Naval commanders. The largest Russian generals and naval commanders of the 18th century

One of the founders of the Russian navy, associate of Peter I, admiral general, first president of the Admiralty Board. The career of Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin began in 1682, when he became Peter's steward, participated in the creation of the "amusing army" and the flotilla of Lake Pereslavl. In 1693–96. he was appointed voivode of Dvina and governor of Arkhangelsk, under his watchful eye the 24-gun frigate "St. Paul the Apostle" laid by Peter I himself is being built, the city is overgrown with new fortifications, the Solombala shipyard is expanding. It was Apraksin who laid the foundations for commercial and military shipbuilding, for the first time equipped Russian ships with goods abroad. In 1697, Apraksin also controlled shipbuilding in Voronezh, where a fleet was urgently created for the Sea of ​​Azov. Since 1700 F.M. Apraksin is the chief chief of the Admiralty order and the Azov governor, the chief manager of all affairs for the arrangement and supply of the admiralties and ships that entered the Azov and Baltic seas. He was in charge of supply matters, was responsible for the construction of a shipyard at the mouth of the Voronezh, the opening of a cannon factory in Lipitsy, ships to the open sea, the construction of a harbor and fortifications in Taganrog, deepening of the shallow estuaries of the Don, research work in the sea.
In 1707, Fyodor Matveyevich was granted admiral and presidency of the admiralties, received personal command over the fleet in the Baltic Sea, and also often commanded land forces. In 1708, he led a corps operating in Ingermanland, which repelled the attack of the Swedes on Kronshlot, Kotlin and St. parties and had to unite in the end). For the victory, Fyodor Matveyevich received the status of a real privy councilor and a count's title. For the merits of Apraksin to the Fatherland and the military art shown by him, Tsar Peter awarded him with a special personalized silver medal, on one side of which Apraksin himself was depicted and the inscription was engraved: “Imperial Majesty Admiral F.М. Apraksin ", and on the other - four military sailing ship against the background of the battle; at the top - two hands, outstretched from the clouds, holding a laurel wreath - a symbol of victory. Around the circumference there is an inscription: “Keeping these things does not sleep; death is better than infidelity. "

The right hand of Peter the Great, Aleksashka, whose charismatic personality has manifested itself in many fields, including in the maritime business. Almost all the instructions and directives that the sovereign sent to the troops passed through the hands of Alexander Danilovich. Often Peter submitted some idea, and Menshikov found the best embodiment for it. He had many ranks and regalia, including in 1726 he became a full admiral. On the day of the signing of the Nystadt Peace Treaty, which ended the long-term war with the Swedes, Menshikov received the rank of Vice Admiral. After that, he focused on issues of the internal structure of the Russian fleet, and from 1718 he was responsible for the development of all the armed forces of Russia. His great-grandson Alexander Sergeevich Menshikov was also an outstanding admiral who commanded the fleet in Crimean war.

Russian navigator, admiral. He distinguished himself not only in the battles for the North Sea, but also became famous as an explorer of new lands. Ivan Kruzenshtern together with Yuri Lisyansky made the first Russian round-the-world expedition. He opened new trade routes for Russia to the East Indies and China. He managed to prove that the sea route is more profitable. During the round-the-world expedition, such islands were explored The Pacific like the Kuriles, Kamchatka and Sakhalin. In 1827, Kruzenshtern was appointed director of the marine cadet corps and a member of the Admiralty Council. 16 years of activity as director was marked by the introduction of new teaching subjects into the courses of the marine corps, the enrichment of the library and museums by many teaching aids, the establishment of an officer class and other improvements.

The famous Russian admiral, perhaps, was able to show his talent for the first time during the Crimean War, when the Black Sea squadron under his command in stormy weather discovered and blocked the main forces of the Turkish fleet in Sinop. As a result, the Turkish fleet was destroyed in a matter of hours. For this victory, Nakhimov received the Highest Letter of His Imperial Majesty Nicholas with the words: "The extermination of the Turkish squadron, you have adorned the chronicle of the Russian fleet with a new victory." Nakhimov also led the defense of Sevastopol since 1855. Having made a difficult decision to flood the Russian fleet, he blocked the way for enemy ships to the bay. The soldiers and sailors who defended the southern part of Sevastopol under his leadership, called the admiral "father-benefactor."

Admiral Ushakov commanded the Black Sea Fleet, took part in the Russo-Turkish War, during which he made a huge contribution to the development of tactical warfare by the sailing fleet. He received his first award in 1783 for the successful victory over the plague that raged in Kherson. Ushakov's actions were distinguished by extraordinary courage and decisiveness. He boldly pushed his ship to the first positions, choosing one of the most dangerous positions and thereby showing an excellent example of courage to his commanders. A sober assessment of the situation, an accurate strategic calculation taking into account all the factors of success and a swift attack - this is what allowed the admiral to emerge victorious in many battles. Ushakov can rightfully be called the founder of the Russian school of tactical combat in naval art. For feats of arms, he was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

The ancestors of Admiral Schmidt were discharged in the 17th century by Peter the Great as ship craftsmen from Frankfurt am Main. Schmidt took part in the Crimean War, defended Sevastopol and led naval operations in the Russo-Turkish War. For his valor in battles, he was awarded the golden broadsword "For Bravery" and the Order of St. George, IV degree. In 1855 alone, he was wounded four times: in the right side of the head and chest, a bomb fragment in the left side of the forehead, in the index finger of the left hand and in the left leg. By 1898, he became a full admiral and knight of all orders that existed in Russia at that time. Cape Schmidt on Russky Island is named after him.

In addition to the fact that Admiral Kolchak was the leader of the White movement and the Supreme Ruler of Russia, he was also an outstanding scientist-oceanographer, one of the largest polar explorers, a participant in three polar expeditions, as well as the author of the monograph "What a Fleet Russia Needs". Admiral developed theoretical basis preparation and conduct of joint army operations on land and at sea. In 1908 he lectured at the Naval Academy. He took part in the Russo-Japanese War, including its longest battle - the defense of Port Arthur. In the first world war commanded a division of destroyers of the Baltic Fleet, and from the 16-17-ies - the Black Sea Fleet.

