator. But they moved with great speed, fancifully changing their outlines. Numerous eddies, auroras and flashes of lightning were recorded in the cloud cover of Jupiter. On the planet, the wind speed reaches one hundred kilometers per hour. The most amazing formation in Jupiter's atmosphere is a large red spot 3 times the size of Earth. Astronomers have observed it since the 17th century. It is possible that this is the tip of a gigantic tornado. Jupiter releases more energy than it receives from the Sun. Scientists believe that gases in the center of the planet are compressed to the state of a metallic liquid. This hot core is the power plant that generates winds and a monstrous magnetic field.
But the main surprises for scientists were not presented by Jupiter itself, but by its satellites.
Moons of Jupiter.
There are 16 known satellites of Jupiter. The largest of them Io, Europa, Callisto and Ganymede were discovered by Galileo, they are visible even with strong binoculars. It was believed that the satellites of all planets are similar to the moon - they are cold and lifeless. But the moons of Jupiter surprised the researchers.
And about- the size of the moon, but this is the first celestial body, except for the Earth, on which active volcanoes were discovered. Io is completely covered with volcanoes. Its surface is washed by multi-colored lava flows, volcanoes emit sulfur. But what is the reason for the active volcanic activity of such a small cosmic body? Rotating around the huge Jupiter, Io approaches it and then moves away.
Under the influence of either increasing or decreasing gravitational force Io shrinks and expands. Friction forces heated its inner layers to an enormous temperature. Io's volcanic activity is incredible, its surface is changing before our eyes. Io moves in the powerful magnetic field of Jupiter, therefore, accumulates a huge electric charge, which is discharged to Jupiter in the form of a continuous stream of lightning, causing storms on the planet.
Europe has a relatively smooth surface with virtually no relief. It is covered with a layer of ice, it is likely that the ocean is hidden under it. Instead of molten rocks, water seeps out of the cracks. It is perfect the new kind geological activity.
Ganymede- most big satellite in the solar system. Its dimensions are almost the same as those of Mercury.
Callisto dark and cold, its surface pitted by meteor craters has not changed for billions of years.
Saturn.
Saturn, like Jupiter, does not have a solid surface - it is a giant gas planet. It also consists of hydrogen and helium, but it is colder because it generates less heat itself and receives less of it from the Sun. But on Saturn, the winds are more rapid than on Jupiter. Stripes, vortices and other formations are observed in the atmosphere of Saturn, but they are short-lived and irregular.
Naturally, the attention of scientists was directed to the rings that surround the planet's equator. They were discovered by astronomers back in the 17th century, since then scientists have been trying to understand what they are. Pictures of rings transmitted to earth by automatic space station, surprised the researchers. They managed to identify several hundred nested rings, some intertwined with each other, on the rings they found dark stripes that appeared and disappeared, they were called knitting needles. Scientists were able to see the rings of Saturn from close enough distance, but they had more questions than answers.
In addition to the rings around Saturn, 15 satellites move. The largest of them is Titan, slightly smaller than Mercury. Dense atmosphere Titan is much thicker than Earth's and consists almost entirely of nitrogen, it did not allow seeing the surface of the satellite, but scientists suggest that the internal structure of Titan is similar to the structure of the Earth. The temperature at its surface is below minus 200 degrees.
Uranus.
Uranus differs from all other planets in that its axis of rotation lies practically in the plane of its orbit, all planets are like a toy top, and Uranus rotates as if "lying on its side". Voyager managed to "see" little in the atmosphere of Uranus, the planet outwardly turned out to be very monotonous. 5 satellites revolve around Uranus.
Neptune.
Voyager took 12 years to get to Neptune. How surprised the scientists were when on the outskirts solar system saw a planet very similar to Earth. It was deep blue in color, white clouds were moving in different directions in the atmosphere. Winds blow much stronger on Neptune than on other planets.
There is so little energy on Neptune that the wind, having risen, can no longer stop. Scientists have discovered a system of rings around Neptune, but they are incomplete and represent arcs, there is no explanation for this yet. Neptune and Uranus are also giant planets, but not gas, but ice.
Neptune has 3 moons. One of them - Triton rotates in the opposite direction to the direction of rotation of Neptune itself. Perhaps it did not form in the gravitational zone of Neptune, but was attracted to the planet when it came close to it and fell into its zone of gravity. Triton is the coldest body in the solar system, its surface temperature is slightly above absolute zero (minus 273 degrees). But nitrogen geysers were discovered on Triton, which indicates its geological activity.
Pluto
Now officially Pluto is no longer a planet. Now it should be considered “ dwarf planet", One of three in the Solar System. Pluto's fate was determined in 2006 by a vote of members of the International Astronomical Society in Prague.
To avoid confusion and not to clutter up the maps of the solar system, the International Astronomical Union has prescribed to classify as dwarf planets sufficiently large celestial bodies that are not included in the number of eight previously defined planets. In particular, Pluto, Charon ( former satellite Pluto), the asteroid Ceres, orbiting between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, as well as the objects of the so-called Kuiper belt Zena (Xena, object UB313) and Sedna (object 90377).
