the last king of All Russia and the first emperor of All-Russian

short biography

Peter I Great (Petr Alekseevich's real name - Russian king, from 1721 - Emperor, an outstanding statesman who became famous for the large number of cardinal reforms, the commander - born on June 9 (May 30 under Art. Art.) In 1672 in Moscow; His father was King Alexey Mikhailovich, Mother - Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkin.

The future emperor did not receive a systematic education, and although it is reported that his training began in 1677, in fact the boy was granted in many ways to himself, most of the time spent with the peers in the entertainment in which he participated quite willingly. Until the 10th age after death in 1676, Petr's father grew under the supervision of Fedor Alekseevich, his older brother. After his death, Ivan Alekseevich was supposed to become the heir to the throne, but the weak health of the latter contributed to the nomination to this post Peter. Nevertheless, as a result of Streletsky Bunt, a political compromise was the construction of Peter and Ivan's throne; Sophia Alekseevna, their older sister, appointed the government.

During the regency, Sofia Peter participated in the public administration only formally, attending solemn events. Sophia, watching the progressive Peter, not a joke of the fascinated military fun, took measures to strengthen their power. In August 1689, Peter's supporters convened the noble militia, dealt with the main supporters of Sofia, she was settled in the monastery itself, and after that, the authorities actually moved into the hands of Peter's party, Ivan remained the nominal ruler.

Nevertheless, even after receiving real power, instead of Peter ruled, his mother and other close people are in reality. At first after the death of Natalia Kirillovna in 1694, the state car worked on inertia, so Peter, although it was forced to manage the country, trusted this mission, mainly ministers. To the removal of affairs, he was used to the long years of forced isolation from power.

In that period, Russia was very far from the advanced European states in its socio-economic development. Peter's torture, his kipache energy, a living interest to everything new allowed him to take the decision of the most important issues in the life of the country, especially since life itself immediately pushed him to it. The first victory in the biography of the young Peter as the ruler was the second campaign on Azov in 1696, and this largely contributed to the strengthening of his authority as a sovereign.

In 1697, Peter with approximate leaves abroad, lives in Holland, Saxony, England, Venice, Austria, where gets acquainted with the achievements of these countries in the field of technology, shipbuilding, as well as the lifestyle of other states of the continent, their political, social device. The news of the stagtroke breakdown in his homeland forced him to return to his homeland, where he suppressed the act of disobedience with extreme cruelty.

During his stay abroad, the king program was formed in political life. In the state, he saw the universal benefit that everything should have served, first of all, he himself, and serve as an example. Peter led himself in many ways alternatively for the monarch, destroying his sacral image, which was over for centuries, so a certain part of society treated him and its activities critically. Nevertheless, Peter I led the country along the path of cardinal reforms in all areas of life, starting from government controlled And ending with the culture. The beginning of them was laid with the order to shave beards and wear clothes on a foreign manner.

A number of reforms were taken in the public administration system. So, under Peter I, the Senate was created, the Board; He subjugated the church to the state, introduced the administrative-territorial division of the country according to the provinces. In 1703, a new Russian capital was founded at the mouth of the Neva River - St. Petersburg. They assumed a special mission to this city - he was supposed to become a city-sample, "paradise". In the same period, instead of the Boyarskaya Duma, a concilium of ministers appeared, a mass of new institutions arose in St. Petersburg. When the Northern War ended, in 1721 Russia received the status of the empire, and Peter was named the Senate "Great" and "Father of the Fatherland".

Much has changed in the economic system, since Peter perfectly understood how deep the abyss between the country and Europe headed by him. He took a lot of measures for the development of industry and trade, including external; With it appeared a large number of New industrial industries, factories and factories, manuffs, shipyards, marins. All this was created taking into account the passage of Western European experience.

Peter I belonged to the merit of creating a regular army and military sea Fleet. Foreign policyconducted by him was extremely energetic; Peter the Great took a lot of military campaigns. In particular, as a result of the Northern War (1700-1721), the territories were annexed to Russia who had previously gained Sweden, after the war with Turkey Russia received Azov.

During the reign of Peter, Russian culture was replenished with a large number of European elements. At this time, the Academy of Sciences was opened, many secular schools, the first Russian newspaper appeared. By the efforts of Peter, the promotion of the noble class was made dependent on their level of education. With Peter I, a civil alphabet was adopted, a new year celebration was introduced. In St. Petersburg, the fundamentally new urban environmentStarting with the previously built architectural structures and ending with the form of the pastime of people (in particular, Peter decree introduced the so-called. Assembly).

Peter I owns the merit of the withdrawal of Russia into the international arena as a great power. The country has become a full-fledged participant in international relations, its foreign policy has become active and led to strengthening authority in the world. The Russian emperor itself has become for many in the exemplary scene reformer. For a long time, the control system and principles of the territorial division of Russia were preserved; They laid the foundations of national culture. At the same time, Petrovsky reforms were contradictory, which created prerequisites for the crisis. The ambiguity of the course conducted by him with violence as the main instrument of reforms, the lack of change in social sphere, strengthening the Institute of Fastener.

Peter I Great left behind an extensive handwritten heritage, numbering more than a dozen volumes; Close, familiar emperors, his contemporaries, biographers captured a lot of statements of the sovereign who came to our time. February 8 (January 28 under Art.) 1725. Peter I died in his brainchild - St. Petersburg. It is known that he suffered from a variety of severe diseases, significantly approximated the death.

Biography from Wikipedia

Representative of the Romanov dynasty. He was proclaimed with the tsar at the age of 10, began to rule himself since 1689. The formal companion of Peter was his brother Ivan (until his death in 1696).

From the young age, showing interest in the sciences and foreign lifestyle, Peter the first of the Russian kings made a long journey to Western European countries. Upon returning from it, in 1698, Peter launched large-scale reforms. russian state and public uklade. One of the main achievements of Peter was the solution of the tasks set in the XVI century: the expansion of the territories of Russia in the Baltic region after the victory in the Great Northern War, which allowed him to accept the title of Russian emperor in 1721.

IN historical science And in public opinion from the end of the XVIII century to the present, diametrically opposite estimates of Peter I, and its role in the history of Russia are present. In the official Russian historiography of Peter, it was considered one of the most outstanding public figureswho determined the direction of the development of Russia in the XVIII century. However, many historians, including Nikolai Karamzin, Vasily Klyuchevsky, Pavel Milyukov and others, expressed sharply critical assessments.

early years

Peter was born on the night of May 30 (June 9) of 1672 (in 7180, according to the then accepted by the years, "from the creation of the world"):

"In the present in 180, Mai at the age of 30, for the prayers of the Holy Father, God forgave the Queen to our and Great Prince Natalia Kirillovna, and her son gave birth to us, Blagovevnago Tsarevich and Velikago Prince Peter Alekseevich, All Gorya and Malya and Belya Russia, and His Name 29 Numbers. "

Full Collection of Laws, Volume I, p.886

The exact place of the birth of Peter is unknown; Some historians pointed out the Birth Place of the Kremlin's Gram Palace, and according to the people's tales, Petr was born in the village of Kolomenskoye, and Izmailovo was also indicated.

Father - King Alexey Mikhailovich - had a numerous offspring: Peter I was the 14th child, but the first of the second wife, Queen Natalia Naryshkina. On June 29, on June 29, the Day of Holy Apostle Peter and the Holy Apostle Paul Tsarevich was baptized in a miracle monastery (according to other data in the temple of Grigoria Neokezarovansky, in Derbitsha), Protopop Andrei Savinov and was informed by Peter. The reason why he received the name "Peter" is not clear, perhaps as an euphonic conformity to the name of the older brother, as he was born a day a day with Fedor. It did not meet any Romanovs, nor in Naryshkin. The last representative of the Moscow Dynasty of Rurikovich was with the same name was Peter Dmitrievich, who died in 1428.

Having been a year with the queen, he was given to the rapidation of Nannikov. On the 4th year of Peter's life, in 1676, King Alexey Mikhailovich died. The guardian of Tsarevich became his one-in-law brother, a godfather and a new king Fyodor Alekseevich. Petr received a weak education, and until the end of life wrote with errors using poor vocabulary. This was due to the fact that the then Patriarch of Moscow, Joakim, in the framework of the fight against "Latinization" and "ingenic influence" removed from the royal court of students of Simeon Polotsk, who trained the elder brothers Peter, and insisted that Peter's learning was worse for educated devils Nikita Zotov and Athanasius Nesterov. In addition, Peter did not have the opportunity to receive education from a university graduate or a teacher high SchoolSince neither universities, no secondary schools at the time of childhood Peter in the Russian kingdom still did not exist, and among the estates of the Russian society only Dyaki, the clergy, clergy, boyars and some merchants were trained. Dicky trained Peter Literacy from 1676 to 1680. disadvantages basic education Peter was able to subsequently compensate for rich practical activities.

The death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and the acceleration of his eldest son of Fedor (from the queen Mary Ilinichna, in Melosliya Miloslavskaya) pushed Tsaritsu Natalia Kirillovna and her relatives, Naryshkin, to the background. Tsarina Natalia was forced to go to the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow.

Streletsky Bunk 1682 and coming to power Sofia Alekseevna

On April 27 (May 7), 1682 after the 6th anniversary of the Board died a painful king Fyodor III Alekseevich. The question arose who to inherit the throne: the older painful Ivan according to the custom or young Peter. Having enlisted support for the Patriarch of Joacima, Naryshkina and their supporters on the same day built on the throne of Peter. In fact, the clan of Naryshkins came to power and caused by Artamon Matveyev, declared by the Great Guardian. Ivan Alekseevich's supporters was difficult to support their applicant who could not reign due to extremely weak health. The organizers are actual palace coup Announced the version of the Skiptera's own transfer of the "Scepter" by the dying Fedor Alekseevich to his younger brother Peter, but there was no reliable evidence.

The rebellion of the Archers in 1682. Sagittarius is outlined from the Palace of Ivan Naryshkin. While Peter I comforts mother, Sophia princess is watching with satisfaction. Painting A. I. Korzukhina, 1882

Miloslavsky, relatives of Tsarevich Ivan and the princes of Sophia by their mother, saw in the proclamation of Peter King the infringement of their interests. Sagittarius, who in Moscow there were more than 20 thousand, had long been discontent and preyss; And, apparently, perfected by Miloslavsky, 15 (25) May 1682 were openly: with the cries that Naryshkina strangled Tsarevich Ivan, moved to the Kremlin. Natalia Kirillovna, hoping to calm the rioters, together with the Patriarch and boyars brought Peter with his brother on the red porch. However, the uprising did not end. In the first hours were killed by the boyars Artamon Matveyev and Mikhail Dolgoruky, then other supporters of Queen Natalia, including the two brothers of Naryshkina.

On May 26, elected from the Streletsky regiments appeared to the palace and demanded that the elder Ivan admitted the first king, and the younger Peter was the second. Fearing the repetition of the pogrom, the boyars agreed, and Patriarch Joakim immediately made a solemn prayer for the health of two united kings in the Assumption Cathedral; And on June 25, they walked them to the kingdom.

On May 29, Sagittarius insisted that the Tsarevna Sophia Alekseevna adopt the management of the state due to the youngsters of her brothers. Tsarina Natalia Kirillovna was supposed to be together with the son of Peter - the second king - to retire from the courtyard to the near Moscow Palace in the village of Preobrazhensky. In the Armory of the Kremlin, a double throne for young kings with a small window is preserved in the back, through which Tsarevna Sophia and approximately suggested them, how to behave and what to talk during the palace ceremonies.

