Russian language as a national phenomenon. History of the origin of the Russian language

Its sound, expressive means and artistic possibilities were praised by many famous people... It was spoken by Pushkin, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky ... and more than 260 million people continue to speak it. It arose not so long ago as the rest of its "brothers", but it already has a rich history. We are talking, of course, about the Russian language, the history of the emergence and development of which we will tell today.

Origin: versions of several scientists

According to a legend in India, seven white teachers can be considered the "fathers" of the Russian language. In ancient times, they came from the cold North (the Himalayan region) and presented people with Sanskrit, an ancient literary language that became widespread in India from the 1st century. BC - thereby laying the foundation for Brahmanism, from which Buddhism was later born. Many believe that this North at that time was one of the regions of Russia, so modern Hindus often go there as pilgrims. .

However, what does Sanskrit have to do with the Russian language?

According to the theory of ethnographer Natalia Guseva, who wrote more than 150 scientific papers on the history and religion of India, many words of Sanskrit completely coincide with Russian. But why did she even come to this conclusion? Once on a tourist trip along the northern rivers of Russia, Guseva was accompanied by a respected scientist from India. Communicating with the inhabitants of local villages, the Hindu suddenly burst into tears and refused the services of an interpreter. Seeing puzzled looks, he replied that he was very happy to hear his native Sanskrit. Natalia Guseva was very interested in this case, so she decided to devote her whole life to the study of the Russian language and Sanskrit.

By the way, the famous philologist Alexander Dragunkin fully supports his colleague and claims that the great language of the Russian people really comes from the simpler Sanskrit, which has fewer derivational forms, and its writing is nothing more than the Slavic runes slightly modified by the Hindus.

Sanskrit text.
Source: Wikimedia.org

According to another version, which is approved and accepted by the majority of philologists, people about 2.6 million years ago (the time of the appearance of the first man) were simply forced to learn to communicate with each other in the course of collective work. However, in those days the population was extremely small, so individuals spoke the same language. Thousands of years later, there was a migration of peoples: the DNA got mixed up and changed, and the tribes isolated from each other, and so many different languages, which differed from each other in form and word formation. Later, there was a need for a science describing new achievements and things invented by man.

As a result of this evolution, the so-called matrices - linguistic pictures of the world - appeared in human heads. These matrices were studied by the linguist Georgy Gachev, at one time he studied more than 30 of them. According to his theory, the Germans were very attached to their home, and so the image of a typical German-speaking person was formed - organized and thrifty. And the mentality of a Russian-speaking person originated from the image of the road and the way, tk. in ancient times, the Russian-speaking people traveled a lot.

The birth and formation of the Russian language

We will bring a little specifics into our article and talk in more detail about the birth and formation of our native and great Russian language. To do this, let's return to India of the 3rd millennium BC. Then among Indo-European languages the Proto-Slavic dialect stood out, which after a thousand years became the Proto-Slavic language. In the VI-VII centuries. already n. NS. it was divided into several groups: eastern, western and southern (Russian is usually referred to as eastern). In the IX century. (moment of formation Kievan Rus) the Old Russian language has reached its maximum development. At the same time, two brothers, Cyril and Methodius, based on Greek writing, invented the first Slavic alphabet and the alphabet.

However, the creators Slavic writing did not limit themselves to the alphabet: they translated and wrote down the Gospel sermons, parables, liturgical texts and apostolic epistles; they also spent about three and a half years educating the Slavs in Moravia (the historical region of the Czech Republic).

Thanks to the work and knowledge of the brothers-educators, Slavic language began to develop rapidly. By that time, in terms of popularity, he could already compare with Greek and Latin, which, by the way, also belong to the Indo-European language family.

Separation of language and normalization of writing

Then came the era of feudalism, and the Polish-Lithuanian conquests in the XIII-XIV centuries. divided the language into three groups: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, as well as some intermediate dialects. By the way, until the 16th century. Russian was under the great influence of two others - Belarusian and Ukrainian and was called "simple mova".

In the XVI century. Muscovite Russia decided to normalize the writing of the Russian language, then it was then that the prevalence of creative connection in sentences and the frequent use of conjunctions "yes", "and", "a". Also, the declension of nouns became similar to the modern one, and the basis of the literary language became the features characteristic of modern Moscow speech: "akane", the consonant "g", the endings "ovo" and "evo".