Astronomy Report
The planets of the solar system
pupil 11th grade
Dombrovsky Evgeny
Moscow 1998
The solar system includes the Sun, nine major planets, about 50 of their satellites, more than 100,000 asteroids, about 1011 comets, and countless smaller objects. In my post I will focus on eight major planets (except for the Earth - this is the topic of a non-astronomical report).
Let's start with some boring statistics:
Name of the planet | Average radius | Weight | Wednesday dist. from the sun | Period of circulation | Number of satellites |
|
in the radii of the earth | in the masses of the earth | in au |
||||
Mercury | 87.97 days |
|||||
Venus | 224.7 days |
|||||
Earth | ||||||
Mars | ||||||
Jupiter | ||||||
Saturn | ||||||
Uranus | ||||||
Neptune | ||||||
Pluto |
* In addition to large satellites, several other smaller objects were found orbiting the planet.
Let's start in order.
Mercury
Mercury is a rather poorly studied celestial body, since when observing from Earth, the greatest visible distance of the planet from the Sun is about 28 °, that is, with the naked eye it can be seen immediately after sunset or just before sunrise, and even then it is quite rare. Most of the information about Mercury, earthlings received three times approaching the planet of the American automatic interplanetary station (hereinafter - AMS) Mariner-10 in 1974 - 1975.
The period of revolution around the Sun (Mercurian year) is about 88 Earth days, and the period of rotation around its axis is 58 days. It turns out that the Mercurian day is two Mercurian years! In other words, a year passes from sunrise to sunset on Mercury, that is, 88 Earth days. During this time, the daytime side of the planet's surface heats up to almost 700 K (430 ° C), and the night side cools down to 150 K (-120 ° C).
From photographs, a layman cannot distinguish Mercury from the Moon. On the surface of the planet, traces of the planet's contraction during cooling, wrinkling of the crust, as well as craters of meteorite origin are visible; as on the Moon, there is a dark “sea”, though only one - the Sea of Znoya (a depression with a diameter of about 1300 km). There are also objects that are not on the Moon - long (up to several hundred kilometers) cliffs up to 2 - 3 km high - scarps... The height of the mountains on Mercury reaches four kilometers.
Before the Mariner 10 flight, it was believed that Mercury had no atmosphere, but observations from the American station showed that negligible amounts of hydrogen (about 70 atoms per cm3) and helium (4,500 atoms per cm3) are concentrated near the planet's surface. These gases on Mercury - held by the weak magnetic field planets are part of the solar wind. Atoms remain in this "atmosphere" for an average of 200 days (on Earth), and then are emitted into interplanetary space, and others come in their place. The pressure of the atmosphere at the surface of Mercury is 500 billion times less than the pressure of the Earth's atmosphere.
Mercury has a relatively high density among the planets of the solar system - about 5.44 g / cm3. Scientists suggest that this is due to the presence of a massive metal core (presumably from molten iron with a density of up to 10 g / cm3, having a temperature of about 2000 K), containing more than 60% of the planet's mass and surrounded by a silicate mantle and probably 60-100 km thick crust.
Venus
Venus is the planet closest to Earth. She is even called the "sister of the Earth." Indeed, the radius of Venus is almost equal to that of the Earth (0.95), its mass is 0.82 of the Earth's mass. Venus has been studied quite well by people - both Soviet AMS of the Venus series and American Mariners approached the planet (and some even landed).
Venus revolves around the Sun in 224.7 Earth days, but with this figure, unlike Mercury, nothing interesting is connected. Very interesting fact associated with the period of rotation of the planet itself around its axis - 243 Earth days (in the opposite direction) and the period of rotation of the powerful Venusian atmosphere, which makes a full revolution around the planet in ... 4 days! This corresponds to a wind speed near the surface of Venus of 100 m / s or 360 km / h!
The atmosphere of Venus was discovered by M.V. Lomonosov in 1761. He pointed out that it includes a thick, low-transparency cloud layer. Modern scientists have established that the Venusian atmosphere is 96% carbon dioxide CO2. Nitrogen (almost 4%), oxygen, water vapor, noble gases, etc. (all less than 0.1%) are also present here. The basis of the thick cloud layer, located at an altitude of 50 - 70 km, are small drops of sulfuric acid H2 SO4 with a concentration of 75-80% (the rest is water, actively “absorbed” by the acid droplets).
At the surface of Venus, the pressure reaches 93 atm, and the temperature, due to the strongest greenhouse effect, is 735 K (460 ° C).
The relief of Venus is strongly smoothed over time: due to atmospheric erosion, old meteorite craters have been weathered, the traces of which are still visible on the planet's surface; mountainous regions occupy only about 8% of the territory, the total height difference does not exceed 8 km. Apparently, there are active volcanoes on Venus, since it is reliably known that seismic and tectonic activity on Venus was very active relatively recently.
