And f Kruzenshtern biography. What Kruzenshtern and Bering discovered - the history of sea voyages

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern

Main events

The first Russian circumnavigation

The pinnacle of a career

Admiral, Honorary Member of the Academy of Sciences

Order of St. Anne, 2nd class

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern(at birth Adam Johann von Krusenstern, German. Adam Johann von Krusenstiern; November 19, 1770 - August 24, 1846 - Russian navigator, admiral. Graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps. Participant in the war with Sweden (1788-1790). Veteran of the Hogland and Eland battles. After the war, he completed an internship in the British Navy, during which he fought with the French off the coast of North America. In 1803-1806. led the first Russian circumnavigation of the world. In the following years of his life he passed on the accumulated experience, first as an inspector, and then as a director of the Naval Cadet Corps.

Biography

Childhood

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, comes from a Russified German noble family, the great-great-grandson of the ancestor in Russia Philip Kruzius von Kruzenshtern, the son of Judge Johann Friedrich von Kruzenshtern (1724-1791).

From the age of 12 he was educated for three years at a church school, which was located in the city of Revel. He continued his studies at the Marine cadet corps located in Kronstadt.

From early childhood, the future admiral dreamed of going around the globe by sea. It was not possible to realize his dream immediately.

Service

Was released from the Naval Cadet ahead of time (May 1788), as the war with Sweden began. Promoted to warrant officer and assigned to the 74-gun ship "Mstislav", commanded by Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky.

Hogland battle

On July 6, 1788, in the Gulf of Finland, fifty kilometers west of Gogland Island, the Russian and Swedish squadrons met. The squadrons lined up, one opposite the other. The movement of the ships was hampered by the lack of wind. In fact, the ships of the enemies shot each other for several long hours.

The Russian squadron lost more than three hundred people killed and more than six hundred wounded. Mulovsky's ship Mstislav suffered the most. He practically lost control, was mangled by the cannonballs of Swedish cannons, but remained in the ranks until the very end of the battle. The victory was for the Russians, the most powerful Swedish ship - "Prince Gustav" - surrendered, the rest of the enemy squadron hastened to retreat. The barely alive "Mstislav" rushed to chase her.

The Swedes took refuge in the Sveaborg sea fortress. Until late autumn, the Russian fleet held a siege. Participated in it and "Mstislav". Almost all the officers were killed and wounded on it, and midshipman Kruzenshtern was appointed assistant commander of the ship.

The next year, Ivan Fedorovich took part in the Battle of Eland, and two years later (1790) in the naval battles at Revel, Krasnaya Gorka and in the Vyborg Bay. On the basis of the results of his actions, he was promoted to lieutenant at the age of 19.

In 1793, among the twelve excellent officers, with the aim of improving naval affairs, he was sent to England, which was the greatest naval power of that time. With the British he went to the shores of North America, where he fought with the French. On this journey, Kruzenshtern visited Barbados, Suriname and Bermuda. To explore the East Indian waters and open Russian trade routes to the East Indies, he visited the Bay of Bengal. Interested in the Russian fur trade with China, which ran from Okhotsk by a dry route to Kyakhta, Kruzenshtern decided that it could more profitably go directly by sea, he also meant to establish direct relations between the metropolis and Russian possessions in America.

Circumnavigation

Krusenstern's circumnavigation route

In St. Petersburg, Kruzenshtern presented his views to the authorities in 1799, but his project was rejected. In 1802, the main board of the Russian-American Company made a similar proposal, and the project was approved by Emperor Alexander I. To carry it out, the first Russian round-the-world expedition was equipped. So the old dream of Ivan Fedorovich came true.

"Nadezhda" and "Neva" - these are the names of the ships of which the expedition consisted, which went down in the history of Russian navigation as the first Russian trip around the world.