Russian language in the 18th century

The Peter's era greatly influenced Russian speech. It was at this time that our language was freed from the tutelage of the church, and in 1708 the alphabet was reformed and made it similar to the European one.

"Geometry Slavski Zemmeriye" is the first secular edition, printed after the reform of the Russian alphabet in 1708.

Language is the most important means of human communication, cognition and creative assimilation of the surrounding reality.

The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people. The Russian national language developed in the 16th-17th centuries. in connection with the formation of the Moscow state. It was based on the Moscow and adjacent local dialects. Further development Russian national language is associated with its normalization and formation in the XVIII-XIX centuries. literary language. Literary language combined the features of northern and southern dialects: in the phonetic system, consonants corresponded to consonants of northern dialects, and vowels are closer to pronunciation in southern dialects; vocabulary has more overlaps with northern dialects (for example, rooster, but not wolf, but not biryuk).

Old Slavonic had a significant influence on the formation of the Russian national language. His influence on the Russian language was undoubtedly beneficial: this is how borrowings entered the Russian literary language temper, drag out, ignorant, head, etc., Russian participles with suffixes -ach (-ball) were supplanted by Old Church Slavonic participles with suffixes -asch (-yasch) (burning instead of hot).

In the course of its formation and development, the Russian national language borrowed and continues to borrow elements from other, unrelated languages, such as French, German, English, etc.

The national Russian language is a complex phenomenon, heterogeneous in its composition. And this is understandable: after all, it is used by people who differ in their social status, occupation, place of birth and residence, age, gender, level of culture, etc. All these differences between people are reflected in the language. Therefore, the language exists in several varieties:

· Territorial dialects, as a local variety of language, exist orally and serve mainly for everyday communication (for example, rage, instead of drizzle, handyman, instead of towel and etc.).

· Vernacular- a type of language used in the speech of poorly educated native speakers (for example, tv set, instead of TV, play up instead of play, bake, instead of bake and etc.).

· Professional jargons Is a type of language that is used in the speech of people of one profession (for example, spark, instead of spark at the chauffeurs, batten down the hatches, instead of close say the sailors training aircraft are called ladybug pilots, etc.).

· Social jargons are used in their speech by socially isolated groups of people (for example, spur, steppe- from student jargon, ancestors, horse racing- from youth jargon, etc.).

Territorial dialects, professional and social jargons, colloquial speech are included as component into the national Russian language, but the basis, the highest form the existence of a national language is literary language... It serves various spheres of human activity: politics, legislation, culture, art, office work, everyday communication.

One of the main signs of the literary language - normalization. The standardization of the literary language lies in the fact that the meaning and use of words, pronunciation, spelling and education grammatical forms obey the generally accepted model - the norm. Along with normalization, the literary language has the following features:

Stability (stability);

A must for all native speakers;

Processing;

Availability of functional styles;

Oral and written forms.

In accordance with the "Law on the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia", the Russian language, which is the main means of interethnic communication between peoples Russian Federation, in accordance with the established historical and cultural traditions, has the status state language throughout Russia.

Functions of the Russian language as a state language:

1. Russian is the language used by the highest legislative bodies of the Russian Federation.

2. The texts of laws and other legal acts are published in Russian.

3. Russian as the state language is studied in secondary, secondary vocational and higher educational institutions.

4. The Russian language is the language of the means mass media.

5. The Russian language is the language of communication in the spheres of industry, transport, communications, services and commercial activities.

On the territory of Russia with its multinational population, the Law on the Languages ​​of the Peoples of Russia guarantees and ensures, along with the functioning of the Russian language as the state language, the creation of conditions for the development of the state languages ​​of the republics of the Russian Federation, for the preservation and development of the languages ​​of small peoples and ethnic groups.

The Russian language is not only the language of interethnic communication between the peoples of Russia, but also the peoples of the former CIS.

The functions of the Russian language are not limited to life within the nation and Of the Russian state, but also cover international spheres of communication, since the Russian language is one of the world languages. World languages ​​are called languages ​​that are means of interstate, international communication.

