Russian lands 12th to 13th centuries map. How the territory of Ukraine has changed

The power of one person over another destroys, first of all, the ruler.

Lev Tolstoy

Vladimir-Suzdal principality and its history - an important page Russian history, since already at the turn of the 12-13 centuries it was the princes from Vladimir who achieved dominance over other principalities, as a result of which it was the Vladimir-Suzdal land that began to dominate in Russia, and its princes began to exert the greatest influence on the politics and ways of not only their principality, but also to the neighboring ones. In fact, by the 13th century, the political center of Russia was finally transferred from the South (Kiev) to the North-East (Vladimir and Suzdal).

Geographical position

The Vladimir-Suzdal principality was located in the northeastern part of Russia, between the Oka and Volga rivers.

Map of the Vladimir-Suzdal land in the 12-13th centuries

The largest cities in the principality: Vladimir, Suzdal, Uglich, Tver, Moscow, Kostroma, Galich, Beloozero, Veliky Ustyug and others. Most of the cities were located in the southern part of the principality, and the further north - the fewer cities.

The borders of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality passed from: The Novgorod Republic, Smolensk principality, Chernigov land, Ryazan and Murom principalities.

Princes

According to the Lyubesky Congress of Princes, it was decided that the Rostov-Suzdal land (as the principality was originally called) should be transferred to the management of the family of Vladimir Monomakh. Therefore, the first prince here was Yuri Dolgoruky, the son of Monomakh.

Full list of princes:

• Yuri Dolgoruky (reign 1125-1155)
• Andrey Bogolyubsky (1157-1174)
• Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176 - 1212)
• Yuri Vsevolodovich (1218 - 1238)
• Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (1238-1246)
• Alexander Nevsky (since 1252).

It is enough to look at the list to understand that it was these people who enjoyed the greatest influence in Russia. The Vladimir-Suzdal princes mainly pursued the goal of independence from Kiev and the subordination of other principalities to their power.

Peculiarities

The political peculiarities of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality were in the strong power of the prince. Unlike most other lands, here the prince was the head and decided everything important questions... Schematically, the political peculiarity of a given land can be represented as follows.

The strong power of the prince was possible due to the fact that in these lands there was a large number of new cities, where no strong boyars had yet formed. As a result, only the prince had real power, and Veche had only an advisory character.

In general, the features of the development of the principality in the specific period (12-13th century) are as follows:

• Unlimited princely power.
• Population increase. People moved to these lands because they were relatively safe from the raids of nomads.
• Agriculture was actively developing in the principality. There were many forests that served as natural defenses.
• Rapid urban growth. This applies both to the new cities built during this period (Moscow, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and others) and to the old cities (Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl and others).
• Geographical location at the intersection of important trade routes along the Volga and Oka.

Economic features

In spite of geographical position, Vladimir-Suzdal land possessed a large amount of arable land, which made agriculture a key aspect economic development region. Also in these lands, other trades were actively developed: fishing, hunting, bee-keeping.

The resettlement of people from the south played a great influence on the economic development of the principality. They not only migrated, but also carried elements of culture with them. Many of them were artisans, as a result of which the craft in the Vladimir-Suzdal land began to develop very quickly.

Development

Around the 30s of the 12th century, the Vladimir-Suzdal (at that time still Rostov-Suzdal) principality got rid of the power of Kiev. This is how the creation of their own principality took place, which was significantly different from others in form. political structure... In Vladimir, the princely power was strong. In many ways, this was the reason for the rise of these lands to others. Suffice it to recall that in other principalities the system of government was different and less effective: in Novgorod, the boyars ruled through Veche, and in the Galicia-Volyn lands, the power of the prince was comparable to the power of the boyars.

Initially, the principality was called Rostov-Suzdal (under Dolgoruk), then the Suzdal land (under Bogolyubsky) and only then Vladimir-Suzdal land (under the Big Nest).

An important event for this principality happened in 1238 - it was invaded by the Tatar-Mongols. Moreover, it was one of the first principalities for the invasion of the Mongols, so the main blow fell on the Vladimir-Suzdal land. As a result, since 1238, the principality recognized Mongol power and was dependent on the Horde.

Culture

The culture of the Vladimir-Suzdal land is multifaceted. The chronicle flourished here. Feature chronicles of this principality - emphasizing the greatness of the principality over others, as well as the special position of the city of Vladimir.

In these lands, architecture and construction were actively developing. The builders most often used stone-limestone white... The peak of construction fell on the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky and Vsevolod the Big Nest.

In the city of Vladimir, stone walls with golden gates were erected, as well as the Assumption Cathedral. It was in this temple that the main religious shrines of the principality were kept. Later, during the reign of Vsevolod the Big Nest, the Dmitrievsky Cathedral was built in the city. One of the most unique architectural monuments was built in Bogolyubovo Ancient Rus- Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. The church was built by order of Andrei Bogolyubsky on the banks of the Nerl River.

The development of painting is also noteworthy. For example, the frescoes of the Assumption and Dmitrievsky Cathedrals are striking in their grace.