Kruzenshtern himself commanded Nadezhda, Neva was another wonderful Russian sailor, Lieutenant Commander Lisyansky. The voyage began on August 7, 1803, with a departure from Kronstadt. The route ran across the Atlantic Ocean and on March 3, 1804, they rounded Cape Horn; from the Russian and neighboring lands in the north of the Pacific Ocean, the members of the expedition paid special attention to Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. On August 19, 1806 in Kronstadt, the circumnavigation ended.

Expedition route

Kronshtadt (Russia) - Copenhagen (Denmark) - Falmouth (United Kingdom) - Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) - Florianopolis (Brazil, Portugal) - Easter Island - Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands, France) - Honolulu (Hawaiian Islands) - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Russia) - Nagasaki (Japan) - Hakodate (Hokkaido, Japan) - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Sakhalin, Russia) - Sitka (Alaska, Russia) - Kodiak (Alaska, Russia) - Guangzhou (China) - Macau (Portugal) - Saint Helena (Great Britain) - Corvo and Florish Islands (Azores, Portugal) - Portsmouth (Great Britain) - Kronstadt (Russia).

During the expedition, I.F. Kruzenshtern conducted extensive research, the results of which can be summarized as follows:

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846),

Russian navigator, admiral, head of the first Russian round-the-world voyage.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern is a military sailor by education. With the aim of improving in naval affairs, he was sent by the Russian government to the English fleet. The ships on which Kruzenshtern served went to the shores of Canada, to the West Indies, South America, India, China.

In 1802, Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern developed and proposed to the Russian government a project for a circumnavigation of the world. The project was accepted, and Kruzenshtern was appointed head of the expedition.
It consisted of two ships - "Nadezhda" (commander Kruzenshtern) and "Neva" (commander Yu. F. Lisyansky).
The expedition was supposed to establish contact with the Russian colonies in North America and with Kamchatka, deliver Russian embassy to Japan, to conduct scientific research.
The ships sailed from Kronstadt in August 1803. Having visited the Marquesas and Hawaiian Islands, they parted: "Nadezhda" under the leadership of Kruzenshtern headed to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and "Neva" - to Alaska.
In August 1804, "Nadezhda" went to Japan and delivered the Russian embassy there. However, negotiations with the Japanese government failed.
After spending seven months in Nagasaki, the ship moved in the direction of Kamchatka. Kruzenshtern made hydrographic studies in the Sea of ​​Japan, photographed part of the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin.
From Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the embassy went by land to St. Petersburg, and Kruzenshtern sailed on the "Nadezhda" again to Sakhalin in order to study its eastern shores.
In September 1805 "Nadezhda" went to Return trip... In the Chinese port of Guangzhou, the Neva again joined the ship.

Bypassing Africa from the south, in June 1806 they arrived in Kronstadt. The expedition mapped numerous islands in Pacific, refined the maps of sea currents, conducted astronomical observations and collected valuable materials on the fauna, flora, ethnography of the islands visited.

Kruzenshtern described his voyage in the book Travel Around the World in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806. on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" ".

Upon his return, Kruzenshtern served as director of the Naval Cadet Corps. Published by Atlas of the South Sea.

Admiral Kruzenshtern retired in 1842 and returned to his homeland, to Estonia.

Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern was buried in the capital of Estonia, Tallinn, in the Cathedral Lutheran Church.

A number of islands, straits, capes in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya are named after him.
In 1869, on the centenary of his birth, on the banks of the Neva, opposite the building of the Marine Corps, a monument was erected to I.F. Kruzenshtern. The sculpture was created by I. N. Schroeder.

Russian training sailing ship "Kruzenshtern", named after the remarkable navigator, in a round-the-world voyage (2005), dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the historical voyage of Kruzenshtern.

Kruzenshtern Ivan (Adam) Fedorovich (born November 19, 1770 - died August 24, 1846) Russian navigator, admiral, corresponding member, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition (the voyage lasted more than 3 years), one of the founders of Russian oceanology.

He was the first to map most of the Sakhalin coastline. One of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. Author of the Atlas of the South Sea. Named after him: the strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, the passage between Tsushima and the Iki and Okinoshima islands in the Korean Strait, islands in the Bering Strait and the Tuamotu archipelago, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya.