Oddly enough, there is about the same amount of carbon dioxide on Venus as on Earth, but on our planet it is mainly found in a bound state in rocks formed as a result of the combined activity of living organisms and large amounts of water, while nothing interferes with Venusian carbon dioxide to collect in the atmosphere, since all the water on Venus over time underwent photolysis (splitting into hydrogen and oxygen under the action of solar radiation), atomic hydrogen evaporated due to the weakness of the planet's magnetic field, and oxygen bound all the same carbon and contributed even more the formation of very unusual conditions by earthly standards: a temperature of over 400 ° C, a crazy wind, a dense layer of bright orange clouds overhead and “rain” of small droplets of concentrated sulfuric acid - this is a picture that future cosmonauts who landed on Venus.
The internal structure of this pseudo-twin of the Earth is also similar to the structure of our planet: the average density of Venus is 5.22 g / cm3, that is, almost equal to that of the Earth, which allows us to conclude that there is a liquid iron core in the center of Venus with a radius of about 2900 km, surrounded by a mantle. just like our Earth. The extreme weakness of Venus's magnetic field is due to the low speed of its rotation.
Mars
When the American close-range station Mariner 4 first took images of Mars in 1965, those photographs caused a sensation. Astronomers were ready to see anything but the lunar landscape. One well-known astronomer from the Pulkovo Observatory even called the editorial offices of newspapers to check if the newspapermen had confused the Moon with Mars. Alas, the typical lunar landscape belonged to the famous Red Planet. It was on Mars that those who wanted to find life in space pinned special hopes. But these aspirations did not come true - Mars turned out to be lifeless.
According to modern data, the radius of Mars is almost half that of the Earth (3390 km), and in terms of mass, Mars is ten times smaller than the Earth. This planet orbits the Sun in 687 Earth days (1.88 years). Solar days on Mars are practically equal to Earth's - 24 hours 37 minutes, and the planet's axis of rotation is tilted to the orbital plane by 25 ° (for Earth - 23 °), which allows us to conclude that the change of seasons is similar to that of the Earth.
But all the dreams of scientists about the presence of life on the Red Planet melted after the composition of the atmosphere of Mars was established. To begin with, it should be pointed out that the pressure at the planet's surface is 160 times less than the pressure of the earth's atmosphere. And it consists of 95% carbon dioxide, contains almost 3% nitrogen, more than 1.5% argon, about 1.3% oxygen, 0.1% water vapor, there is also carbon monoxide, traces of krypton and xenon were found. Of course, no life can exist in such a rarefied and inhospitable atmosphere.
Due to the thinness of the Martian atmosphere, the planet cannot hold solar heat, as a result of which the temperature reaches 25 ° C during the summer day, and at night it drops to -90 ° C (in the polar regions up to -135 ° C). The average annual temperature on Mars is about -60 ° C. Sharp temperature changes during the day cause the strongest dust storms, during which thick clouds of sand and dust rise to heights of 20 km.
The composition of the Martian soil was finally revealed during studies of the American descent vehicles Viking-1 and Viking-2. The reddish sheen of Mars is caused by the abundance of iron III oxide (ocher) in its surface rocks. In addition to iron (14%), silicon (20%), calcium and magnesium (5% each), aluminum (3%) and sulfur (more than 3%) were also found in the Martian soil, which is almost a hundred times more than on Earth. ...
The relief of Mars is quite interesting. There are dark and light regions here, as on the Moon, but unlike the Moon, on Mars, the change in surface color is not associated with a change in altitude: both light and dark regions can be at the same height. On Mars there are areographic (analogous to the term "geographical" for Earth; from the Greek name of the god of war Ares, called Mars in Roman mythology) objects of a planetary scale. Known giant graben - Canyon, its length is 2500 km, width - 100-200 km, and the depth reaches 6 km. The highest mountain of Mars - Olympus - rises above the surrounding landscape for ... 24 km! The base diameter of this gigantic volcano is 600 km.
There are relatively few meteorite craters on Mars, but traces of erosional activity, most likely water, are clearly visible. That is, once (presumably about 10 million years ago) Mars had a more powerful atmosphere, with pressure at the surface sufficient to liquefy water, and it rained on Mars, rivers flowed, and seas and oceans existed. Until now, scientists do not know the nature of the cataclysm that caused global climate changes on Mars, which led to modern conditions.
For a long time, the details of the relief of the Red Planet remained one of the most noticeable and bewitching the minds of astronomers. polar caps Mars. These “glaciers” greatly increase in size in the middle of autumn and almost completely disappear by the beginning of summer. Modern scientists have established that the average annual temperature of the caps is -70 ° C, and they consist of two components: seasonal - solid carbon dioxide ("dry ice") and secular - ordinary water ice. In summer, CO2 sublimes, and in winter, when the temperature drops to -130 ° C, it again precipitates near the pole.