Rear-admiral of the Russian fleet, hero of the Sevastopol defense. After graduating from the Naval Corps in 1827, as a simple midshipman on the battleship Azov, he set off on a long voyage from Kronstadt to Portsmouth, to the shores of Greece. There he distinguished himself in the Navarino battle and received the Insignia of the Military Order of St. George and the rank of midshipman. In 1827-1832 V. Istomin sailed the Mediterranean Sea, improving his naval education in a serious military situation created by long cruises in the Archipelago and participation in the blockade of the Dardanelles and the landing on the Bosphorus. In 1830 there was awarded the order Saint Anne 3rd degree. Subsequently he served in the Baltic Fleet, then in the Black Sea. In 1837 he was promoted to lieutenant and was appointed commander of the steamship "North Star", on which Emperor Nicholas I and the Empress sailed through the ports of the Black Sea in the same year. Istomin was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir of the 4th degree and a diamond ring. In 1843 he received the Order of St. Stanislaus, 2nd degree. Until 1850, he was at the disposal of the governor in the Caucasus, Prince Vorontsov, taking an active part in joint operations of the army and navy aimed at conquering the Caucasus. In 1846 he was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree, and the following year, for actions against the mountaineers, he was promoted to captain of the 2nd rank. In 1849 he became a captain of the 1st rank. In 1850 he was the commander of the battleship Paris. In 1852 he was presented to the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree. He distinguished himself in the Battle of Sinop on November 18, 1853, for which he received the rank of Rear Admiral. In his report to the emperor, Admiral PS Nakhimov especially noted the actions of the battleship Paris in the Battle of Sinop: “It was impossible to rather admire the beautiful and coolly calculated actions of the Paris ship”. In 1854, when the siege of Sevastopol began, Istomin was appointed commander of the 4th defensive distance of the Malakhov Kurgan, and then became chief of staff under Vice Admiral V. Kornilov. On November 20, 1854, Istomin was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree. Istomin was one of the most active and brave participants in organizing this amazing defense. After the death of Kornilov, he literally did not leave his positions for a single day; he lived on the Kamchatka redoubt, in a dugout. On March 7, 1855, 45-year-old V.I.Istomin was blown off his head by a cannonball when he was leaving his dugout. Istomin was buried in the Sevastopol Cathedral of St. Vladimir, in the same crypt with admirals M.P. Lazarev, V.A. Kornilov, P.S. Nakhimov. IN AND. Istomin had four brothers, and they all served in the navy; Constantine and Pavel rose to the rank of admiral.

The famous Russian naval commander was a graduate of the Naval Cadet Corps. In 1823 he entered the naval service, was the first captain of the Twelve Apostles. He distinguished himself in the Battle of Navarino in 1827, being a midshipman on the flagship "Azov". Since 1849 - Chief of Staff of the Black Sea Fleet. Kornilov is actually the founder of the Russian steam fleet. In 1853 he took part in the first historical battle of steam ships: the 10-gun steam-frigate "Vladimir" under his flag of the chief of staff of the Black Sea Fleet entered the battle with the 10-gun Turkish-Egyptian steamer "Pervaz-Bahri". After a 3-hour battle, "Pervaz-Bahri" was forced to lower the flag. During the outbreak of the war with England and France, he actually commanded the Black Sea Fleet, until his heroic death he was the immediate commander of P.S. Nakhimov and V.I. Istomina. After the landing of the Anglo-French troops in Yevpatoria and the defeat of the Russian troops on the Alma, Kornilov received an order from the commander-in-chief in the Crimea, Prince Menshikov, to flood the ships of the fleet in the roadstead in order to use the sailors to defend Sevastopol from land. Kornilov summoned flags and captains to the council, where he told them that, since the position of Sevastopol was practically hopeless due to the offensive of the enemy army, the fleet should attack the enemy at sea, despite the huge numerical and technical superiority of the enemy. Taking advantage of the disorder in the location of the British and French ships at Cape Ulyukola, the Russian fleet was to attack first, imposing a boarding battle on the enemy, blowing up, if necessary, its ships along with enemy ships. This would allow inflicting such losses on the enemy fleet that further operations would be thwarted. Having given the order to prepare to go to sea, Kornilov went to Prince Menshikov and announced his decision to fight. In response, the prince repeated the order given - to sink the ships. Kornilov refused to obey the order. Then Menshikov ordered to send Kornilov to Nikolaev, and to transfer the command to Vice Admiral M.N. Stanyukovich. However, the annoyed Kornilov managed to give a worthy answer: “Stop! This is suicide ... what you are forcing me to ... but it is impossible for me to leave Sevastopol, surrounded by the enemy! I am ready to obey you. " V.A. Kornilov organized the defense of Sevastopol, where his talent as a military leader was especially clearly manifested. Commanding a garrison of 7,000 men, he set an example of the skillful organization of active defense. Kornilov is rightfully considered the founder of positional methods of warfare (continuous sorties by the defenders, night searches, mine warfare, close fire interaction between ships and fortress artillery). V.A. Kornilov died on the Malakhov Kurgan on October 5 (17), 1854 during the first bombing of the city by the Anglo-French troops. He was buried in the Sevastopol Cathedral of St. Vladimir, in the same crypt with the admirals M.P. Lazarev, P.S. Nakhimov and V.I. Istomin.

Hero of the Russo-Japanese War, Rear Admiral of the Russian Imperial Fleet, commander of the legendary cruiser Varyag. At the beginning of his naval career, he took part in a round-the-world voyage. He was one of the first to bring a steam warship specially built for Russia from France. Since 1889 V.F. Rudnev was on a foreign voyage on the cruiser "Admiral Kornilov", again under the command of Captain 1st Rank E.I. Alekseeva. On the Admiral Kornilov, Rudnev took part in the maneuvers of the Pacific Fleet and became the ship's senior officer. In 1890 he returned to Kronstadt. Since 1891, he has been in command of ships and is moving up the career ladder. In 1900, dredging works were carried out in Port Arthur in the inner roadstead, the dry dock was rebuilt and expanded, the port was electrified, and coastal defenses were strengthened. Rudnev becomes Senior Assistant to the Port Commander in Port Arthur. At that time, Port Arthur was the base of the 1st Pacific Squadron, the main force of the Russian fleet in Far East... Rudnev was not happy with his appointment, but, nevertheless, he took up the job with enthusiasm. In December 1901 he was promoted to Captain 1st Rank. In December 1902, an order was issued on the Naval Ministry, by which Vsevolod Fedorovich Rudnev was appointed commander of the cruiser Varyag. He came to the Varyag as an experienced naval officer who had served on seventeen ships and commanded nine, being a participant in three round-the-world voyages, one of which he did as the ship's commander.
The situation in the Russian Far East deteriorated. Japan stepped up efforts to prepare for war. The Japanese managed to achieve considerable superiority in forces over the Far Eastern group of forces of the Russian Empire. On the eve of the war, "Varyag" by order of the tsar's governor in the Far East, Adjutant General Admiral E.I. Alekseev was sent to the neutral Korean port of Chemulpo, in which the Varyag was supposed to guard the Russian mission and carry out the duties of a senior stationary in the roadstead. On January 26 (February 7), 1904, the Japanese squadron stopped at the outer harbor of the bay. In the inner roadstead there were Russians - the cruiser Varyag and the gunboat Koreets, as well as foreign warships. On the morning of January 27 (February 9), 1904, Rudnev received an ultimatum from Rear Admiral Sotokichi Uriu, announcing that Japan and Russia were at war. The Japanese demanded that the Russians leave the raid before noon, threatening otherwise to open fire on them. Such action in a neutral port would be a violation of international law.
V.F. Rudnev decided to break out of the gulf. Before the formation of the officers and sailors of the cruiser, he informed them of the Japanese ultimatum and his decision. Japanese squadron blocked the way to the open sea. The enemy squadron opened fire. " The "Varangians" responded, giving a worthy rebuff to the enemy, fought against holes and fires under powerful enemy fire. According to reports from various sources, the Japanese cruisers Asama, Chiyoda, Takachiho were damaged by fire from the Varyag, and one destroyer was sunk. The Varyag returned to the port with a strong list on one side. The vehicles were out of order, about 40 guns were destroyed. The decision was made: to remove the teams from the ships, to flood the cruiser, to blow up the gunboat so that they would not get to the enemy. The decision was immediately executed. Wounded in the head and shell-shocked, Rudnev was the last to leave the ship. Captain 1st rank V.F. Rudnev was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree, received the rank of Adjutant Wing and became the commander of the battleship Andrew the First-Called. In November 1905, Rudnev refused to take disciplinary action against the revolutionary-minded sailors of his crew. The consequence of this was his dismissal with the production of rear admiral. In 1907, the Japanese emperor Mutsuhito, in recognition of the heroism of the Russian sailors, sent V.F. Rudnev Order of the Rising Sun, II degree. Rudnev, although he accepted the order, never put it on.