The first attempts at the administrative-territorial division of our lands can be considered the existence of lands-principalities during the times of Kievan Rus.

In the IX-XII centuries, the territory of modern Ukraine was divided into, Chernigov-Seversk, Pereyaslavl, Volyn and Galician lands. All of them were part of the Kiev state.

From the middle of the XII century, the process of the decline of the Kiev state began. Heir to political and cultural traditions Kievan Rus becomes Galicia-Volyn principality... In the XIII - the first half of the XIV century. the Galicia-Volyn principality included a significant part of the Ukrainian ethnic territory.

With the death of Yuri II Boleslav in 1340, the decline of the Galicia-Volyn state began. In the second half of the XIV century. most of the Ukrainian lands were seized by foreign powers. For example, Lithuania conquered part of Volyn, Brest and Dorogochinsk lands, Chernigov-Severshchina, Kiev and Podolsk lands.

In 1387, as a result of a long-term war between Poland, Hungary and Lithuania, Galicia was annexed to the Kingdom of Poland.

At the beginning. 1440s Volynskoe and Kiev principality have been restored. However, in the second half of the 15th century, after the death of Svidrigail and Semyon Olelkovich, they were finally liquidated and transformed into Lithuanian provinces. In their place, the Kiev, Bratslav and Volyn provinces were created, which were ruled by the grand princes' governors - voivods.

After the conclusion of the Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania in 1569, all Ukrainian lands, with the exception of Brest and Dorogochinskaya, Transcarpathia, Bukovina and Chernigov region, fell under the direct authority of the Kingdom of Poland.

Portolan of the Black Sea Basin. Written by Agnes Battista, 1550. On the map - Russia, Tataria and Muscovy

Since 1608, for about 300 years, Ukraine has appeared on political map the world sporadically.

In particular, in 1608-1615, the borders of the Cossack independent state at that time were not stable, and after a while it generally went to Muscovy. In 1618, Chernigov-Sivershchyna came under the rule of Poland.

At the beginning of the 17th century. the territory of what is now Ukraine was divided between Poland and Russia. Over the next 35 years, the territory of Poland continued to expand, but the division between the two states still persists.

"Typus Generalis Vkraine" (General description of Ukraine). Author - Johann Jansonius, 1649

Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine are part of the Commonwealth. Author - Carlo Alard, 1670

"Vkraine ou Pays des Cosaques" (Ukraine - the state of the Cossacks). Author - Guillaume Sanson, 1674

"Ukraine grand pays de la Russie Rouge avec une partie de la Pologne, Moscovie ..." ( Big country-, Krasnaya Rus, bordering Poland, Russia, Wallachia ...). Author - Pierre van Der, 1710

"Amplissima Ucraniae Regio ..." (Ukraine and regions). By Tobias Conrad Lotter, 1770

During the Russian-Turkish wars of the 18th century. the lands of the "Wild Field" were inhabited. It was then that the largest cities of modern southern Ukraine were founded: Elizavetgrad (Kirovograd, 1775), Yekaterinoslav (Dnepropetrovsk, 1776), Kherson (1778), Nikolaev (1789) and Odessa (1794).

As a result of the second and third partitions of Poland in 1793-1795. right-bank Ukraine and Volhynia were annexed to Russia. Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia remained part of Austria-Hungary.

And in 1812, Bessarabia (Moldavia and Burjak) was annexed in Russia.

XX century was marked by the appearance of Ukraine on the political map of the world.

Historical map of the Ukrainian State during the times of Hetman Pavel Skoropadsky, October 1918

The limits of Ukraine, which were declared by the UPR at the Paris Peace Conference. 1919 year

1923 - Eastern Ukraine joined Soviet Union, and in 1939 the western territories joined it.

"Modern division Eastern Slavs by languages ​​". Atlas of Kudryashov as part of the" Russian Historical Atlas ", 1928

Map of the Ukrainian SSR, 1931

Map of Ukraine between the two world wars

Map of the USSR, 1940. Pocket Atlas of the USSR, 11th ed.

In 1954, in accordance with the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, it became part of the Ukrainian SSR.

What a modern map of Ukraine looks like:

You can also watch the infographic of changes in the borders of Ukraine in the video:

Was looking for maps Russia XVII century and XVIII century. I was so interested the former borders of our state that I decided to find maps of Russia from other centuries. Although, of course, all this passed through history at school, but now, over the years, it is perceived somewhat differently. I offer you a short journey into the depths of the centuries along the borders of the Russian state.

Borders Old Russian state in the 9th - 11th centuries. The Old Russian state was formed in 862.

Map of Ancient Russia during the period of feudal fragmentation in the 12th and early 13th century, when the ancient Russian lands were tormented on the one hand by civil strife between the princes, and on the other side by the raids of nomads. Each principality has its own borders.

Map of Russia of the XIV century in the period Tatar-Mongol yoke when part of the lands of northeastern Russia united around the Moscow principality, and part of the western Russian lands became part of the Lithuanian principality. But each principality that joined the Moscow principality retains its own borders.

