Azov campaigns. Reasons for the Azov campaigns of Peter I

The Azov campaigns of Peter 1 (1695 - 1696) - campaigns of the Russian army and navy under the command of Peter I to Azov, at the mouth of the Don to conquer the exit to the Black Sea. 1695 - the first Azov campaign in which they participated ground troops was unsuccessful. 1696 - as a result of the second campaign, the Turkish fortress of Azov was taken by joint actions of the army and the navy.

Russia reached the Azov and Black Seas, but this meant a war with the Ottoman Empire, which Russia at that time could not wage alone.

The reasons for the Azov campaigns of Peter 1

Access to the sea was needed, it was necessary to put an end to the constant incursions of the Crimean Khanate into the southern Russian lands and ensure the possibility of greater use and settlement of the fertile southern lands.

The first Azov campaign (1695)

During the military campaign, he combined the duties of the first bombardier and the actual leader of the entire campaign. The first Azov campaign took place in 1695, when it was decided to resume active fighting and strike at the Turkish fortress of Azov. For strategic reasons, the movement of Russian troops was planned in the regions of the Volga and Don, and not across the desert steppes. For the successful conduct of hostilities on the Don River, sea boats, transport ships and rafts were built for the redeployment of troops, ammunition, artillery and food to Azov.

1695, spring - Russian army three groups under the command of Lefort (13,000 people), Gordon (9,500 people), Golovin (7,000 people) with military equipment(43 guns, 44 squeaks, 114 mortars) went south. On the Dnieper, the army of the governor and the Cossacks I. Mazepa operated against the troops of the Crimean Tatars. They managed to win three fortresses from the Turks: on July 30 - Kyzy-Kermen; August 1 - Eski-Tavan; August 3 - Aslan-Kermen. At the end of June, the main forces of the Russian army laid siege to the fortress of Azov. Gordon's army took up positions opposite the southern side of Azov, Lefort to his left, Peter I and Golovin to the right.

On July 14 and 16, Russian troops were able to occupy two stone towers along the banks of the Don, above the Azov, with iron chains stretched between them, blocking river ships from entering the sea. This was, in fact, the biggest success of this trek. There was a 7,000-strong Turkish garrison in the fortress under the command of Bey Gassan-Araslan. On August 5, the infantry regiments of Lefort, with the support of 2,500 Cossacks, made the first attempt to storm the fortress, which ended unsuccessfully. The Russians lost 1,500 killed and wounded.

1696, September 25 - the second storming of the fortress went. Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments from 1000 Don Cossacks were able to capture part of the fortifications and burst into the city, but due to the inconsistency of the Russian troops, the Turks were able to regroup, the Cossacks had to retreat. On October 2, the siege was lifted. 3000 archers were left in the captured defensive towers.

Reasons for the defeat of the first campaign

Despite careful preparation, the first Azov campaign was unsuccessful. There was no unified command, lack of experience in sieging strong fortresses, lack of artillery. And most importantly, the besiegers did not have a fleet in order to block Azov from the sea and cut off the delivery of reinforcements, ammunition and food to the besieged.

Preparation for the second Azov campaign

1696 - throughout the winter, Russian troops were preparing for the second campaign. In January, Voronezh and Preobrazhenskoye launched a large-scale construction of ships. The galleys built in Preobrazhenskoye were dismantled, transported to Voronezh, where they were reassembled and lowered into the Don River. More than 25,000 peasants and townspeople were mobilized to build the fleet. Craftsmen from Austria were invited to build the ships. 2 large ships, 23 galleys and more than 1,300 plows, barges and small ships were built. The command of the troops was also reorganized: Lefort was put in command of the fleet, boyar Shein was put in command of the ground forces. A royal decree was issued, according to which the dependent peasants who joined the troops received freedom. As a result, the land force doubled, reaching 70,000 people. It also included the Zaporozhye, Don Cossacks, Kalmyk cavalry.

Second Azov campaign (1696)

On May 16, the Russian army again laid siege to Azov. On May 20, the Cossacks at the mouth of the Don attacked a caravan of Turkish cargo ships - they destroyed 2 galleys and 9 small ships, and captured one small ship. On May 27, the Russian fleet, having entered the Sea of ​​Azov, cut off the fortress from sources of supply by sea. The military flotilla of the Turks did not dare to join the battle. On June 10 and 24, the offensive of the Turkish garrison and 60,000 Tatars were repelled. July 17 - 1,500 Don and part of the Zaporozhye Cossacks entered the fortress and settled in two bastions. July 19 - after a prolonged shelling of the Azov garrison surrendered.

The value of the Azov campaigns

The Azov campaigns of Peter I had great importance, it was a serious strategic success for the Russians, because Azov ceased to serve as the northeastern stronghold of Turkey's imperial aspirations.

The military campaign has practically shown the importance of artillery and the navy for the conduct of hostilities; it was an example of successful interaction between the fleet and ground forces during the siege of the fortress of Azov; showed the organizational and strategic abilities of Peter I - the ability to draw conclusions from failures and focus on the strategy of a second strike; the need to build a strong fleet and provide the state with qualified specialists in the field of maritime shipbuilding became obvious. These campaigns gave a start to the most important undertakings of Peter I, which in many respects were able to determine the further nature of his reign.