Great generals and naval commanders of Russia in the 18th century. Peter I He showed high organizational skills and talent as a commander during Azov campaigns(1695 - 1696), in Northern war(1700 - 1721), the Prut campaign of 1711, during the Persian campaign (1722 1723). He personally commanded the troops during the capture of Noteburg in 1702, in the battle of the village of Lesnoy in 1708 Under the direct leadership of Peter I, in the famous Battle of Poltava on June 27 (July 8) 1709, the troops of the Swedish king Charles XII were defeated and captured. Peter Alexandrovich Rumyantsev Zadunaisky. (1725 1796) Field Marshal, an outstanding Russian commander and statesman. The largest victories were won by him during the first Russian-Turkish war (1768 -1774), especially in the battles at the Ryaba grave, Larga and Cahul and many other battles. The Turkish army was defeated. Rumyantsev became the first holder of the Order of St. George of the 1st degree and received the title of Transdanubia. As a commander, theorist and practitioner of the art of war, Rumyantsev was brave and wise, knew how to concentrate his main forces on decisive directions, and carefully developed a plan of hostilities. He became one of the initiators of the transition from linear tactics to the tactics of columns and loose formation. In battle formations, he preferred to use divisional, regimental and battalion squares in combination with a loose formation of riflemen, preferred light cavalry over heavy cavalry. He was convinced of the superiority of offensive tactics over defensive tactics, while attaching great importance to the training of troops and their morale. Rumyantsev outlined his views on military affairs in the "General Rules" and "Rite of Service". Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky (1739 - 1791) Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, an outstanding commander, statesman, Field Marshal. Under the direct leadership of this most talented commander, the Turkish fortress of Ochakov was taken. For military and political achievements, Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin received the title of "Most Serene Prince of Tauride". In addition, he was the favorite and closest assistant of Empress Catherine II Alekseevna. Supervised the development of the Northern Black Sea region and the construction of the Black Sea Fleet. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730-1800) For 55 years of military activity, he passed all stages of army service - from private to generalissimo. In two wars against Ottoman Empire Suvorov was finally recognized as the "first sword of Russia." It was he who took the impregnable fortress of Izmail by storm on December 24, 1790, defeated the Turks at Rymnik and Focsani in 1789, at Kinburn in 1787. The Italian and Swiss campaigns of 1799, the victories over the French on the Adda and Trebbia rivers and at Novi, the immortal crossing of the Alps were the crown of his military leadership. Suvorov entered the history of Russia as an innovator commander who made a huge contribution to the development of military art, developed and implemented an original system of views on the methods and forms of warfare and combat, education and training of troops. Suvorov's strategy was offensive. Suvorov's strategy and tactics were outlined by him in the work "Science to Win". The essence of his tactics is the three martial arts: the eye, speed, onslaught. During his life, the legendary commander fought 63 battles, and all of them were victorious. His name has become synonymous with victory, military skill, heroism and patriotism. Suvorov's legacy is still used in the training and education of troops. Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1745 1817) Admiral. He laid the foundations for new naval tactics, founded the Black Sea Naval Fleet, led it with talent, having won a number of remarkable victories in the Black and Mediterranean Seas: in the Kerch naval battle 1790, in the battles of Tendra Island on August 28 (September 8) 1790 and Cape Kaliakria in 1791. Ushakov's notable victory was the capture of the island of Corfu in February 1799, where the combined actions of ships and land assault forces were successfully used. Ushakov paid great attention to the improvement of naval art, was the founder of the maneuverable tactics of the sailing fleet, which was based on a skillful combination of fire and maneuver. His tactics differed from the linear tactics adopted at that time by the decisiveness of hostilities, the use of uniform marching combat formations, rapprochement with the enemy at a short distance without rebuilding the marching formation in combat, concentrating fire on a decisive object and disabling, first of all, the flagship ships of the enemy , the creation of a reserve in battle for the development of success in the main directions, the conduct of a battle at a grapeshot range in order to achieve the greatest efficiency of strikes, a combination of aimed artillery fire and maneuver, pursuit of the enemy to complete his complete defeat or capture. Great importance Ushakov gave naval and fire training to personnel, was a supporter of Suvorov's principles of educating subordinates, an opponent of drills and senseless hobbies for parades, followed the principle: to teach what is needed in war. He considered sailing in conditions close to combat reality as the best school for sailors. He fostered patriotism among the personnel, a sense of camaraderie and mutual aid in battle. He was fair, caring and demanding of his subordinates, for which he enjoyed universal respect. Samuel Karlovich Greig (1735-1788) Born in the Scottish city of Inverkeitting, served in the British Navy. In 1764 he joined the Russian fleet, receiving the rank of captain of the 1st rank. Participant of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, commanding the battleship "Three hierarchs", as part of the squadron G.A. Spiridov made a trip to the Mediterranean Sea. Commanding a corps de battalion, he distinguished himself during the naval battle in the Chios Strait on June 24, 1770. During the destruction of the Turkish fleet in the Chesme Bay on June 26, 1770, he directly supervised the actions of the Russian ships that took part in this operation. It was S.K. In 1775 Greig delivered to Kronstadt the self-proclaimed princess E. Tarakanova, captured by A.G. Orlov-Chesmensky. In gratitude for this, he was appointed the chief commander of the Kronstadt port. In 1782, Greig was promoted to the rank of admiral. During the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790. commanded the Baltic Fleet, defeated the Swedish squadron of Duke K. Südermanland in the Battle of Hogland (July 6, 1788), blocking enemy ships in the Sveaborg sea area. Soon he fell seriously ill, was evacuated to Revel, where he died. Vasily Yakovlevich Chichagov (1726-1809) He was promoted to the first officer rank of midshipman in 1745. In 1764 he was appointed head of an expedition of three ships to find sea ​​route along the coast of the Arctic Ocean from Arkhangelsk to the Bering Strait and further to Kamchatka. Twice, in 1765 and 1766, he tried to fulfill the task assigned to him, but both Chichagov's expeditions to pass the Northern Sea Route ended in vain. However, he managed to reach high polar latitudes. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. counter-admiral Chichagov commanded a detachment of ships of the Don flotilla, defending the Kerch Strait. In 1775 he was promoted to the rank of vice admiral and appointed a member of the Admiralty Board, in 1782 he was promoted to the rank of admiral. During Russian-Swedish war 1788-1790 commanded the Baltic Fleet, directed the actions of the Russian squadrons in the Eland and Revel naval battles. After the breakthrough of the Swedish fleet from Vyborg on the night of June 22, 1790, he led the pursuit of enemy ships. For this victory he was awarded the Order of St. George, 1st class. From 1797 - retired. Grigory Andreevich Spiridov (1713 - 8.04.1790) Naval Commander, Admiral. Born into the family of an officer. Enrolled in the naval service in 1723, in 1733 he was promoted to warrant officer, from 1741 - the commander of a battleship. Participated in the Russian-Turkish War (173539), the Seven Years War (1756-63), the Russian-Turkish War (1768-74). During the siege of Kolberg, Spiridov commanded a two thousandth amphibious assault. From 1762 Spiridov was a rear admiral, in 1764 - the chief commander of the Revelsky ports, in 1766 - of the Kronstadt ports. In 1769 Spiridov was an admiral, commander of one of the five squadrons that made the first transition from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean.

