Amusing shelves of Peter 1 titles. The results of Peter's transformations in the army
Funny troops - a phenomenon that largely determined the further future Russian army... Initially, the amusing regiments of Peter I were formed by the young sovereign to play battles. Now, little is known for certain about how the regiments for royal fun were first organized. The number of amusing soldiers rapidly increased and soon did not fit in Preobrazhenskoye, so some of the amusing regiments were transferred to the village of Semyonovskoye.
According to historians, the young tsar laid the foundation for the amusing troops, gathering companions around him for games. According to custom, a five-year-old prince was supposed to have "room people" - servants, stewards and sleeping bags, specially selected peers from famous families and court nobility. Peter was serious. At first, "carrying things necessary for the game" from the tsar's storerooms, he had already gathered around him a whole crowd of energetic comrades, ready for any fun with the future tsar. The future autocrat recruited young men from grooms and sleeping bags to his team, and later from the merlin and falconers. Gradually, two battalions were assembled, consisting of young people of all classes, from nobles to courtyard slaves. Each battalion numbered about three hundred men.
Despite the name "amusing", the shelves of Peter the Great were no joke. Each "soldier" was registered in the service and received a real salary, like all "serious" soldiers. The title "Amusing" became a separate rank, which was used at court along with other titles.
The amusing soldiers were recruited into the regiments officially, according to the clerical order. In 1686, the Konyushenny order received the highest order to send seven court grooms to the village of Preobrazhenskoye to Peter to serve as their amusing gunners. It was then that Menshikov, Alexander Danilovich, the equestrian son of the lowest rank "below the gentry", appeared in the amusing shelves.
The following year, the amusing regiments of Peter I began to be replenished with noble youth. Together with the grooms in 1687, I.I. Buturlin and the future field marshal of the Russian state M.M. Golitsyn. Golitsyn had to enroll in drummers due to his early childhood, according to the palace records.
For the amusing regiments, Peter built a courtyard for fun in Preobrazhensky, erected a hut where the "headquarters" of the army was to be located. An amusing stable was also urgently erected, where Peter placed the artillery harness he had taken from the Konyushenny Prikaz. So, the game turned into an elaborate event, the organizers of which had an extensive staff, treasury and budget.
Peter had a special goal - to become a soldier and make his playmates true soldiers. Everything was for real. Peter dressed his amusing soldiers in green uniforms and supplied them with full military equipment. The descendants of noble families received special appointments - staff officers, non-commissioned officers and chief officers. Since then, the Preobrazhensky neighborhood served as a place where every day the amusing regiments underwent strict soldier training. The future sovereign personally passed all the ranks, starting with the most insignificant - the rank of drummer.
Over time, Peter made combat missions more difficult. On the banks of the Yauza River, a real fort, or "amusing fortification", was built. The town was named Plesburkha. The amusing soldiers have since learned to siege and storm a fortress. The fort was besieged throughout military science, with the use of mortars and the latest techniques siege art. All these activities required considerable technical knowledge and the help of experienced military personnel. It was then that the attitude of the future tsar to the quality of military education began to form.
According to the historian A.M. Nazarov, the amusing regiments of Peter I were needed to train future commanders and soldiers who would serve easily and brilliantly, and would not languish under an unbearable burden.
Based on his extensive experience, Peter I, together with his entourage, developed the first in Russian history military program vocational training young men.
The program included many aspects. So, children from nine to twelve years old had to engage in gymnastic exercises and outdoor games. Children's games with elements of risk and danger were encouraged. Amusing soldiers at a young age climbed logs, cliffs and ravines, played robbers. Thus, in an easy way, the children comprehended the science of intelligence, developed guard skills, learned to use ingenuity. From the age of twelve, amusing soldiers, including Peter I, learned to shoot a cannon, wield a weapon, and learned weapon techniques. Acquaintance with military equipment and teaching how to use it correctly.
Peter I devoted considerable importance to the education in his soldiers of love for the fatherland and the sovereign. The amusing soldiers knew well the history of their native country and the possible dangers for Russia from the outside. Funny shelves Peter I were famous for their ideal discipline, a sense of honor and a developed comradely spirit.
The amusing shelves later became known as the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments. They became the elite of the Russian regular army. Already in their first military campaign against the Turkish fortress of Azov, the amusing regiments showed themselves as brave disciplined soldiers. They also took part in Northern war, where they successfully resisted the well-trained, even exemplary, troops of King Charles XII of Sweden.
The birth of the Petrovskaya Guard.
Here, in the forests and fields of Preobrazhensky, on the banks of the Yauza, Peter could, having escaped from the classroom, wholeheartedly indulge in his amusements. From early childhood, he loved most of all to play war. During the reign of Fedor, a small parade ground was specially arranged for Peter in the Kremlin, on which he could drill his young friends in games.
In the vastness of the Preobrazhensky place for such exciting games there was more than enough. Boys have played war at all times. The only difference is that Peter, unlike his peers, could apply for the necessary equipment to the state arsenal, request uniforms, banners, wheeled guns. And very soon the fourteen-year-old tsar turned Preobrazhenskoye into a real military camp.
The first detachment of "Peter's soldiers" included his childhood friends, assigned to his service as soon as the future emperor reached the age of five. Children for royal fun were selected from boyar families, and the prince had his own retinue. But soon it seemed to Peter not enough, and he decided to attract new boys to his amusements. Some noble children themselves asked for his service, hoping to win Peter's favor and secure a place in the sun for themselves in the future. But among the young volunteers there were boys of simple origin, such as Sashka Menshikov. All in all, three hundred teenagers and young men lived in the Preobrazhensky barracks, comprehending the soldier's science. All of them received salaries, and Peter treated them like like-minded friends. So the glorious Preobrazhensky regiment of Peter was born.