However, the exit to the Black Sea was blocked by Kerch, which could only be captured as a result of a long and difficult war, in which allies were needed. Their search became one of the reasons for the "Grand Embassy" in Western Europe (1697-1698).

Princess Sophia Alekseevna waged a war with the Ottoman Empire in Crimea, but when she was overthrown from the Russian throne, the battles with the Tatars and Turks temporarily stopped. However, in 1695, Peter 1 decided to resume hostilities, and the tsar set the capture of Azov as his goal.
One of the main reasons for the Azov campaigns was the desire to expand the borders of Russia to the Black Sea and increase the military power of the state. Also, Tsar Peter thus wanted to stop the raids of the Crimean Tatars on the primordially Russian lands, during which several million inhabitants of the Black Sea region were driven into slavery.
The spring of 1695 came and the Russian army moved southward.
Towards the end of June, the fortress was already under siege. On July 2, a group commanded by Peter Gordon took up positions around Azov. In particular, two watchtowers were taken on both banks of the Don. You can call this event the peak of the first Azov campaign undertaken by Peter 1.
On July 30, 1695, a separate corps under the command of Boris Sheremetev, together with the Cossacks of Ivan Mazepa, took the fortresses Muberek-Kermen, Aslan-Kermen, Mustrik-Kermen and Kazi-Kermen on the Tavansky Island.
The second Azov campaign began on May 16 with a repeated siege of the fortress.
On July 17, the Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks captured two of its bastions, and literally three days later, with the help of artillery, Azov was taken together with the Lyutikh fortress, which was located at the mouth of the northern part of the Don.
Thanks to the Azov campaign, it became clear that the fleet and artillery are important components of military operations. It was the siege of the fortress that showed the success of the interaction of the army on land and ships at sea.
Also, during the preparation of the campaigns, the talents of Peter I as a military strategist and organizer were clearly manifested. He learned to learn from his tactical mistakes and avoid them in repeated strikes.
Although the fortress of Azov was taken, in order to gain a foothold in the Black Sea, Russia needed to possess Kerch, and better - the entire Crimean peninsula. In order not to surrender Azov, Peter was faced with the task of strengthening his fleet. New modern ships and specialists in their construction were needed.
In October 1696, by decision of the Boyar Duma, the country laid the foundation for a military navy... It was from this time that Russia embarked on a course for the development of new territories. Domestic shipbuilding was launched. To ensure funding for the implementation of this ambitious project, new duties have been introduced.
In November of the same year, Peter the Great sent the first noblemen to Europe, who began training there in ship and naval affairs.
The war with the Turks ended in 1700 after the signing of a peace treaty in Constantinople, which was the main result of the Azov campaigns of Peter 1.
The capture of Azov convinced the tsar of the need to further continue military reforms, as well as to involve Russia in European politics.
Peter did not manage to fully gain a foothold in the Black Sea region. He turned his attention to the annexation of the Baltic region and in 1711 Azov was surrendered again.

V late XVII century, one of the most important tasks facing the Russian state was the struggle for access to the sea - to the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea. Solving this problem would create favorable conditions for the development economic ties Russia with other countries by sea, and would also ensure the external security of the state, whose borders in the south were attacked by the Crimean Tatars and Turks, and in the north-west by the Swedes. At the beginning of his reign, Peter I decided to direct his forces primarily to resolve the Black Sea problem, since during this period there was a military alliance of Russia, Poland, Austria and Venice against Turkey.

To achieve this goal, Peter I chose two areas of hostilities: the mouth of the Don (main) and the lower reaches of the Dnieper (auxiliary). If successful, Peter acquired bases on the Azov and Black Seas, where it was possible to deploy the construction of the fleet. The Don connected the central regions of Russia with the Sea of ​​Azov and was a good communication, which when poor condition roads was of great importance. At the mouth of the Don was the Azov fortress. The Dnieper was also a convenient waterway connecting the southern regions of the country with the Black Sea. On the Dnieper, the Turks had fortresses: Ochakov, Kazikerman and Aslan-Ordek.

On January 20, 1695, a royal decree was announced in Moscow on the formation of Sheremetev's army in Belgorod and Sevsk for a campaign in the lower reaches of the Dnieper. Not a word was deliberately mentioned in the decree about Azov in order to take the enemy by surprise and distract the Crimean Tatars from helping Azov. In early spring, the formation of Sheremetev's army was completed, and in the composition of 120 thousand people it moved to the lower reaches of the Dnieper.

Meanwhile, the Azov army completed its organization. It numbered about 30 thousand people, it included the best regiments: Preobrazhensky, Semenovsky, Lefortovsky, Butyrsky, etc. Peter I did not appoint the General Commander-in-Chief, but divided the Azov army into three detachments, headed by Generals Gordon, Golovin and Lefort. To resolve issues related to the actions of the entire army, it was supposed to convene a council of war consisting of Gordon, Golovin and Lefort. The decrees of the council could be carried out only after their approval by Peter.

At the end of April, Gordon's vanguard (9.5 thousand), concentrating in Tambov, began the Azov campaign. He moved in the steppe to Cherkassk, united there with the Don Cossacks and then continued on his way to the south.

