Peter I Great (05/30/1672 - 01/28/1725) - First Emperor All-Russian, one of the outstanding Russian public figures, In history, entered as a man of advanced views, which conducted active reform activities in the Russian state and expanding the territory of the state in the Baltic region.

Peter was born 1 30.05.1672g. His father - King Alexey Mikhailovich had a very numerous offspring: Peter was his fourteenth child. At his mother, the queen Natalia Naryshkina Peter was the firstborn. Having stayed with the queen year, Peter was given to raising the nanac. When the boy was four, his father died, and his supreme brother Fyodor Alekseevich was appointed guardian of Tsarevich, who became a new king. Petr first education was weak, so he wrote all his life with errors. However, the shortcomings of their own basic education Peter the Great subsequently managed to compensate for rich practical activities.

In the spring of 1682 after the six years of his reign, Tsar Fedor Alekseevich died. In Moscow, there was an uprising of Sagittarov and the juvenile Peter together with Brother Ivan were erected to the throne, and the government was named the elder sister of their princess Sophia Alekseevna. Peter spent a little time in Moscow, living with his mother in the villages of Izmailov and Preobrazhensky. Energetic and movable, who did not receive church or secular systematic education, he spent its entire time in active players with peers. Subsequently, he was allowed to create " handy shelves", With whom the boy played maneuvers and battles. In the summer of 1969, having learned that Sophia was preparing the Streetsky Bunk, Peter accomplished escape in Trinity-Sergiev Monastery, where the faithful shelves arrived for him, as well as part of the yard. Sophia was removed from power, and then sharpened to the Novodevichy Monastery.

Peter 1 handed over to the office of the country uncle to his L.K.Naryshkin and Mother, still a little exterior in Moscow. In 1689 he married at the insistence of his mother in Evdokia Lopukhina. In 1695 Peter 1 took his first military campaign to the fortress of Azov, ended in failure. Hasively builds the fleet in Voronezh, the king organized the second campaign on the Azov, who brought him the first victory, who had strengthened his authority. In 1697, the king went abroad, where he studied the ship's shipyard, working on shipyards and getting acquainted with technical achievements european countriesThe way their life and the political structure. In the same place, mainly the political program of Peter I, the purpose of which was the creation of a police regular state. Peter I considered himself the first servant of his fatherland, whose debt was his own example to teach subjects.

Petrovsky reforms began with the order to shave beard to everyone, with the exception of the clergy and peasants, as well as with the introduction of a foreign dress. In 1699, the reform of the calendar was also made. The young men of noble families on the orders of the king were sent to study abroad so that the state appear their own qualified personnel. In 1701, a navigation school was created in Moscow.

In 1700, Russia, trying to entrenched in the Baltic, suffered a defeat near Narva. Peter I realized that the reason for this failure was rooted in the backwardness of the Russian army, and began to create regular regiments, introducing a recruit meal in 1705. Weapon and metallurgical plants, which were supplied for the army of small arms and cannons for the army. The Russian army began to win the first victories over the enemy, capturing a significant part of the Baltic States. In 1703 Peter I was founded by St. Petersburg. In 1708, Russia was divided on the province. From the creation of the Governing Senate, in 1711, Peter 1 began holding the management reform and the creation of new authorities. In 1718, the admission reform began. After graduation Northern War Russia was proclaimed in 1721 by the Empire, and Peter 1 was awarded the Senate of the Titles "Father of Fatherland" and "Great."

Peter the first, aware of the technical backwardness of Russia, contributed to the development of the domestic industry, as well as trade. He also carried out many transformations in culture. With it, there are secular educational establishmentsThe first Russian newspaper was founded. In 1724, the Academy of Sciences was founded.

The first wife of Peter the first, being mixed in Streletsky Bunte, Soskan was in the monastery. In 1712, he was married to Catherine Alekseevna, which in 1724 Peter crowned as a co-government and empress.

Peter I 9/28/1725 died. from inflammation of the lungs.

The main achievements of Peter I

• Peter the Great entered the story Russian state as a converter king. Russia as a result of Petrovsky reforms could be a full-fledged participant in international relations and began to conduct active foreign Policy. Peter 1 strengthened the authority of the Russian state in the world. Also, with it, the foundations of Russian national culture were laid. The management system created by him, as well as the administrative and territorial division of the state persisted for a long time. Simultaneously with this main tool for Petrovsky reforms, violence was violence. These reforms could not save the state from the previously established system social relationshipThat was embodied in serfs, they, on the contrary, only strengthened the institutions of serfdom, which was the main contradiction of Petrovsky reforms.

Important dates of the biography of Peter I

• 05/30/1672 - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was born a boy who was called Peter.
• 1676 - Alexey Mikhailovich died, Fedor Alekseevich, Brother Peter 1, became king.
• 1682 - King Fedor III died. Archers' uprising in Moscow. Ivan and Peter were elected to the kings, and the sofya proclaims proclaimed the government.
• 1689 - Peter married Evdokia Lopukhina. Non-definition of the governor of Sofia.
• 1695 - Peter's first Azov campaign.
• 1696 - After the death of Ivan Y, Peter 1 became the only king of Russia.
• 1696 - The second Azov campaign of Peter.
• 1697 - Departure of the king to Western Europe.
• 1698 - Peter's return 1 to Russia. Reference Evdokia Lopukhina to the monastery.
• 1699 - introduction of a new summer.
• 1700 - The beginning of the Northern War.
• 1701 - Organization of navigation school.
• 1703 - Peter's first marine victory.
• 1703 - The foundation of St. Petersburg.
• 1709 - the defeat of the Swedes under Poltava.
• 1711 - the establishment of the Senate.
• 1712 - Marriage of Peter 1 with Catherine Alekseevna.
• 1714 - Decree of the union.
• 1715 - The foundation in St. Petersburg of the Maritime Academy.
• 1716-1717 - The second journey of Peter the first abroad.
• 1721 - Synod establishment. Senate assigned to Peter 1 title of the Great, Fatherland, as well as the emperor.
• 1722 - Senate reform.
• 1722-1723 - Peter's Caspian campaign, after which the Southern and Western Caspian coast was joined to Russia.
• 1724 - Institution of the Academy of Sciences. Crowning by Empress Catherine Alekseevna.
• 1725 - Death of Peter I.

Interesting facts from the life of Peter the first

• Peter the first greasicness, practical skill and apparent directness combined in its character with natural gusts in manifestation and affection, and anger, and sometimes with unbridled cruelty.
• Only his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna could cope with the king in his angry attacks, who cared to calm down periodically arising from Peter the attacks of the strongest headaches. The sound of her voice calmed the king, Catherine laid her husband's head, caressing, on his chest, and Peter 1 piled. Catherine sat internally, after which Peter first woke up absolutely vigorous and fresh.