The Russian language has become one of the world's languages ​​since the middle of the 20th century. The number of those who speak Russian in one way or another now exceeds half a billion people. The Russian language meets all the requirements for world languages:

• The Russian language is a means of communication for scientists, one of the languages ​​of science.
• Russian is studied as a foreign language in many countries of the world.
• Russian is the working language of such international organizations as the UN, UNESCO, etc.

The Russian language is the language of the richest fiction, the world significance of which is exceptionally great.

The national Russian language means language system phonetic, lexical and grammatical units and rules, which took shape over the centuries and which distinguishes the language of the Russian nation from any other language.
The Russian national language is not homogeneous. It includes separate varieties, each of which has its own scope. As part of the national Russian language, one can distinguish the core, the center is the literary language, and the periphery, which is formed by territorial and social dialects (jargons, professionalisms, slang, argot), various sublanguages, and the area of ​​vernacular. The proportion of these components can vary, for example, for state of the art The Russian language is characterized by a decrease in the proportion of dialectisms, but an expansion of the vocabulary and scope of use of slang vocabulary. All these forms of existence differ from each other, but are united - in their essence - by a common grammatical system and general vocabulary.
The Russian national language, like many other languages, has passed a long evolutionary path and continues to develop.
The national Russian language begins to take shape towards XVII century in parallel with the formation of the Moscow state. The formation of a nation and a national language is associated with the formation of a state, the consolidation of its borders, economic and political ties between separate territories. The Slavic tribes in Kievan Rus of the 15th - 16th centuries, although they represented one nationality, were not yet a nation. Nations emerge in a period of overcoming economic fragmentation, the development of commodity circulation and the emergence of a single market.
For different peoples, the process of forming a nation and a language proceeded at different times and followed different paths. The Russian national language was formed on the basis of the Moscow dialect, which already by the 15th - 16th centuries. has lost its territorial limitations. Its features, such as akanye, hiccup, pronunciation of the back-lingual explosive sound and some others, are still preserved in modern Russian. In addition, the Old Slavonic language played a significant role in the formation of the Russian national language. The influence on the Russian language and many other languages, for example, French and English, is noticeable.
K. D. Ushinsky wrote: "Language is the most lively, the most abundant and strong connection, uniting the outdated, living and future generations of the people into one great, historical living whole ...". Indeed, the language, like a chronicle, tells us about how our ancestors lived, what peoples they met, with whom they entered into communication. All events are preserved in the people's memory and passed on from generation to generation with the help of words, stable combinations... Proverbs and sayings can tell us a lot about the history of the Russian people.

How often do we, Russian speakers, think about this important moment, how is the history of the emergence of the Russian language? After all, how many secrets are hidden in it, how many interesting things you can learn if you dig deeper. How did the Russian language develop? After all, our speech is not only everyday conversations, it is a rich history.

The history of the development of the Russian language: briefly about the main thing

Where did our native language? There are several theories. Some scholars consider (for example, linguist N. Guseva) the Sanskrit of the Russian language. However, Sanskrit was used by Indian scholars and priests. This was Latin for the inhabitants of ancient Europe - "something very clever and incomprehensible." But how did the speech used by Indian scholars suddenly end up on our side? Is it really with the Hindus that the formation of the Russian language began?

The Legend of the Seven White Teachers

Each scientist understands the stages of the history of the Russian language differently: this is the birth, development, alienation of the book language from the folk language, the development of syntax and punctuation, etc. All of them can differ in order (it is still unknown when exactly the book language separated from the folk language) or interpretation. But, according to the following legend, seven white teachers can be considered the “fathers” of the Russian language.

There is a legend in India, which is even studied in Indian universities. In ancient times, seven white teachers appeared from the cold North (the Himalayan region). It was they who gave people Sanskrit and laid the foundation for Brahmanism, from which Buddhism was later born. Many believe that this North was one of the regions of Russia, so modern Hindus often go there on pilgrimage.

Legend today

It turns out that many Sanskrit words completely coincide with - this is the theory of the famous ethnographer Natalia Guseva, who wrote more than 150 scientific works on the history and religion of India. Most of them, by the way, have been refuted by other scientists.