2 Siege of Azov 1695

Azov, located on the left bank of the main Don branch, 15 versts from its mouth, was a fairly strong fortress at that time in the form of a quadrangle with bastions. An earthen rampart towered in front of the stone walls. Then there was a moat with a wooden palisade. Upstream of the river, there were two stone towers on different banks, between which three iron chains were stretched. They blocked the way along the river. The fortress was defended by a 7,000-strong Turkish garrison.

At the end of June, Gordon approached Azov and settled in a fortified camp on the left bank of the Don in view of the fortress. To facilitate the landing of the main forces, 15 versts above Azov, at the mouth of the Kaisugi River, he built the Mytishevaya pier, provided with a fortification with a special garrison. Meanwhile, the main forces (20 thousand), planted in Moscow on ships, moved on the Azov voyage by river route along Moscow, Oka and Volga to Tsaritsyn, then along land to Panshin, and then again by river route along the Don to Azov, where they concentrated July 5, located south of the fortress to the Kagalnik river. The siege park and ammunition were temporarily left at the Mytisheva pier, from where they were brought to the army as needed.

The siege of Azov was launched by Gordon's vanguard on July 3, and on July 9, a heavy bombardment was carried out, the consequence of which was serious destruction in the fortress. On one of the batteries, the bombardier Pyotr Alekseev himself stuffed grenades and fired at the city for 2 weeks. This is how it began military service tsar, about which he reported with a note: "I conceived to serve as a bombardier from the first Azov campaign."

The siege moved on slowly. The lack of a sufficiently strong fleet made it impossible for the Russians to establish complete blockade fortresses, thanks to which the Azov garrison received both reinforcements and supplies by sea. The Turks, supported by the Tatar cavalry operating outside the fortress, made frequent sorties.

On the night of July 20, the forces of Peter I moved partly to the right bank of the main Don branch, built a fortification there and armed it with artillery, thus gaining the opportunity to shell Azov from the northern side. By the end of July, siege work was brought up to 20-30 fathoms to the rampart, and on August 5, the assault on Azov was carried out, but unsuccessfully. After that, the siege work continued for another month and a half. On September 25, it was decided to repeat the assault. A mine explosion produced a small landslide in the Azov wall, which was climbed by a part of the assault, and after a while the Guards regiments and Don Cossacks managed to seize the river wall and break into the city from the other side.

Despite these partial successes, it was not possible to take Azov: the Turks, taking advantage of the different timing of the assaults and the inaction of Golovin's division, consistently concentrated superior forces on the threatened sectors and eventually forced the Russians to a general retreat. Peter decided to end the siege. On September 28, the disarmament of the batteries began, and on October 2, 1695, the last regiments left the vicinity of Azov and moved through Cherkassk and Valuiki to Moscow.

Sheremetev's actions on the Dnieper were more successful: he captured the fortresses of Kizikerman and Tagan and ravaged the fortresses abandoned by the Turks Orslan-Ordek and Shagin-Kerman; but the failure at the main theater of the First Azov campaign forced the tsar to pull the army of Sheremetev to the borders as well.

3 Preparing for the second trip

Having failed in the first campaign against Azov, Peter I did not refuse to acquire access to the Sea of ​​Azov. From the experience of the previous campaign, he was convinced that the seaside fortress, provided with the supply of supplies and food from the sea, could not be taken by ground troops alone. To capture Azov, a fleet was needed that could block the fortress and thus deprive the besieged garrison of outside help.

With the creation of the fleet, Peter did not hesitate. On November 27, 1695, a royal decree was announced about a new campaign against the Turks and Tatars, and then in the village of Preobrazhenskoye, near Moscow, a hasty construction of fire ships and galleys began. At the same time, two 36-gun ships were laid down in Voronezh - "Apostle Peter" and "Apostle Paul". In addition, in Kozlov, Dobry, Sokolsk and Voronezh, they began to build plows, sea boats and rafts intended to transport the army and its convoy.

By the end of February 1696, parts for galleys and fire ships were made in the village of Preobrazhenskoye. In mid-March, these parts were delivered to Voronezh, where they were collected, and in April the ships were launched. The newly built fleet consisted of two ships, four fire-ships, twenty-three galleys, 1300 plows, 300 sea boats and 100 rafts. The ship commanders and sailors were recruited from the officers and soldiers of the Semyonovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments of 4225 people.

Simultaneously with the construction of the fleet, Peter actively trained the ground forces. The army, intended for the campaign against Azov, was formed by the spring of 1696, consisting of 75,000 people, divided into three divisions (Gordon, Golovin, Regeman). The army was led by a single commander, Generalissimo A.S. Shein. In parallel, the second army was being prepared under the command of Sheremetev, which was again entrusted with the task of demonstrating in the lower reaches of the Dnieper.

In the early spring of 1696, the army and navy were completely ready for the Second Azov campaign. Peter I appointed Voronezh as a gathering point for the Azov army, from where most of the troops were supposed to be sent to Azov by dry route, and a smaller part, artillery and heavy loads, would be transported by river. The infantry, which departed from Moscow on March 8, concentrated in Voronezh by the end of the month and began to load the ships, which ended on April 22. The next day, the head units of the army were already advanced to Azov.