Preobrazhensky and Semenov Roster Shelves

All his free time, Petr spent away from the palace - in the village of Vorobyoye and Preobrazhensky. Every year he has increased interest in the military case. Peter dressed and armed his "funny" army, which consisted of peers on the boyish games. In 1685, his "funny", dressed in foreign kaftans, was held under the drum battle, they walked through Moscow from the Preobrazhensky in the village of Sparrow. Peter himself served as a drummer.

In 1686, 14-year-old Peter started with his "funny" artillery. Firear master Fedor Zommer Showing the king grenade and firearm. 16 guns were delivered from Pushkarsky order. To control heavy guns, the king took from the stable order of the hooker to the military case of adult ministers, who were dressed in the uniforms of ingenic cutting and identified with funny guns. The first one put ingenic uniform Sergey Buvostov. Subsequently, Petr ordered the bronze bust of this the first Russian soldier, as he called Bucket. Total regiment Became to be called Preobrazhensky, at the place of its house - the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow.

In the Preobrazhensky, against the Palace, on the shore of Yauza, the "funny town" was built. When building the fortress, Peter himself worked actively, helped chop birch, install guns. It was housed housed created by Peter "The All-Eastern, All-Easy and Cathedral Cathedral" - a parody of the Catholic Church and Orthodox Church. The fortress itself was named PRESHURGOM.Probably, by the name famous at the time of the Austrian Fortress of the Presburg (now Bratislava - the capital of Slovakia), which he heard from Captain Somer. At the same time, in 1686, the first fun trials were appeared under PRSURGURG, a large shnyak and a stroke with boats. During these years, Peter became interested in all the sciences that were associated with military affairs. Under the leadership of the Dutchman Timmerman He studied arithmetic, geometry, military sciences.

Walking once with a simmerman on the village of Izmailovo, Peter went to the linen yard, whose barn found an English boot. In 1688, he instructed the Dutch Karsten Brandtu Repair, arm and equip this bot, and then climb on the Jawa River. However, Jauza and the wigkey pond were closely for the ship, so Peter went to Pereslavl-Zalessky, to the Lake Plescheyev, where he laid the first shipyard for the construction of ships. "Funny" already two regiments were already: Semenovsky was added to Preobrazhensky, located in the village Semenovskoye. Preshboga has already completely resembled a real fortress. For the command of the shelves and the study of military science, people who knew those who knew and experienced were needed. But among the Russian courtes there were no such. So Peter appeared in the German Sloboda.

The first marriage of Peter I

Peter and Evdokia Lopukhin. The drawing, located at the beginning of the "Book of Love Sign in Honest Marriage" Kariona Istimina, presented in 1689 as a wedding gift Peter first.

The German Sloboda was the closest "neighbor" of the village of Preobrazhenskoye, and Peter has long been with curiosity looked after her life. More and more foreigners at the courtyard of Tsar Peter, such as Franz Timmerman and Karsten Brandt., were immigrants from the German Sloboda. All this imperceptibly led to the fact that the king became a frequent guest in Sloboda, where he soon turned out to be a big fan of a relaxed ingenic life. Peter lit a German tube, began to visit German parties with dancing and drinking, met Patrick Gordon, Franz Leftor - future companions of Peter, started an affair with Anna Mons. The mother of Peter was against this strictly. To form a 17-year-old son, Natalia Kirillovna decided to marry him to Eudokia Lopukhina, the daughter of the rally.

Peter did not reread the mother, and on January 27 (February 6), 1689 was played by the wedding of the "younger" king. However, in less than a month later, Peter left his wife and left for several days on Plescheyevo Lake. From this marriage, Peter had two sons: Senior, Alexey, was the heir to the throne until 1718, the younger, Alexander, died in infancy.

Step by Peter I.

Peter's activity was greatly disturbed by the princess Sophia, who understood that with the onset of the majority of the only brand, she would have to part with the authorities. At one time, supporters of the princess, the coronation plan was launched, but the Patriarch Joachim was categorically against.

Hiking by crimean TatarsPrince of Golitsyn's Favoris, previously implemented in 1687 and 1689, were small, but they were presented as large and generously rewarded victories, which caused dissatisfaction with many.

8 (18) July 1689, in the feast of the Kazan Icon of Our Lady, the first public conflict took place between the indignant Peter and the government. That day, according to custom, the procession was made from the Kremlin to the Kazan Cathedral. At the end of the ditch, Petr approached the sister and announced that she would not be able to go along with men in the procession. Sophia took the challenge: I took the image Blessed Virgin Mary And went for crosses and chauruga. Not prepared for this outcome of the case, Peter left the course.

7 (17) August 1689 Suddenly, a decisive event occurred for everyone. On this day, Tsarevna Sofya ordered the head of Streltsov Fedor Shaklovitom to equip more of his people to the Kremlin, as if for escorting in the Don Monastery on Bogomol. At the same time, she has spread his hearing about the letter with the news that the King Peter decided to take the Kremlin's "fun" shelves at night, kill the princess, his brother King Ivan, and seize power. Shallovt collected the Streletsky shelves to go "the Grand Assembly" to the Preobrazhenskoye and to beat all the supporters of Peter for their intention to kill the princess Sophia. At the same time, they sent three rigging to observe what was being done in Preobrazhensky with the task immediately report if the King Peter would leave one or shelves somewhere.

Supporters of Peter among Streltsov sent two like-minded people to Transfiguration. After the reporting of Peter with a small retinue in the alarm crushed into the Trinity-Sergiev Monastery. The consequence of the surviving horrors of Strevetsky speeches was Peter's disease: with strong excitement, the convulsive movements of the face began. On August 8, both Queens, Natalia and Evdokia arrived in the monastery, after them, "funny" shelves with artillery came. On August 16, a gram came from Peter, so that the monastery of the monastery and 10 ordinary were sent from all shooting regiments to the Troit-Sergiev. Tsarevna Sophia Nastreko banned this command under the fear of the death penalty, and the King Peter was sent to a letter with the notice that his request could not be performed.

On August 27, a new diploma of King Peter came to all the shelves to Trinity. Most of the troops obeyed the lawful king, and the princess Sophier had to recognize defeat. She herself went to the Trinity Monastery itself, but in the village of Vozdvizhenskoye, Petra envoys met her with order to return to Moscow. Soon Sofya was concluded in the Novodevichy Monastery under a strict child.

October 7 was captured and then Fedor Shakloviti was executed. Senior Brother, King Ivan (or John), met Peter in the Assumption Cathedral and actually gave him all the power. Since 1689, he did not participate in the Board, although until the death of January 29 (February 8), 1696 nominally continued to be metota.

After the overthrow of the princes of Sofia, the power passed into the hands of people who spoke around the queen Natalia Kirillovna. She tried to teach the Son to state administration, charging him private affairs, which Peter found boring. The most important decisions (the announcement of the war, the election of the patriarch, etc.) was taken without taking into account the opinion of the young king. It led to conflicts. For example, at the beginning of 1692, offended by the fact that, contrary to his will, the Moscow Government refused to renew the war with the Ottoman Empire, the king did not want to return from Pereyaslavl to meet the Persian ambassador, and the first persons of the government of Natalia Kirillovna (L. K. Naryshkin with B. A. Golitsyn) were forced to personally go after him. Held 1 (11) January 1692 by the will of Peter I in the Preobrazhensky "Press" N. M. Zotov in the "All Yauza and the whole Kokya Patriarch" became the answer of the king for the predryan Patriarcha in addition to his will. After the death of Natalia, Kirillovna, the king did not shift the Government of L. K. Naryshkin formed by his mother - B. A. Golitsyn, however, it achieved that it strictly performed his will.

The beginning of the expansion of Russia. 1690-1699

Azov campaigns. 1695, 1696.

The priority of Peter I in the early years of the one was the continuation of the war with the Ottoman Empire and Crimea. Peter I decided instead of trips to the Crimea, who were undertaken during the reign of Sophia princesses, to strike in the Turkish fortress of Azov, located when the Don Azov River is shifted.

The first Azov campaign, which began in the spring of 1695, was faced with the unsuccessful of the same year due to the lack of fleet and unaware of the Russian army to act in the supply of supply bases. However, in the fall of 1695, preparation for a new campaign began. In Voronezh, the construction of the row of Russian flotilla was developed. In a short time, flotilla was built from various vessels led by the 36-cannger ship "Apostle Peter". In May 1696, the 40-thousand Russian army under the command of Generalissimus Shein re-precipitated Azov, only this time the Russian flotilla blocked the fortress from the sea. Peter I participated in the siege in the rank of captain on the gallery. Without waiting for the assault, 19 (29) July 1696, the fortress surrendered. So the first day of Russia was opened in the southern seas.

The result of the Azov campaigns was the seizure of the fortress of the Azov, the beginning of the construction of the port of Taganrog, the possibility of attacking the Crimea peninsula from the sea, which significantly secured the southern borders of Russia. However, to get a way to the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait of Peter failed: he remained under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Forces for war with Turkey, like a full-fledged sea fleet, Russia has not yet.

To finance the construction of the fleet, new types of filters are introduced: the landowners were combined into the so-called coupling of 10 thousand yards, each of whom should build a ship. At this time, the first signs of dissatisfaction with Peter's activities are manifested. A cycler's conspiracy was revealed, trying to organize a shooting uprising. In the summer of 1699, the first large Russian ship "Fortress" (46-cannon) dismay of the Russian ambassador to Constantinople for the world negotiations. The very existence of such a ship bowed Sultan to the conclusion of the world in July 1700, who left the fortress of Azov behind Russia.

During the construction of the fleet and the reorganization of the Army, Peter was forced to rely on foreign specialists. Iverass the Azov campaigns, it decides to send for training abroad of young nobles, and soon it goes on the first trip in Europe.

Great Embassy According to the Engraving of the contemporary. Portrait of Peter I in Dutch sailor clothes

Great Embassy 1697-1698

In March 1697 in Western Europe A great embassy was sent through Liflandia, the main purpose of which was to find allies against the Ottoman Empire. The Great Plenipotentiary Ambassadors were appointed Admiral General Franz Lefort, General Fedor Golovin, Head of the Embassy Order of Proofius Armet. In total, the Embassy includes up to 250 people, among which, under the name of the Probrozhensky regiment, Peter Mikhailov, the King Peter I was located. For the first time, Russian king took a journey beyond his state.

Peter visited Riga, Königsberg, Brandenburg, Holland, England, Austria, was scheduled to visit Venice and to Pope.

The embassy has been recruited in Russia several hundred specialists in a ship case, bought military and other equipment.

In addition to negotiations, Peter has long been dedicated to the study of shipbuilding, military affairs and other sciences. Peter worked as a carpenter on the shipyards of the East India Company, with the participation of the king, the ship "Peter and Paul" was built. In England, a foundry plant, arsenal, parliament, Oxford University, Greenwich Observatory and a Mint, who was Asaac Newton at that time was visited. He was interested in the technical achievements of the West countries, and not the legal system. They say that by visiting the Westminster Palace, Peter saw "Legisters" there, that is, barristers, in their gowns and wigs. He asked: "What are these people and what are they doing here?". He was answered: "These are all the laws, your majesty." "Finnish! - Peter was surprised. - What are they? In all my kingdom there are only two legislands, and then I suppose one of them to hang when I return home. " True, by visiting the incognito English parliament, where he was transferred to the speeches of deputies to King Wilhelm III, the king said: "It's fun to hear when the sons of the patrony of the king speak clearly, to learn from the British."