Origin. Education

The first Russian navigator to make a round-the-world voyage, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, left a deep mark in the history of geographical discoveries. He was born in 1770 in the Estland (Estonian) province near Revel (present-day Tallinn) on the family estate. His father, Johann Friedrich, and his mother, Christina Frederika, were from poor nobles. When Ivan was 15 years old, his parents sent him to the Marine Corps in Kronstadt. Cadet life was not easy: they lived from hand to mouth, the block buildings were poorly heated, the windows were knocked out in the bedrooms, firewood had to be dragged from neighboring warehouses. Many years later, the admiral, who dreamed of the maritime future of his sons, nevertheless did not dare to send them to the Marine Corps, and they became students of the famous Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

Military service

Because of the beginning Russian-Swedish war graduation of cadets took place ahead of schedule. 1788 - Ivan Fedorovich was sent to the ship "Mstislav", but he was not given the rank of midshipman in such cases, like the rest of the graduates. In his documents there was an entry: "for the midshipman." However, he soon received the rank: the young man took part in four battles and for his displayed valor already in 1790 became a lieutenant.

Study in England

The brave, energetic and determined officer was noticed. At the end of hostilities, he was sent to continue his studies in England. On British ships, Kruzenshtern was able to visit America, Africa, Bermuda, India and China. It was then that he had the idea of ​​the need for the Russians to make round-the-world voyages for research and exploration of trade routes for Russia.

Returning to Russia in 1800, Kruzenshtern, who received the rank of Lieutenant-Commander, submitted notes to the government: “On the rise of the Russian fleet by long voyage to the level of the best foreign fleets "and" On the development of colonial trade and the most profitable supply of the Russian-American colonies with everything they need. " Both notes remained unanswered, but after palace coup, when, at the head of the naval department, N.S. Mordvinov, who together with the Minister of Commerce N.P. Rumyantsev was able to obtain permission from the emperor for an expedition to organize sea trade with China and Japan. Kruzenshtern was appointed the commander of the expedition.

Circumnavigation

The expedition ships bought in England were named "Neva" and "Nadezhda". The best instruments and instruments for navigation at that time were also purchased there. Kruzenshtern went on the "Nadezhda", and he was appointed captain of the "Neva" best friend and comrade Yu.F. Lisyansky. The total number of crews was 129 people. The team consisted of Russians, only the scientists who took part in the expedition were foreigners. On board the "Nadezhda" was also the Russian ambassador N.P. Rezanov, who sailed with his retinue to Japan.

1803, June 26 - the expedition left Kronstadt and headed for the shores of Brazil. This was the first passage of Russian ships to the southern hemisphere. As an antiscorbutic agent, a large supply was purchased on the island of Tenerife the best wine, each sailor was entitled to a bottle a day. Kruzenshtern personally examined the sailors. Fortunately, thanks to the efforts of the commander, scurvy was avoided on this journey.

After a month of repairs on the Brazilian island of St. Catherine, the expedition moved to Cape Horn. There, during the fog, the ships lost each other. Kruzenshtern went to the Marquesas Islands, and Lisyansky approached Easter Island and corrected Cook's mistake in determining its geographical coordinates. Sailors met at Nukagiva Island (Marquesas Islands).

Then the ships headed for the South Sandwich Islands, and there they split up again. Ivan Fedorovich moved non-stop to Kamchatka, and Lisyansky went to the Sandwich Islands in order to replenish food supplies and from there went to the Aleutian Islands.

From Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern went to Nagasaki. During this passage, the ship fell into a terrible typhoon and almost lost its mast. In Nagasaki, they were forced to stand for 6 months. The Japanese did not want to accept Rezanov; Having achieved nothing, the embassy had no choice but to return to Kamchatka. The Japanese authorities did not even give permission to purchase food. True, the emperor supplied the expedition with the necessary food for two months.