Assumptions about the internal structure of Mars are in many ways similar to ideas in the structure of the Earth: outside there is a thin film of the lithosphere covering a massive layer of the mantle, and in the center is a metal core, about which scientists have not yet come to a single conclusion - whether it is liquid or solidified.
Around Mars with high speed two of its natural satellites fly - Phobos (22x30 km) and Deimos (15x12 km). They overtake the planet in its rotation around its axis. These are small celestial bodies, shaped like potatoes, richly dotted with craters, not of great interest to astronomers.
Minor planets
Back in the middle of the 18th century, it was noticed that the distances from the Sun to the planets can be related by a simple relationship:
r= 0.4 + 0.3 x 2n (a.u.)
So, for Mercury n =-¥, r= 0.4 (in fact, it is equal to 0.387 AU); for Venus n =0, r= 0.7 (real distance - 0.723); for the Earth - n =1,r= 1; for Mars at n= 2 we have r= 1.6 (true value is 1.523). Next planet- Jupiter. But with n= 3 we find r= 2.8, while Jupiter corresponds n= 4 and r= 5.2 (should be 5.203), and Saturn is almost perfect n= 5 and r= 10 (actually - 9.546). From this it followed that at a distance of about 2.8 AU. there must be some kind of planet from the Sun!
In 1796, a society of astronomers was even organized, seeking to discover this unknown planet. But completely independently of him, in 1801, the Sicilian astronomer Piazzi accidentally discovered a stellar object, the coordinates of which changed from night to night. Calculations have shown that this object moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit with a semi-major axis in r= 2.77 a.u. This is the first of minor planets was named Ceres after the Greek goddess of fertility, who was considered the patroness of Sicily. Soon, three more asteroids ("star-shaped") were discovered - Pallas, Juno and Vesta.
To date, over 3500 asteroids have been cataloged. The sizes of the largest are (diameter): Ceres - about 1000 km, Pallas - 608, Vesta - 538, Juno - almost 250 km, the vast majority of the rest do not exceed 5-10 km in size. More than 97% of asteroids revolve around the Sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, but there are exceptions: the highly elongated orbit of Icarus is closer to the Sun than Mercury, and the asteroid Chiron, discovered since 1977, goes far beyond the orbit of Saturn and comes close to the orbit of Uranus ... It was discovered only due to its relatively large size - its diameter is about 200 km.
Some asteroids fly quite close to Earth on their journey through interplanetary space. In 1968, the aforementioned Icarus passed at a distance of 7 million km from the Earth. And in 1976, a new asteroid was discovered, called Hator, which, shortly before the discovery, passed 1.15 million km from the Earth, that is, only three times farther from us than the Moon!
But all scientists agreed that the probability of a collision of the Earth with an asteroid is negligible. Although who dares to assert this after the famous fall on Jupiter of the remnants of the comet Shoemaker-Levy-9 in 1996?
Jupiter
The greatest of the planets in the solar system - Jupiter - has long been considered either a half-star or an extinct star. And in fact - the mass of Jupiter, almost 318 times large mass Earth, exceeds the mass of all other planets combined, and is one thousandth of the mass of the Sun, and there are dwarf stars with masses of 0.006 - 0.008 times the mass of the Sun, that is, only 6 - 8 times heavier than Jupiter. If this planet were even ten times heavier, the pressure and temperature in its bowels would be sufficient to start. nuclear reactions, and hence self-luminescence, but this did not happen, and Jupiter was never a star.
Jupiter, the fifth planet from the Sun, revolves around it at a distance of 5.2 AU, making a complete revolution in 11.86 Earth years. Even small amateur telescopes can record the contraction of Jupiter (the difference between the equatorial and polar radii; in the formula - the ratio of their difference to the most equatorial radius of the planet), which is 1/16 (for the Earth - 1/298). There are two main reasons for this strong compression. First, the mass of the planet is more strongly concentrated in the interior regions than, say, our planet. And the second reason is high speed the rotation of Jupiter around its axis - it makes a complete revolution in less than ten hours! This is also due to the “layering” of Jupiter during its observation - different regions of the massive atmosphere of this planet move at different speeds, and the equatorial “clouds” overtake the “air” masses more distant from the equator.
Probably the most attractive object on the surface of Jupiter when observing and studying it has always been Great Red Spot(BKP). Scientists considered it to be either a huge (the size of the BCP is 40,000 km in length and 13,000 km in width), an island of helium ice in the hydrogen ocean, or a gigantic constantly erupting volcano. After repeated encounters with Jupiter by American AMS, starting in 1973, it was unequivocally established that the BKP is a giant cyclone that has been rotating counterclockwise in the planet's atmosphere for at least 400 years (since its discovery) and completing a full revolution in six Earth days. Calculations show that in the conditions of the atmosphere of Jupiter, such colossal eddies can exist for several millennia!