This theory was not taken "out of thin air" by her. An interesting case served as its appearance. Once Natalia accompanied a respected scientist from India, who decided to arrange tourist trip along the northern rivers of Russia. Communicating with the inhabitants of local villages, the Hindu suddenly burst into tears and refused the services of an interpreter, saying that he was happy to hear his native Sanskrit. Then Guseva decided to devote her life to the study of the mysterious phenomenon, and at the same time to establish how the Russian language developed.

After all, this is truly amazing! According to this story, representatives of the Negroid race live beyond the Himalayas, speaking a language so similar to our own. Mysticism, and nothing more. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that our dialect originated from the Indian Sanskrit takes place. Here it is - the history of the Russian language in short.

Dragunkin's theory

And here is another scientist who decided that this story of the emergence of the Russian language is true. The famous philologist Alexander Dragunkin argued that a truly great language comes from a simpler one, in which there are fewer derivational forms, and the words are shorter. Sanskrit is supposedly much simpler than Russian. And the Sanskrit writing is nothing more than the Slavic runes slightly modified by the Hindus. But this theory is just where is the origin of language?

Scientific version

And here is the version that most scientists approve and accept. She claims that 40,000 years ago (the time of the appearance of the first man) people had a need to express their thoughts in the process of collective activity. This is how the language appeared. But in those days the population was extremely small, and all people spoke the same language. After thousands of years, there was a migration of peoples. Human DNA changed, tribes became isolated from each other and began to speak in different ways.

Languages ​​differed from each other in form, in word formation. Each group of people developed their native language, supplemented it with new words, gave shape. Later, there was a need for science, which would be engaged in describing new achievements or things that a person came to.

As a result of this evolution, the so-called "matrices" arose in human heads. These matrices were dealt with in detail famous linguist Georgy Gachev, who studied more than 30 matrices - linguistic pictures of the world. According to his theory, Germans are very attached to their home, and this served as the image of a typical German speaker. And the Russian language and mentality came from the concept or image of a road, a path. This matrix lies in our subconscious.

The birth and formation of the Russian language

About 3 thousand years BC, the Proto-Slavic dialect stood out among the Indo-European languages, which after a thousand years became the Proto-Slavic language. In the VI-VII centuries. n. NS. it was divided into several groups: east, west and south. It is customary to refer our language to the eastern group.

And the beginning of the path Old Russian language called the formation of Kievan Rus (IX century). At the same time, Cyril and Methodius invent the first Slavic alphabet.

The Slavic language developed rapidly, and in terms of popularity it has already caught up with Greek and Latin. It was precisely (the predecessor of the modern Russian) who managed to unite all the Slavs, it was in it that the most important documents and monuments of literature were written and published. For example, "The Lay of Igor's Regiment."

Normalization of writing

Then came the era of feudalism, and the Polish-Lithuanian conquests led in the XIII-XIV centuries to the fact that the language was divided into three groups of dialects: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, as well as some intermediate dialects.

In the 16th century, in Muscovite Russia, it was decided to normalize the writing of the Russian language (then it was called "Prosta Mova" and was influenced by the Belarusian and Ukrainian) - to introduce the predominance of a compositional connection in sentences and the frequent use of the conjunctions "yes", "and", "a". The dual number was lost, and the declension of nouns became very similar to the modern one. And the basis of the literary language was character traits Moscow speech. For example, "akane", consonant "g", endings "ovo" and "evo", demonstrative pronouns (yourself, you, etc.). The beginning of book printing finally approved the literary Russian language.

Peter's era

Very much influenced the speech. After all, it was at this time that the Russian language was freed from the "tutelage" of the church, and in 1708 the alphabet was reformed so that it became closer to the European model.

In the second half of the 18th century, Lomonosov laid down new norms of the Russian language, combining everything that came before that: colloquial speech, folk poetry, and even the command language. After him, the language was transformed by Derzhavin, Radishchev, Fonvizin. It was they who increased the number of synonyms in the Russian language in order to properly reveal its wealth.

Pushkin made a huge contribution to the development of our speech, who rejected all restrictions on style and combined Russian words with some European ones to create a complete and colorful picture of the Russian language. Lermontov and Gogol supported him.