When all the apartments of Preobrazhensky were filled with a boyish army, new barracks were built in neighboring Semenovsky, and the company located there soon turned into the Semyonovsky regiment, the second of the regiments imperial guard... Each of them had three hundred soldiers. Both regiments included all types of troops - infantry, cavalry and artillery. Everything was like in a real army. Both flutists and drummers who beat out a roll, and a uniform, sewn on the western model. Black boots, black cocked hats, camisoles with wide cuffs on the sleeves. For the Semenovites, they are deep blue, and for the Transfiguration people, they are dark green.
But what is an army without commanders?
The command staff was also formed - headquarters officers, non-commissioned officers and sergeants. Even a treasury, quartermaster unit and management service were created. And all this was run by young soldiers, whom they began to call amusing. Like adults, they had the most severe drill. Around their barracks, the soldiers posted guards and took turns on the clock. Having gained experience, the amusing troops soon began to march through the surroundings. They set up camp at night, dug trenches, set up their patrol.
The game of soldiers captured young Peter. But the most surprising thing is that instead of giving himself a high command rank, the tsar enrolled in the Preobrazhensky regiment as an ordinary drummer. Neither in the barracks, nor in the campaigns, he did not allow him to be distinguished from the rest. I wanted to be like everyone else. Therefore, he stood at night on the clock, slept with everyone in the tent, worked with a shovel. In short, he did not behave like a king.
But, starting with the lower ranks, Peter zealously strived for promotion. He was sincerely convinced that a real commander must go through all the stages - from top to bottom. And Peter made one more conclusion for himself in those years of fun: one should look not at nobility, but at a person's abilities. Each generation is obliged to achieve ranks and honor by their own merits, and not by the name of their parents.
In 1685, in order to learn how to build, defend and storm fortifications, Peter and his associates spent about a year building an earthen fortress on the banks of the Yauza, in the area of today's Poteshnaya Street. As soon as the fortress was ready, Peter decided to test it for strength and fired at it with cannons, and then, together with everyone, began to rebuild it again. Over time, it grew into a fortified town called Preschburg. It had its own garrison, city administration, court and even the amusing "King of Preschburg". He was portrayed by one of Peter's comrades, and he obeyed him. Of course, as a joke.
This is how the young tsar "had fun" in Preobrazhenskoye, preparing himself and the country for the big changes that went down in history as the reforms of Peter the Great.
Street names kept glorious history district Preobrazhenskoe!
Amusing street.
beginning Preobrazhenskaya st., end - Bogorodsky Val
Received the name only in late XIX century. Before that there was a Projected lane. The street is located on the site of the Amusing City, where at the end of the 17th century lived the participants in the amusing games of young Peter, the future soldiers of the Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments.
Stick lane.
beginning Electrozavodskaya st., end - Suvorovskaya st.
It got its name in the 18th century. Some researchers believe that the alley was named because of the soldiers who marched daily with sticks in their hands. This is how the exercises took place in the Petrovskaya army. Other historians associate this unusual name with the beatings with which the guilty soldiers were "awarded" here.
The lanes are "deserters".
Since 1991, the three oldest Alleyways of Preobrazhensky - Medovy, Barabanny and Mazhorov, whose names reflect the era of Peter I, have entered the Sokolinaya Gora region. But we still call them the old streets of Preobrazhensky.
Drum Lane.
beginning B. Semenovskaya st., end M. Semenovskaya st.
It got its name back in the 18th century and is associated with the Semenovsky regiment. Drummers beat the dawn in the morning.
Majorov lane.
(between B. Semenovskaya street and M. Semenovskaya street)
It has had this name since the 18th century. Earlier it was called Kislovsky, according to the sour people who lived here, next to the honey yard. The name comes from the position of the tambour major - the senior drummer in a military band, who had his own palace in this alley. The orchestra of the Semenovsky Guards Regiment was stationed nearby. On the old plans of Moscow, the lane is designated differently: Mazharov - Mozharov - Mozharovsky - Major - Mazhorova street. Since 1973, the lane was called Mozherov. But later the correct spelling was fixed - Majors.
Honey lane.
(between B. Semenovskaya St. and Devyataya Rota St.)
Once there was a royal mead brewery. All around were forests and fields, orchards and vegetable gardens. The peasants were engaged in beekeeping, and in this alley they boiled honey and supplied a healthy product to the table of His Majesty.
Ninth Rota Street.
Beginning Honey lane, end - Preobrazhensky Val
The street got its name in the 18th century and has never been renamed. Many residents of the Preobrazhenskaya soldier's settlement were like Sergei Bukhvostov. The lower ranks of the first two, in the future Guards, regiments lived here. The officers mainly consisted of foreigners who did not favor Preobrazhenskoye. They settled in the German Quarter, which resembled a small European town with stone mansions and palaces. And Preobrazhenskaya Sloboda seemed to them a big village, with dirty streets, reminiscent of a swamp in a muddy road. It was built up with wooden houses with stables, sheds, and sometimes shops. Around 1687, the soldiers of this settlement, at the direction of the king, were divided into two battalions of three hundred men each. Two years later, there were four battalions, and since 1691 they are already called the Preobrazhensky regiment. It has 16 fuseler, grenadier and bombardier companies - three and a half thousand people. A stone church, the Preobrazhensky Prikaz ("moving out of the hut"), military warehouses, stables, and the royal courtyard are being built here. The settlement is being built not spontaneously, but according to a plan. Inventory of 1696 names "First", "Second", "Third", "Fourth" streets; "Half of the tenth company", and "Sloboda from the grove." The lanes do not yet have names and are considered "passable". Thirty years later, in the northern part of Preobrazhenskoye, Sipovshivaya Street (where the "sipovschiki" - the musicians of the military orchestra lived), Third Street, "Bezyezzhaya" Street or Street of the 10th Company appeared from west to east. In the southern part there were, respectively, General Street, the street "from the Sezhaya izba", Suvorovskaya Street and the Street of the 9th company. All of them faced a wide section of the Stromynskaya road, where the Preobrazhenskaya Square later arose.