An interesting feature of Jupiter in comparison with the already considered planets is its average density: it is only about 1.33 g / cm3. This allows us to make a fairly confident conclusion about the chemical composition of the planet: the overwhelming majority of it is hydrogen and helium (as, by the way, do all stars). By model internal structure Jupiter, built by a group of Soviet scientists in the late 1980s, the uppermost layer of Jupiter is gaseous, consisting of hydrogen and helium with minor impurities of ammonia NH3 and methane CH4, thickness 0.02 of the planet's radius. Deeper goes a massive and thick-thick layer of liquid molecular hydrogen, a kind of hydrogen ocean, the thickness of which is 0.22 radius. At the “bottom” of this ocean, pressure is reached, sufficient for the transition of hydrogen into the metallic phase, that is, protons and electrons exist separately here. In this phase, hydrogen has a very high electrical conductivity, as a result of which powerful ring currents arise in it, causing an extremely strong magnetic field of Jupiter (tens of thousands of times stronger than Earth's). In the center of the planet there is probably an iron-silicate core, in which most of the mass is concentrated, and the temperature reaches 25,000 K. According to other theories, the thickness of the shells is different, but the essence of the construction does not change.
Of the 16 satellites of Jupiter, the four largest were discovered by Galileo in 1610. These are Io (radius - 1820 km), Europe (1530 km), Ganymede (2610) and Callisto (2450). It is easy to see that Ganymede and Callisto are even larger than Mercury. Io looks more interesting than others. It is the most seismically active body in the solar system. Since the late 1970s, numerous volcanic eruptions have been recorded during flights past Io by spacecraft. Lava is predominantly sulfur. Io is surrounded by a very peculiar atmosphere: most of it is atomic hydrogen, but there are also vast clouds of sodium atoms!
All of Jupiter's moons, except for the largest five, are most likely asteroids captured by the planet's powerful magnetic field. Found around Jupiter and a ring, but 105 times less dense than Saturn.
The world of Jupiter is amazing, fabulous and at the same time real. Outside - a rapidly changing cloudy shell, the color of the parts in which is created by small impurities of some substances, possibly phosphine PH3. It hides a vast ocean of liquid hydrogen, many thousands of kilometers deep. Below is an even more amazing shell of metallic hydrogen, covering some very dense, and possibly solid core. In our terrestrial experience, nothing of the kind was encountered, although metallic hydrogen was obtained by Soviet scientists in 1975. Probably, already at a depth of 200 - 300 km, complete darkness sets in, prevailing, of course, even below. Jupiter, the largest of the planets in the solar system, is by nature a cross between a dwarf star and terrestrial planets.
Saturn
In terms of size, Saturn is second only to Jupiter: its radius is 9.2 times larger than that of the Earth (it is almost 60,000 km), and in terms of mass, this planet is 95 times larger than the Earth. Saturn revolves around the Sun at a distance of 9.58 AU, completing a full revolution in 29.5 Earth years, and around its axis it makes a complete revolution in just 10.5 hours (according to other sources - up to 11 hours), which causes even greater than that of Jupiter, the polar contraction is 1/10.
In popular books on astronomy, sometimes a funny picture is given - in a giant imaginary pool of water, Saturn floats with ease of cork. This fantastic situation reflects real fact: Saturn is the only body in the solar system lighter than water. Its average density is only 0.69 g / cm3, which is two times less medium density The sun. This allows us to say with a high degree of confidence that Saturn consists mainly of hydrogen (80% according to scientists' calculations) and helium (18%).
Assumptions about the internal structure of Saturn were largely based on more reliable conclusions about Jupiter. In general, the picture is similar: in the upper layers of Saturn's atmosphere, in addition to hydrogen and helium, insignificant amounts of methane were also found. Below, like Jupiter, there is a global hydrogen ocean, then a layer of metallic hydrogen. In the center is a silicate-metal core, the estimated mass of which is more than 9 Earth masses, and the temperature in it reaches 20,000 K.
Of the celestial objects surrounding Saturn, the most famous is, of course, the famous ring (or rather rings). It was discovered a very long time ago, and over time, its structure was discovered in more and more detail by scientists and, accordingly, ideas about it became more complicated. They talked about one, then about three, about seven and, finally, about the "crazy world of rings." The ring consists of small blocks of ice or stone covered with ice, with diameters from several centimeters to meters. The total thickness of the ring does not exceed 3 km, which, with a maximum radius of 900,000 km, makes it possible to draw an analogy with an imaginary disk 1 mm thick and 250 m in radius. Each of the blocks is essentially an independent satellite of the planet. Scientists have yet to discover the nature of the rings and the conditions for their existence.
Of the other bodies, it is worth talking about the largest of the 17 satellites of the planet - Titan. The name reflects the essence - Titan, one of the largest satellites in the solar system, has a diameter of 5150 km. It is also remarkable in that it is surrounded by an atmosphere that is ten times more massive than the earth! Its main component is apparently nitrogen. The content of such compounds as methane, ethane and acetylene is high here.