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Epicur

PETER 1

(1672-1725) - Russian emperor

The rapid life of the reformer gave Peter I by 50 years of a bouquet of diseases. More than other pigeons of Donimal His Uremia. In the last year of life, the king traveled to the mineral waters, but also during treatment sometimes heavily physical work. So, in June 1724, he opened several iron bands in the factories of Melelas, he attended the descent of the frigate in August, and then went to a long and tedious trip along the route: Shlisselburg - Olonetsk - Novgorod - Old Russa - Ladoga Canal.

Returning home, Peter, according to the common version, received evidence of Ajulter between his wife Catherine and 30- Summer Willie Mons, the brother of the former Favorite Peter Anna Mons. Mons accused of bribes and the embezzlement and a sentence of the court cut off his head. When Catherine was picked up on pardon, Peter in anger broke the mirror of fine work, in an expensive frame. "Here is the most beautiful decoration of my palace. I want - and destroy him!" Catherine realized that the angry words of the spouse contain a hint of her own destiny, but I had a restrained: "Is your palace be better?" Peter still subjected to the spouse with a severe test - he took her to watch a severed mons head ...

The disease aggravated, and most of the last three months of life Peter spent in bed. In the days of relief, he got up and left the room. At the end of October, he participated in a fire extinguishing on Vasilyevsky Island, and on November 5 he looked at the wedding of the German Bowlnik, where he spent several hours, watching dancing and foreign wedding rites. In the same November, the king participates in the wrap of his daughter Anna and the Duke of Golucket. The festivities on this occasion lasted two weeks, sometimes Peter was on them. In December, he also attended two celebrations: 18th was celebrated the birthday of the younger daughter Elizabeth, and two days later he participated in the election of the new Prince-Pope instead of the deceased Bournerlin.

Relaying pain, the king was cheerful, made up and edited decrees and instructions. In connection with the business of Mons, he was issued a decree on November 13, prohibiting me to turn to palace ministers from all kinds of requests and give them backs. Decree threatened the ministers who took the petitions, death penalty. Three weeks before the death of Peter was engaged in drawing up instructions to the head of the Kamchatka expedition to Vitus Bering.

NARTS, who observed the king behind this occupation, tells that he (king) was in a hurry to compose such an important enterprise and, as if anticipating his anmion of his death, was very pleased with the fact that she completed the work. After that, he called Admiral Apraksin and told him: "Thin health made me sit at home. I remembered now what I thought about a long time ago and that other things were made to take it, that is, about the road through the Arctic Sea to China and India."

In mid-January 1725, the attacks of Uremia became frequent, and then became just terrible. Violation of kidney functions led to accumulation in the blood of nitrogen slags, to blocking urinary tract. According to the testimony of contemporaries, several days Peter shouted so loudly, which was heard far around. Then the pain became so strong that the king is only a depth moaning, biting the pillow. Peter died on January 28, 1725 in terrible torment.

Its body remained unacceptable forty days. And all this time, Catherine, proclaimed by the Empress, cried twice a day over her husband's body.

Peter 1 personality is connected with many important historical events for our state.

It is not surprising that almost every fact from the life and activities of Peter 1 becomes the object of hot debates of historians: that of the well-known facts about this extraordinary person is reliably, and what is the fiction? Important facts of the biography of Peter 1 reached us, they reveal all his positive and negative sideslike a king and a simple person. Important facts The facts of Peter I will have left a serious trace in the history of the Russian Empire. Interesting Facts About Peter 1 amounted to not one volume scientific research And they filled out the pages of numerous popular publications.

1. Elevate Russian king, and afterwards the emperor, Peter 1 climbed on August 18, 1682 and since then its long period of government begins. Peter I successfully ruled the country for more than 43 years.

2.Treaters 1 King of Russia became in 1682. And from 1721 - Great Peter. - The first Russian emperor.

3. It is hardly among the Russian emperors there is a more ambiguous and mysterious figure than Peter the Great. This ruler has established itself as a talented, energetic and at the same time a ruthless statesman.

4. Having risen on the Russian throne, Peter 1 managed to retire backward and patriarchals to the number of European leaders. His role in the history of our homeland is invaluable, and life is full of amazing events.

5. Emperor Peter Great, who earned this title thanks to an outstanding role, which he played in the history of Russia, was born on May 30 (June 9) of 1672. The parents of the future emperor were the rules in those years king Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov and his second wife Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkin.

6. All previous children of his father, Nature sentenced health, while Peter grew strong and never knew the disease. It even gave rise to evil tongues to cast doubt on paternity Alexei Mikhailovich.

7. When the boy turned 4 years old, his father died, and the empty throne took his older brother, the son of Alexei Mikhailovich from the first marriage with Maria Ilinichny Miloslavskaya ─ Fedor Alekseevich, who was entering patriotic history As a sovereign of all Russia Fyodor III.

Fedor Alekseevich

8. In the result of his accentuation, Petra's mother has greatly lost its influence at the court and was forced together with her son, leaving the capital, to go to the village of Village Preobrazhenskoye.

Petr 1 in childhood

9. In Transfiguration and the childhood and youth of Peter 1, which, unlike the heirs of European throne, with early years Surrounded by the most outstanding teachers of their time, he received an education, communicating with semi-arms units. However, the knowledge is inevitable in such cases compensated by the abundance of his innate talents.

10. In this period, the sovereign could not live without any noisy games, which was given most of his day. He could be so captivated that he refused to be interrupted on food and drink.

Peter 1 at 10 years old becomes king - 1682

11. It was in childhood that the king became friends with those who, throughout his life, will be his devoted companion and a trustee. We are talking about Alexandra Menshikov, who participated in all the children's fun of the future emperor. Interestingly, the ruler was absolutely not embarrassed good education The statesman.

12. What concerns his personal life. In the 17th age, Peter, taking for the usual to visit the German settlement, started a novel with Anna Mons, his mother, to interrupt the connection hated by her, forcibly married her son on the daughter of the Okolnichy Evdokia Lopukhina.

13.This marriage, in which young joined forced, turned out to be extremely unhappy, especially for Evdokia, which Peter in the end ordered to take the same in the nun. Perhaps, it was the remorse of conscience forced him to subsequently publish a decree prohibiting the girlfriend to marry without their consent.

14. How well is known, the king was married twice. His first wife became a maiden of noble origin, while the second is the peasant daughter. Ekaterina I - the second wife of Peter was low native by origin.