Street Names by Homeowner:
Suvorovskaya street
beginning - Preobrazhenskaya square, end - Figurny per. It got its name in 1793 after the landlord, Prime Major Suvorova. On the old plans of Moscow it appears as Suvorov Street. In early sources (Martynov, 1888), in addition to the surname of the prime minister, her name and patronymic are indicated. This is Anna Ivanovna Suvorova. In others, the most recent (Romanyuk, 1998), Anna Vasilievna is called the owner of the property. V Soviet time another version appeared: the street was named in honor of the grandfather of Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, who held a considerable position at that time as a clerk of the Preobrazhensky regiment. Ivan Suvorov was on friendly terms with Peter, moreover, the tsar was his godfather - godfather son of Vasily (father of the future commander).
Now, after the publication of the book by A.N. Narbut “Genus and descendants of Generalissimo A.V. Suvorov "from the series" Genealogical paintings ", which came out in the 2nd additional edition in Moscow in 2001, it seems expedient to make adjustments to the existing versions. The author studied the genealogy of the Suvorov family, clarified the names, dates of life, military ranks of the relatives of Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. His grandfather, Ivan Grigorievich, was born around 1670, died in 1715. Suvorovskaya Street got its name 78 years after his death. After so many years, in his honor, even if he was the grandfather of the general-in-chief, Count Suvorov-Rymniksky, Count of the Roman Empire, Knight of the Order of St. George 1st degree, in the 18th century, unlike in Soviet times, the streets were not named. As for the landlord of the Prime Major Anna Ivanovna Suvorova, then, based on the date the street acquired its name, it makes sense to find out the relationship of this Anna Ivanovna with Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov himself, and not with his grandfather. There is no one with the name Anna Ivanovna in the genealogy of the Suvorovs. However, there are two Anna Vasilievna. One of them, the nee Countess Zotova, was the wife of her uncle A.V. Suvorov, guard of the captain-lieutenant Alexander Ivanovich Suvorov (1709-1753). It is known that Anna Vasilievna was born in 1719 and outlived her husband. However, it is doubtful that she survived until 1793, and she certainly was not a Prime Major. (According to the Table of Ranks, the rank of lieutenant-captain is grade 10, and the rank of prime-major is grade 8). Another Anna Vasilievna Suvorova (1744-1813) - the sister of A.V. Suvorova was married to Lieutenant-General Prince Ivan Romanovich Gorchakov (1716-1801). That is, she was a general and a princess and could not be a landlord in the Preobrazhenskaya Sloboda. (Lieutenant General - 3rd class rank of the Table of Ranks.) A.N. Narbut gives information about other branches of the Suvorovs. The spouse of Anna Ivanovna from the Preobrazhenskaya Sloboda, Prime Major Suvorov must have come from a different kind of Suvorov. It remains only to find out who the mistress of the property of Prime Major Suvorov was, whether Anna Vasilievna, or Anna Ivanovna to the grandfather of the great commander. But in any case, the streets at the time were named after the homeowners, not after them.
Zhidkov lane
between B. Cherkizovskaya st. and 2nd Pugachevskaya st. (inside the block)
Named at the end of the 19th century after the homeowner. Currently, there is only one two-storey house built at the end of the 19th century at this address. In the directories of the 1990s, the lane is still marked.
Strakhovskaya street
(between M. Cherikizovskaya and Zeliev per. (inside the block)
The street got its name at the end of the 19th century. The days of this street are numbered. There is only one five-story brick house with two entrances on it. In many of the latest reference books in Moscow, this name is no longer found, just as Figurnova Lane is not in them either.
Figured lane
Between Suvorovskaya st. and Buzheninova st. It was named in the 19th century by the name of the landlord Figurin. On the old plans, Moscow is designated in different ways: Figurov, Figurin. Until the 90s in reference books it was designated as Figurny lane. This is the only dead-end (before such lanes were called stupid) lane in our area. There are no residential buildings at this address. Currently, there are small commercial organizations in two buildings of the 19th century.
The names were given to the village.
Alymov street
beginning of Znamenskaya st., end of Alymov lane.
It got its name in 1922 from the once nearby village of Alymovo (later Bogorodskoe). The old name - Cherkizovsky proezd - appeared in the 19th century in the direction of the neighboring village of Cherkizovo. The toponym Alymovo comes from the Tatar name Alim. Materials on the history of the Alymovs have survived only from the beginning of the 16th century. Unfortunately, the origin of the genus and its early fate are not known. True, in the literature it is sometimes indicated that the village of Alymovo in 1550-1551 was bought by Prince Ivan Lykov from a baptized Tatar. But this is only a version. There is no documentary evidence for her. Ivan Lykov-Obolensky fell victim to the terror of the oprichnina. Alymovo went to Ivan the Terrible. In 1568, the land was granted by the sovereign to the Chudov Monastery and belonged to him until 1764. Then they were transferred to the State Treasury. In the census books of the 17th century, the village of Alymovo is already mentioned as the village of Bogorodskoye with the Church of the Assumption.