Development trends

How did the Russian language develop in the future? From the middle of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th centuries, the Russian language received several development trends:

1. Development of literary norms.
2. Rapprochement of the literary language and colloquial speech.
3. Expansion of the language through dialecticism and jargon.
4. Development of the "realism" genre in literature, philosophical issues.

Somewhat later, socialism changed the word formation of the Russian language, and in the twentieth century the media standardized oral speech.

It turns out that our modern Russian language, with all its lexical and grammatical rules originated from the mixing of various East Slavic dialects, which were common throughout Russia, and the Church Slavonic language. After all the metamorphoses, he became one of the most popular languages the world.

A little more about writing

Even Tatishchev himself (the author of the book "Russian History") was firmly convinced that Cyril and Methodius did not invent writing. It existed long before their birth. The Slavs not only knew how to write: they had many types of writing. For example, cuts, runes, or drop caps. And the brothers-scientists took this very initial letter as a basis and simply modified it. Perhaps they threw out about a dozen letters to make it easier to translate the Bible. Yes, Cyril and Methodius, but its basis was a drop cap. This is how writing appeared in Russia.

External threats

Unfortunately, our language has been repeatedly exposed to external danger. And then the future of the whole country was in question. For example, at the turn of the 19th century, all the "cream of society" spoke exclusively French, dressed in the appropriate style, and even the menu consisted only of French cuisine. The nobles gradually began to forget their native language, ceased to associate themselves with the Russian people, acquiring new philosophy and traditions.

As a result of this introduction of the French speech, Russia could lose not only its language, but also its culture. Fortunately, the situation was saved by the geniuses of the 19th century: Pushkin, Turgenev, Karamzin, Dostoevsky. It was they who, being true patriots, did not allow the Russian language to perish. They showed how handsome he is.

Modernity

The history of the Russian language is complex and not fully understood. You cannot summarize it. It will take years to learn. The Russian language and the history of the people are truly amazing things. And how can you call yourself a patriot without knowing native speech, folklore, poetry and literature?

Unfortunately, today's youth has lost interest in books, and especially in classical literature. This trend is also observed in older people. Television, the Internet, nightclubs and restaurants, glossy magazines and blogs have all replaced our "paper friends". Many people even stopped having own opinion, to put it in the usual cliches imposed by society and the media. Despite the fact that the classics were and remain in school curriculum, few people read them even in summary, which "eats up" all the beauty and uniqueness of the works of Russian writers.

But how rich is the history and culture of the Russian language! For example, literature can provide answers to many questions better than any forums on the Internet. Russian literature expresses all the power of the wisdom of the people, makes us imbued with love for our homeland and better understand it. Each person should understand that the native language, native culture and people are inseparable, they are one whole. And what does a modern citizen of Russia understand and think about? About leaving the country as soon as possible?

The main danger

And of course, the main threat to our language is foreign words. As mentioned above, this problem was relevant in the 18th century, but, unfortunately, it has remained unresolved until now and is slowly acquiring the features of a national catastrophe.

Not only does society get too carried away with various slang words, foul language, invented expressions, but it also constantly uses foreign borrowings in its speech, forgetting that there are much more beautiful synonyms in the Russian language. These words are: "stylist", "manager", "PR", "summit", "creative", "user", "blog", "internet" and many others. If this came only from certain groups of society, then the problem could be combated. But, unfortunately, foreign words are actively used by teachers, journalists, scientists and even officials. These people carry the word to people, which means they are introducing an addiction. And it so happens that a foreign word settles so firmly in the Russian language that it begins to seem as if it is primordial.

What's the matter?

So what is it called? Ignorance? Fashion for everything foreign? Or a campaign against Russia? Perhaps all at once. And this problem must be solved as quickly as possible, otherwise it will be too late. For example, it is more often to use the word "manager" instead of "manager", "business lunch" instead of "business lunch", etc. After all, the extinction of a people begins precisely with the extinction of the language.

About dictionaries

Now you know how the Russian language developed. However, this is not all. The history of Russian dictionaries deserves a separate mention. Modern dictionaries originated from ancient handwritten, and then printed books. At first they were very small and intended for a narrow circle of people.