On the way back, the travelers mapped the western coast of Hondo (Nippon) Island, Honshu and Hokkaido, as well as the southern part of Sakhalin. In the Kuril chain, they discovered several previously unknown islands, very low and therefore dangerous for navigation. Krusenstern called them Stone Traps. After dropping off the embassy, ​​Kruzenshtern continued his voyage. He explored the eastern and northern coasts of Sakhalin to the mouth of the Amur, and from there went to Macau (Aomin) to meet with Lisyansky. Having taken on board a large cargo of Chinese goods, the expedition on February 9, 1806 set off on its way back to its homeland.

On April 15, in cloudy weather, the ships parted again. Kruzenshtern made attempts to find the "Neva", but in vain. Lisyansky was not there either at the agreed meeting place on about. St. Helena.

Later it turned out that the captain of the Neva decided to go to Kronstadt without stopping in the name of the glory of Russian seafarers. He managed to safely make this transition, which before him had not been possible for any of such ships. And the delayed due to the search and entry to the island. St. Helena's "Nadezhda" arrived in Kronstadt two weeks later, on August 19, 1806. While staying in Copenhagen, the Russian ship was visited by a Danish prince, who wished to meet with Russian sailors and listen to their stories.

1) Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich; 2) Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich

The value of the expedition

The first Russian round-the-world expedition had a great scientific and practical significance and attracted the attention of the whole world. Russian sailors corrected in many points the English maps, which were considered the most accurate at that time. Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky discovered many new islands and excluded those that did not exist, but were marked on the maps. They made observations of the temperature of the deep sea layers and currents.

For the first time in history, professional meteorological research was carried out, which has retained its scientific significance to this day. During the entire voyage, studies of currents, their direction and strength were carried out, ethnographic observations were carried out, especially valuable in relation to the Nukagives, Kamchadals and Ainu. These materials are considered classics. In addition to geographical research, botanical, zoological and ethnographic collections were collected. Kruzenshtern's round-the-world expedition introduced mysterious Japan not only to Russia, but also to world science. In addition, sailors for the first time passed by sea from the European part of Russia to Kamchatka and Alaska, in connection with which a special medal was engraved.

These works received well-deserved recognition. The leader of the expedition received the rank of captain of the 2nd rank, was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences and the Admiralty Department.

Scientific, organizational activity

After his return, Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich worked for a long time on theoretical issues of maritime affairs and hydrographic measurements. The famous navigator tried to determine the role and place of geography in the system of sciences, was interested in its connection with physics, chemistry, philosophy and history, sought to determine the influence of economics and commerce on geographical research and geographical discoveries... The opinion of Ivan Fedorovich was taken into account and was in correspondence with him, the indisputable authority in the field of geographical research, the Englishman John Barrow. In particular, he asked his Russian colleague what he thought about the northwest passage.

The navigator also corresponded with Humboldt, the cartographer Espinoza and other famous scientists of that era.

The war of 1812 once again showed the patriotism of the naval commander: he donated a third of his fortune to the people's militia. During this difficult time, Kruzenshtern turned into a diplomat, was a member of the mission in London, but even here he did not cease to be interested in innovations in the field of shipbuilding, the achievements of the British fleet, and examined the most important ports and docks.

The questions of the organization of Russian navigation continued to interest the scientist. 1815 - after graduation Napoleonic Wars, he participated in the organization of the expedition of O. Kotzebue in search of the northwest passage. Later, the scientist-navigator did a lot to organize other voyages, primarily for the expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, which ended with the discovery of Antarctica.

Monument to I.F.Kruzenshtern

Indefinite vacation. Publication of a book, atlas

But intense scientific activity greatly affected the health of the captain. Due to an eye disease, he was forced to apply for indefinite leave to improve his health. However, this was not the main reason: the new naval minister, the Marquis Traversay, a mediocre and proud man, did not favor the favorite of the Minister of Commerce Rumyantsev and in every possible way obstructed his proposals to improve the fleet and activities in the field of geographic research.