Questions:
1. Great Russian generals, naval commanders, military leaders.
2. Great Russian military scientists and designers.

Love for the Fatherland gave birth to a whole galaxy of outstanding commanders and naval commanders in Russia.
The glorious names of the commanders have been preserved in the people's memory Ancient Rus, organizers military protection Russian lands of Svyatoslav, Yaroslav the Wise (978-1054), Prince Vladimir Monomakh (1053-1125), etc.
The entire conscious life of Prince Svyatoslav I Igorevich (942 - 972) was spent in campaigns and battles. He was the first of the Kiev princes to abandon the tribal militias and relied on a small professional army. Geographically, his campaigns were comparable to those of Hannibal and A. Macedon. He became famous for the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate.
The military talent of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (c. 1220 - 1263) flared up as a bright star. At the age of 20, he defeated the Swedish conquerors on the Neva River (1240), and at 22 - the German "knight-dogs" during the Battle of the Ice (1242). The memory of A. Nevsky is celebrated by the Russian Orthodox Church on the 23rd day of the month of November and on the 30th day of the month of August. In 1725 in Russia and in 1942 in COOP the Order named after the talented commander was established. In the modern award system, the Order of A. Nevsky occupies worthy place.
A huge role in the history of our country was played by the victory won in 1380 on the Kulikovo field by the troops of the Moscow Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy (1350-1389). He made a great contribution to the unification of the Russian lands. The defeat of the hordes of Khan Mamai was an important stage in the liberation of Russia and other peoples of Eastern Europe from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
The activity of Tsar Peter I (1672 - 1725) as an outstanding statesman and military leader, a reformer of Russia was fruitful and multifaceted. He clearly realized that the country's economic and cultural development required providing access to the Baltic and Black Seas.
The historical role of Peter the Great was to create a regular Russian army and navy. He raised a whole galaxy of talented military leaders. The largest of them are F.A. Golovin, B.P. Sheremetev, A.D. Menshikov and others.
The king himself went down in history as an outstanding commander. He showed high organizational skills and talent as a commander during the Azov campaigns (1695 - 1696), in the Northern War (1700 - 1721), during the Persian campaign (1722 - 1723). Under the direct leadership of Peter in the famous Battle of Poltava (1709), the troops of the Swedish king Charles XII were defeated and captured.
The second half of the 18th century was fruitful for Russian military art. In time it coincided with the reign of Catherine II, with the period of numerous wars with Turkey, Sweden and a number of other states.
At this time, the military leadership talent of General Field Marshal P.A. Rumyantsev (1725 - 1796). The largest victories were won by him during the first Russian-Turkish war (1768 - 1774), especially in the battles at the Ryaba grave, Larga and Cahul and many other battles. The Turkish army was defeated. Rumyantsev became the first holder of the Order of St. George of the 1st degree and received the title of Transdanubia.
As a commander, P. Rumyantsev was brave and wise, knew how to concentrate the main forces on decisive directions, and carefully worked out a plan of hostilities. He initiated the creation of deep battle formations.
Despite the defeat in the first war, Turkey did not abandon its aggressive aggressive goals and in August 1787 began a new war with Russia. In this war, under the leadership of the outstanding commander G.A. Potemkin (1739 -1791), Russian troops won many major victories. The Turkish fortresses of Ochakov and Izmail were taken, the Turkish troops were defeated at Rymnik and Fokshany.
In a number of naval battles, the Turkish fleet was defeated and sunk. For military and political achievements, Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin received the title of "Most Serene Prince of Tauride".
The rise of Russian military art in the second half of the 18th century. associated with the outstanding military activities of A.V. Suvorov and F.F. Ushakov.
The great Russian commander Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730 - 1800) for 55 years of military activity passed all stages of army service - from private to generalissimo. In two wars against the Ottoman Empire, Suvorov was finally recognized as the "first sword of Russia." It was he who took by storm the impregnable fortress of Izmail, defeated the Turks at Rymnik, Fokshany, Kinburn, etc. The Italian campaign of 1799 and the victory over the French, the immortal crossing of the Alps were the crown of his military leadership. A. Suvorov entered the history of Russia as an innovative commander who made a huge contribution to the development of the art of war, developed and implemented completely new methods and forms of military operations. Suvorov's strategy and tactics were outlined by him in "Science to Win". The essence of Suvorov's tactics is three martial arts: the eye, quickness,
During his life, the legendary commander fought 63 battles, and all of them were victorious. His name has become synonymous with victory, military skill, heroism and patriotism. Suvorov's legacy is still used in the training and education of troops.
Among the outstanding Russian naval commanders, Admiral Fyodor Fedorovich Ushakov (1744 - 1817) occupies a worthy place. He laid the foundations for new naval tactics, founded the Black Sea Naval Fleet, led it with talent, having won a number of remarkable victories in the Black and Mediterranean Seas: in the Kerch naval battle, in the battles of Tendra, Kaliakria, etc. Ushakov's notable victory was the capture of the island of Corfu in February 1799 g., where the combined actions of ships and land assault forces were successfully used.
Admiral Ushakov fought 40 sea battles. And they all ended in brilliant victories. The people called him the naval Suvorov.
IN early XIX For centuries, Field Marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov (1745 - 1813) stood out among the galaxy of talented Russian commanders and naval commanders. Military service he began at the age of 15 with the rank of corporal, and at the age of 17 he was already in command of a company. He fought against the Turks, Tatars, Poles, and French in various positions, including the position of commander-in-chief of armies and troops. He formed light cavalry and infantry that did not exist in the Russian army.