4 Siege of Azov in 1696

On May 19, the vanguard of Gordon (3.5 thousand people, on 9 galleys and 40 Cossack boats) landed at Novosergievsk (3 versts above Azov), and the head echelon of ships established observation of the Turkish fleet standing in the roadstead. After small clashes at the mouth of the Don, the Turks decided at the end of May to send reinforcements to Azov, but as soon as the Russian flotilla began to withdraw from anchors to attack the enemy, the ships with the landing party returned. Following this, the covering squadron of the Turks, having set their sails, went out to sea and no longer did anything to rescue Azov. The garrison of the fortress, apparently, did not expect a second siege. The Turks did not take any measures to strengthen the fortresses and did not even fill up last year's trenches. As a result, the Russian troops that approached between May 28 and June 3, after making minor corrections in the fortifications of their camps, immediately occupied the completely preserved approaches of last year and began to deploy artillery.

The second siege of Azov was carried out much more successfully than the first. Only the Tatars, concentrated in significant forces beyond the river. Kagalnik, from time to time they disturbed the besiegers with their attacks, but the Azov garrison, cut off from outside world, defended himself much more passively than in the previous year. The direct management of the siege work came from Shein, and Peter I lived at sea on the Principium gallery and only sometimes went ashore to get acquainted with the course of the siege and give general guidelines regarding further actions.

On June 16, in the evening, the bombardment of the fortress began, carried out simultaneously both from the left bank and from the right, where the fortification built during the last siege was again occupied by the Russians. But the shooting, which continued for two weeks, did not give noticeable results: both the ramparts and the fortress walls of Azov remained intact.

Then it was decided to build a rampart higher than that of the fortress, gradually move it to the fortress and, after filling the moat, make an assault. To carry out this gigantic work, up to 15 thousand people were appointed daily: two ramparts were built simultaneously, one after the other, and the rear one was intended for installing artillery. In early July, the long-awaited Caesar (Austrian) engineers, miners and artillerymen arrived in the army of Peter I near Azov. The arrival of the latter was especially useful: under their leadership, the shooting went much more successfully, it was possible to shoot down the palisade in the corner bastion.

On July 17, the Cossacks, in agreement with the Don Cossacks (only 2 thousand Cossacks), made a surprise attack on the fortress and, having captured part of the earthen rampart, forced the Turks to retreat behind the stone fence. This success of the Cossacks finally decided the outcome of the Second Azov campaign. After several unsuccessful counterattacks, repulsed with the help of reinforcements that came to the aid of the Cossacks, the Turks began negotiations on surrender, and on July 19 Russian troops entered Azov.

Despite the success, at the end of the campaign, the incompleteness of the achieved results became obvious: without the capture of Crimea, or at least Kerch, access to the Black Sea was still impossible.