The great embassy of the main goal did not reach: the coalition against the Ottoman Empire could not be created due to the preparation of a number of European powers for the War for the Spanish legacy (1701-1714). However, thanks to this war, favorable conditions for the struggle of Russia for Baltic. Thus, the reorientation of Russia's foreign policy from the southern direction to the North has occurred.

Return. Turnstanding for Russia 1698-1700 years

Morning Streletzka execution. Hood V. I. Surikov, 1881

In July 1698, the great embassy was interrupted by the news about the new Streletsky Mountain in Moscow, which was suppressed before Peter arrived. Upon arrival of the king to Moscow (August 25 (September 4)), the search began and the inquiry, which was the result of which was a one-time execution of about 800 forge (except for those of the suppression of the rebellion), and afterwards a few more hundreds until spring 1699.

Tsarevna Sophia was tonsured in the nuns under the name of Susanna and sent to the Novodevichy Monastery, where he held the rest of his life. The same fate has suffered the unloved wife of Peter - Evdoku Lopukhin, who was forcibly sent to the Suzdal Monastery, even contrary to the fact that Patriarch Adrian refused to take her. Despite this time, Peter I discussed with Patriarch. russian education And argued about the need for a wide and thorough enlightenment in Russia. Patriarch fully supported the king, and these reforms led to the creation of a new education system and discovery in 1724 by the Academy of Sciences.

For 15 months of stay abroad, Petr did a lot of things and learned a lot. After the return of the Tsar on August 25 (September 4), 1698 began its conversion activities, directed at first to change the external signs that distinguish the Old Slavonic way of life from Western European. In the Preobrazhensky Palace, Peter suddenly began to cut the beard of venels, and already on August 29 (September 8), 1698 was published a famous decree "On the wearing of a German dress, about British a beard and mustache, about the goal of splitters in the robe specified for them", which prohibited 1 ( 11) September wearing beard.

"I wish to transform secular goats, that is, citizens, and clergy, that is, monks and Popov. First, so that they do without a beard in good by Europeans, and others, so that they, albeit with beards, would be taught in the church to parish with Christian virtues as he saw and heard students in Germany. "

The new 7208th year in the Russian-Byzantine calendar ("from the creation of the world" became the 1700th year on the Julian calendar. Peter also introduced the celebration of the New Year on January 1, and not on the day of the autumn equinox, as was celebrated earlier. In his special decree it was recorded:

"Alone in Russia consider New Year Different, with this number to stop to see the heads of people and consider the new year everywhere from the first of January. And as a sign of good undertaking and fun to congratulate each other on the New Year, wanting in the welfare affairs and in the family of prosperity. In honor of the New Year, learn decorations from fir trees, to amuse children, roll on sleds from the mountains. And adults of the people of drunkenness and mordoboy do not teach - for that other days there is enough. "

Creation of the Russian Empire. 1700-1724

Military reforms Peter

Kozhukhovsky maneuvers (1694) showed Peter the advantage of the regiments of "Inrogen-building" in front of the shooters. Azov campaigns in which four regular regiments participated (Preobrazhensky, Semenovsky, Lefortovo and Butyrsky Regiment) were finally convinced by Peter in the low fitness of the troops of the old organization. Therefore, in 1698, the old army was dissolved, except for 4 regular regiments who became the basis of the new army.

Preparing for war with Sweden, Peter ordered in 1699 to produce a common recruit set And start learning recruits on the sample, headed by Preobrachters and Semenov. At the same time, a large number of ingenic officers were scored. The war was supposed to start with the siege of Narva, so the focus was on the organization of infantry. On the creation of the entire necessary military structure simply lacked time. The legends went about the impatience of the king - he could not have failed to join the war and in the case to test his army. Management, combat service, strong equipped rear still had to create.

Northern War with Sweden (1700-1721)

After returning from the Great Embassy, \u200b\u200bthe king began to prepare for war with Sweden for entering the Baltic Sea. In 1699, the Northern Union was created against the Swedish king Charles XII, which in addition to Russia included Denmark, Saxony and the Commonwealth, led by Saxon Kurfürst and polish king August II. Driving power The Union was the desire of August II to take away Liflandi from Sweden. For the help, he promised Russia the return of land, which previously belonged to Russians (Ingermanland and Karelia).

For joining the war of Russia, it was necessary to conclude peace with the Ottoman Empire. After reaching a truce with the Turkish Sultan for a period of 30 years, Russia 19 (30) August 1700 declared the War of Sweden under the pretext of the resentment for the insult rendered to the King Peter in Riga.

In turn, the plan of Charles XII was to break the opponents by one one. Soon after the bombardment of Copenhagen Denmark 8 (19) August 1700 came out of the war, even before the entry into her Russia. Unsuccessfully ended the attempts of Augustime II to capture Riga. After that, Karl XII appealed against Russia.

The beginning of the war for Peter was discouraging: the newly resistant army, awarded the Saxon Feldmarshal Duke de Croa, was defeated under Narva 19 (30) of November 1700. This defeat showed that everything was necessary to start in fact first.

Considering that Russia is quite weakened, Karl XII went to the Livonia to direct all the forces against Augustime.

Storming the fortress of Noteburg 11 (22) October 1702. The center shows Peter I. A. E. Kotsebu, 1846

However, Peter, continuing the reform of the army on the European sample, resumed martialctions. In the fall of 1702, the Russian army in the presence of the king took the fortress of Noteburg (renamed Schlisselburg), in the spring of 1703 - the fortress of Nienshanz at the mouth of the Neva. 10 (21) May 1703 for the brave seizure of two Swedish vessels at the mouth of the Neva Peter (then ran the rank of the Captain of the Bombardir of the Life Guard of the Preobrazhensky Regiment) received him the approved Order of St. Andrew First-Called. Here, 16 (27) May 1703 construction began construction of St. Petersburg, and on the island Kotlin was located the base of the Russian fleet - the fortress of the KRONSLOT (subsequently Kronstadt). The way out to the Baltic Sea was broken.

In 1704, after the capture of Derpte and Narva, Russia entrenched in Eastern Baltics. The offer to conclude peace Peter I received a refusal.

After deploying August II in 1706 and replacing it with the Polish king Stanislav Leschinsky Karl XII began the fateful campaign for him to Russia. Passing the territory of the Grand District of Lithuania, the king did not decide to continue the offensive to Smolensk. Having enlisted with the support of the Malorosiic hetman Ivan Mazepa, Karl moved troops to the south of food considerations and with the intention to strengthen the army by supporters of Mazepa. In the battle of Forest September 28 (October 9), 1708, Peter was personally headed by Koroltov A. D. Menshikov and defeated the Swedish Corps of Levenga Paul, who went on a connection with the army of Charles XII from Liflaland. The Swedish army lost reinforcements and worm with military supplies. Later, Peter celebrated the anniversary of this battle as a turning point in the Northern War.

In the Poltava battle on June 27 (July 8), 1709, in which the Army of Charles XII was defeated, Peter commanded again on the battlefield; Peter had a rapid hat. After the victory, he took the title of the first lieutenant general and Shautbenacht from the Blue Flag.

In 1710, Turkey intervened in the war. After the defeat in the Protian campaign of 1711, Russia returned to Turkey's Azov and destroyed Taganrog, but due to this managed to conclude the next truce with the Turks.

Peter focused on the war again with the Swedes, in 1713 the Swedes were defeated in Pomerania and lost all possessions in continental Europe. However, thanks to the domination of Sweden on the sea, the Northern War was delayed. The Baltic Fleet was only created by Russia, but managed to win the first victory in the gangut battle in the summer of 1714. In 1716, Peter was headed by a combined fleet from Russia, England, Denmark and Holland, but because of the disagreements in the village of the Allies, it was not possible to organize an attack on Sweden. In the consideration of the Baltic Fleet of Russia, Sweden felt the risk of invasion of their lands. In 1718, peaceful negotiations began, interrupted by the sudden death of Karl XII. The Swedish Queen Ulric Eleanor resumed war, hoping for the help of England. Rubbing landings in 1720 at the Swedish coast pushed Sweden to resume negotiations. On August 30 (September 10), the Nesteadt world was concluded between Russia and Sweden, which completed a 21-year war. Russia received an exit to the Baltic Sea, joined the territory of the Ingria, part of Karelia, Estlandia and Liflandia. The world became a great European power, in commemoration of which on October 22 (November 2), 1721, the title took the title under the senator Fatherland Father, Emperor of All-Russian, Peter the Great:

... We have been thicanced, with the shaking of ancient, especially the Roman and Greek peoples, daring to perceive, on the day of the celebration and declarations of the concluded in. in. The works of the whole Russia, only a glorious and prosperous world, on reading the treatise in the church, in our annual thanksgiving for the outcomes of the world, bring his petition to you publicly, in order to accept from us, IKO from the faithful of his subjects, in thanks to the title of Father's father, The emperor of the All-Russian, Peter the Great, as commonly from the Roman Senate for the noble affairs of the emperors, their such titles in publicly they are repaired for the statues for memory in the eternal births signed.

Russian-Turkish War 1710-1713

After the defeat in the Poltava battle, the Swedish king of Karl XII was hiding in possession of the Ottoman Empire, the city of Bender. Peter I concluded an agreement with Turkey about the expulsion of Charles XII with Turkish territory, but then the Swedish king was allowed to remain and create a threat to the southern border of Russia with the help of a part of the Ukrainian Cossacks and the Crimean Tatars. Asking the expulsion of Charles XII, Peter I began to threaten the war of Turkey, but in response on November 20 (December 1), 1710, Sultan himself declared the war of Russia. The actual cause of war was the seizure of the Russian troops of Azov in 1696 and the emergence of the Russian fleet in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov.

The war from Turkey was limited to the winter raid of the Crimean Tatars, the Vassals of the Ottoman Empire, to Ukraine. Russia led the war on 3 fronts: the troops made hiking against the Tatars on the Crimea and Kuban himself, Peter I, relying on the help of the rulers of Valahia and Moldova, decided to take a deep campaign to the Danube, where he hoped to raise the Raspanic Empire in the Turks of Christian vassals.

March 6 (17), 1711, Peter I left for the troops from Moscow with the faithful girlfriend Catherine Alekseevna, who commanded to consider his wife and the queen (even before the official wedding that occurred in 1712). The army crossed the border of Moldova in June 1711, but already 20 (31) July 1711, 190 thousand Turks and Crimean Tatars pressed the 38,000 Russian army to the right bank of the River Prut, completely surrounding it. In, it would seem hopeless situation Peter managed to conclude a Great Vision of the Prut Peace Agreement, according to which the army and the king himself avoided the captivity, but in return Russia gave the Azov Turkey and lost access to the Azov Sea.

Since August 1711, the fighting has not been conducted, although in the process of coordination of the final agreement, Turkey threatened several times to resume war. Only in June 1713, the Adrianopol peace treaty was concluded, which, in general, confirmed the terms of the Prut Agreement. Russia was able to continue the northern war without the 2nd front, although he lost the conquest of the Azov campaigns.

Russian movement to the East

The expansion of Russia to the East under Peter I did not stop. In 1716, the Expedition of the Buchholts at the site of the merger of Irtysh and Omi founded Omsk, above the course of Irtysh: Ust-Kamenogorsk, Semipalatinsk and other fortresses. In 1716-1717 in Central Asia A detachment of Beckovich-Cherkassky was sent to lean the Hivinsky Hana to the citizenship and integrate the path to India. However, the Russian squad was destroyed by Khan and the plan for the conquest of Central Asian states was not carried out under its board. The Board of Peter I was attached to Russia Kamchatka. Peter planned an expedition through the Pacific Ocean to America (going to establish Russian colonies there), but did not have time to fulfill.