Kutuzov's military leadership flourished with special force in the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon's aggression. The turning point of the war was the famous battle of Borodino... During the battle, the French army was so drained of blood that it subsequently predetermined its defeat. If Napoleon sought to decide the outcome of the battle with a general battle, then M.I. Kutuzov opposed this with a flexible form of struggle. Without evading a general engagement, he made extensive use of a system of individual counterstrikes, maneuvering of troops, active defense and offensive. And the crown of these actions was a decisive counteroffensive and the pursuit of the enemy.
During the war, under the leadership of Kutuzov, such talented generals as M.B. Barclay de Tolly, P.I.Bagration, N.N. Raevsky, A.P. Ermolov, M.I. Platov and many others.
In the wars that Russia had to wage in the 19th century, the Russian fleet was distinguished more than once. The naval commanders M.P. Lazarev, P.S. Nakhimov, V.A. Kornilov and V.I. Istomin and others. A brilliant victory was won over the Turkish fleet in the Navarino naval battle (October 1827). During the Crimean War (1853 - 1856), the talent of Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (1802 - 1855) was fully manifested. Under his leadership, during the Battle of Sinop, the Turkish fleet was completely defeated. For many months, Nakhimov successfully led the defense of Sevastopol. He enjoyed great authority and love of the defenders of the city, set an example of courage and endurance. During one of the detours of the positions, he was mortally wounded by a bullet in the head on the Malakhov Kurgan.
Vice Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov (1849 - 1904) was a remarkable naval commander. He was the founder of the theory of the unsinkability of a ship, one of the organizers of the creation of destroyer ships and torpedo boats. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877 - 1878. carried out successful attacks on enemy ships with pole mines. He made two rounds of the world and a number of Arctic voyages. He skillfully commanded the Pacific squadron in the defense of Port Arthur in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. S.O. Makarov is the author of over 50 scientific works in various branches of naval affairs.
Our compatriots demonstrated their military leadership talent with particular force during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. It was on the commanders and naval commanders that the entire burden of leading the armed struggle, all the responsibility for its successes and failures, fell. And they justified the hopes of the people.
The most famous commander who made the greatest contribution to the defeat of the aggressor was Marshal Soviet Union Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896 - 1974).
The first glory to G. Zhukov was brought by the Khalkhingol operation in the summer of 1939, when imperialist Japan made an armed invasion of the territory of Mongolia, a friendly USSR. The Japanese were surrounded and utterly defeated. The idea of ​​this operation and its leadership belonged to the commander of the 1st army group, corps commander G.K. Zhukov.
Throughout the Great Patriotic War, he was the Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. As a representative of the Supreme Command Headquarters, he was constantly on the main strategic directions, on the most intense sectors of the front. He led the troops near Moscow, Leningrad, Stalingrad, on the Kursk Bulge, etc. And everywhere he achieved brilliant military victories.
Special merit of G.K. Zhukov as a talented commander lies in the fact that the development of plans for all major operations of the united fronts, large groupings of Soviet troops and their implementation took place under his leadership. These operations always ended victoriously. They were decisive for the outcome of the war.
For outstanding services to the Fatherland G.K. Zhukov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union four times. He was awarded two Orders "Victory", including the badge number 1. He became the first holder of the Order of Suvorov I degree, awarded with numerous foreign orders. The people rightfully call G.K. Zhukov, Marshal of Victory.
Much credit for achieving victory over the Nazi invaders belongs to Marshal of the Soviet Union Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky (1895 - 1977). For almost the entire war, he headed the General Staff of the Armed Forces, was a member of the Supreme Command Headquarters. Took Active participation in the development of plans for the most important military operations and their implementation. His talent as a leader was most clearly manifested as commander of the 3rd Belorussian Front during the East Prussian operation, in which the largest group of the Wehrmacht was defeated.
After the victory over Germany, A. Vasilevsky was the Commander-in-Chief Soviet troops in the Far East. Under his leadership, the millionth Kwantung Army was defeated within 24 days. After that, Japan was forced to surrender.
For outstanding military and strategic activities in the defense of the Fatherland A.M. Vasilevsky was awarded two Orders of Victory and two Gold Stars of the Hero of the Soviet Union.
Marshals of the Soviet Union K.K.Rokossovsky, I.S. Konev, L.A. Govorov, K.A. Meretskov, S.K. Timoshenko, F.I. Tolbukhin, V.I. Chuikov, A.I. Eremenko, R. Ya. Malinovsky, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov.
Generals of the army N.F. Vatutin, I. D. Chernyakhovsky, I.V. Tyulenev, A.I. Antonov, chief marshals of aviation A.A. Novikov, A.E. Golovanov, Chief Marshal of Artillery N.N. Voronov, chief marshal of the armored forces P.A. Rotmistrov, admirals F.S. Oktyabrsky, V.F. Tributs, I.S. Yumashev and others. Their glory will survive for centuries.
The famous naval commander was the Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov (1904 -1974). In 1939, he put into operation a three-level system of operational readiness of the naval forces, which in June 1941 made it possible to quickly prepare ships and naval formations, and control bodies to repel a sudden enemy strike and deploy forces at sea to conduct hostilities. On the night of June 22, 1941, N. Kuznetsov transferred the forces of the fleet to readiness number 1. This contributed to the fact that German air raids on naval bases were almost ineffectual. During the Great Patriotic War, he confidently led the military operations of the Navy. His naval talent was fully revealed in the implementation of the interaction of the fleets with the ground forces, during which the main efforts of the fleets were aimed at supporting the coastal flanks of the Red Army, actively disrupting the enemy's maritime transport and protecting their sea and ocean communications. He showed high organizational skills in the defense of a number of naval bases, as well as in the development of plans and the conduct of a number of operations. For the skillful leadership of the combat operations of the fleets and the successes achieved as a result of these operations, N. Kuznetsov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
The Russian land is rich in great commanders, naval commanders and military leaders who have won fame both in Russia and abroad, their glorious names and deeds will remain forever in the memory of the people.