Bogorodsky shaft
the beginning of Gannushkina emb. - the end of Krasnobogatyrskaya st. It got its name in 1922 from the village of Bogorodskoye (formerly Bogorodsky Kamer-Kollezhsky Val), which was once located behind it. In the Guide to Moscow and its environs in 1884 we read: “Bogorodskoe is located right behind Sokolniki and is a rather picturesque village in a healthy mountainous area among forests. Recently, however, due to the cheapness of the premises, such a mass of poor class of Moscow people have gathered here that the air is far from good, as it used to be. The most important attraction here is the so-called Bogorodskaya bald patch - a small circle where Bogorodsk youth of both sexes flock in the evening, who often dance in the rain and almost in the mud to the sound of a piano until dawn. There are also dance evenings twice a week, quite lively, to the sounds of a military band. The entrance fee for visitors is then 1 ruble. Travel to Bogorodskoye from the Ilyinsky Gate along the line costs 20 kopecks. "
Preobrazhensky shaft
beginning of Preobrazhenskaya Square, end of Izmailovsky Val
The street emerged in 1922 on the site of Kamer-Kollezhsky Val, adjacent to the former village of Preobrazhenskoe and Preobrazhenskaya Zastava.
Preobrazhenskaya square
between Preobrazhenskaya Street, Preobrazhensky Val and Suvorovskaya Street.
Received its name in the XX century. Before that, it was called the Preobrazhenskaya outpost, which appeared with the construction of the Kamer-Kollezhsky shaft. At the beginning of the century, elms were planted on one side of the street, 81 trees appeared along the garden path, replacing the sidewalk.
Much more has been written negatively about the small "amusing" garrison than objective. For a long time, a one-sided myth was cultivated that the creation of the Gatchina troops was a consequence of Paul's imitation of the Prussian army of King Frederick, but Paul's constant desire to resemble his great great-grandfather Peter I was always underlined. different level of tasks solved by them. Peter's regiments played a decisive role in the struggle for power with Princess Sophia, suppressed the rifle revolt and gave rise to the first guards regiments, and the Pavlovsk battalions supposedly existed only for drill and parade. This view is contrary to historical justice.
The desire of Catherine II to transfer the imperial throne to her grandson Alexander - bypassing Paul - was not a secret: the Empress first expressed such an idea in 1787. In a letter dated August 14, 1792 to the French philosopher Grimm, she wrote: "First, my Alexander will marry, and there, in time, he will be crowned with all kinds of ceremonies, celebrations and folk festivals." In 1793, after Alexander's marriage, rumors resumed. A year later, Catherine turned to the Council with a proposal to deprive her son of the throne, citing his temper and inability, but the objections of some members of the Council did not allow her to carry out her plan. But only for a while. M.A. Fonvizin wrote in his memoirs that the signed order for the removal of Paul and the enthronement of his son was kept by Chancellor Bezborodko - the Chancellor was supposed to publish it on November 26, 1796.
The growth in the number of Gatchina troops and the transformation of Gatchina into a fortress took place as rumors spread about Paul's deprivation of the right of inheritance. Pavel kept the Gatchina troops at his own expense (30,000 rubles a year from all sources of income), which were constantly lacking: only one of his debts to the artillery treasury by 1795 was calculated in the amount of 60,000 rubles. The income of the Gatchina officers was a modest salary received from Paul. Paul's penchant for Prussian military uniform, for which he was constantly criticized by everyone, starting with Suvorov, can largely be explained by a lack of funds and constant savings. The cost of only one (and it was necessary to have several) of the Russian guards uniform was at least 120 rubles, and the uniform of the Gatchina guardsman, made of inexpensive dark green cloth, cost no more than 22 rubles.
What is the further fate of the Gatchina troops after their withdrawal from Gatchina? On the morning of November 5, 1796, Catherine II suffered a stroke. On the same day, Pavel arrived at the Winter Palace, which began to fill up with Gatchina officers who arrived after Pavel, led by A.A. Arakcheev. The question immediately arose of changing the old and strengthening the new palace guard. Fortunately for Paul, Catherine was paralyzed - she could not speak and give oral orders. On the evening of November 6, Catherine died, and Paul became emperor. There was also a renaming of the Gatchina troops: now they are His Own Imperial Majesty Gatchina troops. By this time, the Gatchina troops included: 6 infantry battalions, a jaeger company, a gendarme regiment, a dragoon regiment, a hussar regiment, a Cossack squadron, an artillery regiment (a total of 127 officers, excluding the new emperor and his sons, and 2399 lower ranks) and a lake flotilla ...
On November 7, 1796, the Cossack squadron of the Gatchina troops (established in 1793, 4 officers), the Don and Chuguev court Cossack teams by order of Paul were united and made up half of the life of the Hussar Cossack regiment. The second half of the new regiment consisted of the Hussar regiment of the Gatchina troops (established in 1792, 8 officers) and the Life Hussar squadron. Already on November 14, 1796, the new regiment was granted the rights and advantages of the Old Guard, and on January 27, 1798, the regiment was divided into two independent regiments - the Cossack Life Guards and the Gusarsky Life Guards.
The subsequent order of November 9, 1796 completed the distribution of the Gatchina troops among the existing and new guards units. The Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky regiment included the grenadier battalion of His Imperial Majesty No. 1 (12 officers) and the musketeer battalion of Colonel Arakcheev No. 4 (11 officers) from His Majesty's Gatchina troops; the Life Guards of the Semyonovsky Regiment - musketeer battalions of His Imperial Highness Alexander Pavlovich No. 2 (12 officers) and Major Nedobroev No. 6 (11 officers); the Izmailovsky Life Guards regiment included the grenadier battalion of His Imperial Highness Konstantin Pavlovich No. 3 (12 officers) and the musketeer battalion of Major Malyutin No. 5 (10 officers). From the jaeger teams, consisting of the Life Guard Semenovsky and Life Guard Izmailovsky regiments, and the jaeger company of the Gatchina troops (3 officers), Lieutenant Colonel Rachinsky was formed in the city of Pavlovsk, the Life Guard Jaeger Battalion (from 1806 the Life Guard Jaeger Regiment). The gendarme (15 officers) and dragoon (15 officers) regiments of the Gatchina troops were distributed in the Life Guards Horse Regiment. The Gatchina artillerymen (13 officers), a team of gunners and the bombarding company of the Preobrazhensky Life Guards regiment formed the Life Guards Artillery Battalion, consisting of three foot companies and one cavalry. Colonel A.A. Arakcheev was promoted to major general and appointed commandant of St. Petersburg. A strict discipline was established in the guard, which existed in the Gatchina troops, and a curfew, barriers, guards, etc. were introduced in the capital.