Caspian campaign 1722-1723

The largest foreign policy of Peter after the Northern War was the Caspian (or Persian) campaign in 1722-1724. The conditions for the hike were created as a result of Persian civil workers and the actual decay of the once powerful state.

18 (29) July 1722, after appealing for the help of the son of the Persian Shaha Tohmas Mireza, a 22-thousand Russian squad sailed from Astrakhan in Caspian. In August, Derbent surrendered, after which the Russians were returned to Astrakhan because of problems with the provinet. In the next 1723, the western shore of the Caspian Sea was conquered with the fortresses of Baku, Solit, Astrabad. Further promotion was stopped by the threat of joining the Ottoman Empire, which captured the Western and Central Transcaucasus.

September 12 (23) September 1723 was concluded by the St. Petersburg Treaty with the Persia, according to which the Western and South Coast of the Caspian Caspian with the cities of Derbent and Baku and the provinces of Gilyan, Mazendaran and Astrabad included in the Russian Empire. Russia and Persia also entered into a defensive union against Turkey, which, however, turned out to be inactive.

According to Konstantinople, Turkey recognized all the acquisitions of Russia in the western part of the Caspian Sea and refused further claims to Persia. The border of the borders between Russia, Turkey and the Persia was installed at the site of the merger of the Araks and Kura rivers. In Persia, the trouble continued, and Turkey challenged the provisions of the Constantinople Treaty before the border was accurately established.

It should be noted that soon after Peter's death, these owners were lost due to the high losses of garrisons from diseases, and, in the view of the Queen of Anna John, the vision of the region.

Russian Empire in Peter I

Petr I. Mosaic. M. V. Lomonosov recruited. 1754. Ust-Ruditsky Factory. Hermitage

After the victory in the Northern War and the conclusion of Nesteadt world in September 1721, the Senate and Synod decided to prevent Peter the title of Emperor of All-Russian with the following wording: " as commonly from the Roman Senate for the noble affairs of the emperors, their such titles in publicly united themselves and on the statues for memory in the eternal births are subscribed.»

On October 22 (November 2), 1721 Peter I accepted the title, not just honorable, but indicating the new role of Russia in international affairs. Prussia and Holland immediately recognized the new title of Russian Tsar, Sweden in 1723, Turkey in 1739, England and Austria in 1742, France and Spain in 1745 and, finally, Poland in 1764.

Secretary of the Prussian Embassy in Russia in 1717-1733, I.-G. Fokkerodt, at the request of Voltaire, who worked on the history of Peter's reign, wrote memories of Russia during Peter. Fokkerodt tried to estimate the population of the Russian Empire by the end of the reign of Peter I. According to his information, the number of subsecutive clauses was 5 million 198 thousand people, from where the number of peasants and citizens, including female persons, was estimated at about 10 million. Many souls were used by landlords, Repeated audit increased the number of submitted shower to almost 6 million people. Russian nobles with families were considered up to 500 thousand; officials up to 200 thousand and spiritual persons with families up to 300 thousand souls.

Residents of the conquered areas that are not underway to a file were estimated from 500 to 600 thousand souls. Cossacks with families in Ukraine, on Don and Yaika and in border cities were considered from 700 to 800 thousand souls. The number of Siberian peoples was unknown, but Fokkerodt put it up to a million people.

Thus, the population of the Russian Empire was up to 15 million nationals and inferior in Europe in the number of France only (about 20 million).

According to the calculations of the Soviet historian Yaroslav Vodarsky, the number of men and male children has increased from 1678 to 1719 from 5.6 to 7.8 million in such a way, if you take the number of women approximately equal number Men, the total population of Russia during this period rose from 11.2 to 15.6 million.

Peter I. Transformation

All internal state activities Peter can be divided into two periods: 1695-1715 and 1715-1725. The peculiarity of the first stage was a hurry and not always thoughtful, which was explained by the leading of the Northern War. The reforms were aimed, first of all, the collection of funds for warfare was carried out by a violent method and often did not lead to the desired result. In addition to state reforms, in the first stage, extensive reforms were carried out in order to modernize the lifestyle. In the second period of reform were more planned.

A number of historians, for example V. O. Klyuchevsky, indicated that Peter I reforms were not something fundamentally new, but were only a continuation of those transformations that were carried out during the XVII century. Other historians (for example, Sergey Solovyov), on the contrary, emphasized the revolutionary nature of Peter's transformations.

Peter was carried out by the reform of state administration, the transformation in the army was created, a military fleet was created, the reform of church governance was carried out in the spirit of Cesaropipism, aimed at liquidating autonomous from the state of church jurisdiction and the subordination of the Russian church hierarchy to the emperor. Financial reform was also carried out, industrial and trade activities were made.

After returning from the Great Embassy, \u200b\u200bPeter I led the struggle with the external manifestations of the "outdated" lifestyle (the most famous beard tax), but did not less attention to the acquisition of the nobility towards education and secular Europeanized culture. Secrets began to appear educational establishments, The first Russian newspaper is based, the translations of many books into Russian appear. Success in the service of Peter put for the nobles dependent on education.

Peter clearly conscious of the need to enlighten, and took a number of decisive measures for this purpose. 14 (25) January 1701 School of Mathematical and Navigation Sciences was opened in Moscow. In 1701-1721 artillery, engineering and medical schools in Moscow were opened, engineering school And the Marine Academy in St. Petersburg, mountain schools with Olonetsk and Ural plants. In 1705, the first gymnasium in Russia was opened. The purpose of mass education should have been created by the decree of 1714 cyphyr schools in provincial cities designed " children of all ranks learn literacy, tiphirs and geometry" It was assumed to create two such schools in every province, where learning should have been free. For soldiers' children were discovered garrison schools, for the preparation of priests since 1721, a network of spiritual schools was created. In 1724, a draft Regulation on the Academy of Sciences, University and Gymnasium was signed with her.

Petra's decrees were introduced mandatory training of nobles and clergy, but a similar measure for the urban population met violent resistance and was canceled. Peter's attempt to create a discovered primary school (the creation of a network of schools after his death ceased, most of the cyphic schools in its successors were reprocessed into the estate schools to prepare the clergy), but nevertheless, its reign was laid for the dissemination of education in Russia.

Peter created new typography, in which 1312 book names were printed (twice as large as the entire previous history of Russian printing). Thanks to the rise of typography, the consumption of paper has increased from 4-8 thousand sheets at the end of the XVII century, up to 50 thousand sheets in 1719. There were changes in Russian, which included 4.5 thousand new words borrowed from European languages. In 1724, Peter approved the charter of the organized Academy of Sciences (opened a few months after his death).

Of particular importance was the construction of Stone St. Petersburg, in which foreign architects took part and which was carried out on the plan developed by the king. They created a new urban environment with unfamiliar forms of life and pastime (theater, masquerad). The internal decoration of houses has changed, lifestyle, nutrition composition, etc. Special decree of the king in 1718 Assembly introduced the form of communication between people a new one for Russia. At the assemblies, nobles danced and spent freely, unlike the former feasts and peters.

Reforms conducted by Peter I affected not only politics, economy, but also art. Peter invited foreign artists to Russia and at the same time sent talented young people to study "Arts" abroad. In the second quarter of the XVIII century. Petrovsky Pensioners began to return to Russia, bringing with her new artistic experience and the acquired skill.

December 30, 1701 (January 10, 1702) Peter issued a decree, which was prescribed to write in the petitions and other documents, the names completely instead of derogatory semi-lion (Ivashka, Senka, etc.), knees before the king, do not fall, in winter in the cold the hat in front of the house in which the king is not removed. He so explained the need for these innovations: "Less than the lowestness, more diligence for the service and loyalty to me and the state - this worship is peculiar to the king ..."

Peter tried to change the position of women in Russian society. He has special decrees (1700, 1702 and 1724) forbade the violent issuance of marriage and marriage. It was prescribed that there was no less than the six-weekly period, "in order for the bride and the bride, they could recognize each other." If during this time, it was said in the decree, the "bride's bride cannot take it, or the bride for the groom married it is not so much", no matter how much parents insisted, "there is no freedom." Since 1702, the bride itself (and not only its relatives) was granted a formal right to terminate the engagement and upset a conspiracted marriage, and none of the parties had the right "about the penalty of the brow beat." Legislative prescriptions 1696-1704. About public festivities introduced the obligation to participate in the celebrations and the festivals of all Russians, including the "female".

From the "old" in the device of the nobility under Peter, the former fixedness of the service for the personnel of everyone remained unchanged serious man state. But in this fixedness changed several of her form. Now they were obliged to serve in regular shelves and in the fleet, as well as in the civil service in all those administrative and judicial institutions that were transformed from the old and arose again. The 1714 decree was regulated by the legal status of the nobility and enshrined the legal merger of such forms of land ownership as the behavior and estate.

The peasants from the reign of Peter I began to be divided into the peasants of serfs (landlord), monastic and state. All three discharge were recorded in the audses of the tales and are covered with a pitchpie. Since 1724, the owners of the peasants could leave their villages to earnings and for other needing is not otherwise, as having a written permission of Mr., witnessed by the Zemsky Commissioner and colonel of that regiment, which stood in this area. Thus, the landowner the authorities over the personality of the peasants received even more opportunities to strengthen, taking into their unrelated disposal and personality, and the property of a private owner peasant. This new state of a rural worker receives from this time the name "serf", or "auditive", soul.

In general, Peter's reforms were aimed at strengthening the state and the adaptation of the elite to European culture with the simultaneous strengthening of absolutism. During the reforms, Russia's feasibility lag was overcome from a number of other European states, a conversion to the Baltic Sea was converted, transformations were carried out in many spheres of life. russian society. Gradually, in the nobility environment, a different system of values, worldviews, aesthetic ideas, which was fundamentally different from the values \u200b\u200band worldview of most representatives of the remaining estates were developed. At the same time, the folk forces were extremely exhausted, prerequisites were created (decree of the throne) for the crisis of the supreme power, which led to the "era of palace coups."

Economic successes

Putting a goal to arm the economy with the best Western production technologies, Peter reorganized all industries national economy. During the Great Embassy, \u200b\u200bthe king learned various sides of European life, including technical. He learned the basics of the dominant at that time economic theory - mercantilism. Mercantilistian economic teachings were founded in two positions: the first - every people, so as not to impoverish, must produce everything he needs, not referring to the help of someone else's labor, the labor of other peoples; The second - every nation to be bored, should export produced products as much as possible and import foreign products as little as possible.

In Peter, the development of geological exploration begins, so far the metallic ore deposits are found in the Urals. Only in the Urals were built under Peter at least 27 metallurgical plants; In Moscow, Tula, St. Petersburg, powder plants, sawmill, glass manufactories were based on In Astrakhan, Samara, Krasnoyarsk, the production of potash, sulfur, nitrate was established, sailing, linen and cloth manufactories were created. This made it possible to start a gradual refusal of imports.

By the end of the reign of Peter I, there were already 233 factory, including more than 90 large manufactories built during his reign. The largest shippeds were (only at St. Petersburg shipyard worked 3.5 thousand people), sailing manufactories and mining and metallurgical plants (25 thousand workers worked at 9 Ural plants), there were a number of other enterprises with the number of 500 to 1000 people employed from 500 to 1000 people. For the supply of a new capital there were processes the first channels in Russia.