15. Emperatritsa Catherine was actually called Marta Samilovna Skavron. The mother and father of the sovereign were ordinary Livonian peasants, and she herself managed to work well. From the birth of March was a blonde, she painted her hair all his life in a dark color. Such a low origin of the wife did not have a value for the ruler. Ekaterina I is the first woman who loved the emperor. The king often discussed important state affairs with her and listened to its advice.

16. The first to whipped the skates to the shoes was Peter the Great. The fact is that earlier skates just tied to shoes with ropes and belts. And the idea of \u200b\u200busual now for us skates attached to the sole of the boot, Peter I brought from Holland during his journey through Western countries.

17. In order for the fighters of his troops to distinguish the right and left side, the king ordered them to tie them to the left foot of the hay, and on the right-straw. Feldwebel during classes of construction preparation gave the team: "Hay - straw, hay - straw", then the company printed a step. Meanwhile, many European peoples have three more centuries ago the concepts of "right" and "left" distinguished only educated people. The peasants did not know about it.

18. From Holland Peter I brought many interesting things to Russia. Among them and tulips. The bulbs of these plants appeared in Russia in 1702. The reformer was so fascinated by growing in palace gardens, plants that established a "garden office" specifically to extract overseas colors.

19. During Peter, counterfeiters worked on state coin courts as a punishment. Fakes were calculated by the presence of "to one ruble of five Altyn of silver money of one chasing." In those days, even state coin courts could not produce uniform money. And those, in which they were - one hundred percent counterfeit. This ability of criminals is to qualitatively produce uniform coins Peter decided to use for the benefit of the state. The criminal's grief as a punishment was sent to one of the mints, so that he coins the coins there. So, in 1712, thirteen such "craftsmen" were sent to the mint yards.

20. Peter I - very interesting and contradictory historical person. By the way, the focus, which was made during the following centuries, precisely on the physical characteristics of the sovereign. It was largely due to the legend of his substitution, allegedly occurring during a foreign trip to countries Western Europe (1697 ─ 1698). In those years, rumors stubbornly walked heated by secret oppositionists about his substitution during the trip of young Peter with the Great Embassy. So, the contemporaries wrote that a young man twenty-six years left with the embassy, \u200b\u200babove the average height, tight addition, physically healthy, having a mole on the left cheek and wavy hair, perfectly educated, loving everything Russian, Orthodox Christian, bible by heart and so on. But in two years, a completely different person returned - almost not talking in Russian, hateing everything Russian, until the end of his life and not learned to write in Russian, forgetting everything that was able to leaving to the great embassy and wonderfully acquired new skills and skills . And finally, he drastically changed outwardly. His growth increased so much that he had to re-sew his wardrobe, and the mole on his left cheek disappeared without a trace. In general, returning to Moscow, he looked like a 40-year-old man, although by that time he was barely passed 28 years. All this I would have happened in two years of lack of Peter in Russia.

21.If historical documents did not lie, the emperor had an increase that many modern basketball players could envy - more than 2 meters.

22. In such a high growth, the more surprisingly he had a "modest" shoe size: 38th.

23.stranno that the legendary ruler of the Russian Empire could not boast of strong physique. As I managed to figure out historians, Peter 1 wore clothes of the 48th size. Descriptions of the appearance of the autocrat, left by his contemporaries, testify that he was narrowly and had a disproportionately small head.

24.Shar Petr 1 belonged to the number of violent opponents of alcoholism. The Vladyka began to fight drunkenness of his subjects in 1714 with Himor inherent in him. He came up with "rewarding" incorrigible alcoholics with medals. Perhaps, world history I did not know the heavier medal than the one that was invented by the emperor-joker. Cast iron was used to create it, even without a chain, a similar product weighed about 7 kg or even a little more. The award was awarded at the police station, where he delivered alcoholics. She was hoisted on the neck using chains. Moreover, securely fixed, excluding independent removal. Awarded drunkard was supposed to be held in this form over the week.

25. The correspondence in the accuracy that Peter 1 was high growth, forces a number of quite obvious facts. Having visited the museums of the country, in the expositions of which personal belongings are presented, clothing (48 sizes!) And the shoes of the sovereign, it is easy to make sure that they could not be used, be height Peter 1 really so significant growth. They would simply be small. At the same thought, there are several preserved beds, on which, with growth, exceeding 2 m, they would have to sleep sitting. By the way, the genuine samples of the king's shoes allow you to determine the size of Peter's foot with absolute accuracy. So, it is found that these days it would buy myself shoes ... 39 sizes! Another argument, indirectly refuting the generally accepted idea of \u200b\u200bthe growth of the king, can serve as a scarecrow, his beloved horse Lizette, presented in St. Petersburg Zoological Museum. The horse was pretty squat, and the high rider would be uncomfortable on it. And finally, the last one: Could Peter 1 genetically achieved such growth, if all its ancestors about which there are enough full information, did not differ in special physical parameters?

26.What could give a legend about the unique height of the king? It has been scientifically proven that in the process of evolution over the past 300 years, people's growth increased by an average of 10-15 cm. This suggests that the sovereign was truly much higher than those around others and was considered an unusually rising man, but not according to the current, but for the fact that long ago In the past standards, when a 155 cm growth was considered quite normal. Today, the size of Peter 1, mounted on samples of shoes, leads to the conclusion that it is hardly height exceeded 170-180 cm.

27. If in October 1696, his famous Decree "Maritime Courts to Be", he very quickly was convinced that, except for enthusiasm and cash investments, knowledge of shipbuilding and judgehog was required to succeed. It is for this reason that, in the composition of the Russian embassy (but incognito), he went to Holland, which was then among the leading marine powers of the world. There, in the small port city of Saardam, Peter 1 passed a course of carpentry and shipbuilding, quite reasonably reasoning that before demanding from others, it was necessary to comprehend the secrets of the craft.

28. So, in August 1697, on the shipyard belonging to the Dutch shipbuilder Linstra Rogge, a new working Peter Mikhailov appeared, the features of the face and the well-member posture of the unusually similar to the Russian king. However, there was no suspicion of anyone, especially since the Dutch could hardly imagine the monarch in the work apron and with an ax in their hands.

29.This Foreign Voyage of the Sovereign greatly enriched the palette of Russian life, because much of what he had a chance to see there, he tried to transfer to Russia. For example, Holland was exactly the country, from where Peter 1 brought potatoes. In addition, from this small state washed by the Northern Sea, to Russia of those years, tobacco, coffee, tulips bulbs, as well as a huge set of surgical instruments. By the way, the idea of \u200b\u200bmaking subjects shaving beard was born at the sovereign also during the visit to Holland.