“On this his own army ... and he put all his hope and therefore placed them in the old guard and mixed with it decently; and by that very thing he hooked all her wings; for if she had liked to undertake something bad, so, being mixed with these new troops, she could not dare to do so. And this very thing, together with the sovereign, untied the hands of the long-planned by him with the guards great reform", - wrote a contemporary - writer A.T. Bolotov.
The attitude to the infusion of Gatchina troops among the guards was different. For the already existing infantry and cavalry guards regiments, this became an unfortunate misunderstanding in their regimental history, and for the newly formed (artillery and jaeger battalions, Cossack and hussar regiments), the infusion of the Gatchins was a manifestation of the royal disposition.
On November 10, 1796, all the troops from Gatchina and Pavlovsk entered Petersburg. On arrival at the Winter Palace square, the troops marched in front of the emperor, who informed them that they were joining the guard. Harness-ensigns, ensigns and standard-junkers were promoted to officers, chief officers retained their ranks, staff officers were given the rank of colonels. The rank of a guard officer was one rank higher (from 1731 to 1798).
Another contemporary Sablukov wrote: “New newcomers from the Gatchina garrison were presented to us. But what kind of officers were they! What strange faces! What manners! It is easy to imagine the impression that these rude bourbons made on a society consisting of officers who belonged to the best families of the Russian nobility. " It can be added that the future general Sablukov in 1796 was only a lieutenant of the guard, and his father was the head of the state treasury: millions of rubles passed through him, allocated for the maintenance of Catherine's favorites, and only 10,000 rubles from the treasury were allocated to the heir to the throne. Naturally, Sablukov Sr. was one of the first to be removed from office - it is unlikely that the memoirs of his son can be fully trusted.
After the coronation of Paul - on April 7, 1797 - all the Gatchina officers transferred to the guard were again marked: this time they received estates.
Summing up the above, we can say that the presence of the Gatchina troops helped Paul to peacefully exercise his legal right of inheritance and for some time to protect himself from the conspiracy of the guards. But, as often happens in history, having done their job, the Gatchina troops ceased to interest the newly made emperor.
Paul I rigidly strengthened discipline in the army. In Catherine's time, arrests, expulsion from service were sporadic, while under Paul, the military was subjected to unprecedented repression. During 1797-1800, seven field marshals, more than three hundred generals and more than two thousand officers retired themselves or were dismissed from service. Gatchina officers were no exception. On the night of March 11-12, 1801, as a result of a guards conspiracy, the emperor was killed. But very few of the 127 Gatchina officers remained in active service by this time.
23 officers were sent to the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment, of which 16 (4 generals, 5 colonels) were dismissed on request or dismissed from service. Only seven served: in the regiment itself - Major Generals V. Aristov and K. Kohl (both dismissed in March 1801), Colonels P. Grigoriev and I. Lyschov (dismissed in September 1801); in other regiments - Major General N. Lavey-ko (Chief of the Aleksopol Musketeer Regiment, died in 1808), Major General N. Popov (commandant of Riga, dismissed in May 1801), Lieutenant General O. Rothof (commandant of Astrakhan, dismissed due to illness in 1815).
Also, 23 officers were sent to the Semyonovsky Life Guards regiment: 9 of them (including 3 generals and 3 colonels) left the service by 1801, one died. In the Semenovsky regiment itself, only three remained to serve. B. Palitsyn - Major of the Tengiz Musketeer Regiment - died in the battle near Pultusk on December 14, 1806. Major General and Chief of the Sofia Musketeer Regiment I. Sukin was killed in the battle of Fridpand on June 2, 1807. Major Generals I. Ferm (Chief of the Novgorod Musketeer Regiment) and I. Mamaev (Chief of the Fanagoria Grenadier Regiment) were dismissed in November 1802 and August 1801, respectively. Lieutenant General E. Glazov was dismissed in July 1801, Lieutenant General A. Pevtsov (Chief of the Yekaterinburg Musketeer Regiment) was dismissed from service in October 1808. Three more major generals finished their service later, including A. Ratkov, the commander of the guards invalid brigade, which is directly related to Gatchina.
In the Izmailovsky Life Guards regiment, 22 officers were distributed, of which 11 (4 generals, 2 colonels) were dismissed before 1801. In the regiment itself, 6 officers remained, including the regiment commander, Lieutenant General P. Malyutin, who was dismissed from service due to illness in 1808. The chief of the Belozersk musketeer regiment was Major General A. Sedmeratsky (died in 1807). Peter Essen was subsequently elevated to the dignity of count and was in the rank of general from infantry (died in 1840). Pavel Bashutsky also rose to the rank of general from infantry, was a senator and a member of the general audience.
All three officers from the Jaeger Gatchina company became generals. Lieutenant General A. Rachinsky was the Chief of the Life Guards of the Jaeger Battalion until June 1800, after which he switched to civilian service; Major General I. Lechner died in January 1801; Major General I. Miller was the chief of the 7th Jaeger Regiment, in the Patriotic War of 1812 he commanded the Tula militia, was fired from injury in December 1813. The Life Guards Cavalry Regiment received 30 Gatchina cavalry officers. By March 1801, only seven continued to serve, only Colonel L. Bezobrazov remained in the regiment (dismissed in September 1802). P. Zorn finished his service as a lieutenant general in November 1820.