Reverse side of reform

Petrovsky transformations were achieved by violence over the population, his complete submission of the will of the monarch, the eradication of any dissent. Even Pushkin, sincerely admired by Peter, wrote that many of his decrees were "cruel, wayward and seem to be written by the whip", as if "broke out from an impatient self-balance sheet." Klyuchevsky indicates that the triumph of the absolute monarchy, striving to strengthen its subjects from the Middle Ages in modernity, contained a fundamental contradiction:

Peter's reform was a struggle of despotism with the people, with his osnosis. He hoped a thunderstorm power to cause amateur in enslaved society and through the slave-owned nobility to put European science in Russia ... I wanted a slave, remaining a slave, acted consciously and freely.

Using forced labor

Construction of St. Petersburg from 1704 to 1717 was mainly carried out by the forces of "challenge people", mobilized in the framework of natural labor service. They poured the forest, covered the swamps, built embankments, etc. In 1704, in 1704, Peterburg was summoned from different provinces to 40 thousand challenges, mostly serfs and state peasants. In 1707, a lot of workers focused on Petersburg from Belozersky Territory fled. Peter I ordered to take members of the families of the fled - their fathers, mothers, wives, children "or who live them in their homes" and keep in prisons until the fugitives are cheaking ..

Workers factories of Petrovsky took place from a wide variety of people's layers: runaway serfs, tramps, beggars, even criminals - they all climbed and sent "to work" to the factory. Peter could not bear "walking" people who were not attached to any case, ordered to have enough of them, without even the nightly rank, and send to the factory. Frections were cases when for supplying factories, and especially factories, working hands, the villages and villages of peasants were attributed to factories and plants, as was still practiced in the XVII century. Such ascribed to the factory worked for her and in it by order of the owner.

Repression

In November 1702, a decree was issued, which said: "You will continue in Moscow in Moscow and in the Moscow vessel order, no people or from the cities of the governor and the orders, but from the monasteries of power to send, and the landowners and wilts lead their people and peasants will , And those people and peasants teach the "state of the Word and Case" to themselves, - and those people in the Moscow vessel, not asking, send to the Preobrazhensky order to the princess to Prince Fedor Yuryevich Romodanovsky. And in the cities of the voevod and ordinarians of such people who go into account for themselves to tell the "Sovereign Word and Case", send to Moscow, without asking. "

In 1718, a secret office was created for the investigation of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, then other political affairs of extreme importance was transferred to her. 18 (29) August 1718 was issued a decree under the threat of the death penalty it was forbidden to "write locked". An accurarator also relied the death penalty. This decree was aimed at combating anti-government "job letters."

The Decree of Peter I, published in 1702, proclaimed the versoity of one of the main state principles. "With the opponents of the Church, you need to act with meekness and mind," Peter said. "The Lord gave the power of the power over the peoples, but one Christ is dominated over the conscience of people." But for the Old Believers, this decree was not applied. In 1716, they were given the possibility of a semi-legal existence to facilitate their accounting, provided to pay "for a single split by all sorts of payments twice." At the same time, the control and punishment of those who shied out the registration and payment of dual tax was strengthened. The non-dual tax was presented to non-paying double tax, each time increasing the bet of fine, and even refer to the cautious. For seduction in the split (by seduction was considered any old-handed worship service or the commit) as before Peter I, the death penalty was relying, which was confirmed in 1722. Old Believer priests were declared either by splitters if it were old-supplied mentors, or in accordance with Orthodoxy, if they used to be priests, and punished both for themselves. Splitches and chapels ruined. By torture, the punishment of the whip, pulling out the nostrils, threats to the treasures and references to Nizhny Novgorod bishop, Pitirim managed to return a considerable number of old goods in the Lono of the official church, but in most people they soon "disappeared into the split." He headed the Kerzhensky Old Believers of Dyakon Alexander Pitirim made him abandoned the Old Believers, causing him into the shackles and threatening his beatings, as a result of which Deacon "I was slaughtered from him, from the bishop, big flour, and links, and the nostrils of rummy, Yakozh and OT others." When Alexander complained in a letter to Peter I on the actions of Pitirim, it was subjected to terrible torture and May 21 (June 1), 1720 was executed.

The adoption by Peter I Imperial title, as the Old Believers believed, testified that he was an antichrist, since it emphasized continuity state power from Catholic Rome. About the antichristic essence of Peter also, according to Old Believers, testified calendar changes made in his board and the census of the population introduced by them for the perch.

Personality of Peter I.

Appearance

Portrait of Peter I.

Sculptural head made on a posthumous mask (GIm)

Sleeping Hand Tsar Peter (GIm)

Kattin and Camboli Peter allow you to present it an elongated figure

Another child Peter hit people with the beauty and the liveliness of his face and figures. Because of its high growth - 203 cm (6 feet of 8 inches) - he was issued in the crowd to the whole head. At the same time, with such a big height, he was not a roasty addition - wore shoes 39 sizes, and the size of 48 sizes. Peter's hands were also small, and his shoulders are narrow for his growth, the same, his head was also small compared to the body.

The surrounding crumbled very strong convulsive courage of the face, especially in minutes of wrath and mental excitement. These convulsive movements of contemporaries attributed to children's shock during the shooting riots or an attempt to poison the princess sofia.

S. A. Kirillov. Peter the Great. (1982-1984).

During foreign trips, Peter I scared sophisticated aristocrats of a rude manner of communication and simplicity of morals. Hannover Kurfurstina Sofia wrote about Peter so:

« The king is high in growth, he has excellent features and noble posture; He has a big liveliness of the mind, his answers are quick and true. But with all the advantages that His nature gave it, it would be desirable that it was smaller than rudeness. This sovereign is very good and together very bad; in moral attitude He is a full representative of his country. If he got better education, then a person would come out of him, because he has many advantages and an extraordinary mind».

Later, already in 1717, during the stay of Peter in Paris, the Duke of Saint-Simon wrote his impression of Peter:

« It was very high in growth, well folded, rather thin, with a rounded face, high forehead, beautiful eyebrows; His nose is rather short, but not too, and by the end there are several fat; Lips are pretty large, face color is reddish and dark, beautiful black eyes, big, lively, insightful, beautiful shape; The look majestic and friendly when he watches and restrains, otherwise harsh and wild, with convulsions on the face, which are not repeated often, but the eyes are distorted and the eyes, scaring all those present. The cramps lasts usually alone, and then his eyes were walked strange, no matter how confused, then everything took an ordinary look. All his appearance showed his mind, thinking and greatness and was not deprived of charms».

Character

Peter I has practical immatitude and skill, funness, the apparent straightness was combined with spontaneous gusts in the expression of both caress and anger, and sometimes with the unbridled cruelty.

In his youth, Peter indulged in insane drunken orgies with his comrades. In anger, he could beat the approximated. With the victims of their evil jokes, he elected "noble persons" and "old boyars" - according to Prince Kurakin, "the people of Tolstoy dragged through the chair, where it is impossible to be, on many Diraly dresses and left Nagishom ...". Created by him the all-time, the All-Apartments and the Madrid Cathedral was engaged in mockery over all that in society was valued and revered as invalid or moral and religious foundations. He personally performed the charges of the executioner at the execution of the participants of the Streetsky uprising. Danish Messenger UST Yul testified that during the solemn entrance to Moscow after the victory under Poltava Peter, the deadly pale, with the ugly distorted convulsions, producing "terrible movements of head, mouth, hands, shoulders, hands and feet", in a crazy On the soldier stuck in something and began to "ruthlessly chop his sword."

During the fighting on the territory of the Commonwealth 11 (22) of July 1705, Peter was present at the evening in the Vasilian monastery in Polotsk. After one of Vasilian called the Kuntsevich's Orthodox Population of Kuntsevich's Orthodox population, the king ordered the tsar to grab the monks. Vasilian tried to render resistance and four of them were cut. The next day, Peter ordered to hang a monk, who was distinguished by sermons directed against the Russians.

Family Peter I.

For the first time, Peter married at the age of 17 at the insistence of Mother to Evdokia Lopukhina in 1689. A year later, they were born Tsarevich Alexey, who was brought up with the mother in the concepts of alien reformists of Peter. The remaining children of Peter and Evdokia died shortly after birth. In 1698, Evdokia Lopukhin was involved in Streletsky Bunte, the purpose of which was the construction of her son to the kingdom, and was exiled to the monastery.

Alexey Petrovich, the official heir to the Russian throne, condemned the transformation of his father, and eventually fled to Vienna under the patronage of his wife's relative (Charlotte Braunschweig) Emperor Charles VI, where he was looking for support in Lfolve Peter I. In 1717, Tsarevich persuaded to return home, where He was taken into custody. On June 24 (July 5), 1718, the Supreme Court, consisting of 127 people, made a death sentence by Alexey, recognizing him guilty in state treason. On June 26 (July 7), 1718 Tsarevich, without waiting for the sentencing to fulfill, died in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The true cause of the death of Tsarevich Alexei has not yet been reliably established. A marriage with Princess Charlotte Braunschweig Tsarevich Alexei left the son of Peter Alekseevich (1715-1730), who became Emperor Peter II in 1727, and daughter Natalia Alekseevna (1714-1728).

In 1703, Peter I met 19-year-old Katerina, in Marta Marta Samilovna Skavron (Widow Dragun Johann Cruz), captured by Russian troops as military prey when taking the Swedish fortress Marienburg. Peter took the former maid from the Baltic peasants from Alexander Menshikov and made her his mistress. In 1704, Katerina gave birth to the firstborn, named Peter, next year Paul (she was eaten soon). Even before the legal marriage, Peter Katerina gave birth to daughters Anna (1708) and Elizabeth (1709). Elizabeth later became Empress (rules in 1741-1761). Katerina alone could cope with the king in his seizures of anger, he knew how to calm the attacks of a convulsive headache of Peter who patient attention. The sound of the voice of Katerina reassured Peter; Then she

"It was planted and took him, caressing, for his head, which was slightly soaked. It produced a magical effect on him, he fell asleep a few minutes. So as not to break his sleep, she held his head on her chest, sitting motionless in the continuation of two or three hours. After that he woke up completely fresh and cheerful. "

The official wedding of Peter I with Catherine Alekseevna was held on February 19 (March 1) of 1712, shortly after returning from the Pruth campaign. In 1724, Peter crown Catherine as an empress and co-profit. Ekaterina Alekseevna gave birth to her husband 11 children, but most of them died in childhood, except Anna and Elizabeth.

After Peter's death in January 1725, Catherine Alekseevna, with the support of serving, and Guards regiments, became the first ruling Russian Empress Ekaterina I, but the rules for a long time and died in 1727, freeing the throne for Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich. The first wife of Peter the Great, Evdokia Lopukhin, survived his lucky rival and died in 1731, having time to see the reign of his grandson of Peter Alekseevich.

Awards

• 1698 - The Order of Garters (England) - the Order was awarded by Peter during the Great Embassy from diplomatic considerations, but Peter refused the award.
• 1703 - The Order of Andrei First-Called (Russia) - for the capture of two Swedish ships at the mouth of the Neva.
• 1712 - The Order of the White Eagle (Commonwealth) - in response to the rewarding of the King of the Speech Commonwealth of Augustime II, the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.
• 1713 - Order of the elephant (Denmark) - for success in the Northern War.

Prestolastie

IN last years The reign of Peter the Great faces the question of the throne: who will take the throne after the death of the emperor. Announced during the renunciation of Alexei Petrovich Peter Petrovich (1715-1719, the son from Ekaterina Alekseevna) died in childhood. The son of Tsarevich Alexey and Princess Charlotte became a direct heir, Peter Alekseevich. However, if you follow the custom and declare the heir of the Son of Opt Alexey, then the hopes of opponents of reforms were initiated to return the old orders, and on the other hand, Peter's associates were constructed, who voted for the execution of Alexey.