The Russian fleet originated in the White Sea. The king was pleased, but not for long. He soon saw that the sea he had chosen was inconvenient for trading. For three quarters of a year, it has been under the ice; it lies in a remote land where only timber and flax can be traded. AND Peter began to carefully examine the map of Russia and study the direction of the rivers. The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea, a sea closed on all sides. On the Volga one can only trade with the Persians; the Russians have been trading with them for so long, but they have not learned much. The Don flows into the Sea of ​​Azov, and from the Sea of ​​Azov you can go to the Black Sea and further to the Mediterranean. There, according to foreigners, lie richest countries from where enlightenment goes to all of Europe. But the exit to the Sea of ​​Azov is in the power of the Turks, there is a strong fortress Azov... Crimea is in the power of the Crimean Khan, subordinate to the Turkish sultan. Peter's sister, Princess Sophia, twice tried to conquer the Crimea, but both times the Russian army failed. To seize the Crimea and the Sea of ​​Azov, first of all, it was necessary to take Azov away from the Turks. And Tsar Peter began to question knowledgeable people about Azov. And then he heard that Azov had been in the hands of the brave Don Cossacks more than once, that even now Don Cossacks they know how to deceive the vigilance of the Turkish sentries and by bold villages sail on boats along the Black Sea. Peter decided to go to the Don Cossacks, inspect the Sea of ​​Azov with them and settle down there firmly, from there to start trade with foreign lands. March 16, 1695 Don Ataman Frol Minaev received a secret letter from the tsar. The tsar informed him that the tsarist army would gather in Tambov under the command of the hired German general Gordon and go to the Khoper River, and from Khopra to the Don, to Cherkassk. The tsar ordered the Don army to secretly prepare for the conquest of Azov. The tsar reminded the ataman Frol Minaev that his decree would remain a secret and that no one except the ataman and the army elders knew anything about him, and that the army would gather quietly and that the arrival of Russian regiments to the Don in Azov "would not be known before time." At the same time, the old Moscow troops, a huge cavalry army, under the command of the boyar Sheremetyev, went to the Dnieper to fight against the Turks together with the Little Russian Cossacks. New regiments, trained by Peter according to German regulations, went to the Don: Preobrazhensky, Semenovsky, Butyrsky and Lefortov, Moscow archers, city soldiers and royal servants went. In total there were 31 thousand people. The troops were commanded by the commanders, already named in a foreign way generals: Golovin, Lefort and Gordon. The army included the tsar himself, who assumed the rank of commander of an artillery company and called himself "bombardier Peter Alekseev". This army marched first on ships along the Volga to Tsaritsyn. From the Tsarina we went by dry road to the town of Panshin on the Don. During this journey, the young soldiers of Tsar Peter were very tired. They, tired of long rowing on ships on the Volga, had to drag heavy cannons all this way. There were not enough supplies in Panshin. The young Tsarist army had to starve. From Panshin along the Don they went on Cossack plows. The first time the Moscow Tsar appeared on the Don. For the first time he saw the expanse of the Don region and the steep right bank, covered with wooded gullies. Everything interested the young king. He talked for a long time with the Cossack rowers, listened to their songs, admired their ability to shoot. During an overnight stay in the Verkhne-Kurmoyarskaya stanitsa, the tsar stopped at a Cossack woman Chebachikhi... But he did not sit in the stuffy hut. He went to the banks of the Don and admired the free steppe. Noticing a duck on the other side, the tsar ordered one of the young Moscow people accompanying him to shoot it. He shot and missed. The Tsar asked: "Is there a Cossack who could do this." The young Cossack Pyadukh volunteered. He took his pishchal and, without aiming, killed the duck at the head. - Execute, Cossack, - the emperor told him. - Although I will kill, but I will only kiss! On June 26, 1695, Tsar Peter arrived at Cherkassk... Here the troops rested for three days. On June 29, the Russian army, supported by 7,000 Cossacks ataman Frol Minaev, approached Azov. But, no matter how secretly the tsarist army gathered under Azov, the Turks learned about it. On June 6, they received reinforcements and a large supply. The tsarist army could not approach Azov without ships. The Turks set up towers on both banks of the Don - watchtowers, solidly built and supplied with artillery. Between the watchtowers, piles were driven along the Don and chains were stretched. Without taking the watchtowers, it was impossible to approach Azov. They called the call to the hunters from the Don Cossacks and promised 10 rubles to each hunter. The Donets, together with one of the guards regiments, surrounded one of the towers; artillery with its cannonballs carried off the top of it and part of the wall. At dawn on June 14, two hundred Cossacks, who had volunteered to hunt for an attack, jumped into the watchtower located on the left bank of the river. The next day, the Turks made a sortie, attacked the infantry division of General Gordon, located in the middle of the Russian position, during the midday rest they captured 7 guns from the Russians, blocked most of the rest and killed, and transferred about a thousand sleepy young Russian soldiers. But the next day the Cossacks avenged the Russians and occupied the second tower. Russian troops began to encircle the fortress more closely. After a hot affair, Peter made a strong trench, or, as they called it then, a trench on the right bank of the Don and armed him with cannons and mortars. Siege of Azov in 1796. Engraving by A. Shkhonebek. By August, our siege ramparts approached the most Azov walls, and the storming of the fortress was scheduled for August 5th. But the Turks repulsed this assault, and our troops lost one and a half thousand people. It was not necessary to blow up the fortress walls with gunpowder, as the Cossacks did in 1637. Only by September 25, Gordon managed to detonate a mine and destroy the city walls for 20 fathoms. The troops broke into the city, but the Russian regiments, not used to fighting on the streets with the Turks advancing with extraordinary ardor, were pushed back, and Gordon ordered to retreat. Just at this time, the ataman Frol Minaev with 1000 donts on skiffs, and behind him guards regiments planted on boats: Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky, under the command of Apraksin, approached Azov from the sea, captured the fortifications and also broke into the city; but they were not supported, and they were forced to retreat ... Here the Don Cossacks were the teachers of maritime affairs for the young amusing regiments of Peter. These repulsed assaults, the approaching autumn with winds and bad weather forced Peter to postpone the capture of Azov. On September 28, the siege was lifted, the tsarist army withdrew first to Cherkassk, and then left for the winter to Valuyki. Hundreds of the Don dispersed to the villages. In the Azov watchtowers taken by the Cossacks, 3,000 soldiers were left. Stories about the young tsar spread throughout the Don. He made a strong impression on the Cossacks. The tsar was of immense height, without two fathoms, broad in the shoulders, with a round open face and large, clear, bold eyes. He wore German clothes, spoke imperiously and at the same time affably. "Eagle, real eagle!" - the Cossacks said in delight and were ready to give everything for their sovereign. (From the book "Pictures of the Past Quiet Don", St. Petersburg, 1909).

Description of the presentation for individual slides:

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Azov campaigns and the struggle for access to the southern seas The presentation was developed by: history teacher MKOU secondary school No. 6 Mirninsky district of Sakha (Yakutia) Maksimova M.I. 2016

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Plan: 1) Introduction 2) The Azov campaigns of 1695-1696. The first Azov campaign in 1695; Second Azov campaign in 1696; The value of the Azov campaigns; 3) Russo-Turkish war (1710-1713) Left bank of Ukraine Right bank of Ukraine Kuban Campaign to Crimea Prut campaign(1711) 4) Persian campaign (1722-1723) Campaign of 1722; Campaign of 1723; Bottom line. 5) Results foreign policy... 6) Bibliography

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The Azov campaigns of 1695 and 1696 - the military campaigns of Russia against the Ottoman Empire; were undertaken by Peter I at the beginning of his reign and ended with the capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov. They can be considered the first significant accomplishment of the young king. These military campaigns were the first step towards solving one of the main tasks facing Russia at that time - gaining access to the sea. Introduction

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The choice of the southern direction as the first target is due to several main reasons: the war with the Ottoman Empire seemed an easier task than the conflict with Sweden, which closes the access to the Baltic Sea. the capture of Azov would make it possible to secure the southern regions of the country from the raids of the Crimean Tatars. Russia's allies in the anti-Turkish coalition (Rzeczpospolita, Austria and Venice) demanded that Peter I begin military operations against Turkey.