The most ancient Russian dictionary is considered to be a short supplement to the Novgorod Book of Pilots (1282). It included 174 words from different dialects: Greek, Church Slavonic, Hebrew and even biblical names own.

After 400 years, much larger dictionaries began to appear. They already had a systematization and even an alphabet. The dictionaries of that time were mainly educational or encyclopedic in nature, so they were inaccessible to ordinary peasants.

First printed dictionary

The first printed dictionary appeared in 1596. This was another supplement to the grammar textbook by the priest Lawrence Zizania. It contained over a thousand words, which were sorted alphabetically. The dictionary was descriptive and explained the origin of many Old Church Slavonic and was published in Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian languages.

Further development of dictionaries

The 18th century was a century of great discoveries. They also did not bypass explanatory dictionaries. Great scientists (Tatishchev, Lomonosov) unexpectedly showed an increased interest in the origin of many words. Trediakovsky began to write notes. In the end, a number of dictionaries were created, but the largest turned out to be the "Church Dictionary" and its supplement. More than 20,000 words have been interpreted in the Church Dictionary. Such a book laid the foundation for the normative dictionary of the Russian language, and Lomonosov, along with other researchers, began to create it.

Most significant vocabulary

The history of the development of the Russian language remembers such a significant date for all of us - the creation " Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language "by V. I. Dahl (1866). This four-volume edition has received dozens of reprints and is still relevant today. 200,000 words and more than 30,000 sayings and phraseological units can be safely considered a real treasure.

Our days

Unfortunately, the world community is not interested in the history of the emergence of the Russian language. His current situation can be compared with one incident that once happened to the extraordinarily talented scientist Dmitry Mendeleev. After all, Mendeleev was never able to become an honorary academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (the current Russian Academy of Sciences). There was a huge scandal, and still: such a scientist cannot be accepted into the academy! But Russian empire and her world was unshakable: they declared that Russians since the times of Lomonosov and Tatishchev were in the minority, and one good Russian scientist, Lomonosov, was enough.

This story of the modern Russian language makes us think: what if someday English (or any other) will supplant such a unique Russian? Notice how much of our jargon is foreign words! Yes, the mixing of languages ​​and friendly exchange is great, but the amazing story of our speech should not be allowed to disappear from the planet. Take care of your native language!

Questions for the Russian language exam

Linguistics as a science of language. Sections of linguistics.

The main linguistic dictionaries Russian language

Outstanding Russian scholars

The main elements of intonation (logical stress, pause, raising and lowering the voice, tone of speech, etc.)

6. The main sources of wealth and expressiveness of Russian speech.

Historical changes in the vocabulary of the language. Archaisms and historicisms.

The main sources of vocabulary replenishment. Neologisms.

9. Origin of words: native Russian and borrowed words. Old Slavicisms.

10. Phraseological units of the Russian language. Sources of phraseological units. Idioms.

11.General grammatical meaning, morphological and syntactic features of significant parts of speech (using the example of one part of speech as instructed by the teacher).

12.Groups of morphemes (significant parts of the word): root and service (suffix, prefix, ending). Derivative and inflectional service morphemes.

13. Service parts of speech: prepositions, conjunctions, particles. Their categories by value, structure and syntactic use

14. Word as a unit of language. Lexical meaning of the word. Groups of words by lexical meaning

15. Phraseologism: its lexical meaning, function in the sentence and text

16. Verb as part of speech

17. Non-conjugated (special) forms of the verb, their unifying feature

18. Immutable independent parts of speech. Their morphological and syntactic features.

19. Phrase as a unit of syntax. Types of connection of words in phrases. Types of phrases by morphological properties of the main word

20. A simple sentence, its types according to the purpose of the statement. Exclamation and non-exclamation sentences. Complete and incomplete sentences. Two-piece and one-piece sentences... Common and non-common sentences

21. Minor members of the proposal. The main morphological ways of expressing the secondary members of the sentence.

22. Homogeneous members of the proposal. Generalizing words for homogeneous members suggestions

23. Sentences with appeals, introductory words and insertion

24. Difficult sentence and its types: allied and non-union proposals... Compound and complex sentences.

25. Another's speech and the main ways of its transmission

26. Features of texts different types: narration, description, reasoning.

27. Styles of speech, their functions and scope.

Russian language in modern world... Russian is the national language of the Russian people, the state language of the Russian Federation and the language of interethnic communication.