In the XV-XVI centuries, a single border of the Russian state was formed again.

V late XVI century borders Of the Russian state moving towards the Caspian Sea and beyond. In the 17th century they reach The Pacific, and in the west, Russia regains the lands of Kievan Rus.

In the XVIII - XIX centuries The Russian Empire owns the largest territory in its entire history. Its borders reached America, the Alaska Peninsula was discovered by a Russian expedition in 1732 and was Russian territory until it was sold to the United States in 1867. Central Asia, Caucasus and Crimea. Also, the border moved to the west to the limits of the Old Russian state. And in the northwest, the Russian Empire Finland entered.

On the map of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century, the borders on the islands are changing Of the Far East... Sakhalin Island since 1855 was officially a joint possession of Russia and Japan. In 1875, under a treaty, Russia transferred the Kuril Islands to Japan in return for the undivided ownership of Sakhalin Island. And after the defeat of Russia in Russo-Japanese War(1904 - 1905) the southern part of Sakhalin was ceded to Japan.

XX century, borders of the USSR, which includes 15 union republics: RSFSR, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan. After the Second World War, the entire territory of about. Sakhalin and all the Kuril Islands.

Map modern Russia... Late XX - early XXI centuries after the collapse of the USSR, each republic in itself, all 15 republics became sovereign states with their own borders.

This is how they changed over the centuries borders of our state .

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RUSSIAN LANDS AND PRINCIES in the XII - early XIII century DISTRIBUTION OF RUSSIA.

The fight against the Polovtsy in the second half of the 12th century.

Since the 30s. XII century Russia entered a new period in its history - a period of political (state) fragmentation, which was a natural stage in the development of all major European states.

After the death of Mstislav the Great in 1132, the time came, which the Russian chronicler described with the words: "the whole Russian land is torn." Among the descendants of Yaroslav the Wise and Vladimir Monomakh, a struggle began for the possession of the Kiev throne. And although the great Kiev prince lost his former power in Russia, nominally he was considered the "oldest" Russian prince, and many wanted to receive such an honorary title. The struggle for Kiev was extremely fierce. From 1132 to 1169 the Grand Duke's throne passed from hand to hand 14 times. In 1169, the squads of 11 Russian princes and Polovtsian khans took part in the storming and devastation of Kiev.

By the middle of the XII century. Russia split into 15 independent principalities. Half a century later, there were already 50 of them. One of the reasons for such a state of statehood

(Pechenegs, Polovtsians) to the southern Russian lands for centuries slowed down their overall progress, caused the decline of Kiev as the center of united Russia, reduced the importance of the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks", led to an outflow of the population to quieter regions of North-Eastern Russia.

in Russia, there were princely divisions of lands between the Rurikovichs, their endless internecine wars and new redistribution of lands.

But behind the princely strife were deeper reasons that led Russia to a period of fragmentation. Within the framework of a single Old Russian state, independent economic regions have developed over three centuries, cities have grown, large patrimonial farms and church estates have been formed. Near the local prince, powerful feudal groupings of votchinnik boyars with their vassals were formed; the wealthy elite of the cities grew up, which, in addition to princes, boyars and churchmen, included merchants and owners of large craft workshops. Now they all wanted to have power not in distant Kiev, but their own, local, which would know better and more decisively defend their interests. Also, the raids of the nomads

With the disintegration of Russia into independent principalities, the once united and powerful defense of the country was fragmented into separate lands. Militarily and politically, Russia has become much weaker, which is what the Polovtsians took advantage of. Their forays into Russia became especially frequent in the 70-80s. XII century. This forced the princes to periodically join forces to repel the enemy. So, in 1184, the united Russian army led by the prince of Kiev Svyatoslav, inflicted a major defeat on the steppe people of Khan Kobyak.

In 1185 the Novgorod-Seversk prince Igor Svyatoslavich also opposed the Polovtsians. He was joined by squads from Trubchevsk, Putivl, Rylsk and a detachment of the Chernigov prince. Moving south, the united Russian army on the Syurlia River met the forward forces of Khan Konchak and defeated them. But the next day, the main forces of the Polovtsians surrounded Igor's army. On May 12, in a fierce battle near the Kayala River, the Russian squads were defeated. Prince Igor was captured, but he managed to escape. The campaign of the Novgorod-Seversky prince is reflected in the remarkable monument of Old Russian literature - "The Lay of Igor's Host." The author of the Lay calls on the Russian princes to end their strife and sets them up as examples of Yaroslav the Wise and Vladimir Monomakh, under whom Russia was a single state and defeated its enemies.

But the political disintegration of the Old Russian state was never complete, it did not lead to the decline of Russia. New cities were built, new lands were mastered, major centers crafts, trade and culture, preserved forces that contributed to the unity of the country. In all principalities and lands lived people who constituted a single ancient Russian nationality. They spoke the same language, professed a single religion, continued to live according to the laws, which were based on the norms of Russian Truth. In addition to all this, in the Russian lands the idea of ​​uniting all forces to combat external danger was constantly preserved.