For a long time in Russia, the main weapon remained the straight Russian sword, glorified by the storytellers of epics as a heroic weapon. Russian craftsmen even managed to make changes to the traditional design of the sword, enhancing its combat power. However, the struggle against numerous opponents of Russia, who tried to seize her lands, required the improvement of weapons. And already in the annals of the Pustynsky Holy Trinity Monastery in 1378, it is told about "the shooting of fire and the affairs of the match."
In Russia, firearms (both manual and artillery) were initially called the same - pishchal. A significant difference in design arose only with the appearance of wick locks at the end of the 15th century.
Up to the 40s of the XIX century, the main type of small arms in Russia, as in most states, were smooth-bore muzzle-loading flintlocks.
In 1856, in Russia, rifled weapons received official name- rifle. But more than a dozen years passed before the Russian army switched to a five-charge three-line (7.62 mm) magazine rifle of the 1891 model, developed by the Russian designer Staff Captain S.I. Mosin (1849-1902). For the creation of this rifle, distinguished by excellent technical characteristics, he was awarded the Great Mikhailovsky Prize - the most prestigious award for an invention in the field of artillery and weaponry. The rifle really turned out to be so successful that it was successfully used in both the Russian and Soviet armies. Only in 1944 the production of the rifle was discontinued.
Due to the desire to further increase the rate of fire, the design thought turns to the creation of new weapons - machine guns and assault rifles.
The founder of the domestic school of automatic weapons is considered V.G. Fedorov (1874-1966). He designed in 1912 an automatic rifle with a caliber of 7.62 mm, and in 1916 - the world's first automatic rifle chambered for a rifle cartridge of 6.5 mm. Fedorov's automatic weapons were used in the First World War and Civil wars.
In the pre-war years, the Red Army received a series of machine guns made by V.G. Fedorov: heavy machine gun V.A. Degtyarev and G.S. Shpagin - DShK, Degtyarev submachine gun - PPD, Shpagin submachine gun - PPSh.
The talented and original designer F.V. Tokarev (1871-1968). He created about 150 different types of weapons.
An interesting story is the creation of the TT pistol in the pre-war years. Design tests took place in 1931. Along with domestic ones, 17 best foreign systems were tested. Colts misfired, the Mauser barrels tore, and the TT continued to fire flawlessly. In all respects, he was recognized as the best. But the main achievement in Tokarev's creative life is his automatic rifle. The designer worked on its creation for 30 years. In 1938, she was adopted by the Red Army.
The submachine gun of A.I. Sudaev (1912-1946) (PPS). It is rightfully considered the best submachine gun of the Second World War. Not a single sample could compare with it in terms of simplicity of the device, reliability, trouble-free operation, ease of use. The paratroopers, tankmen, scouts, and skiers were very fond of the Sudayev weapons.
During the war years, M.T. Kalashnikov (1919-201З), whose handiwork has become a symbol of modern design thought in the field of small arms.
A simple, unpretentious and powerful Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK), which is more than half a century old, and today overshadows the glory of foreign developments. Only officially the AK-47 was put into service in 55 countries of the world, it is imprinted in the national emblems of 6 states. In total, about 100 million AKs were produced.
But the design idea does not stand still. Since 1993, the development of the AN-94 assault rifle began.
The creator of this truly unique weapon G.N. Nikonov (1950-2003) managed to increase the effectiveness of fire in comparison with the "Kalashnikov" several times.
Russian artillery has a remarkable history. In the workshops of the cannon yard, the remarkable cannon and bell master Andrei Chokhov cast the largest cannon in the world in caliber in 1586. The Tsar Cannon is still located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin.
A major contribution to the development of Russian artillery was made by P.I. Shuvalov (1710-1762). Under his leadership, Russian artillery officers M. Danilov, M. Zhukov, M. Martynov, I. Meller, M. Rozhnov in 1757 - 1759 developed several samples of smooth-bore howitzers for flat and mounted fire. These tools with the image of a mythical beast with a horn in its forehead are called "unicorn". Unicorns were adopted nearby European countries and lasted in service over 10O / yt.
In 1872 - 1877, artillery engineer B.C. Baranovsky created the first rapid-fire artillery gun and used a cartridge loading on it. None of the foreign guns at that time could surpass the domestic cannon of the 1902 model, created according to the ideas of V. Baranovsky by the professor of the Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy N.A. Zabludsky.
76-mm gun designed by V.G. Grabin (1900-1980), Hitler's artillery consultant Professor Wolff considered "the best 76-mm gun of the Second World War" and one of the "most general structures in the history of cannon artillery." Before the Great Patriotic War, under the leadership of V. Grabin, a 57-mm anti-tank gun was created, which knew no equal, as well as a powerful 100-mm anti-tank gun.
The 152-mm howitzer designed by F.F. Petrov.
Guards mortar units, armed with BM-13 rocket artillery combat vehicles ("Katyusha"), covered themselves with unfading glory during the war years. The origins of this powerful weapon were N.I. Tikhomirov and V.A. Artemiev. In 1939, it was first used in the form of aircraft shells. On July 14, 1941, the baptism of fire of a rocket launcher mounted on the chassis of a ZIS-5 truck took place near the city of Orsha.
After the Great Patriotic War, the evolution of multiple launch rocket systems continued thanks to A.N. Ganichev (1918-1983). He proposed new approaches and original technical solutions in the design of unguided jet engines and warheads.
In 1963, our army adopted the Grad divisional rocket system with a firing range of more than 20 km, a caliber of 122 mm and 40 guides. It gave impetus to the intensive development of multiple launch rocket systems not only in our country, but throughout the world. However, A. Ganichev's creative thought was directed to the future. Even when the production of "Grad" was just beginning, the designer proposed a highly efficient 200-mm army system "Hurricane" with 16 guides.
He also had ideas about the creation of a 300-mm MLRS with a firing range of up to 70 km. However, the work on "Tornado" had to be completed by A. Ganichev's student G. Denezhkin.
Modern multiple launch rocket systems and artillery systems "Smerch", "Uragan", "Grad", "Meta", "Hyacinth", "Akatsia" are a formidable warning to our potential adversaries.
In 1915, the Russian designer A.A. Porokhovshchikov presented for testing a prototype of the All-terrain vehicle, armed with two machine guns placed in a rotating turret. Since then, Russian tank builders have successfully competed with foreign ones in the creation of armored vehicles.
On December 19, 1939, the bastard in our army was adopted by the legendary T-34. The creator of this wonderful machine is a team of designers headed by M.I. Koshkin (1989-1940). In terms of the optimal combination of combat properties - firepower, armor protection and mobility, as well as the simplicity of design and manufacturability - the thirty-four became a role model for many years.
Together with the T-34, our heavy tanks KB and IS successfully operated against the enemy. The creator of these wonderful machines is J.Ya. Kotin (1908-1979). IN post-war years Under the leadership of J. Kotin, the PT-76 amphibious tank was created, as well as a whole family of tracked chassis for transporting missiles. The development of a new generation tank was started, the completion of which was the creation of one of the best modern T-72 tanks.
The new Russian tank, developed by the team of the design bureau under the leadership of V.I. Potkin, - rocket-gun T-90. This machine has incorporated the engineering solutions embodied in the T-72 and T-80, at the same time, each of its units, the system has a new quality. However, the T-90 is already preparing a worthy change in the person of armored vehicles based on the Armata platform.
The achievements of Russia in the field of aircraft construction are widely known to the whole world. Back in 1876, researcher and inventor aircraft heavier than air A.F. Mozhaisky (1825-1890) publicly demonstrated the flights of his models. And in 1882 he built a life-size "aeronautic projectile", which was 10-15 years ahead of foreign competitors.
The talent of domestic aircraft designers was revealed with special force during the Great Patriotic War. The role of Soviet designers S.V. Ilyushin, S.A. Lavochkin, A.I. Mikoyan, V.M. Myasishcheva, V.M. Petlyakova, P.O. Sukhoi, A.N. Tupolev, A.S. Yakovlev and others. In many respects, the machines they created were superior to the aircraft in service. fascist Germany.
In the postwar years, designers in the USSR actively worked on the creation of jet aircraft, their developments are continued and developed by aircraft design bureaus in modern Russia.
Thus, the capabilities of the Su-35 multipurpose fighter are unique. The chief designer of this machine is N.F. Nikitin. Suffice it to say that no fighter in the world carries as many missiles as the Su-35 - fourteen, and its bomb load reaches 8 tons.
The Su-34 front-line bomber will form the basis of the strike power of the Russian front-line aviation. It is a worthy replacement for the all-weather 24-hour front-line bomber Su-24M. The development and serial production of the Su-34 front-line bomber is one of the priority programs of the Sukhoi company.
There are many other developments in aviation technology in Russia that we can be proud of. So, only our country has ekranoplanes. A unique technique created in the design bureau of R.E. Alekseeva, has a displacement of more than 500 tons and a flight speed of 400-500 km / h.
The Ka-50 anti-tank helicopter named "Black Shark" has no analogues in the world. Created under the leadership of General Designer S.V. Mikheev, he is capable of detecting and destroying a tank-type target at night at a distance of up to 5000 meters. The Kamov firm has created a number of other promising rotary-wing aircraft: the multi-purpose, all-weather two-seater Ka-52 Alligator, Ka-60 Kasatka.
The role of A.A. Raspletina (1908-1967) in the creation of defensive air defense systems compared with the role that M. Kalashnikov played in the development of small arms. Under his leadership, in a short time, the first domestic anti-aircraft missile air defense system S-25 was created. In May 1955, she was put into service.
Then came the S-125, S-200, S-300 systems. A. Raspletin's work was completed by his associates and students, primarily B.V. Bunkin. The S-300PMU-1 anti-aircraft missile system makes it possible to effectively combat all means of enemy attack, including stealth aircraft and cruise missiles. The modern S-400 "Triumph" complex possesses even higher technical and combat characteristics. The general designer of NPO Almaz A.A. Lemansky (1935-2007).
The power of the Strategic Missile Forces in different periods of their history was multiplied by the general designers S.P. Korolev and M.K. Yangel, V.N. Chelomey, V.F. Utkin, A.D. Nadiradze, Yu.S. Solomonov.
A significant contribution to the development of domestic and world shipbuilding was made by prominent Russian shipbuilding scientists: Admiral A.A. Popov, Lieutenant General of the Corps of Naval Engineers E.E. Gulyaev, General of the Fleet A.N. Krylov, during the years of Soviet power - Rear Admiral V.I. Pershin, academician Yu.A. Shimansky, a well-known specialist in the field of hydrodynamics I.A. Titov.
Domestic history is rich in great achievements and discoveries in the military-technical field. The inquisitive mind of Russian craftsmen penetrated into the most intimate secrets of nature, absorbed all the best from world practice and created their own, domestic, unique. Thanks to the selfless work of Russian scientists, engineers, designers, our army has something to defend the freedom and independence of the Motherland.