30. It should be noted the king's addiction to a variety of activities not characteristic of other Augusts. It is well known, for example, his passion for the lathe. Until now, visitors to the St. Petersburg Museum "House Peter I" can see the machine on which the sovereign personally pulled various wooden crafts.

31.Good a step towards Russia's surveys to the standards adopted in Europe was the introduction under Peter 1 Julian calendar. The former summer, originating from the creation of the world, has become very uncomfortable in the realities of the life of the XVIII century. In this regard, on December 15, 1699, the king issued a decree, according to which the staff began to lead in accordance with the calendar generally accepted abroad, introduced by the Roman emperor Julia Caesar. Thus, on January 1, Russia, together with the entire civilized world, joined not at 7208 from the creation of the world, and in the 1700th of the Nativity of Christ.

32. It was also a decree of Peter 1 on the celebration of the New Year on the first day of January, and not in September, as it was before. One of the innovations was the custom to decorate the New Year's Christmas Trees at home.

33. Many interesting facts about Peter 1 are associated with his hobbies, among which came across and very unusual. Peter I was fond of medicine. He tried herself in surgery and actively studied anatomy human body. But most of the king fascinated dentistry. He liked to pass off sick teeth. It is known that with the help of tools brought from Holland, he often removed sick teeth to his boned-houses. At the same time, sometimes the king was fond of. Then, their healthy teeth could go under the distribution.

34. The emperor perfectly owned fourteen crafts. However, not all crafts who tried for his long life Master Peter, he was conquered. At one time the emperor tried to learn to weave the Napti, but he had nothing left. Since then, he took respect of the "sages", who managed to master the science that seemed so difficult to him.

35.Applauting, appearance, the habits of subjects - hardly the sphere of human life remained, which Peter 1 did not affect their decides.

36. The boyar has caused his disposal concerning the beard. The ruler, who wanted to establish European orders in Russia, the designer had commanded stealing vegetation on his face. The protesters were forced to conquer over time, since otherwise they were waiting for a huge tax.

37. Missed the most famous king and many other humorous decrees. For example, one of his orders was a ban to appoint people with red hair to state posts.

38. Itsmed him to become famous and as a fighter with national costumes. Interesting facts from the life of the sovereign confirm that among its decrees there is a disposal of the wearing of European clothing. It was he who forced a beautiful floor to be in the decolted dresses instead of Sarafanov, and men in Camisoles and shortened pants.

39.Many wonderful things would never have appeared in Russia if not Peter 1. Interesting facts are associated with potatoes. The inhabitants of our country were not familiar with this vegetable, until the king brought him from Holland. The first attempts to introduce potatoes as everyday foods were tasked. The peasants tried to eat it in the raw form, without guessing bake or cook, and as a result, they refused this tasty and nutritious vegetable. Also during Peter I first brought to the territory of Russia.

40.Tulpans are beautiful flowers whose cultivation in the state also began at the request of Peter the Great. The bulbs of these plants of the autocrat delivered to the country from Holland, where he spent quite a long time. The emperor was even organized by the "garden office", the main purpose of which was the introduction of overseas colors.

41. The first Kunstkamera Museum was founded by Peter, where his personal collections were brought from different parts of the world. All collections of the king in 1714 were transported to the summer palace. So the Kunstkamera Museum was created. All who visited Kunstkamera received alcohol free.

42. Ekaterina I had many intrigues and often changed the king. King's wife's lover, Willimon Monsu, on November 13, 1724, a death sentence was made - he was executed through the head of the head on November 16 in St. Petersburg, and his head was settled and put in the bedroom of the queen.

43.Shar issued a decree: all thieves that were stolen from the state treasury more than the cost of the rope should have been hanging on this rope.

44. Peter 1 at the reception in Germany did not know how to use napkins and eating all his hands than the princess struck his clumsy.

45. Peter managed to make an excellent military career And as a result, become an admiral of the Russian, Dutch, English and Danish fleets.

46. \u200b\u200bThe Marine and Military Case were the favorite areas of the king. Peter founded a regular fleet in Russia and the army. He constantly studied and received new knowledge in these areas. The Marine Academy in Russia was founded by the king in 1714.

47. The king introduced a tax on the baths that were privately owned. At the same time, the development of public bath is encouraged.

48. In 1702, Peter I managed to take powerful Swedish fortresses. In 1705, thanks to the efforts of the king, Russia received an exit to the Baltic Sea. In 1709, the legendary Poltava battle took place, which brought great fame to Peter 1.

49. Strengthening the military power of the Russian state was the cause of the whole life of the emperor. For the Board of Peter I, a mandatory military service was introduced. To create an army, tax was collected from local residents. The regular army began to operate in Russia since 1699.

50. The emperor has achieved great success in navigation and shipbuilding. He was also an excellent gardener, a bricklayer, knew how to make a clock and draw. Peter 1 often surprised everyone with his virtuoso piano.

51. The king was issued a certificate, which was prohibited by wives to pick up drunk men with beerushki. In addition, the king was against women on the ship, and they took them only as a last resort.

52. With great Peter, several successful reforms were conducted in education, medicine, industrial and financial sector. The first gymnasium and many schools for children during the reign of Peter I.

53. Peter was the first to commit a distant journey to Western European countries. Peter 1 allowed Russia to continue to conduct a full-fledged foreign economic policy due to its progressive reforms.

54. One of the activities of Peter I was the creation of a powerful fleet on the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, which as a result he managed to him. The exit to the Baltic Sea was specially built for the development of trade. The emperor managed to win the coast of the Caspian Sea and to attach Kamchatka.

55. The construction of St. Petersburg was started in 1703 by order of the king. Only in St. Petersburg was allowed to build stone houses since 1703. The emperor attached a lot of effort to turn St. Petersburg to the cultural capital of Russia.

56. The king was proposed to choose the title "Emperor of the East", from which he refused.

57. Today is not aware of the exact cause of the death of the king. According to one data, Peter suffered from the disease of the bladder. Otherwise, he fell ill with heavy pneumonia. Tsar before last day continued to rule the state, despite the strong disease. Petr 1 died in 1725. He is buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.

58. The king did not have time to write a will, at the same time left a serious trace in the history of the Russian Empire. Catherine 1 passed the Board Russian Empire After Peter's death. After the death of the king, the era of palace coups began.

59. In many leading countries, Peter monuments were erected 1. The copper rider in St. Petersburg is one of the famous monuments Peter 1.