On his estate, Kruzenshtern continued his scientific studies. He finished work on a book on the voyage around the world, presented several notes to the Admiralty, including the need to compile a "general maritime atlas". But his ideas were ignored. Only after Traversay was replaced by Admiral A.V. Moller, who understood the importance of such a publication, accepted the project. Alexander I agreed to give out 2,500 rubles for the publication of the book by Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern and the atlas. After the publication of the atlas of Kruzenshtern, both in Russia and in Europe they began to be considered the first hydrograph of the Pacific Ocean. The atlas itself went far beyond the scope of hydrography: together with the materials of the round-the-world expedition, it contributed greatly to further development earth sciences.

1827 - famous traveler, by that time promoted to vice admiral, was the director of the Naval Corps and, thus, was able to correct the problems that tormented him in his youth. At the same time, he worked in many scientific institutions... With the active participation of the admiral in Russia, Geographical Society, which has become one of the most powerful and authoritative in the world.

Death. Heritage

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern died on August 24, 1846 in his estate Ass and was buried in Revel in the Vyshgorod (Dome) church. His work was continued by his son, Pavel Ivanovich, and his grandson, Pavel Pavlovich. Both became famous travelers who explored the northeastern coasts of Asia, the Karolinsky and other islands of the Pechersk Territory and the Ob North.

The navigational scientist left behind a number of serious scientific works, including already known to the reader "Atlas of the South Sea" with an explanatory text. A round-the-world trip was described by him in the essay "Travel around the world in 1803-1806. on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" ". The book was reprinted in an abridged version in 1950.

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Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - the famous Russian navigator, who was destined to leave significant footprint in Russian history and the development of maritime affairs in the Russian Empire. The name of Kruzenshtern is widely known, and, thank God, not only from the phrase of the dog Sharik from the cartoon about Uncle Fyodor.

Ivan Kruzenshtern was born in early November 1770. His parents were nobles. At the age of 14, Kruzenshtern began his studies at the Naval Cadet Corps. The first sea voyage of midshipman Krusenstern took place in 1787. Ivan Fedorovich walked along the Baltic Sea. A year later, Kruzenshtern already participated in his first naval battle.

In 1793, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern leaves the Russian Empire. As a volunteer, Ivan's path lies in the UK. Here, in the service, he manages to visit the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans. Six years later, having grown stronger and gaining experience, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern will return to his homeland.

The Russian Admiralty highly appreciated the knowledge and skills of the "returnee". In 1802, Ivan Kruzenshtern was appointed commander of the first Russian round-the-world expedition. The circumnavigation of the world under the command of Ivan Kruzenshtern began on August 7, 1803. It was on that day, in a solemn atmosphere, that the Russians sailing ships"Nadezhda" and "Neva" set off on a difficult voyage.

The members of the expedition were faced with serious tasks. Had to explore the Pacific coast Of the Far East... This was necessary in order to establish communication with the remote territories of the Russian Empire. Another important task of the Kruzenshtern expedition was the delivery of the Russian embassy to Japan. The route of the expedition lay across the Atlantic, around America. The crossing of the equator by the Russian expedition became symbolic; it was a great success. In Brazil, Russian ships docked, they were waiting for repairs, and the crew - rest. In March 1804, Russian ships rounded Ms Horn and sailed to the northern latitudes. In the Pacific Ocean "Nadezhda" and "Neva" parted. They only met off the Hawaiian Islands. From them the ships again left in different directions. "Neva" to the shores of Alaska, and "Nadezhda" to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, from there to Japan. At the end of 1806 the ships returned to Kronstadt. Kruzenshtern's expedition in the capital was greeted solemnly - there were both members of the imperial family and representatives of the Academy of Sciences.

The first Russian round the world trip under the leadership of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern had great importance... Russian ships visited the most remote corners of the ocean, showed themselves in all their glory. Everywhere they did not talk about the Russian fleet and its brave sailors. New maps were drawn up, routes were laid.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern made a huge contribution to world science. The navigator was appreciated by the descendants, 12 settlements were named after him, one of the atolls of the Marshall Islands, those in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, and one of the mountains in Antarctica.