Guidelines.
In the opening remarks, it is necessary to emphasize the role of Russian and Soviet commanders and naval commanders in the development of military art, to show the significance of their theoretical views and practice for modern military science and military construction.
In the course of disclosing the first question, it is advisable, using specific examples and facts, to demonstrate the superiority of the national military leadership school in different periods of time over the military leadership science of other countries, to point out the continuity of military leaders and commanders Russian army in the development of military theory and practice.
In the course of considering the second educational issue, it is necessary to show the place, role and significance of the activities of domestic scientists and designers of weapons and military equipment in strengthening the country's defense capability.

Recommended reading:
1. Shishov A., Satsuta A. Great Russian generals, naval commanders and military leaders // Orientation. - 2006. - No. 5.
2. Great Russian generals and naval commanders. Stories about loyalty, about exploits, about glory ... - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2011.
3. Military encyclopedic Dictionary... - M., 1983

Major Boris IVANOV

Over the entire period of human existence, there have been many wars that have radically changed the course of history. There were quite a few of them on the territory of our country. The success of any hostilities depended entirely on the experience and skill of the military commanders. Who are they, the great commanders and naval commanders of Russia, who brought victories to their Fatherland in difficult battles? We present to you the brightest Russian military leaders, starting from the times of the Old Russian state and ending with the Great Patriotic War.

Svyatoslav Igorevich

The famous generals of Russia are not only our contemporaries. They were also during the existence of Russia. Historians call the brightest military leader of that time Of the Kiev prince Svyatoslav. He ascended the throne in 945, immediately after the death of his father Igor. Since Svyatoslav was still not old enough to rule the state (he was only 3 years old at the time of his succession to the throne), his mother Olga became regent under him. This heroic woman had to lead Old Russian state and after her son grew up. The reason was his endless military campaigns, because of which he practically did not visit Kiev.

Svyatoslav began to independently rule his lands only in 964, but even after that he did not stop his campaigns of conquest. In 965 he managed to defeat the Khazar Kaganate and annex a number of conquered territories to Ancient Rus. Svyatoslav conducted a series of campaigns against Bulgaria (968-969), capturing its cities in turn. He stopped only after he captured Pereyaslavets. In this Bulgarian city, the prince planned to move the capital of Russia and expand his possessions to the Danube, but because of the raids on the Kiev lands of the Pechenegs, he was forced to return home with an army. In the years 970-971, Russian troops led by Svyatoslav fought for the Bulgarian territories with Byzantium, which claimed them. The prince failed to defeat the mighty enemy. The result of this struggle was the conclusion of profitable military-trade agreements between Russia and Byzantium. It is not known how many aggressive campaigns Svyatoslav Igorevich managed to carry out if in 972 he had not died in the battle with the Pechenegs.

Alexander Nevskiy

Outstanding generals of Russia were also in the period of the feudal fragmentation of Russia. These politicians include Alexander Nevsky. As the prince of Novgorod, Vladimir and Kiev, he went down in history as a talented military leader who led the people in the struggle against those who claim to northwest territories Rus by Swedes and Germans. In 1240, despite the predominance of the enemy in the forces, he won a brilliant victory on the Neva, inflicting a crushing blow. In 1242, he defeated the Germans on Lake Peipsi... The merits of Alexander Nevsky not only in military victories, but also in diplomatic abilities. Through negotiations with the rulers of the Golden Horde, he managed to achieve the release of the Russian army from participation in the wars waged by the Tatar khans. After his death, Nevsky was canonized by the Orthodox Church. It is considered the patron saint of Russian soldiers.

Dmitry Donskoy

Continuing to talk about who the most famous commanders of Russia are, it is necessary to recall the legendary Dmitry Donskoy. The Prince of Moscow and Vladimir went down in history as a man who laid the foundation for the liberation of the Russian lands from Tatar-Mongol yoke... Tired of enduring the arbitrariness of the Golden Horde ruler Mamai, Donskoy with an army opposed him. The decisive battle took place in September 1380. The troops of Dmitry Donskoy were 2 times inferior in size to the enemy army. Despite the inequality of forces, the great commander managed to defeat the enemy, almost completely destroying his many regiments. The defeat of Mamai's army not only accelerated the moment of liberation of the Russian lands from the Golden Horde dependence, but also contributed to the strengthening of the Moscow principality. Like Nevsky, Donskoy was canonized by the Orthodox Church after his death.

Mikhail Golitsyn

Famous Russian generals also lived during the time of Emperor Peter I. One of the most prominent military leaders of this era was Prince Mikhail Golitsyn, who became famous in the 21-year Northern War with the Swedes. He rose to the rank of Field Marshal. He distinguished himself during the capture of the Swedish fortress Noteburg by Russian troops in 1702. He was the commander of the guard during the Battle of Poltava in 1709, as a result of which the Swedes were dealt a crushing defeat. After the battle, together with A. Menshikov, he pursued the retreating enemy troops and forced them to lay down their arms.

In 1714, the Russian army under the command of Golitsyn struck at the Swedish infantry near the Finnish village of Lappole (Napo). This victory was of great strategic importance during the Northern War. The Swedes were driven out of Finland, and Russia seized a foothold for a further offensive. Golitsyn also distinguished himself in the naval battle of Grengam Island (1720), which put an end to the long and bloody Northern War. Commanding the Russian fleet, he forced the Swedes to retreat. After that, Russian influence was established.

Fyodor Ushakov

Not only the best generals of Russia glorified their country. The naval commanders did it just as well as the commanders of the ground forces. Such was Admiral Fyodor Ushakov, who, for his numerous victories, Orthodox Church canonized. He took part in the Russian-Turkish war (1787-1791). He headed at Fidonisi, Tendra, Kaliakria, Kerch, led the siege of the island of Corfu. In 1790-1792 he commanded the Black Sea Fleet. For his military career Ushakov fought 43 battles. He was not defeated in any of them. In the battles he managed to save all the ships entrusted to him.