60. After the death of the king, the city began to call in his honor.

photo from the Internet

The last king of All Russia and the first emperor of Russia - Peter the First - Figure is truly great. No wonder this king was named Peter "Great". He sought not only to expand the borders of the Russian state, but also to make life in him like the one that saw in Europe. He studied a lot and taught others.

Brief biography of Peter First

Peter the first belonged to the nature of the Romanov, he was born June 9, 1672. His father is king Alexey Mikhailovich. His mother is the second wife Alexei Mikhailovich, Natalia Naryshkin. Peter I was the first child from the second marriage of the king and the fourteenth.

IN 1976. The father of Peter Alekseevich died and his elders Son went to the throne - Fedor Alekseevich. He was painful and rules for about 6 years.

The death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and the acceleration of his eldest son of Fedor (from the queen Mary Ilinichna, in Melosliya Miloslavskaya) pushed Tsaritsu Natalia Kirillovna and her relatives, Naryshkin, to the background.

Strelletsky riot

After Fedor's death III, a question arose: who can rule on? The elder brother of Peter Ivan was a painful child (he was also called weakly) and it was decided to put on Trone Peter.

However, it did not like the relatives of the first wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - Miloslavsky. Having enlisted with the support of 20 thousand Sagittarov, who showed discontent at the time, Miloslavsky staged a riot in 1682.

The consequence of this Streletsky Bunta was the proclamation of Peter's sister - Sofia, - renthet until Ivan and Peter grow up. Subsequently, Peter and Ivan were considered the dual rulers of the Russian state to the death of Ivan in 1686.

Queen Natalia was forced to go to the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow along with Peter.

"Funny" troops Peter

In the villages Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky Peter worked far from children's games - formed from his peers "Funny" troops And he studied to fight. Foreign officers helped him to master the military literacy.

In the future, these two battalions were formed Semenovsky and Transfiguration Shelves - The basis of Guard Peter.

Start of independent board

In 1689. On the advice of Mother Peter married. In the bride, he was picked up the daughter of Moscow boyarin Evdokia Lopukhin. After the marriage, 17-year-old Peter was considered to be adult and could claim an independent rule.

Bunt suppression

Tsarevna Sophia immediately realized what kind of danger threatens her. Not wanting to lose the authorities, she persuaded Sagittarov oppose Petra. Young Peter I managed to collect a faithful army, and with him he moved to Moscow.

The uprising was cruelly suppressed, the instigators were executed, they were hanging, sequels whipped, burned with Kaneny gland. Sophia sent B. Novodevichi Monastery.

Taking azov

Since 1696., after the death of King Ivan V, Peter became the united ruler of Russia. He reversed his gaze for the map. Advisors, among them Favorite Swiss Lefort, suggested - Russia needs access to the sea, you need to build a fleet, you need to move south.

The Azov campaigns began. Peter himself participated in battles, acquired combat experience. From the second attempt to capture Azov, in a convenient bay of the Azov Sea, Peter laid the city Taganrog.

Trip to Europe

Peter went "Incognito", he was magnified by a volunteer Peter Mikhailov,
Sometimes the captain of the Preobrazhensky regiment.

In England Peter first studied the sea case in Germany - artillery, in Holland He worked as a simple carpenter. But he had to return to Moscow prematurely - he had information about the new Bunte of Streltsov. After brutal violence over the Archers and executions, Peter began to prepare for war with Sweden.

War of Peter with Sweden

On the Allies of Russia - Poland and Denmark - began to attack the young Swedish king CharlesXII.who decided to conquer the whole Northern Europe. Peter I decided to join the war against Sweden.

Battle near Narva

First battle near Narva in 1700 It was unsuccessful for Russian troops. Having a multiple advantage over the Swedish army, the Russians failed to take the fortress Narva, and they had to retreat.

Decisive actions

Attacking Poland, Karl XII is brightly stuck in the war. Taking advantage of the coming respite, Peter announced a set of recruits. He released a decree, according to which money from Sweden began to collect money, bells with churches interposed on guns, strengthened the old fortresses, erected new ones.

St. Petersburg - New Capital of Russia

Peter the First samulatically participated In a combat breakdown with two shelves, soldiers against Swedish ships that blocked the exit to the Baltic Sea. The attack was successful, the ships were captured, the exit to the sea was free.

On the banks of the Neva Peter ordered to build a fortress in honor of Saints Peter and Paul, called later Petropavlovskaya. It is around this fortress and the city formed St. Petersburg- New capital of Russia.

Battle under Poltava

The news of the successful sealing of Peter on the Neva forced the Swedish king to move his troops to Russia. He chose the south where he was waiting for help from turk and where Ukrainian hetman Mazepa Promised him to give Cossacks.

Battle under Poltava, where the Swedes and Russian troops pulled continued not long.

Karl XII left the Cossacks of the Cossacks left in the summary, they were not traditionally trained and equipped. Turks did not come up. Numerical advantage in the troops was on the side of the Russians. And no matter how they tried the Swedes to break through the ranks of the Russian troops, no matter how rebuilding their shelves, they farailed the course of the battle in their favor.

The cannon core fell into the stretcher of Charles, he lost consciousness, panic began among the Swedes. After the victorious battle, Peter arranged a feast on which i care about the prisoners of Swedish generals And thanked them for science.

Internal reforms of Peter the first

Peter first actively, in addition to wars with other states, was engaged reforms inside the country. He demanded that the courtesy threw off their cocktashes and put the European dress to break the beards, went to the balls suitable for them.

Important reforms Peter

Instead of the Boyar Duma, he established Senatewho dealt with important state issues, introduced special Tabel about ranksin which the classes of military and civilian officials were determined.

In St. Petersburg began to act Marine Academy, in Moscow opened mathematical school. With it in the country began to be published first Russian newspaper. For Peter, there were no ranks and awards. If he saw caught man, though low origin, then sent him to learn abroad.

Opponents of reforms

Many innovations Peter i did not have to moral - Starting from the highest ranks, ending with the fortress peasants. The church called him a heretic, Raskolniki - Antichrist, sent all sorts of Hulu on him.

The peasants were in full dependence on landowners and the state. Tax burden increased 1.5-2 timesFor many it turned out to be unbearable. Large uprisings occurred in Astrakhan, on Don, in Ukraine, Volga region.

Brokes of the former defendant caused a negative reaction from the nobles. Son Peter, his heir Alexei, became an opponent of reforms and went against the father. He was accused of conspiracy and in 1718. sentenced to death.

Last year of government

IN last years The reign of Peter holly sickHe had problems with the kidneys. In the summer of 1724, his illness increased, in September he felt easier, but after a while the attacks intensified.