12 officers were assigned to the Life Hussar Cossack Regiment. Five of them remained in service by March 1801; only two served in their regiments: Major General A. Bolotnikov - the commander of the Life of the Hussar Regiment (dismissed in November 1801) and the captain of the Life of the Cossack Regiment (dismissed in March 1804). A. Kologrivov (died 1825) rose to the rank of cavalry general. From the lower ranks, the path from the sergeant to the lieutenant general of the Don army went I.E. Efremov is a hero Patriotic War 1812, Commander of the Order of St. George 3rd and 4th degree, in 1815 appointed commander of the Life Guards Cossack Regiment.
And, finally, out of 13 artillery officers by March 1801, seven remained in the service, many of them made a brilliant career. General of artillery P. Kaptsevich (died in 1840) was the commander of the internal guard corps. Lieutenant General I. Hesse (died in 1816) was the commandant of Moscow. Lieutenant General I. Sivere was the chief of artillery garrisons Southern District(dismissed in 1831). Lieutenant General P. Aprelev (died 1830) was a member of the Council of the Minister of War. Major General N. Kotlubitsky was Paul I's adjutant, later Chief of the 7th Artillery Battalion (dismissed in September 1802).
So, by March 1801, no more than 20 officers from the Gatchina troops remained in St. Petersburg: the road to the coup was clear. Although events could have developed quite differently: 39 officers became generals, and if not for the numerous resignations, then in March 1801 the alignment of forces in the guard and army would have been different.
Biographies of some Gatchina officers are included in the military encyclopedia edited by V.F. Novitsky (published by I.D.Sytin, 1911-1916). But the most famous officers of the Gatchina troops were, of course, A.A. Arakcheev and P.M. Kaptsevich, whose portraits hang in the Military Gallery of Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 in the Hermitage.
FOOD
Firstly, these are "funny troops!" Back in 1682 in Moscow, near the Kremlin Palace, a playground was made for the war games of 10-year-old Peter.
A child of these years enthusiastically commanded adults, several years older, the guys given to him for entertainment. Military commands, firing, rifle techniques - all this gives him serious pleasure, Peter is more and more involved in the game.
With the expulsion of the Naryshkins to Preobrazhenskoye, the "amusing army" also moved there. The very word "amusing" makes sense to clarify - the army is really created for the amusement of the tsar, but his weapon is not "entertaining" at all. Dividing into "warring armies", the amusing army firing at each other with not real bullets and cannonballs, of course. The guns have blank charges, and only a wad flies at the enemy (which can, however, hurt and burn). The cannons are loaded with steamed turnips or peas. Not a cannonball or a grenade, but a red-hot sticky mass is flying for several tens of meters, which may well get into the eyes or ears, knock down and shell shock.
In 1685, a military camp was built on the Yauza, which Peter ordered to be called "the capital city of Presburg" (or Preshburg). Since then, one "funny army" takes the city, and the other fights back according to all the rules of military art. I don’t know how it was before that time, but since this year, the dead appear in the “amusing troops”.
The "amusing" ones also attack the civilian population. They earnestly, as befits military men, carry out orders when they are ordered to point guns loaded with turnips at a merchant caravan or at a noble boyar with his retinue, who has come to admonish Peter, to persuade him to stop the disgrace. This is not my invention! Several times, on the direct order of Peter, the "amusing" attacked the subjects of the Romanov family and the future subjects of Peter himself. Those who will swear allegiance to him a few years later.
And later, having matured, he will throw his "amusing" army against the population of his own country - in 1687, and in 1690, and 1694. At this point, Alexey Tolstoy writes the purest truth: when Fyodor Sommer became a "funny" general, 16 real guns were brought from the Pushkar Prikaz and
“They began to teach the amusing ones to shoot with cast-iron bombs - they taught strictly: Fyodor Sommer did not want to receive a salary for nothing. It was no longer fun. They beat up a lot of various cattle in the fields and cured the people. "
A perfectly fair description based on historical sources.
A surreal picture: soldiers in metal helmets on their heads and with guns at the ready chasing the village herd, firing cannons at the peasants harvesting the crops! Nevertheless, the picture is completely real, and there is no one to complain about material costs and even murders. After all, the king himself is at the head of the ugliness!
Since 1686, adults are also enrolled in the "amusing" ones, battalions are formed from the "amusing" ones. In 1687, whole "amusing shelves" were created - Semyonovsky and Preobrazhensky. Peter is not yet the only king, but the "second" - but he is already the commander-in-chief of a small army.
Some historians give great credit to Peter for making longer maneuvers in the army, especially earnestly preparing and training soldiers ... But these were not maneuvers at all in the strictly military sense of the word; it was rather a favorite toy, which Peter was unable to part with.
Already after the coup of 1689, which made Peter a full-fledged king, and having passed into his third decade, Peter continued to have fun in the same way. On June 2, 1690, his face was badly scorched during the "amusing assault" of the Semyonovsky courtyard. On September 4 of the same year, an "approximate" battle took place near Preobrazhensky: the best rifle regiment, consisting of horse and foot archers, was to fight against the Semyonovsky regiment and the mounted courtiers. On this day, they fought until complete darkness, there were many wounded and burned.
In October 1691, "a great and terrible battle took place at Generalissimo Friedrich Romodanovsky, who had the capital city of Presburg." On this day, the reiters of captain Pyotr Alekseev were very distinguished, who, in the end, took prisoner "the enemy Generalissimo Romodanovsky." That the tsar was hiding under the name of Peter Alekseev is already clear to the reader.
According to Peter himself, “that day was equal doomsday", And the tsar's closest steward, Prince Ivan Dmitrievich Dolgoruky," from his grievous wounds, even more with the will of God, moved to eternal homes, according to the order of Adam, where we all were in time. " It is not known how many more people have migrated there in kind and rank, smaller and more common. Those about whom the king will not write or even recognize. It is only known that there were many wounded and killed.