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The first Azov campaign in 1695 It was decided to strike not at Crimean Tatars, as in the campaigns of Golitsyn, and on the Turkish fortress of Azov. The route of travel has also been changed: not through the desert steppes, but along the regions of the Volga and Don. In the winter and spring of 1695, transport ships were built on the Don: plows, sea boats and rafts to deliver troops, ammunition, artillery and food for redeployment to Azov. This can be considered the beginning, albeit imperfect for solving military tasks at sea, but - the first Russian fleet

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In the spring of 1695, the army in 3 groups under the command of Golovin, Gordon and Lefort moved south. During the campaign, Peter combined the duties of the first bombardier and the actual leader of the entire campaign. Sheremetyev's group and Mazepa's Cossacks acted from the side of Ukraine.

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On the Dnieper, the Russian army conquered three fortresses from the Turks (July 30 - Kyzy-Kermen, August 1 - Eski-Tavan, August 3 - Aslan-Kermen), and at the end of June the main forces besieged Azov (a fortress at the mouth of the Don). Gordon stood against the southern side, Lefort to the left of him, Golovin, with whose detachment the Tsar was also - to the right. On July 2, troops under the command of Gordon began siege work.

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On July 5, they were joined by the corps of Golovin and Lefort. On July 14 and 16, the Russians managed to occupy the watchtowers - two stone towers on both banks of the Don, above the Azov, with iron chains stretched between them, which blocked the way out to sea for river vessels. This was in fact the highest success of the campaign. Two assault attempts were made (August 5 and September 25), but the fortress was not taken. The siege was lifted on 20 October

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Second Azov campaign in 1696 Throughout the winter of 1696, the Russian army was preparing for a second campaign. In January, at the shipyards of Voronezh and in Preobrazhenskoye, a large-scale construction of ships was launched. The galleys built in Preobrazhenskoye were dismantled, transported to Voronezh, where they were reassembled and launched on the Don. Over 25 thousand peasants and townspeople were mobilized from the immediate vicinity for the construction of the fleet. Craftsmen from Austria were invited to build the ships. 2 large ships, 23 galleys and more than 1,300 plows, barges and small ships were built.

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The command of the troops was also reorganized. Lefort was put at the head of the fleet, the ground forces were entrusted to the boyar Shein.

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An imperial decree was issued, according to which the slaves who joined the army received freedom. The land army doubled, reaching 70,000 men. It also included Ukrainian and Don Cossacks and Kalmyk cavalry. On May 16, Russian troops again laid siege to Azov.

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On May 20, Cossacks in galleys at the mouth of the Don attacked a caravan of Turkish cargo ships. As a result, 2 galleys and 9 small ships were destroyed, and one small ship was captured. On May 27, the fleet entered the Sea of ​​Azov and cut off the fortress from sources of supply by sea. The approaching Turkish military flotilla did not dare to join the battle. On June 10 and June 24, sorties of the Turkish garrison were repulsed, reinforced by 60,000 Tatars camped south of Azov, across the Kagalnik River. On July 16, the preparatory siege work was completed. On July 17, 1,500 Don and part of the Ukrainian Cossacks rushed into the fortress without permission and settled in two bastions. On July 19, after prolonged artillery shelling, the Azov garrison surrendered.

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In honor of the capture of this fortress, a medal was struck with the image of Peter the Great. The inscription on it read "With lightning and water the winner."

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On July 20, the Lyutikh fortress, located at the mouth of the northernmost branch of the Don, also surrendered. By July 23, Peter approved a plan for new fortifications in the fortress, which by this time had been severely damaged as a result of artillery shelling. Azov did not have a convenient harbor for the basing of the navy. For this purpose, on July 27, 1696, a more successful place was chosen on Tagan'em Musu, where Taganrog was founded two years later. Voivode Shein became the first Russian generalissimo for his services in the second Azov campaign.

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The importance of the Azov campaigns The Azov campaign in practice demonstrated the importance of artillery and the fleet for the conduct of war. It is a notable example of the successful interaction of the fleet and ground forces during the siege of a seaside fortress, which stands out especially against the background of the similar failures of the British during the storming of Quebec (1691) and Saint-Pierre (1693).

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The preparation of the campaigns clearly demonstrated Peter's organizational and strategic abilities. For the first time, such important qualities as his ability to draw conclusions from failures and to gather strength for a second strike were manifested. Despite the success, at the end of the campaign, the incompleteness of the achieved results became obvious: without the capture of Crimea, or at least Kerch, an exit to the Black Sea was still impossible. To keep Azov, it was necessary to strengthen the fleet.

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On October 20, 1696, the Boyar Duma proclaims “ Marine vessels to be ... "This date can be considered the birthday of the Russian regular navy. An extensive shipbuilding program is approved - 52 (later 77) ships; new duties are being introduced to finance it. On November 22, a decree was announced on the sending of nobles to study abroad. The war with Turkey is not over yet, and therefore, in order to better understand the alignment of forces, find allies in the war against Turkey and confirm the already existing alliance - the Holy League, and finally, to strengthen the position of Russia, the "Great Embassy" was organized. The war with Turkey was ended by the Treaty of Constantinople (1700).