Alexander Suvorov

Some of the generals of Russia have become famous all over the world. Suvorov is one of them. As generalissimo of the naval and ground forces, as well as a knight of all military orders existing in the Russian Empire, he left a noticeable mark in the history of his country. He proved himself as a talented military leader in two Russian-Turkish wars, the Italian and Swiss campaigns. He commanded the Battle of Kinburn in 1787, and the battles of Foksani and Rymnik in 1789. He led the storming of Izmail (1790) and Prague (1794). During his military career, he won victories in more than 60 battles and did not lose in any battle. Together with the Russian army, he went to Berlin, Warsaw and the Alps. He left behind the book "The Science of Victory", where he outlined the tactics of successful warfare.

Mikhail Kutuzov

If you ask who the famous generals of Russia are, many people immediately remember Kutuzov. And this is not surprising, because for special merits this man was awarded the Order of St. George, the highest military award of the Russian Empire. He bore the rank of Field Marshal. Almost all of Kutuzov's life was spent in battles. He is the hero of two Russian-Turkish wars. In 1774, in the battle of Alushta, he was wounded in the temple, as a result of which he lost his right eye. After long-term treatment, he was appointed Governor-General of the Crimean Peninsula. In 1788 he received a second serious wound in the head. In 1790 he successfully led the assault on Ishmael, where he proved himself as a fearless commander. In 1805 he went to Austria to command the troops opposing Napoleon. In the same year he took part in the Battle of Austerlitz.

In 1812, Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian troops in the Patriotic War with Napoleon. He fought a grandiose battle of Borodino, after which, at a military council held in Fili, he was forced to decide on the withdrawal of the Russian army from Moscow. As a result of the counteroffensive, the troops under the command of Kutuzov were able to push the enemy back from their territory. Considered the strongest in Europe, the French army suffered huge human losses.

Kutuzov's leadership talent ensured our country a strategic victory over Napoleon, and brought him worldwide fame. Although the military leader did not support the idea of ​​persecuting the French in Europe, it was he who was appointed commander-in-chief of the combined Russian and Prussian forces. But illness did not allow Kutuzov to give another battle: in April 1813, having reached Prussia with his troops, he caught a cold and died.

Generals in the war with Nazi Germany

Great Patriotic War revealed to the world the names of talented Soviet military leaders. Outstanding military leaders of Russia put a lot of effort into the defeat of Hitlerite Germany and the destruction of fascism in European lands. There were many brave front commanders on the territory of the USSR. Thanks to their skill and heroism, they were able to adequately oppose the well-trained and armed with the latest technology German invaders. We invite you to get acquainted with two greatest commanders- I. Konev and G. Zhukov.

Ivan Konev

One of those to whom our state owes its victory was the legendary Marshal and twice Hero of the USSR Ivan Konev. The Soviet commander began his participation in the war as the commander of the 19th Army of the North Caucasus District. During the Battle of Smolensk (1941), Konev managed to avoid captivity and to withdraw the army command and a liaison regiment from the enemy's encirclement. After that, the commander commanded the Western, Northwestern, Kalinin, Steppe, First and Second Ukrainian fronts. He took part in the battle for Moscow, led the Kalinin operations (defensive and offensive). In 1942, Konev headed (together with Zhukov) the first and second Rzhev-Sychevskaya operations, and in the winter of 1943 - Zhizdrinskaya operations.

Due to the superiority of enemy forces, many battles fought by the commander until mid-1943, for Soviet army were unsuccessful. But the situation changed dramatically after the victory over the enemy in the battle on (July-August 1943). After that, the troops under the leadership of Konev conducted a number of offensive operations(Poltava-Kremenchug, Pyatikhat, Znamenskaya, Kirovograd, Lvov-Sandomirskaya), as a result of which most of the territory of Ukraine was cleared of the Nazis. In January 1945, the First Ukrainian Front under the command of Konev, together with the allies, began the Vistula-Oder operation, liberated Krakow from the Nazis, and in the spring of 1945, the marshal's troops reached Berlin, and he himself took part in its assault.

Georgy Zhukov

The greatest commander, four times Hero of the USSR, winner of many domestic and foreign military awards, was a truly legendary person. In his youth, he took part in the First World War and the Civil War, the Battle of Khalkhin Gol. By the time Hitler invaded the territory of the Soviet Union, Zhukov was appointed by the country's leadership to the posts of Deputy People's Commissar of Defense and Chief of the General Staff.

During the years he headed the troops of the Leningrad, Reserve and First Belorussian fronts. He took part in the battle for Moscow, Stalingrad and Kursk battles. In 1943 Zhukov, together with other Soviet commanders, carried out a breakthrough Leningrad blockade... He coordinated actions in the Zhytomyr-Berdichev and Proskurovo-Chernivtsi operations, as a result of which part of the Ukrainian lands was liberated from the Germans.

In the summer of 1944, he headed the largest in the history of human existence military operation"Bagration", during which Belarus, part of the Baltic States and Eastern Poland were cleared of the Nazis. In early 1945, together with Konev, he coordinated the actions of the Soviet troops during the liberation of Warsaw. In the spring of 1945 he took part in the capture of Berlin. The Victory Parade was held in Moscow on June 24, 1945, timed to coincide with the defeat of Nazi Germany by Soviet troops. Marshal Georgy Zhukov was instructed to receive him.

Outcomes

It is impossible to list all the great military leaders of our country in one publication. Naval commanders and generals of Russia from Ancient Russia to the present day have played a significant role in world history, glorifying the domestic art of war, heroism and courage of the army entrusted to them.

Stepan Osipovich Makarov - the great Russian naval commander and scientist, whose name is the sea and river higher schools, including the military, streets in coastal cities, and in Soviet time- cruisers and ships.

In the Makarov family, both grandfathers and father were military men, so at the age of ten, Stepan Makarov also enters naval school who graduates with the rank of midshipman. In 1867, Makarov was appointed to the crew of the Baltic Fleet and during his service he began to write scientific articles.

In 1870 Makarov proposed new technology repair of holes in the hulls of ships, which was approved and immediately implemented in the fleet. Since 1872, Makarov began to actively engage in the construction of ships, participated in the development of the steam fleet, and in 1877, after the start of the next Russian-Turkish war, Stepan Makarov took part in hostilities.

In one of the battles, he managed to test a mine boat invented by him, with the help of which a Turkish corvette was withdrawn from the battle. Makarov was one of the first to propose the use of self-propelled sea mines. This helped the Russian fleet to sink Turkish ships without much effort. In 1880, in the Bosphorus Strait, Makarov used a new device of his own invention to study currents, the action of which he described in his report "On the exchange of waters of the Black and Mediterranean Seas", highly appreciated by the Academy of Sciences.

In 1886, Makarov on the corvette "Vityaz" makes trip around the world, the result of which is his hydrological work, which brought him the gold medal of the Russian geographic society... Then Makarov introduces smokeless powder into the fleet, develops special shields on guns for sheltering artillerymen and a special tip for projectiles, which made it possible to increase their penetrating power and damage inflicted. Makarov helped Alexander Popov put together a radio, and Mendeleev helped Stepan Osipovich to promote the idea of ​​creating an icebreaker fleet.

With the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War, Makarov - Commander of the Pacific Fleet Russian Empire... In Port Arthur, he organized work to strengthen the defensive structures. Soon his life was cut short: on May 31, 1904, on one of the battleships, the admiral went to sea and was blown up by a Japanese mine. The ship sank.