In the fall of 1694, the famous Kozhukhov campaign was organized - the movement of two "enemy armies" under the village of Kozhukhovo, near the Simonov monastery. These were the "Russian army" under the command of Fyodor Yuryevich Romodanovsky and the "Polish army" commanded by Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin. Both armies mobilized many service people, not really paying attention to their age, state of health, and even more so - desire.
Romodanovsky, in the "Russian army", had the Semyonovsky, Butyrsky and Preobrazhensky regiments, eight Reitar companies, three grenade companies, two companies of dacha people named Nakhalov and Naletov, and 20 companies of stolniks (that is, courtiers who were turned over for the "amusement"). In the "Polish army" there were about 7,500 people - companies of riflemen and consisting of clerks and clerks, that is, from clerks, cut off from the case and also driven for "amusement". In total, the number of participants in the "fun" is approaching 30 thousand.
The "Polish king" sat down in a fortress - a military camp, made in an open field, and Romodanovsky took it. Bombardier Pyotr Alekseev again, of course, performed glorious feats - he captured the rifle colonel. Having lost the fortress, " Polish king"Sat down in a new fortified camp and" fought back very desperately "until Romodanovsky forced him to surrender. In a word, the battle was long and fierce, almost "real", and this time we know that "killed from 24 persons by wads and other cases, and wounded from 50", as Boris Kurakin reports.
It is also known that Peter was very pleased with the "fun" ... and, of course, no one was interested in the opinion of the relatives and friends of the victims for the entertainment of the tsar.
Simultaneously with the "fun" on land, there were also "fun" on the water: in the spring of 1691 the tsar made and launched a yacht on the Moscow River with his own hands, and in the fall he left for Lake Pereyaslavskoye. Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin and Boris Alexandrovich Golitsyn specially went for Peter - so that he personally received the Persian ambassador. On May 1, the first ship was launched at the Pereyaslavl shipyard, and in July the entire yard left for Pereyaslavl and stayed there until September (after which Peter immediately began a new land "fun").
It turns out that Peter spent most of the year as adults in the "amusing troops" and in the ship "fun" ... And an involuntary question arises: what is this ?! Is it really a protracted game of soldiers, where real people take part instead of tin figures and real blood flows? In the end, the "amusing army" fought real battles, in which there were wounded and killed ... And they are led, organized, first by a boy of 12, 15 years old, and soon a young man 20, 22 years old ...
Or is it about some kind of manic love for the army? To her paraphernalia in the form of commands, weapons, orders, robbery songs, campaigns, corpses in the roadside dust ?!
Or Peter simply does not feel confident in royal palace- not ready, not educated ... but finally does not want! And in the army, especially in the army created by his own hands, he is comfortable, cozy ...
These assumptions, at least, make it possible to explain why it was the army in its "amusing" version that became Peter's long-term game, and why this game disappeared with the beginning of constant campaigns. At first it was generally difficult to discern where the "amusing" campaign was, and where the real business was. Let's say, on May 1, 1684, Peter speaks in his "second sea voyage»To Arkhangelsk. In the sense, this is just a trip of the tsar to Arkhangelsk, to look at foreign ships, and nothing more. But Peter moves with a part of his "funny army", and of course, with its commanding staff. Romodanovsky was appointed admiral, "Polish king" Buturlin - vice admiral, rear admiral - Gordon.
A smooth transition from a "funny war" to a real war is very clearly visible on the example of the Azov campaigns - in the 1st Azov campaign in 1695, the most real "amusing army" marched out. The local army and Cossacks were sent to the lower reaches of the Dnieper, to distract the Turks, led by their boyar Boris Sheremetev. And Semyonovsky, Preobrazhensky, Lefortov regiments, city archers and Gordon's regiment moved to Azov, to the lower reaches of the Don. They walked as merrily and dashingly as in " amusing hikes". Peter wrote to Apraksin: “We were joking at Kozhukhov, and now we are going to play at Azov”; and in another place: "about your health we drink vodka and Renskoe, and even more beer." Azov turned out to be a little like Preshburg, and the case near Azov turned out to be far from "amusing", definitely from any point of view - but this is already the second question. The main thing is that Peter and under Azov went to have fun.
All of Peter's wars stem directly from his "amusing" wars and campaigns and are intertwined with fun. Until the end of his days, he adored the army and very often was in it under the pseudonym "Peter Mikhailov", "Peter Alekseev", "captain-bombardier" and so on. He never made a fundamental difference between a real active army and a "funny army".
Not a single person who wanted to have with Peter good relationship, could not avoid participating in his wars, and in his youth - in "amusing wars." Exceptions, perhaps, are his own uncles, brothers Natalya Kirillovna. But also the terrible head of the Preobrazhensky Prikaz, Yuri Fedorovich Romodanovsky, and Franz Lefort, and Boris Golitsyn - all of them, like dear ones, commanded "amusing" armies.
Apparently, the "amusing troops" is not only a place of entertainment, but also a kind of royal club - a place where he finds suitable people for himself, communicates with them unofficially, "without uniforms." Where reputations are created and hierarchies are built, plans are hatched and appointments are prepared. But still this anonymity of the tsar himself is interesting! Is there something behind her ?!
And besides, Tsar Peter had one more club ...