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The Russo-Turkish War (1710-1713) The Russo-Turkish War of 1710-1713 is a war between the Russian Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire. The main event was the unsuccessful Prut campaign of Tsar Peter I in 1711, which led Russia to defeat in the war.

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Left bank of Ukraine In January 1711, the Crimean army (80-90 thousand people) left the Crimea. On the left bank of the Dnieper, the khan led up to 40 thousand soldiers, on the right bank of the Dnieper, Mehmed Girey went to Kiev with 40 thousand Crimeans, accompanied by 7-8 thousand Cossacks (supporters of Orlik and the Cossacks), 3-5 thousand Poles Pototsky and a small Swedish detachment of Colonel Tsulich (700 soldier). The left bank of the Ukraine On the left bank, Khan Devlet II Girey counted on the help of the Nogais from the Kuban. The Russian troops opposing the Crimeans on the Left Bank consisted of 11 thousand soldiers of Major General FF Shidlovsky in the Kharkov region, the Apraksin corps near Voronezh and 5 thousand Don Cossacks. Faced with the Belgorod and Izyum fortified defensive lines, the Crimeans turned to the Crimea in mid-March, leaving the 1,500-strong garrison under the general command of the Zaporozhye Colonel Nestuley in the Novosergievskaya fortress, which they captured without a fight. In April, the Novosergievskaya fortress was liberated by Shidlovsky's detachment.

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Right Bank of Ukraine At first, the combined forces of the Crimeans, Orlik, Cossacks and Poles were successful on the right bank of the Dnieper, poorly covered by Russian troops. The allies captured a number of fortresses and defeated at Lisyanka the detachment of Esaul Butovich, sent by Hetman Skoropadsky. However, then serious disagreements began between the Ukrainians, Poles and Crimeans. The Cossacks called for the struggle for the independence of Ukraine, Pototsky's Poles wanted Ukraine to join the Commonwealth, the Crimean army was interested in robbing and stealing prisoners. March 25 (old style) 30 thousand Crimeans and Cossacks approached the White Church. Their first assault was repulsed by the Russian garrison (about 1000 people), the next day the garrison made sorties, in which the Crimeans suffered heavy losses and preferred to retreat to Fastov. After this defeat, the Crimean detachments began to plunder and seize civilians. The commander-in-chief of the Russian forces in Ukraine, Golitsyn, gathered 9 dragoon and 2 infantry regiments to repel the raid, which forced Orlik and Mehmed Giray to retreat to Bender, the Ottoman possessions at the end of April. On April 15 (26), 1711, near Boguslav Golitsyn overtook a part of the Crimeans and recaptured over 7 thousand captured prisoners.

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Kuban Back in January 1711, it was decided to send an expedition to the Kuban under the command of the Kazan governor P. M. Apraksin. In May, 3 infantry and 3 dragoon regiments (6,300 men) left Kazan, in Tsaritsyn they were joined by irregular troops and Yaik Cossacks. Later, 20 thousand Kalmyks of Taishi Ayuki approached. In August, Apraksin left Azov and headed for the Kuban. In the victorious report, it was reported that more than 11 thousand Nogai were beaten, and 21 thousand were taken prisoner. In September, the Russians and Kalmyks defeated the army of Bakht Giray of 7 thousand Tatars and 4 thousand Nekrasov Cossacks. The Russian was recaptured, full of 2 thousand people. The news of the conclusion of the Prut peace forced Apraksin to return to Azov.

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Campaign to Crimea After repelling the Crimean attack on Ukraine, the Russian troops under the command of Buturlin went on the offensive. On May 30, 1711, 7 infantry and 1 dragoon regiments (7178 people), as well as 20 thousand Skoropadsky's Cossacks set out on a campaign against the Crimea. The movement of the troops was extremely hampered by a cumbersome wagon train carrying supplies needed in the arid steppes. Initially, it was planned to send light Cossack detachments to the Crimea through the Sivash, but, as it turned out, this could not be done due to the lack of light ships. Famine began in the troops, they ate only horse meat. Devlet II withdrew part of the cavalry from the Crimea and began large-scale partisan operations in the rear of the Russian troops: both in the troops trying to blockade Perekop and in the rear of the main army moving with Peter I to the Danube. The famine and actions of the Crimeans forced Buturlin and Skoropadsky to retreat from Crimea at the end of July.

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Prut campaign (1711) In April 1711, Russia entered into an alliance with the Moldavian ruler Dmitry Cantemir, on May 27-30 Boris Sheremetev ferried his cavalry across the Dniester to Moldavian territory and moved to Isakchu to capture the Danube crossings, but, having received information about the approach to the Danube large Ottoman forces, turned to Iasi, where on June 25 the main forces of the Russian army approached under the command of Peter I. The Ottoman army of the great vizier Bataldzhi Pasha (about 120 thousand people, over 440 guns) crossed the Danube at Isakchi on June 18 and united on the left bank of the Prut with 70 thousandth cavalry of the Crimean Khan Devlet II Girey. Peter I, having sent a 7-thousandth cavalry detachment of General Karl Renne to Brailov, on June 30 with the main forces (38 thousand Russians, 114 guns) moved along the right bank of the Prut and on July 7 reached Stanileshti.