Also interesting are four more large satellites of Saturn - Iapetus, Rhea, Dione and Tethys (diameters of about 1000 km). The fact is that one of their hemispheres (for Iapetus - forward in the direction of rotation around Saturn, for the rest - on the contrary) is much darker than the other. Scientists believe that the bright side of these bodies is covered with snow, while the other - some rocks.
Uranus and Neptune
These two planets are often referred to as twin giants. And in fact they are very similar: Uranus is slightly larger (its radius is 26,540 km, Neptune is 24,300 km), but Neptune is more massive - its mass is 17.25 Earth masses, while Uranus has only 14.6. Thanks to these minor differences, the average densities of both planets are almost equal: 1.71 g / cm3 for Uranus and 1.72 g / cm3 for Neptune.
These planets are also similar in terms of the speed of rotation around their axis - for both it is quite large: on Uranus, solar days last about 10 hours, on Neptune they are somewhat longer. It is interesting that in this case Uranus is noticeably compressed (polar compression - 1/17), which cannot be said about Neptune.
The most important difference between Uranus and Neptune is, of course, their periods of revolution around the Sun. The Uranian year lasts 84 Earth years, and the Neptunian year 164.8 years. That is, not even one year has passed since the discovery of Neptune (1846) on this planet!
An interesting feature of Uranus is that it revolves around the Sun as if lying on its side: its axis of rotation forms an angle of 98 ° with the orbital plane.
Uranus has been studied much better than its “brother” as a result of random event... Launched in 1977 by Voyager 2 to explore Jupiter and Saturn after completing its mission, it turned out to be well enough preserved to fly quite close to Uranus: 8.5 years after the launch, Voyager 2 “observed” Uranus from a distance of only 80 thousand km, and one of its satellites - Miranda - with only 28 thousand km, that is, 11 times closer than we observe the Moon. At this time, the device was removed from the Earth by 2.7 billion km, and the radio signal from it was two and a half hours!
The atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune are supposedly half hydrogen, methane (about 20%) and ammonia (at least 5%) are also present. The rest is helium, possibly ethane, acetylene and water vapor. One can only speculate about the internal structure of these planets. Most scientists agree that the content of hydrogen and helium there does not exceed 20%, and the rest falls on heavier elements, probably concentrated in the iron-silicate core, which makes up about 60% of the planet's mass.
Until the early 80s, humanity knew about the existence of Uranus five, and Neptune - two satellites. However, the already mentioned Voyager 2 discovered ten more small celestial bodies orbiting Uranus, but these satellites are of no interest, since they are just lumps, similar to asteroids, that once traveled through the Universe, but are now captured by the planet's magnetic field. It is worth focusing on the satellite of Uranus Miranda (the smallest of the five - its diameter is about 500 km). It looks so unusual that scientists have made the assumption that Miranda first broke into pieces, and then again randomly gathered together. The largest of the two satellites of Neptune - Triton - is one of the largest satellites of the planets of the solar system - its radius is about 2000 km. It moves around Neptune in the direction opposite to the rotation of the planet, which suggests that Triton is an object captured by Neptune, and not formed with it. Both Uranus and Neptune have rings of the same nature as Jupiter and Saturn.
Pluto
The last known planet in the solar system, Pluto, is extremely poorly understood. The period of Pluto's revolution around the Sun is reliably calculated - 247.7 years. The rotation period is about 6.3 days.
Estimates of its radius range between 1100 km and 1500 km. The mass of Pluto is estimated at 1/439 of the mass of the Earth, and together with its only satellite, named Charon. This satellite, discovered in 1978 only from the elongation of the image of the planet in the images, has a radius of 650 km, orbits at a distance of less than 19,000 km from the center of the planet, and its mass is only 12 times less than the mass of Pluto. These figures allow us to consider Pluto and Charon a double planet (for example, for the Earth and the Moon: the radii are 1: 4, the masses are 1:81, and the distance is more than 384 thousand km, but they are also sometimes called a double planet).
On the subject chemical composition and the internal structure of Pluto, there is very little information. Scientists are almost sure that this planet is covered with a layer of methane frost (as shown by methods of spectral analysis). There is currently no other reliable information.
In conclusion, I would like to note that the study of most of the planets is just beginning. The presence of one more (and maybe several) outer planet is not excluded. Maybe some of those present here will someday successfully "parade" or discover that very unknown planet!
Literature:
D.Ya. Martynov "Course of general astrophysics" - M. "Science" 1988
I.A. Klimishin "Astronomy of our days", - M. "Science" 1986
F.Yu. Siegel "Journey through the bowels of the planets" - M. "Nedra" 1988
The solar system is a group of planets revolving in specific orbits around a bright star - the Sun. This luminary is the main source of heat and light in the solar system.
It is believed that our planetary system was formed as a result of the explosion of one or more stars and this happened about 4.5 billion years ago. In the beginning, the solar system was an accumulation of gas and dust particles, however, over time and under the influence of its own mass, the sun and other planets arose.