From book Short story Russian Fleet the author From the book Aryan Rus [Heritage of ancestors. Forgotten gods of the Slavs] the author Belov Alexander Ivanovich“Amusing little men” - demons And here is how V. Sarianidi, using materials collected by Robertson, describes the temple of the main god of the infidels: “The main temple of Imra was located in one of the villages and was a large structure with a square portico, the roof of which
From the book The Course of Russian History (Lectures XXXIII-LXI) the author Klyuchevsky Vasily OsipovichAmusing Carrying the things needed for fun from the Kremlin storerooms, Peter gathered around him a crowd of his amusement comrades. He had abundant material on hand for this set. According to the established custom, when the Moscow tsarevich turned five years old, from the court
From the book A satirical story from Rurik to the Revolution the author Orsher Iosif LvovichArchers and amusing When Peter grew up and became a young man, he began to take an interest in state affairs. The first duty he drew attention to archers. These were people, hung with reeds, samopal, knives, crooked and straight sabers, clubs, the tsar bells and
From the book A Brief History of the Russian Fleet the author Veselago Feodosiy FedorovichChapter II Amusing voyages and the Azov fleet of Peter I "The grandfather of the Russian fleet" and the Pereyaslav flotilla Young Peter Alekseevich, who had a passionate love for the sea, from educated foreigners close to him, his mentors and interlocutors, especially from the Dutchman Timerman and
From the book Peter I the author Dukhopelnikov Vladimir Mikhailovich From the book Living Ancient Rus. Student book the author Osetrov Evgeny IvanovichOats, Parsley, amusing fellows and childish toys Ancient Russia loved ritual games, loved fun, all kinds of spectacular actions, mummers, buffoons - amusing fellows, street acrobats, fist fights, sleigh rides, round dances, rounders. Many customs have their own
From book Complete collection essays. Volume 11. July-October 1905 the author Lenin Vladimir IlyichThe last word of Iskra's tactics or amusing elections as new incentives for the uprising We have already repeatedly spoken about the inconsistency of Iskra's tactics in the Duma campaign. Both main features of this tactic are untenable: the desire to maintain
The beginning of the reign of Peter 1 was very difficult for him, but it cannot be denied that the obstacles he encountered during this period hardened his character and made him capable of subsequently changing the whole way of life in Russia.Peter's father, Alexei Mikhailovich, had two sons and six daughters from his first marriage (on Miloslavskaya) and one son (Peter 1) and a daughter from his second marriage. After his death, Fedor, the eldest son, ascended the throne. However, he was seriously ill and could hardly move, so he was not able to fully exercise control over the country. In fact, during the reign of Fyodor, power passed to the Miloslavsky family, and especially to Peter's elder sister Sophia, who was distinguished by her strong character. This era was characterized by the strengthening of the power of the nobility and the convergence of the noble and boyar estates. The reign of Fyodor lasted from 1976 to 1982. The tsar left no heir behind him, and the question arose of who would ascend the throne. Peter's elder brother Ivan suffered from dementia and could not become a king. Peter, by this time, was only ten years old. In fact, a struggle broke out between the Miloslavsky family and the Naryshkin family (where Peter's mother came from). As a result of this struggle, Peter 1 became king.
Shooting riot
However, the situation suddenly changed due to the unrest perpetrated by the archers - the so-called "rifle revolt". The reason for its occurrence was the false news of Ivan's death. Peter and Ivan were taken out onto the porch of the palace and shown to the archers, but this did not succeed in reassuring them. The riot lasted for several days and led to the murder of many members of the Naryshkin family. As a result, the joint reign of Peter and Ivan was proclaimed during the regency of Princess Sophia until they reached adulthood, Peter's mother had to retire from the court to a village near Moscow.The reign of Princess Sophia
This meant the transfer of almost complete power to Princess Sophia, who reigned from 1682 to 1689. She pacified the archers, killing their leader and never giving them the privileges for which they fought. Sophia's board is characterized by significant success in the field foreign policy... She concluded peace treaties in Poland and Austria, two Crimean campaigns were carried out, which, however, were not crowned with success. This showed that Russia is not yet ready to fight such a significant enemy.Amusing shelves Peter 1
Peter grew up in the villages near Moscow. He began to learn to read and write at the age of three, but he never received a full education, so even as an adult he made mistakes in writing. From an early age he was interested in the art of war. For his games, the so-called "funny shelves" were formed, consisting of children gathered in the villages near Moscow - his playmates. In 1685, the "amusing regiment", dressed in foreign caftans, marched through the whole of Moscow in formation, Peter I in this procession performed the role of a drummer. In 1689, artillery was created at the regiment, which was helped by adult soldiers. In the village of Preobrazhenskoye, a whole fortress was erected - "a funny town", Active participation in the construction of which Peter himself accepted. Later, another one, the Semenovsky regiment, will be added to the Preobrazhensky regiment and on the basis of these regiments the regular guard of Peter will be created.The struggle of Peter 1 and Princess Sophia
Peter grew up as a very active and energetic person. He was interested in the martial arts, the navy, the foreign way of life (he often visited the German settlement), and this activity of the tsar's heir was very disturbing to Sophia, who understood that when Peter came of age she would have to leave the throne. In their relationship, not everything was smooth: the first conflict between them occurred already in 1689, when Peter demanded that his sister not dare to religious holiday go in the same procession with the men. Sophia went anyway, and Peter, not ready for such an outcome of events, left the course. In 1689, Sophia spread a rumor that Peter and his Preobrazhensky regiment intended to invade Moscow and kill her and her brother Ivan. As a result, the archers gathered in the Kremlin, and their campaign was to take place in the village of Preobrazhenskoye in order to kill Peter 1 and all his allies. However, trusted people at the time brought this information to Peter, he left the village and hid in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. The confrontation with Sophia continued: Peter tried to gather an army, but the archers did not obey him. However, in the end, most of the troops nevertheless sided with the legitimate king, and Sophia had to admit defeat. Sophia's closest ally Fyodor Shaklovity was executed. The elder brother Ivan handed over his power to Peter 1, although nominally he remained a sotsial until his death.This is how the Russian tsar came to power, who was destined to turn the whole course of development of Russia and turn it into a powerful power in the military and economic sense, capable of competing with the strongest countries of Europe.
Loading...