On February 5, 1722, Peter issued a decree on the throne (canceled Paul I after 75 years), which canceled the ancient custom to transfer the throne to direct descendants through the male line, but allowed the appointment with the heir of any worthy man by the will of the monarch. The text of this most important declaration justified the need for this measure:

... what for the benefit of this charter to teach, so that Siya was always in the volitional of the Government of the Sovereign, who wanted to someone, to someone, and a certain, seeing what an infession, Paks, notifice, in order to dance and descendants did not hit such anger, how above is written, I've sii urid on se.

The decree was so unusual for Russian society, which had to clarify him and demand consent from sacrifices. The splitters were outraged: "I took the Swede, and that Queen did not give birth to children, and he made a decree to kiss for the pre-door sovereign, and the cross is kissing for the Swedes. Single will reign the Swede.

Petr Alekseevich was moved away from the throne, but the question of the throne remained open. Mnogi believed that the throne would take or Anna, or Elizabeth, Peter's daughter from marriage with Catherine Alekseevna. But in 1724, Anna refused any claims to the Russian throne after he was engaged in the Duke of Holchta Carl Friedrich. If the throne occupied the younger daughter of Elizabeth, which was 15 years old (in 1724), instead of her rules would be the Duke of Holchtinsky, who dreamed with the help of Russia to return the land conquered by the Danes.

Peter and his nieces were not satisfied, the daughters of the older brother Ivana: Anna Kurnedanda, Ekaterina Mecklenburg and Praskovya John.

Only one candidate remained - Peter's wife, Empress Ekaterina Alekseevna. Peter needed a person who would continue to be the case, his transformation. 7 (18) May 1724 Peter crown Catherine Empress and co-guarantee, but after a short time he suspected in marital treason (Mons). Decree of 1722 violated the usual way of exploiting, the heir to the head of Peter before his death did not have time.

Death of Peter

I. N. Nikitin "Peter I
on deathbed"

In recent years, the reign of Peter was very ill (presumably, the renal disease, complicated by Uremia). In the summer of 1724, his illness increased, in September he felt easier, but after a while the attacks intensified. In October, Peter went to inspect the Ladoga Canal, contrary to the advice of its Lab Medica of the Bluchost. From Olonets Peter drove into the old RUSSU and in November, the water went to St. Petersburg. In Lakhta, he had to stand on the belt in the water, to save the stranded bot with soldiers. The attacks of the disease intensified, but Peter, who did not pay attention to them, continued to engage in state affairs. January 17, 1725 he had so bad that he ordered to put a hiking church in his next bedroom, and on January 22 (February 2) confused. Forces began to leave the patient, he no longer shouted, as before, from cruel pain, but only moaned.

On January 27 (February 7), all those convicted to death or cautious (eliminating murderers and reprehension in repeatedly broken) were amnestied. On the same day, in the outcome of the second hour, Peter demanded paper, began to write, but the pen fell out of his hands, only two words could disassemble from the written: "Give everything ...". The king ordered the daughter of Anna Petrovna then, so that she wrote to his dictation, but when she came, Peter was already fell into forgetting. The story about the words of Peter "Give everything ..." and the order to call Anna is known only on the memorization of the Holstet secret adviser G. F. Bashvich; According to N. I. Pavlenko and V. P. Kozlov, he is a tendentious fiction in order to hint at Anna Petrovna's rights, the wife of the Holstein Duke Charles Friedrich, to the Russian throne.

When it became obvious that the emperor dies, a question arose who would take place Peter. Senate, Synod and General General - All institutions that did not have a formal right to dispose of the fate of the throne, even before Peter's death gathered on the night of January 27 (February 7) on January 28 (February 8) to resolve the issue of Peter Great successor. The Guards officers were penetrated into the meeting room, two Guards regiments came to the square, and under the drum battle, derived by the party Ekaterina Alekseevna and Menshikov, the Senate adopted a unanimous decision for the 4th o'clock in the morning on January 28 (February 8). By the decision of the Senate, the throne inherited the wife of Peter, Ekaterina Alekseevna, which became January 28 (February 8) of 1725 by the first Russian Empress under the name Catherine I.

At the beginning of the sixth hour on January 28 (February 8), 1725, Peter the Great died in terrible torment in his winter palace at the winter groove according to the official version of the inflammation of the lungs. He was buried in the cathedral of the Petropavlovsk fortress in St. Petersburg. The autopsy showed the following: "A sharp narrowing in the back of the rear of the urethra, hardening the neck of the bladder and Antonov fire." Death followed from the inflammation of the bladder, which moved to the gangrene on the soil of the urine delay caused by the narrowing of the urethra.

The famous court icon painter Simon Ushakov wrote on a cypress board the image of the Library Trinity and Apostle Peter. After Peter's death, this icon was established over the imperial tombstone.

Evaluation of activities and criticism

In the letter of France in Russia, Louis Xiv responded to Peter:

This sovereign discovers its aspirations about the preparation for the military case and the discipline of its troops, on the training and education of their people, to attract foreign officers and all kinds of capable people. This image of action and an increase in power, which is the largest in Europe, make it formidable for its neighbors and excite a very solid envy.

Moritz Saxon called Peter the greatest person of his century.

The enthusiastic characteristic of Peter gave Mikhail Lomonosov

Who will compare a Vidnikago sovereign? I see in antiquity and in the new times of owners, great named. True, before others are great. However, Petro is small. ... Mouse me the hero of ours like it? I often thought, what is the one that the heaven, the earth and the sea: docks the spirit of it - and the water will be drunk, will touch the mountains - and renews.

Voltaire wrote repeatedly about Peter. By the end of 1759, he published the first volume, and in April 1763, the second volume of the "History of the Russian Empire during Peter Great" was published. The main value of Petrov's reform Voltaire determines the progress that the Russians have achieved over 50 years, other nations cannot achieve this and for 500. Peter I, its reforms, their importance has become an object of the dispute of Voltaire and.

August Strindberg so described Peter

Barbarian, civilized his Russia; He, who built the cities, did not want to live in them; He, who punished his wife and granted a woman wide freedom - his life was a great, rich and useful in social plan, in the particular plan of which turned out.

N. M. Karamzin, recognizing this sovereign great, severely criticizes Peter for excessive passion for foreign, the desire to make Russia the Netherlands. A sharp change in the "old" life and national traditions undertaken by the emperor, according to the historian, is not always justified. As a result, Russian educated people "became citizens of the world, but ceased to be, in some cases, citizens of Russia."

Westerners have positively assessed by Petrovsky reforms, thanks to which Russia became a great power and joined the European civilization.

S. M. Solovyov responded about Peter in enthusiastic colors, attributing all the successes of Russia as internal affairsand in foreign policy, showed the organicity and historical preparedness of reforms:

The need to move on new road was aware; Responsibilities at the same time decided: the people rose and gathered on the road; But someone was waiting; waited by the leader; The leader appeared.

The historian believed that the chief of his task was the emperor saw in the internal transformation of Russia, and the Northern War with Sweden was only a means to this transformation. According to Solovyov:

The difference of views took place from the hugeness of the case committed by Peter, the duration of the influence of this case. The more significant one phenomenon, especially disgraceful views and opinions, it gives rise to it, and the more the more inflicts about it, the stronger feel its influence.

V. O. Klyuchevsky gave contradictory assessment of Peter's transforms:

The reform (Peter) herself came out of the pressing needs of the state and the people, instinctively felt by the powerful person with a sensitive mind and a strong character, talents ... The reform committed by Peter Great did not have its own direct purpose to rebuild neither political, nor public or moral order setting In this state, the task was not sent to put Russian life to the Western European foundations unusual for her, introduce new borrowed beginnings into her, but was limited to the desire to arm the Russian state and the people with ready-made Western European funds, mental and material, and topics to put the state in the level with the position conquered Europe ... launched and leading by the supreme power, the usual head of the people, she learned the nature and techniques of a violent coup, a kind of revolution. She was a revolution in terms of their goals and results, but only in their techniques and impressions, which made contemporaries on the minds and nerves

P. N. Milyukov, in his works develops the idea that reforms were carried out by Peter spontaneously, from the case towards the case under pressure from specific circumstances, without any logic and plan, were "reforms without reformer". He also mentions that only "the price of the ruin of the country, Russia was erected into the rank of European powers." According to Milyukov, during the reign of Peter, the population of Russia within the boundaries of 1695 decreased by the contradictated wars.

S. F. Platonov belonged to the number of apologists of Peter. In his book "Personality and activity", he wrote the following:

People of all generations in the assessments of the personality and activities of Peter converged in one: he was considered by force. Peter was a notableous and influential figure of his time, the leader of the whole people. No one considered him an insignificant person, unconsciously used the power or blindly walking on a random road.

In addition, Platonov pays a lot of attention of Peter's personality, highlighting its positive qualities: energy, seriousness, natural mind and dating, the desire to understand everything itself.

N. I. Pavlenko believed that Peter's transformation is a major step on the way to progress (albeit within feudalism). The outstanding Soviet historians agrees with him: E. V. Tarl, N. N. Molchanov, V. I. Buganov, considering reforms from the point of view of Marxist theory.

V. B. Kobrin argued that Peter did not change the most important thing in the country: serfdom. Friendic industry. Temporary improvements in the present reached Russia for the crisis in the future.

According to R. Pipes, Kamensky, E. V. Anisimov, Peter's reform was extremely contradictory. Freight methods, repression led to the overturning of the folk forces.

E. V. Anisimov believed that, despite the introduction of a number of innovations in all spheres of life of society and the state, reforms were led to the conservation of the autocarer-serf system in Russia.

The publicist Ivan Solonevich gave an extremely negative assessment of Peter's personality and the results of his reform. In his opinion, the result of Peter's activity was the gap between the ruling tip and the people, denationalization of the first. Peter himself was accused of cruelty, incompetence, samotor and cowardice.

In extreme cruelty, Petra L. N. Tolstoy is accused.

Friedrich Engels in his work "Foreign policy of the Russian tsarism" calls Peter the "valid man"; The first to "fully appreciated the situation extremely favorable for Russia".

In historical literature, there is a version of reducing the population of Russia in the period 1700-1722.

Academician RAS L. V. Milov wrote: "Peter I forced the Russian nobility to learn. And this is his greatest achievement. "

Memory

Praising Peter, a person in privacy is very unpretentious, it began almost immediately after his death and continued regardless of the change of political regimes in Russia. Peter became the object of a reverent cohere in the St. Petersburg founded by him, as well as in the entire Russian Empire.

In the XX century, his name was carried by the cities of Petrograd, Petrodvorets, Petroxapity, Petrozavodsk; In honor of him, large geographical objects are also named - Peter I Island and Peter Great Bay. In Russia and beyond its borders. Peter I houses, where, according to legends, the monarch stopped. In many cities, the monuments of Peter I are installed, the most famous (and first) of which - Bronze Horseman On the Senate Square of St. Petersburg.