On January 28, 1725 he had so bad that he ordered to put a hiking church in his next bedroom, and on February 2 confused. Forces began to leave the patientHe no longer shouted, as before, from cruel pain, but only moaning.

On February 7, all those convicted to death or cautious (eliminating murderers and represented in a repeated study) were amnestied. On the same day, in the outcome of the second hour, Peter demanded paper, began to write, but the pen fell out of his hands, only two words could disassemble from the written: "Give everything ...".

At the beginning of the sixth in the morning February 8, 1725 Peter the first "Great" died in terrible torment in his winter palace at the winter groove according to the official version of the inflammation of the lungs. He was buried in cathedral of the Petropavlovsk Fortress in St. Petersburg.

Biography Peter I. Starts on June 9, 1672 in Moscow. He was the youngest son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from a second marriage with Queen Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina. Peter was the youngest of 13 children in a large family Alexei Mikhailovich. From one year he was brought up with nannies.

Before his death, Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich blessed for the board of his eldest son Fedor, who was 14 years old at that time. After the climb of Fedor on the throne, Natalia Kirillovna decided to leave the children in the village of Preobrazhenskoye.

Father

Alexey I Mikhailovich Romanov

Mother

Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkin

Nikita Zotov accepted active participation In the upbringing of the young Tsarevich, however, Peter initially did not attend sciences and did not differ literacy.

V. O. Klyuchevsky noted:

"More than once you can hear the opinion that Peter I is not educated in an old, otherwise and caring than his father and older brothers were brought up. As soon as Peter began to remember himself, he was surrounded in his children's ingenious things; Everything that he played, reminded him of Germans. With the years, children's Peter is filled with the subjects of military affairs. It appears a whole arsenal of toy weapons. So in the children's Peter, Moscow artillery was quite fully presented, we celebrate many wooden squeezes and guns with horses. " Even foreign ambassadors were taken as a gift to Tsarevich toy and real weapons. "At leisure, he loved to listen to different stories and consider books with Kunshites (pictures)."

Bunth 1682 and the coming to power of the Tsarevna Recents of Sophia

The death of King Fyodor Alekseevich in 1682 marked the beginning of the active confrontation between the two clans of the nobles - Naryshkina (Peter's relatives from his mother) and Miloslavsky (relatives of the first wife Alexei Mikhailovich defending the interests of Ivan). Each of the families tried to promote his candidate, however, to make the final decision was supposed to be a boyars and most of the boyar decided to make the king of Peter, since Ivan was a painful child. On the day of death, Fedor Alekseevich on April 27, 1682, the Petra proclaimed the king.

Not wanting to lose power, Miloslavsky entered the rumor that Naryshkina strangled Tsarevich John Alekseevich. For the strikes of Nabath, many Sagittarius broke into the Kremlin, leaving the defense of a few royal security. However, to their confusion, the Queen Natalia appeared to meet the red porch with the Tsarevichi Ivan and Peter. Ivan answered questions for questions:

"No one originates, and I am not complaining about anyone"

Queen Natalia goes to the Archers to prove that Ivan V is alive is well. Painting N. D. Dmitriev-Orenburg

The crowd's abandoned to the limit was triggered by the charges of Prince Delgorukov in treason and theft - Sagittarius were stirred by several boyars, many of the clan of the Naryshny and Streethesky chiefs. Putting his own guard inside the Kremlin, the Sagittarius did not produce and did not let anyone, actually taking all the royal family hostage.

Understanding the high probability of revenge on the side of the Naryshnyh, the Sagittarius filed a few of the past (in fact it was rather not a request, but an ultimatum) so that Ivan was also appointed king (as older), and the Governor-Regentist - Sophia. In addition, they demanded to legitimize the riot and abandon the persecution of his instratchors, recognizing their actions with legitimate and defending the interests of the state. The Patriarch and Boyarskaya Duma had forced to fulfill the requirements of Streltsov, and on June 25, Ivan V and Peter I were Vieden to the kingdom.

Tsarevna Sophia gladly watches as Sagittarius shakes Ivan Naryshkin, Peter soothes his mother. Painting A. I. Korzukhina, 1882

Tsarevna Regentus Sophia Alekseevna Romanova

Peter was seriously shocked by the events described in the events of 1682, according to one of the versions of the nerve convulsions distorting his face during the excitement appeared shortly after the experienced. In addition, this riot and future, 1698, finally convinced the king in the need to dissolve the shooting parts.

Natalia Kirillovna considered that to remain in the Kremlin completely captured by Miloslavs very unsafe and decided to move to the country estate of Alexei Mikhailovich - the village of Preobrazhenskoye. King Peter could live here under the supervision loyal peopleSometimes going to Moscow to participate in ceremonies, mandatory for the royal person.

Handy shelves

Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich very much loved a falcon hunt and other similar entertainment - after his death there was a large farm and about 600 people servants. These devotees and intelligent people did not go without affairs - arriving at Preobrazhenskoy Natalia Kirillovna delivered the task to organize a military school for the Son.

The first "funny" detachment Tsarevich received in the fall of 1683. By the next year in Preobrazhensky near tsarist Palace Already rebuilt the "funny city" of the sugary. Peter received military training on a par with the rest of adolescents. He started the service of marching ahead of the Preobrazhensky regiment as a drummer, and over time he served before the scorer.

One of the first selected candidates for " a fun army", Was Alexander Menshikov. He had to do a special role: to become a bodyguard of the young king, his shadow. According to testimonies of contemporaries of those events, Menshikov even slept in the legs of Peter near his bed. Being in Tsar almost relentlessly, Menshikov became one of his main companions, a particularly trusted person in all the most important affairs concerning the management of a huge country. Alexander Menshikov received an excellent education and also as Peter I received a certificate of training for shipbuilding in Holland.

Menshikov A. D.

Personal life of young Peter I - the first wife

The first wife of Peter I, Evdokia Lopukhina was chosen by Mother Peter I as his bride without coordinating this decision with Peter himself. The queen hoped that the genus of loophini, al if not considered particularly notable, but numerous, will harden the situation of the young Tsarevich.

The wedding ceremony of Peter I and Lopukhina occurred on February 6, 1689 in the Church of the Preobrazhensky Palace. A regular factor of the need for marriage was Russian. The custom of the time, according to which a married man was full and adults, which gave Peter I right to get rid of the princess-renthela of Sophia.

Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina

During the first three years of this marriage, two sons were born: Jr. Alexander died in infancy, and Senior Tsarevich Alexey, born in 1690, will be devoid of life on the orders of Peter I, somewhere in the dungeons of the Petropavlovsk Fortress of St. Petersburg.