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The Ottomans crossed the Prut at Falchi and on 8 July attacked the Russian vanguard south of Stanilesti. Russian troops retreated to the fortified camp at Novaya Stanileshti, which on July 9 was surrounded by the enemy. The assault was repulsed, the Turks lost 8 thousand, but the position of the Russian troops became critical due to the lack of ammunition and food. Negotiations were started and on July 12, 1711 the Prut Peace Treaty was concluded. Russian troops (as well as part of the Moldovans with Cantemir) received a free exit from Moldova, but Russia returned the Azov to the Ottoman Empire and eliminated the fortresses on the Sea of ​​Azov. The state of war continued until 1713, as the Sultan put forward new demands to which Russia did not agree. The Adrianople Peace Treaty (1713) was concluded on the terms of the Prut Peace Treaty of 1711.

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Persian campaign (1722-1723) Persian campaign of 1722-1723 (Russian-Persian war of 1722-1723) - campaign of the Russian army and navy to Northern Azerbaijan and Dagestan, which belonged to Persia.

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Date: June 18, 1722 - September 12, 1723 Place: the coast of the Caspian Sea Reason: to seize territories, persuade the Persian khans to friendship with Russia, explore gold deposits, find trade routes to India Outcome: Russia's victory Territorial changes: the cities of Derbent, Baku, Rasht and the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad went to Russia

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Campaign of 1722 On July 18, the entire flotilla of 274 ships went to sea under the command of Admiral-General Count Apraksin. At the head of the vanguard was Peter I. On July 20, the fleet entered the Caspian Sea and followed the western coast for a week. On July 27, the infantry landed at the Agrakhan Cape, 4 versts below the mouth of the Koisu River. A few days later, the cavalry arrived and joined up with the main forces. On August 5, the Russian army continued its movement towards Derbent. On August 6, on the Sulak River, the Kabardian princes Murza Cherkassky and Aslan-Bek joined the army with their detachments. On August 8 she crossed the Sulak River. On August 15, the troops approached Tarki, the seat of Shamkhal. On August 19, an attack by the 10-thousandth detachment of the Otemish Sultan Magmud and the 6-thousandth detachment of the Haitak Akhmet Khan was repulsed.

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Peter's ally was the Kumyk shamkhal Adil-Girey. On August 23, Russian troops entered Derbent. Derbent was strategically important city, as it covered the coastal route along the Caspian Sea. On August 28, all the Russian forces, including the flotilla, pulled together to the city. Further progress to the south was halted by a strong storm, which sank all ships with food. Peter I decided to leave the garrison in the city and returned with the main forces to Astrakhan, where he began preparations for the campaign of 1723 .. In September Vakhtang VI entered Karabakh with an army, where he fought against the insurgent Lezghins. After the capture of Ganja, the Georgians were joined by Armenian troops led by the Gandzasar Catholicos Isaia. Near Ganja, waiting for Peter, the Georgian-Armenian army stood for two months, however, having learned about the withdrawal of the Russian army from the Caucasus, Vakhtang and Isaiah returned with troops to their possessions. In November, an assault force of five companies was landed in the Persian province of Gilan under the command of Colonel Shipov to occupy the city of Ryashch. Later, in March of the following year, the Ryashch vizier organized an uprising and, with 15 thousand people, tried to dislodge the Shipov detachment that occupied Ryashch. All attacks of the Persians were repelled.

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Campaign of 1723 During the second Persian campaign, a much smaller detachment under the command of Matyushkin was sent to Persia, and Peter I only led the actions of Matyushkin from Russian Empire... The campaign was attended by 15 heckbots, field and siege artillery and infantry. On June 20, the detachment moved south, followed by a fleet of heckbots from Kazan. On July 6, ground forces approached Baku. On the offer of Matyushkin to voluntarily surrender the city, its inhabitants refused. On July 21, with 4 battalions and two field guns, the Russians repulsed the sally of the besieged. Meanwhile, 7 heckbots anchored next to the city wall and began to fire heavy fire on it, thereby destroying the fortress artillery and partially destroying the wall. On July 25, an assault was scheduled from the sea through the gaps formed in the wall, but a strong wind rose, which drove the Russian ships away. The residents of Baku managed to take advantage of this, having repaired all the gaps in the wall, but still, on July 26, the city surrendered without a fight. Matyushkin F.F.

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Outcome The successes of the Russian troops during the campaign and the invasion Ottoman army in Transcaucasia forced Persia to conclude a peace treaty on September 12, 1723 in St. Petersburg, according to which Derbent, Baku, Rasht, the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad were ceded to Russia. Peter I had to abandon penetration into the central regions of Transcaucasia, since in the summer of 1723 the Ottomans invaded there, devastating Georgia, Armenia and western part modern Azerbaijan. In 1724, the Treaty of Constantinople was concluded with the Porte, according to which the Sultan recognized the acquisitions of Russia in the Caspian region, and Russia - the rights of the Sultan to the Western Transcaucasia.

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Bibliography Literature: -Vasilenko N.P., - Turkish wars of Russia // encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional) - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907. - O.Bartenev et al., -History of Russia // Encyclopedia - Tver, ed. AST, 1999 -Soloviev S.M. Chapter 2 // History of Russia since ancient times T. XVI. - article "The Persian campaign of 1722-1723", Volkov V. - http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vneshnyaya_politika_Petra_I Filmography: -TV Center, star media "Russia's exit to the Caspian Sea"