Language refers to those social phenomena that operate throughout the entire existence of human society. Language serves primarily as a means of communication between people. Language also serves as a means of forming and expressing thoughts and feelings, since it is inextricably linked with thinking, human consciousness.
Scientists do not yet give an exact answer to the question of how many languages ​​there are in the world. It is believed that now there are more than five thousand languages ​​in the world, among them there are "dying", which everyone speaks less people, and very little studied.

Russian language is the language of the Russian nation, the language of the Russian people. National language is a language spoken by a historically established collective of people living in a common territory, connected by a common economy, culture, and everyday life. The national language includes not only the literary (i.e., standardized) language, but also dialects, vernacular, jargon, and professionalism. Language norm is the generally accepted use of linguistic means, the rules governing the exemplary use of linguistic means.

Education and development of the national language- a complex, lengthy process. The history of the Russian national language begins in the 17th century, when the Russian nation was finally formed. The further development of the Russian national language is directly related to the development of the history and culture of the people. The Russian national language was formed on the basis of the dialects of Moscow and its environs. Literary language constitutes the basis of the national language and is obliged to maintain its internal unity despite the difference in the means of expression used. The creator of the Russian literary language is A. Pushkin, who combined the literary Russian language of previous eras with the spoken language... The language of the Pushkin era has basically survived to this day. The literary language unites living generations, people understand each other, as they use the same linguistic norms. The literary language exists in two varieties - oral and written. The main advantages of the Russian national language are embodied by Russian fiction... For centuries, masters of words (A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N. Gogol, I. Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, M. Gorky, A. Tvardovsky, K. Paustovsky, etc.) and philologists (F. Buslaev, I. Sreznevsky, L. Shcherba, V. Vinogradov and others) improved the Russian language, brought it to the point of subtlety, creating for us a grammar, a dictionary, and exemplary texts. The arrangement of words, their meanings, the meaning of their connections contains that information about the world and people, which introduces to spiritual wealth created by many generations of ancestors.
The peculiarity of the Russian national language is that it is the state language in Russia and serves as a means of interethnic communication between the peoples of the Russian Federation.
The Law "On Languages" defines main areas of functioning of the Russian language as a state: higher bodies state power and management; publication of laws and other legal acts of the republics within the Russian Federation; holding elections; in activities government agencies; in official correspondence and office work; in the all-Russian mass media.
Research carried out in the Russian republics and a number of CIS countries testifies to the recognition of the fact that at the present stage it is difficult to solve the problem of interethnic communication without the Russian language. Playing the role of an intermediary between all the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia, the Russian language helps to solve the problems of the political, economic and cultural development of the country. In international relations, states use world languages ​​legally proclaimed by the UN as official and working languages. These languages ​​are English, French, Russian, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic. In any of these six languages, interstate political, economic, scientific and cultural contacts can be carried out, international meetings, forums, conferences can be held, correspondence and office work can be conducted on the scale of the UN, CIS, etc.

World significance Russian language is due to the richness and expressiveness of its vocabulary, sound structure, word formation, syntax.
The philosopher Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin (1882-1954), speaking at the Pushkin Jubilee in 1937, said this about the Russian language: “ And one more gift was given to us by our Russia: this is our wondrous, our mighty, our singing language. All of it is in it - our Russia. It contains all her gifts: the breadth of unlimited possibilities, and the wealth of sounds, and words, and forms; both spontaneity and clarity; and simplicity, and scope, and steam; and dreaminess, and strength, and clarity, and beauty. Everything is available in our language. It contains the whole singing Russian soul; echo of the world and human groans, and a mirror of divine visions ... This is the language of sharp, cutting thought. The language of a quivering foreboding being born. The language of volitional decisions and achievements. The language of soaring and prophecy. The language of elusive transparencies and eternal verbs.
This is the language of the mature original national character... And the Russian people, who created this language, are called upon to reach, mentally and spiritually, the height to which their language calls them ...»