Step by Peter I - Sofia Shift

The second Crimean campaign of 1689, headed by the Favorite of Sofia, Prince Golitsin, was unsuccessful. The general dissatisfaction with its board added chances to seventeen years of Peter to return the throne - his mother and her faithful people began to prepare for the displacement of Sophia.

In the summer of 1689, the mother caused Peter from reparency in Moscow. At this turning point, his fate, Peter begins to show Sofa his own power. Planned in July of this year procession He sabotized, banning Sofa to participate in it, and after her refusal from obedience, he left, arranged a vowel scandal thus. At the end of July, he barely awarded to issue awards to participants Crimean hikeBut he refused to take them when those came to him with gratitude.

By the beginning of August, the relationship between his brother and sister had reached such a heat that the entire courtyard expected an open confrontation, but both parties did not show initiatives, fully focused on defense.

Last Sophia attempt to keep power

It is not known whether Sophia decided to speak outdoor opposing his brother, or rumors frightened that Peter I was planning to arrive in Moscow to removing the sister from power - Prison Princess began to campaign the Sagittals in favor of Sophia. King's adherents Seeing such preparations immediately told him about danger and Peter accompanied by three accompanied robbed from the village of Preobrazhensky to the monastery of Trinity Lavra. Starting on August 8, the remaining Naryshkins and all supporters of Peter, as well as his racing army begin to come up to the monastery.

From the monastery on behalf of Peter I, his mother and her associates put forward Sophier demand in the report on the causes of weapons and agitation on August 7, as well as messengers from each of the Sagittaking regiments. Forbidding the Sagittars sending elected, Sophia sent the Patriarch of Joachim to Brother, but the faithful Tsarevich Patriarch did not return back to the capital.

Peter I again sent the demand to the capital to send representatives from citizens and Streltsov - they came to Lavra despite the ban of Sofia. Understanding that the situation develops in favor of his brother, Tsarevna decides to go to him herself, but already on the road it is convinced to return, warning that if she comes to Trinity - it will be "dishonest."

Joakim (Patriarch of Moscow)

Returning to Moscow, Tsarevna Regent is trying to restore the Streltsov and citizens against Peter, but unsuccessfully. Sagittarius forced Sophia to give her passion to Peter, Shaklovit, whom on arrival at the monastery is trying and executed. For the bunkeepers, many like-minded Sophia were caught and convicted and convicted and convicted of themselves, and some were executed.

After the violence of people who were betrayed by Sofye, Peter felt the need to clarify their relationship with his brother and wrote to him:

"Now, the sovereign of the brother, the time of our families awarded to us the kingdom to rule themselves, the Esma came to the best of his age, and the third toxic person, our sister, with our two masculine specials, in Titles and in the reprisal of affairs, I do not exist ... Stenno, sovereign, at our perfect age, to the state to the state to own us by us. "

Ivan V Alekseevich

Tsarevna Sophia Alekseevna in Novodevichy Monastery

Thus, Peter I expressed an unequivocal desire to take the brazers of the board in their own hands. Left without people ready for her risk, Sophia was forced to submit to the demand of Peter and retire to the Svyathodukha Monastery, and after - to move further, to the Novodevichi monastery.

From 1689 to 1696, Peter I and Ivan V were ruled at the same time until the latter died. In fact, Ivan V did not participate in the Board, until 1694, the rules of Natalia Kirillovna, after - Peter I himself.

The fate of Tsar Peter I after the topics

First mistress

Peter quickly lost interest in the spouse and from 1692 he agreed in German Sloboda with Anna Mons, with the assistance of Leforta. With another living mother, the king did not show an open antipathy to his wife. However, Natalia Kirillovna itself, Natalia Kirillovna, was disappointed in the daughter-in-law, in view of her independence and excessive stubbornness. After the death of Natalia Kirillovna in 1694, when Peter was serving in Arkhangelsk and stopped even corresponded with Eudokia. Although Eddokia was also called the Queen and she lived with her son in the Palace in the Kremlin, but her clan of Lopukhini fell into disfavor - they began to be taken from leadership positions. The young queen tried to establish contacts with persons who were dissatisfied with Peter's politics.

Estimated portrait of Anna Mons

According to some researchers, before Anna Mons became a favorite of Peter in 1692, it consisted in connection with Leffort.

Returning in August 1698 from the great embassy Peter I visited the House of Anna Mons, and already on September 3, he sent his legitimate spouse to the Suzdal Pokrovsky Monastery. There were rumors that the king is planning to even officially marry his mistress - so there was him the road.

Anna Mons House in German Sloboda in the picture of Alexander Benua.

The king pretended to her dear decorations or intricate things (for example, a miniature portrait of a sovereign, decorated with diamonds in the amount of 1 thousand rubles); And even built a stone two-storey house for her state-made money in German Sloboda.

GREAT WARNING HOUSE HOUSE

Miniature from the manuscript of the 1st half of the 18th century "History of Peter I", an essay of P. Krechishche. Assembly A. Baryatinsky. GIm Military exercises at the village of Kolomna and the village of Kozhukhovo.

Peter's rack shelves were no longer just a game - scope and the quality of equipment quite corresponded to real combat parts. In 1694, the king decided to spend his first large-scale teachings - for this, a small wooden fortress was built on the shore of the Moscow river near the village of Kuzhukhovo. It was the right five-brudded brush with braces, embrasures and accommodated 5,000 man garrison. Compiled by General P. Gordon Plan of the fortress assumed additional ditch before fortifications, a depth of three meters.

For the acquisition of the garrison, Saglovarov gathered, as well as all the pricks of Dyakov, nobles, attic and others servivat people. It was necessary to defend the fortress, and the raced shelves carried out the assault and led the siege works - the suburbs and trenches were cut, exploded the fortifications, climbed onto the walls.

Patrick Gordon, asking for a fortress plan and scenario of her assault, was the main teacher of Peter in military affairs. During the teachings, the participants did not spare each other - according to various data on both sides there were up to 24 killed and more fired wounded.

The housing hike has become the final stage of Peter's military-practical training under the beginning of P. Gordon, which has continued since 1690.

The first conquest - the siege of azov

The sharp need for the trade routes of the Black Sea water area for the economy of the state was one of the factors that influenced Peter I to spread its influence on the coast of the Azov and Black Seas. The second defining factor was the passion of the young king to ships and navigation.

Blocade of Azov from the sea during the siege

After the death of the mother, people are not able to dissuade Peter from the resumption of the fight against Turkey within the framework of the Sacred League. However, instead of previously failed attempts on the Crimea, he decides to step on south, under the Azov, who did not conquer in 1695, but after an additional construction of the flotilla, cut off the supply of the fortress from the sea, in 1696 Azov was taken.