The planets of the solar system
In the center of the solar system is the Sun, around which eight planets move in their orbits: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
Until 2006, Pluto belongs to this group of planets, it was considered the 9th planet from the Sun, however, due to its considerable distance from the Sun and its small size, it was excluded from this list and named a dwarf planet. Rather, it is one of several dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt.
All the above planets are usually divided into two large groups: the terrestrial group and the gas giants.
The terrestrial group includes such planets as: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. They differ in their small size and rocky surface, and in addition, they are located closer to the Sun.
Gas giants include: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. They are characterized by large sizes and the presence of rings, which are ice dust and rocky lumps. These planets consist mainly of gas.
The sun
The sun is the star around which all the planets and satellites in the solar system revolve. It is composed of hydrogen and helium. The Sun is 4.5 billion years old, it is only in the middle of its life cycle, gradually increases in size. Now the diameter of the Sun is 1,391,400 km. In the same number of years, this star will expand and reach the Earth's orbit.
The sun is the source of heat and light for our planet. Its activity increases or becomes weaker every 11 years.
Due to the extremely high temperatures on its surface, a detailed study of the Sun is extremely difficult; attempts to launch a special apparatus as close to the star as possible continue.
Terrestrial group of planets
Mercury
This planet is one of the smallest in the solar system, with a diameter of 4,879 km. In addition, it is closest to the Sun. This proximity predetermined a significant temperature difference. The average temperature on Mercury in the daytime is +350 degrees Celsius, and at night -170 degrees.
If you focus on the Earth year, then Mercury makes a complete revolution around the Sun in 88 days, and one day there lasts 59 Earth days. It was noticed that this planet can periodically change the speed of its rotation around the Sun, distance from it and its position.
There is no atmosphere on Mercury, in this regard, it is often attacked by asteroids and leave behind a lot of craters on its surface. Sodium, helium, argon, hydrogen, oxygen have been discovered on this planet.
A detailed study of Mercury presents great difficulties in connection with its close proximity to the Sun. Sometimes Mercury can be seen from Earth with the naked eye.
According to one of the theories, it is believed that Mercury was previously a satellite of Venus, however, this assumption has not yet been proven. Mercury does not have its own satellite.
Venus
This planet is second from the Sun. In terms of its size, it is close to the diameter of the Earth; its diameter is 12,104 km. In all other respects, Venus is significantly different from our planet. A day here lasts 243 earth days, and a year - 255 days. The atmosphere of Venus is 95% carbon dioxide, which creates on its surface Greenhouse effect... This leads to the fact that the average temperature on the planet is 475 degrees Celsius. The atmosphere also includes 5% nitrogen and 0.1% oxygen.
Unlike the Earth, most of whose surface is covered with water, there is no liquid on Venus, and almost the entire surface is occupied by solidified basalt lava. According to one theory, there were oceans on this planet earlier, however, as a result of internal heating, they evaporated, and the vapors were carried away by the solar wind into outer space. Gentle winds blow near the surface of Venus, however, at an altitude of 50 km their speed increases significantly and amounts to 300 meters per second.
There are many craters and hills on Venus that resemble terrestrial continents. The formation of craters is associated with the fact that earlier the planet had a less dense atmosphere.
A distinctive feature of Venus is that, unlike other planets, its movement does not occur from west to east, but from east to west. It can be seen from Earth even without a telescope after sunset or before sunrise. This is due to the ability of its atmosphere to reflect light well.
Venus has no satellite.
Earth
Our planet is located at a distance of 150 million km from the Sun and this allows us to create on its surface a temperature suitable for the existence of water in liquid form, and, therefore, for the emergence of life.
Its surface is 70% covered with water, and it is the only planet on which there is such an amount of liquid. It is believed that many thousands of years ago, the vapor contained in the atmosphere created the temperature on the Earth's surface to form water in liquid form, and solar radiation contributed to photosynthesis and the birth of life on the planet.
A feature of our planet is that there are huge tectonic plates, which, when moving, collide with each other and lead to a change in the landscape.
The diameter of the Earth is 12,742 km. The earthly day lasts 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds, and a year - 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes 10 seconds. Its atmosphere is 77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and a small percentage of the rest of the gases. None of the atmospheres of other planets in the solar system has this amount of oxygen.
According to research by scientists, the age of the Earth is 4.5 billion years, approximately the same age there is its only satellite, the Moon. It is always turned to our planet by only one side. There are many craters, mountains and plains on the lunar surface. It reflects sunlight very weakly, so it can be seen from Earth in a pale moonlight.
Mars
This planet is the fourth in a row from the Sun and is at a distance of 1.5 times greater than the Earth. The diameter of Mars is smaller than that of the Earth and is 6,779 km. The average air temperature on the planet ranges from -155 degrees to +20 degrees in the equator. The magnetic field on Mars is much weaker than that of the Earth, and the atmosphere is rather rarefied, which allows solar radiation to influence the surface unhindered. In this regard, if there is life on Mars, it is not on the surface.