Peter I in essays and artworks

• A. N. Tolstoy. Historical novel "Peter I" (KN. 1-3, 1929-1945, not over)
• King Peter First, the history of visiting Solovetsky Archipelago King Peter I (Romanovov). Electronic Encyclopedia "Solovki"
• V. Bergman. "History of Peter the Great", 1833 - an article on the website "Pedagogy of the Secondary School"
• E. Sherman. "Evolution of Petrovsky Myth in Russian Literature" - an article on the website "Network Literature"
• S. Mesin. The book "View from Europe: French authors of the XVIII century about Peter I"
• B. Bashilov. "Robespierre on the throne. Peter I and the historical results of the revolution committed by him "
• K. Konichev. Nattery "Peter First In North"
• D. S. Merezhkovsky. "Antichrist. Peter and Alexey, "historic novel, final in the trilogy" Christ and Antichrist ", 1903-1904.
• M. V. Lomonosov, Petr Great (an unfinished poem), 1760.
• A. S. Pushkin, "History of Peter I" (unfinished historical work), 1835.
• A. S. Pushkin, Arap Peter the Great "(historical novel), 1837.

Peter I. Cinery

• Alexey Petrenko - "Tale about how King Peter Arape married"; Historic melodrama, director Alexander Mitta, Mosfilm's film studio, 1976.
• Owned Davydov - "Tobacco Captain"; Music comedy television feature film, director Igor Usov, Film Studio "Lenfilm", 1972.
• Nikolai Simonov - "Peter First"; Twistered historical feature film, director Vladimir Petrov, Film Studio "Lenfilm", 1937.
• Dmitry Zolotukhin - "Russia Young"; Multiserious television feature film, director Ilya Gurin, Film Studio named after M. Gorky, 1981-1982.
• Peter Warinkov - "Peter Great" (Other name - "Life and death of Peter the Great") - Some artistic short film, directed by Kai Hanzen and Vasily Goncharov, Brothers Patte (Moscow representative office), Russian Empire, 1910
• Jan Niklas, Graham McGrath, Maximilian Shell - Petr Great (English Peter The Great); TV series, director Marian Chomski, Lawrence Schiller, USA, Channel NBC, 1986).
• Alexander Lazarev - "Demidov"; Historical feature film, director Yaropolk Lapshin, Sverdlovsk Film Studio, 1983.
• Viktor Stepanov - Alexey Tsarevich, historical feature film, director Vitaly Melnikov, Lenfilm, 1997
• Vyacheslav Dovzhenko - "Prayer about Hetman Mazepa" (UKR. "Prayer for Hetman Mazepu"), historical feature film, director Yuri Ilinko, Alexander Dovzhenko, Ukraine, 2001.
• Andrei Sukhov - "servant of sovereign"; Historical adventure film, director Oleg Ryaskov, BNT Entertaiment film company, 2007.

There is a fairly interesting story that when the writer Alexei Nikolayevich Tolstoy worked on his novel "Peter First", he faced with a rather unusual fact that the greatest of Russian monarchs, the pride of the name of Romanov, has nothing to do with the surname, nor to Russian nationality in general!

This fact was extremely excited by the writer, and he, using his acquaintance with another great dictator, and having remembered the fate of others, careless writers, decided to appeal to him for advice, especially since the information was in some sense closely close to the leader.

The information was provocative and ambiguous, Alexey Nikolayevich brought the document to Stalin, namely a kind of letter, which clearly testified that Peter I in his origin was not Russian at all, as previously thought, and Georgians!

What is noteworthy, Stalin was not surprised at all of the unusual incident. Moreover, after familiarization with the documents, she asked for a thick thing to hide, in order not to give him the opportunity to become public, arguing her desire simply simply: "Let's leave them at least one" Russian ", which they can be proud!"

And recommending a document that got thick, destroy. The act seemingly strange if I remember that Joseph Vissarionovich and himself was in the origin of Georgian. But if you figure it out, it is absolutely logical from the point of view of the leader's position of the peoples, since it is known that Stalin considered himself Russian! And how else would he call himself the leader of the Russian people?

The information after this meeting would seem forever had to be buried, but no offense Alexey Nikolayevich, but he, like any writer, was a man of extremely sociable, was tamed a narrow circle of friends, and there it was already on the principle of snowball, it was divided like a virus All the minds of the intelligentsia of that time.

What was it for the letter, which should have disappeared? Most likely we are talking about the letter of Darya Archilovna Bagration-Mukhranskaya, the daughter of the king of Imeretinsky Archila, his cousin daughter of the Mingrelsky Prince Dadiani.

In the letter, we are talking about a certain prophecy, heard from the Georgian queen: "My mother told me about some Matveyev, who saw a prophetic dream, in which the holy Georgy Victorious came to him and told him: You were elected, tell the king that in Muscovy Must be born "King Kings", which will make it a great empire. It is born to him from the seed Orthodox king of the Iversky of Togo Davidova as the Virgin Mary. And the daughter of Kirill Naryshkin, a clean heart. Having disappointed from the field - to be a great mora. The will of God Will is there. "

The prophecy unequivocally hinted on the sharp need for such an event, but another problem could actually serve as a turn of events.

Start the end of the name of Romanov

To deal with the reasons for such a written appeal, it is necessary to refer to the story and remember that the Moscow kingdom at that time was the kingdom without a king, and the Acting Tsar Monarch Alexei Mikhailovich did not cope with the role assigned to him.

In fact, the country managed mired in palace intrigues, fraudster and adventurer Prince Miloslavsky.

Context

How did Peter bent first

Rilsoa 05/19/2011

As rules Peter I

Die Welt 05.08.2013

Ivan Mazepa and Peter I: to the restoration of knowledge about the Ukrainian hetman and his surroundings

Day 28.11.2008

Vladimir Putin - King good

La Nacion Argentina 01/26/2016 Aleksey Mikhailovich was a weak and tricky man surrounded by his people mostly church, whose opinion he listened. One of these was Artamon Sergeevich Matveyev, who, being a man not simple, could have been able to put the necessary pressure on the king, so as to merge him into the actions, which the king was not ready. In essence, Matveyev led his tips to the king, being a sort of prototype "Rasputin" at the court.

The plan of Matveyeva was simple: it was necessary to help the king to get rid of kinship with Miloslavsky and build a "her" heir to the throne ...

So in March 1669 after childbirth, the wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya - died.

After that, Matveyev sucks Alexey Mikhailovich Princess Crimean-Tatar Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkin, the daughter of the Crimean-Tatar Murza Ismail Narysha, who at that time lived in Moscow and was quite convenient for the pronunciation of local naming the name Kirill.

It remained to resolve the question with the heir, since the children born from the first wife were the same chili, as the king himself, and hardly according to Matveyev, were a threat.

In other words, as soon as the king was married to the princess of Naryshkina, the question arose about the heir, and since at that moment the king was seriously ill and physically weak, and he had been crazy, it was decided to find a replacement here, and then I caught conspirators at hand Georgian prince ...

Who is Peter's father?

Theories are actually two, Peter has two great Georgian prince from the genus of Bagrations in the fathers, Petra is prescribed:

Archil II (1647-1713) - King of Imereti (1661-1663, 1678-1679, 1690-1691, 1695-1696, 1698) and Kakheti (1664-1675), the poet Lirik, the eldest son of King Kartli Vakhtanga V. One of Founders of the Georgian colony in Moscow.

Irakli I (Nazarali-Khan; 1637 or 1642 - 1709) - Tsar Kartli (1688-1703), King of Kakheti (1703-1709). Son Tsarevich David (1612-1648) and Elena Diazamidze (mind 1695), grandson of Tsar Kartli and Kakheti Teimuraz I.

And in fact, by following a small investigation, I have to be bowed that Irakli could become a father, because it was Irakli who moved during, suitable for conception of the king, in Moscow, and Archil moved to Moscow only in 1681.

Tsarevich Irakli was known in Russia under the name of Nikolai and the patronymic of Davydovich, more convenient for the local Luda. Irakli was an approximate king Alexei Mikhailovich and even at the wedding of the king and the Tatar Princess was appointed by a thousandth, that is, the main manager of the marriage celebrations.

It is right to note that the duties of the Thousands took place also to become great father Wedding pair. But the will of the Fate, Georgian Tsarevich helped the king of Moscow not only with the choice of name for the firstborn, but also with the conception of it.

In the christenings of the future emperor, in 1672, Irakli fulfilled his duty and the Baby Peter, and in 1674 he left Russia, taking the throne of the principality of Kakheti, however, to receive this title, he had to adopt Muslim.

Second version, dubious

According to the second version, the father of the future autocarditant in 1671 has already been celebrating the King of Imeretinsky Archil II for several months, who was practically forced to visit the bedroom princes under pressure, convincing him in the fact that his participation was needed in the Divine Fisher Boguely, namely, the conception of "who was waiting for."

Perhaps it was the dream of almost holy man Matveyev forced the noble Orthodox king to enter the young princess.

Peter's kinship with Archil may indicate the fact that the official heir to the Georgian monarch, Prince Alexander, became the first general russian army Georgian origin, served with Peter in the droskest shelves and died for the emperor in Swedish captivity.

And other children of Archila: Matvey, David and Sister Daria (Dargen) received such preferences from Peter as land in Russia, and were in every possible way. In particular, it is known that Peter went to celebrate his victory in the village of Allsen, the area of \u200b\u200bthe current falcon, to his sister Daria!

Also with this period in the life of the country, a wave of mass migration to Moscow of the Georgian elite is connected. As the proof of the kinship of the Georgian king, Archila II and Peter I also lead the fact as captured in a letter of the monarch of the Russian prince Naryshkina, in which he writes: "How is our chalubashka?"

Although "our chalunca" can be said about Tsarevich Nikolai, and about Peter, as a representative of the kind of Bagration. In favor of the second version, the fact that Peter I was surprisingly similar to the Imereti king Archil II. Both were truly giant for the time of growth, with identical facial features and characters, although the same version can be used and as the proof of the first, since Georgian princes were in direct relationship.

Everyone knew, and everyone was silent

About the relatives of the king, it seems, at the time everyone knew. So Tsarevna Sophia wrote a prince Golitsyn: "You can not give the power to Basurmann!"

The mother of Peter, Natalia Naryshkin, was also scary afraid of what had done, and repeatedly stated: "He can not be the king!"

Yes, and the king himself at the moment when the Georgian Princess was swattered for him, he stated in all her: "I don't get married at the same name!"

Visual similarity, other evidence is not necessary

It must be seen. Remember from the story: no Moscow king was different, nor the Slavic appearance, but Peter is the most special of them.

According to historical documents, Peter I was quite high even according to the current measures, since its growth reached two meters, but what is strange - he wore 38 sizes at the same time, and his clothes was 48! But, nevertheless, it is these features that he inherited from his Georgian relatives, as this description was accurate to the genus of Bagration. Peter was a pure European!

But not even visually, but by the nature of Peter definitely did not apply to the nature of the Romanov, he was a real Caucasian for all his chants.

Yes, he inherited the unthinkable cruelty of the Moscow kings, but this feature could get to him on the mother line, since, they were more than Tatar than Slavyansky, but it was this feature that he gave him the opportunity to turn a fragment of the Horde to the European state.

Output

Peter I was not Russian, but was a Russian, because despite its not quite the right origin, there was still a royal blood, but neither to the genus of Romanov, nor the more than Rurichnikov.

It is possible that it is not the Ordan origin that made it a reformer and a real emperor who turned the county Ordane Principality of Muscovy to the Russian Empire, let him be borrowed by the story of one of the occupied territories, but we will tell about it in the next story.

Insurance materials contain estimates of exclusively foreign media and do not reflect the position of the EOSMI's editorial office.

Peter the first was born in Moscow in 1672. His parents are Alexey Mikhailovich and Natalia Naryshkin. Peter brought up nanny, he had a weak education, but the boy had a strong health, he had a sickness of all in the family.