Diorama "Taking the Turkish Fortress of Azov Forces of Peter I in 1696"

The subsequent struggle of Russia against the Ottoman Empire, in the framework of the agreement with the Holy League, lost its meaning - the war began in Europe for the Spanish inheritance, and the Austrian Habsburgs did not want to reckon with the interests of Peter. Unless allies continue the war with Ottomans, it was possible - it became one of the key causes of Peter's trip to Europe.

Great Embassy

In 1697-1698, Peter I became the first Russian king committed a long trip abroad. Officially, the king participated in the embassy under the pseudonym Peter Mikhailov, in the rank of the scorer. According to the initial plan, the embassy was to head to the following route: Austria, Saxony, Brandenburg, Holland, England, Venice and in conclusion - a visit to Pope Roman. The actual path of the embassy took place through Riga and Konigsberg to Holland, then in England, from England - back to Holland, and then to Vienna; It was not possible to get to Venice - on the road Peter they informed about the uprising of Streltsov 1698.

Start travel

On March 9-10, 1697 can be considered the beginning of the embassy - it moved from Moscow to Liflandia. Arriving in Riga, belonging to the moment Sweden, Peter expressed the desire to inspect the fortifications of the urban fortress, but General Dalberg, the Swedish governor, did not allow him. The king in anger called Riga the "damned place", and leaving after the embassy in Mitava wrote sent home about Riga following the following lines:

We were through the city and the castle, the GDѣ soldiers stood in five mѣstakh, there were them less than 1,000 people, and they raise that he was. The city of Ukrѣplen is much, just not Dodѣlan. He is afraid of being afraid, and the city and in the middle of the mѣsta and the camp are not allowed, and little is definite.

Peter I in Holland.

Arriving on August 7, 1697 in Rhine, Peter I went down to Amsterdam on the river and canals. Holland has always been interesting to the king - Dutch merchants were frequent guests in Russia and told a lot about their own country, exciting interest. Not paying a lot of time Amsterdam, Peter rushed into the city with many shipyards and workshops of shippers - Zalandam. Pop arrival, he informed the student at the shipyard of Linst Rogge under the name of Peter Mikhailov.

In Zalandam, Peter lived on Krim Street in a small wooden house. Eight days later, the king moved to Amsterdam. The Burgomistra of the city of Vitsen helped him get permission to participate in the work on the shipyards of the Dutch East India company.

Seeing the interest of Russian guests to the shipyards and the process of building ships, the Dutch on September 9 laid on a new ship (Frigate "Peter and Paul"), during the construction of Peter Mikhailov.

In addition to training for shipbuilding and studying local culture, the embassy was engaged in search engineers for the subsequent development of production in the Russian kingdom - the army and the future fleet were in dire need of re-equipment and equipment.

In Holland, Peter met a lot of different innovations: local workshops and factories, whaling courts, hospitals, educational houses - the king carefully studied the western experience for applying it in his homeland. Peter studied the mechanism of the windmill, visited the stationery factory. He listened to lectures on the anatomy in the anatomical office of Professor Ryuysh and expressed its particular interest in embalming the corpses. In the Anatomical Theater Burgawa Peter participated in the opening of the corpses. Inspired by Western developments, in a few years, Peter will create the first Russian museum of rarers - Kunstkamera.

For four and a half months, Peter managed to study a lot, but his Mentors-Dutch did not justify the hopes of the king, he described the reason for his discontent so:

On the Ost-India shipyard, byping yourself with other volunteers in the science of ship architecture, sovereign summary Made in Tom, which was like a good carpenter to know, and his works and skill, built a new ship and lowered the water. Then he asked Toya Verfi Bass Yana Field, in order to teach him proportion to the ship, which he showed him through four days. But in the midst of the skill of perfection by geometric manner in Siya, but the exact same principles, the most of the larger practice, about which and the above-mentioned bass told, and that it was not going to show it to the drawing, then it was disgusting to him that such a distant way for This is reprisal, and the desired end did not reach. And on the Nѣskolniky days she suffered to be His Majesta on the Country courtyard of the merchant Yana Tesssing in Kompanіi, GDѣ Sidel, much unexpected for the sake of the reason described above, but when he was asked between conversations: for what the Pelennoye, then it was announced. In that company was one of the Englishman, who hearing Siya, he said that they had, in English, Siya architecture to be in excellence, like a friend, and that a short time could learn how to learn. Siy the word His Majesty was delighted, according to which he was immediately in English and there he graduated from four mѣsyatsa.

Peter I in England

After receiving a personal invitation from Wilhelm III at the beginning of 1698 Peter I went to England.

Having visited London, the king is most of the three months of stay in England held in Detford, where under the leadership of the famous Shipman Anthony Dina continued to study shipbuilding.

Peter I talks with english ship, 1698

In England, Peter I also examined everything that was associated with production and industry: arsenals, docks, workshops, visited the military ships of the English fleet, getting acquainted with their device. Museums and packers of rarebacks, Observatory, Mint - England was able to surprise the Russian sovereign. There is a version according to which he met with Newton.

Leaving the picture gallery of the Kensington Palace without attention, Peter is very interested in the device for determining the direction of the wind, which was present in the king's office.

English artist Gottfried Knowler during a visit to Peter England has managed to create a portrait later an example for imitation - most of the images of Peter I common in Europe for the 18th century were performed in the KNELLER style.

Returning back to Holland Peter never could find allies to fight against the Ottoman Empire and headed to Vienna, to the Austrian Dynasty of Habsburgs.

Peter I in Austria

On the way to Vienna, the capital of Austria, Peter received news about the plans of Venice and the Austrian king to conclude a truce with the Turks. Despite the long negotiations that have passed in Vienna, Austria did not agree to the demand of the Russian kingdom about the transfer of Kerch and offered only to preserve the already conquered azes with surrounding territories. It put the cross on Peter's attempts to access the Black Sea.

July 14, 1698 Peter I said goodbye to the emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire Leopold I and planned to go to Venice, but from Moscow, the news about the Bunte Archerters and the trip canceled.

Meeting Peter I with the King of Speech Commonwealth

Already on the way to Moscow, the king reported to suppress the rebound. July 31, 1698 In Rave Peter I met with the king of the speech by a compulcient August II. Both monarch were almost peers, and for three days of communication managed to close and discuss the possibility of creating a union against Sweden for attempting to shake her domination in the Baltic Sea and surrounding territories. Finally, a secret agreement with the Saxon Kurfürst and polish king It was signed on November 1, 1699.

August II strong