When surveyed with the help of rovers, it was found that there are many mountains on Mars, as well as dry river beds and glaciers. The planet's surface is covered with red sand. Iron oxide gives this color to Mars.
One of the most frequent events on the planet is dust storms, which are voluminous and destructive. It was not possible to detect geological activity on Mars, however, it is reliably known that significant geological events took place on the planet earlier.
The atmosphere of Mars is 96% carbon dioxide, 2.7% nitrogen and 1.6% argon. Oxygen and water vapor are found in minimal quantities.
A day on Mars is similar in duration to that on Earth and is 24 hours 37 minutes 23 seconds. A year on the planet lasts twice as long as the Earth - 687 days.
The planet has two moons Phobos and Deimos. They are small in size and uneven in shape, reminiscent of asteroids.
Sometimes Mars is also visible from Earth with the naked eye.
Gas giants
Jupiter
This planet is the largest in the solar system and has a diameter of 139,822 km, which is 19 times the size of Earth. A day on Jupiter lasts 10 hours, and a year is approximately 12 Earth years. Jupiter is mainly composed of xenon, argon and krypton. If it were 60 times larger, it could become a star due to a spontaneous thermonuclear reaction.
The average temperature on the planet is -150 degrees Celsius. The atmosphere is composed of hydrogen and helium. There is no oxygen and water on its surface. There is speculation that there is ice in Jupiter's atmosphere.
Jupiter has a huge number of satellites - 67. The largest of them are Io, Ganymede, Callisto and Europa. Ganymede is one of the largest moons in the solar system. Its diameter is 2,634 km, which roughly corresponds to the size of Mercury. In addition, a thick layer of ice is visible on its surface, under which there may be water. Callisto is considered the oldest of the moons, since it is its surface that has the largest number craters.
Saturn
This planet is the second largest in the solar system. Its diameter is 116,464 km. It is most similar in composition to the Sun. A year on this planet lasts quite a long time, almost 30 Earth years, and a day - 10.5 hours. The average surface temperature is -180 degrees.
Its atmosphere is composed mostly of hydrogen and a small amount of helium. Thunderstorms and auroras often occur in its upper layers.
Saturn is unique in that it has 65 moons and multiple rings. The rings are made up of small ice particles and rocky formations. Ice dust perfectly reflects light, so Saturn's rings are very visible through a telescope. However, it is not the only planet to have a tiara, it is just less noticeable on other planets.
Uranus
Uranus is the third largest planet in the solar system and the seventh from the Sun. It has a diameter of 50,724 km. It is also called the "ice planet" as the temperature on its surface is -224 degrees. A day on Uranus lasts 17 hours, and a year lasts 84 Earth years. Moreover, summer lasts as long as winter - 42 years. Such a natural phenomenon is due to the fact that the axis of that planet is located at an angle of 90 degrees to the orbit, and it turns out that Uranus, as it were, "lies on its side."
Uranus has 27 satellites. The most famous of them are: Oberon, Titania, Ariel, Miranda, Umbriel.
Neptune
Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun. In composition and size, it is similar to its neighbor Uranus. The diameter of this planet is 49,244 km. A day on Neptune lasts 16 hours, and a year is equal to 164 Earth years. Neptune belongs to the ice giants and for a long time it was believed that no weather phenomena occur on its icy surface. However, it has recently been found that Neptune has violent vortices and wind speeds that are the highest of the planets in the solar system. It reaches 700 km / h.
Neptune has 14 moons, the most famous of which is Triton. It is known to have its own atmosphere.
Neptune also has rings. This planet has 6 of them.
Interesting facts about the planets of the solar system
Compared to Jupiter, Mercury appears to be a point in the sky. These are actually the proportions in the solar system:
Venus is often called the Morning and Evening Star, since it is the first of the stars visible in the sky at the beginning of sunset and the last one to disappear from view at dawn.
An interesting fact about Mars is the fact that methane was found on it. Due to the rarefied atmosphere, it constantly evaporates, which means that there is a constant source of this gas on the planet. Living organisms inside the planet can be such a source.
There is no change of seasons on Jupiter. The biggest mystery is the so-called "Great Red Spot". Its origin on the planet's surface is still not fully understood. Scientists suggest that it was formed by a huge hurricane that has been rotating at a very high speed for several centuries.
An interesting fact is that Uranus, like many planets of the solar system, has its own ring system. Due to the fact that the particles that make up their composition poorly reflect light, the rings could not be detected immediately after the discovery of the planet.
Neptune has a deep blue color, so it was named after the ancient Roman god - the master of the seas. Due to its distant location, this planet was one of the last to be discovered. At the same time, its location was calculated mathematically, and after a while they could see it, and it was in the calculated place.
Light from the Sun to the surface of our planet reaches in 8 minutes.
The solar system, despite its long and careful study, is fraught with many more mysteries and secrets that have yet to be revealed. One of the most fascinating hypotheses is the assumption of the presence of life on other planets, the search for which is actively continuing.
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