When Peter was ten years old, His brother Ivan was proclaimed for reign. In fact, Sophia Alekseevna reigned. And Peter and Mother left for Preobrazhenskoye. There, the little Peter began to be interested in military activities, shipbuilding.

In 1689, the king was Peter I, and the Board of Sophia was suspended.

For his Board, Peter created a powerful fleet. The ruler fought against the Crimea. Peter went to Europe, as he needed allies that would help him to stand against the Ottoman Empire. In Europe, Peter devoted a lot of time to shipbuilding, the study of cultures of different countries. The ruler has mastered a lot of crafts in Europe. One of them is gardening. Peter I brought Tulips from Holland to the Russian Empire. The emperor liked to grow in the gardens different plants brought from abrade. Peter also brought Russia Russia and potatoes. In Europe, he caught fire the idea to change his state.

Peter I led the war with Sweden. He joined Kamchatka to Russia and the coast of the Caspian Sea. It is in this sea Peter I baptized people close to him. Peter's reforms were innovative. During the reign of the emperor there were several military reforms, the power of the state increased, and regular army and fleet were founded. And the ruler invests his strength to the economy and industry. Peter I has invested a lot of effort into the formation of citizens. Many schools were opened.

Peter I died in 1725. He was seriously sick. Peter handed over the throne of his wife. He was a strong and insistent person. Peter I made many changes as in political systemand to the life of the people. He successfully ruled the state for more than forty years.

Biography by dates and interesting Facts. The most important thing.

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Was in his own will last king All Russia and the first ruler of the Russian Empire. The life of this monarch pursues one mystery. His character, traditions and skills have changed dramatically after the Great Embassy. Moreover, the face, figure, weight and growth of Peter 1 also called many questions.

Childhood of the future king

The first emperor of All-Russian on the night of May 30 (June 9) is 1672. Where it was born, it is not known: some point to the Kremlin's Terem Palace, others - the village of Kolomenskoye. His parents were Alexey Mikhailovich and (royal couple). The boy was a direct contender for the throne. When the baby was four years old, his father died. The monarch was declared Fedor Third, who became a guardian of Tsarevich. His arrival at the throne pushed Natalia Naryshkin to the background. She was forced to go to the village of Preobrazhenskoye.

Since childhood Peter pursued problems with education. Teachers performed simple devils who were understood little in the sciences, whereas in Europe the nobles were taught graduates of universities and the brightest minds of time. But the boy compensated for the lack of knowledge of practical talents.

On the sixth year of the Board, King Fedor is the third died. His place could take the weak Ivan, the eldest son Alexei Mikhailovich from the first wife, or a ten-year-old Peter, son from another spouse. The choice was made in favor of the smaller. So, in 1682 the boy became a king.

A few years later, the people were divided: some loved the monarch, others hated. It was associated with his sympathy to Europe. Many argued that the Sovereign-Batyushka was replaced abroad. This was evidenced by numerous changes, including the growth of Peter 1 was discussed.

External data

Since childhood, the king was distinguished by amazing beauty. His appearance admired all those surrounding. Especially hit the emperor with his gigantic growth. In the crowd, his head was exalted over others. But, despite the high height, Peter was thin and had a small size of clothing. Narrow shoulders, short hands and disproportionately small heads allocated him among others. Dark hair, short-sided, curled on the ends.

In early portraits, it is clearly visible by many people believe that after the trip, another Peter returned to Russia 1. Growth, weight and even age have changed. Molenka disappeared.

Trip to Europe

Finding with traditions, Native Ivan - Miloslavski - wished their representative to take the throne. Therefore, in the same 1682, both applicants called rulers. Small Peter sent away from the courtyard. In the villages where the boy lived, he was fond of military affairs.

In 1689, at the request of Mother, the guy married an unloved girl. A few months later began to rule alone.

In 1697, the king went on a trip to Europe. I went to other countries the monarch incognito. Abroad studied the Western Art of the Board, adopted the laws and lifestyle laws and lifestyle.

Returning, close and friends noticed that the growth of Peter 1 changed. The man called the impostor.

Monarch's substitution

There were many reasons for no reasons for a new ruler. Absolutely changed his political program. Now he is not looking for allies against Turkey, but directs his anger towards the aggression of Charles XII. His spiritual consciousness dropped sharply. Lake knowledge of Russian language. From now on he despises his people and ignores his traditions.

It is not surprising that rumors went around the country that the king was replaced. But if the internal changes could really be caused by the influence of the abroad, then the external changes were not solved. There are legends that the king returned a giant. Peter 1 in cm growth according to some data reached 220. Other sources put the ruler under the bar in 2 meters.

Physical and spiritual changes

A lot of evidence was found that the king was an impostor. One of the main is the physique. The emperor was medium-sized the great embassy, \u200b\u200binclined to completeness. He came from the abroad a man with an increase in 204 centimeters.

Genetically, the king could not grow to such a height. Parents, like grandfathers, did not differ in such parameters. In those days, a man with a rise in two meters was considered a giant. In connection with the change of body, the sovereign asked him to replace his entire wardrobe. Since then, he put on exclusively European outfits, neglecting Russian clothing.

You can trace changes on portraits, where Peter 1 is depicted in full growth before and after 1698.

It is worth noting that immediately after returning home the king, not even having met his wife, sent it to the monastery. Also, according to the evidence of chroniclers, not a 28-year-old autocrat returned, but a 40-year-old man. The moral code fell strikingly. Emperor Rayanil, drunk, led a rampant life. Not listened to Russian music, and promoted foreign motives. He suffered the capital to St. Petersburg, while Moscow was considered a symbol of disadvantage and unity of the Russian nation.

Real facts

The answer to the question of what is the growth of Peter 1 in cm, will be able to give every man. To do this, visit the imperial chambers, look at things and try to lie down in his bed.

The sovereign scared court. This feature is directly related to its growth. The doors of the estates did standard sizes, so in order to enter the room, a two meter talked to be billed. Many historians believe that, taking into account the steep temper, which legends went, the king would not have suffered this.

Every visitor to the museum where the monarch is located, saw that Peter was wary 1. Height, the size of the leg can be determined by his clothes.

Separately you can mark small beds. The king with his mythical growth would have to sleep sitting, and such a talent did not possess.

Zoological Museum of St. Petersburg will help to learn the truth. There is a scarecrow the beloved horse of the emperor. Lizetta (such a name gave her king) was medium addition. A man whose growth is more than 200 centimeters, would not fit on it.

Destruction of legends

About what growth was Peter 1, modern researchers speak completely different. There are historians who still seek information about the replacement of the king. Hundreds of articles are written about how and where exactly the replacement has happened. But this information is fiction.

Science claims that over the past 200 years, the process has grown by 10 centimeters. With each length of life increases, puberty begins all later. In the nineteenth century, the average growth was 165-180 centimeters. But three hundred years ago, people 120-140 cm high were considered normal.

Where did the data that Peter 1 is 170 cm is equal to 170 cm, and there are 2 meters lying - 2 meters? Researchers believe that centimeters added because the people of the past era were implausiblely low compared to contemporaries. It was on such grounds that the legend arose about the replacement of the king.

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Brief History of the Board of Peter I

Childhood Peter I.

The future great emperor Peter is first born in the thirtieth of May 1672 in the family of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and was the youngest child in the family. Mother Peter was Natalia Naryshkin, who played a huge role in the formation of the political views of the Son.

In 1676, after the death of the king, Alexey, the power passes to Fedor - a consuming brother Peter. At the same time, Fedra himself insisted on the enhanced formation of Peter, the reproaches of Naryshkin in the fact that he is small. A year later, Peter began to study diligently. In teachers, the future ruler of Russia was educated by the Deca Nikita Zotov, who was distinguished by his patience and kindness. He managed to enter the location of the unreasonable Tsarevich, who just did that he had engaged in fights with noble and shooting children, and also spent all his free time, Baza in attic.

Since childhood, Peter was interested in geography, military business and history. The king's love of his love for the books after all his life, reading already by the ruler and wants to create his own book on the history of the Russian state. Also, he himself was engaged in drawing up alphabet, which would be easier to memorize a simple people.

Climbing the throne of Peter I

In 1682, the Tsar Fedor dies in 1682 and after his death in the Russian throne claim two candidates - a painful Ivan and Sorvigolov Peter first. Having enlisted with the support of the clergy, the decade of ten-year-old Peter builds it to the throne. However, the relatives of Ivan Miloslavsky, pursuing the goal, build a Sphony or Ivan to the throne of Sophia or Ivan, they are preparing a shooting riot.

The fifteenth of May in Moscow begins the uprising. Relatives of Ivana are allowed hearing about the murder of Tsarevich. Attracted by this, Sagittarius put forward to the Kremlin, where they are met by Natalia Naryshkin together with Peter and Ivan. Even after making sure Miloslavsky Sagittarians killed a few days and robbed in the city, demanding in the kings of the so-friendly Ivan. After a truce was achieved as a result of which both brothers were appointed by the rulers, but before their majority of the country had to rule their sister Sophia.

Formation of the personality of Peter I

Becoming an eyewitness of the cruelty and the recklessness of the Archerters during the rebellion, Peter hated them, wanting to take revenge on the tears of the mother and the death of innocent people. During the regent period, Petr with Natalia Naryshkina lives most of the time in Semenovsky, Kolomna and Preobrazhensky villages. He left them only to participate in solemn receptions in Moscow.

The abilities of the mind, as well as the natural curiosity and the hardness of Peter's character, led him to the hobby of military affairs. He even gathers "fun shelves" in the villages, gaining teenage guys from the noble and peasant families in them. Over time, such fun turned into real military exercises, and the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiment become quite impressive military powerwhich exceeded, according to the records of contemporaries, Sagittarov. In the same period, Peter thinks to create a Russian fleet.

With the foundations of the ship, he meets on Jauze and Lake Plescheyev. At the same time, foreigners who lived in German Sloboda were a huge role on the strategic thinking of Tsarevich. Many of them became loyal companions of Peter in the future.

At the age of seventeen, Peter is first married to Evdokia Lopukhina, but already a year later he becomes indifferent to his wife. At the same time, he is often noticed with the daughter of the German merchant Anna Mons.

The marriage and achievement of the majority give Peter the first right to take the throne promised him earlier. However, this does not like Sofia at all and in the summer of 1689, she tries to provoke the rebellion of the Sagittarius. Tsarevich is hidden with his mother in Trinity - Sergeeva Lavra, where the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky shelves arrive to help him. In addition, on the side of the environments of Peter and Patriarch Joakim. Soon the rebellion was completely depressed, and his participants were subjected to repression and executions. The regent of Sophia itself is Peter to the Novodevichy Monastery, where he remains until the end of his days.

Brief description of politics and reforms of Peter I

Soon Tsarevich Ivan and Peter becomes the only ruler of Russia. However, he at all in no hurry to learn state affairs, entrusted to their environmental surroundings. After her death, all the burden of power falls on Peter.

By that time, the king was completely obsessed with the exit to the non-freezing sea. After unsuccessful first Azov hikeThe ruler begins the structure of the fleet, thanks to which the fortress of Azov takes. After that, Peter is involved in the Northern War, the victory in which he gave the emperor to the Baltic.

The internal policy of Peter the first full of innovative ideas and transformations. During his reign, he conducted such reforms:

• Social;
• Church;
• Medical;
• Educational;
• Administrative;
• Industrial;
• Financial, etc.

Peter The first died in 1725 from inflammation of the lungs. After him, Russia began to rule his wife Ekaterina first.

The results of Peter 1. Brief description.

Video Lecture: Brief History of the Board of Peter I