What was October 4, 1957. School encyclopedia

We have been accustomed for a long time that we live in the era of the development of space. However, watching today for huge reusable missiles and space orbital stations Many do not realize that the first launch of the spacecraft took place not so long ago - only 60 years ago.

Who launched first artificial satellite Earth? - THE USSR. This question is great importanceSince this event gave the beginning of the so-called cosmic race between the two superpowers: USA and the USSR.

What was the first artificial satellite satellite in the world? - Since such devices did not exist earlier, Soviet scientists considered that the name "satellite-1" is quite suitable for this unit. The code designation of the device is PS-1, which is decoded as the "simplest satellite-1".

Externally, the satellite had a rather uncomplicated appearance and was an aluminum sphere with a diameter of 58 cm to which the cross will be attached with two curved antennas, allowing the device evenly and in all directions to distribute radio emission. Inside the sphere made of two hemispheres bonded by 36 bolts, 50-cyllographer silver-zinc batteries, a radio transmitter, a fan, thermostat, pressure sensors and temperature were located. The total mass of the device was 83.6 kg. It is noteworthy that the radio transmitter was broadcast in the range of 20 MHz and 40 MHz, that is, conventional radio amateurs could monitor him.

History of creation

The story of the first space satellite And the space flights in general begins with the first ballistic missile - Fow-2 (VergeltungSwaffe-2). The rocket was developed by the famous German designer - Werner von Brown at the end of World War II. The first test launch was held in 1942, and the combat - 1944th., A total of 3225 launches were performed mainly on the territory of the UK. After the war, Werner von Brown surrendered to the US Army, and in connection with which he headed the design and development of weapons in the United States. Back in 1946, the German scientist presented the US Defense Ministry report "Pre-design of the experimental spacecraftRotating around the Earth, "where noted that a rocket could be developed for five years capable of bringing a similar ship into orbit. However, the project financing was not approved.

On May 13, 1946, Joseph Stalin adopted a decree on creating a rocket industry in the USSR. Sergey Korolev was appointed chief designer of ballistic missiles. The next 10 years of scientists have developed intercontinental ballistic missiles R-1, P2, P-3, etc.

In 1948, Mikhail Tikhonravov rocket designer conducted a report for scientific circles on composite missiles and calculation results, according to which 1000 kilometer missiles were developed to reach large distances And even with an artificial satellite of the Earth into orbit. However, such a statement was criticized and not perceived seriously. The Tikhonravov Department in NII-4 was disbanded in connection with irrelevant work, but later by the efforts of Mikhail Claudiyevich again assembled in 1950. Then Mikhail Tikhonravov had repeatedly spoke about the mission to bring the satellite into orbit.

Satellite model

After the creation of the P-3 ballistic missile, its capabilities were presented to the presentation, according to which the rocket was capable of not only to hit targets at a distance of 3000 km, but also to withdraw a satellite into orbit. So by 1953, scientists still managed to convince the highest guide in the fact that the conclusion of the orbital satellite is possible. And the leaders of the armed forces had an understanding of the prospects for the development and launch of an artificial satellite of the Earth (ISS). For this reason, in 1954, a resolution was adopted to create a separate group in NII-4 with Mikhail Klavdiyevich, which would be engaged in the design of a satellite and mission planning. In the same year, Tikhonravov Group presented a program for the development of space, from launching an exercise, before landing on the moon.

In 1955, the delegation of the Politburo at the head of N. S. Khrushchev visited the Leningrad Metal Plant, where the construction of the two-stage rocket R-7 was completed. The impression of the delegation was resulted in the signing of a decree on the creation and conclusion on the Earth orbit of the satellite in the next two years. Designing an exemplary began in November 1956, and in September 1957, the "simplest satellite-1" successfully passed tests on the vibrosenda and in the thermocamera.

Definitely the question "Who invented satellite-1?" - You can not answer. The development of the first satellite of the Earth took place under the leadership of Mikhail Tikhonravov, and the creation of a carrier missile and the conclusion of the satellite into orbit - under the start of Sergey Queen. However, a considerable number of scientists and researchers worked on both projects.

Study story

In February 1955, the highest leadership approved the creation of a research test landfill number 5 (later Baikonur), which was supposed to be located in the Kazakhstan's desert. The polygon was carried out testing of the first ballistic missiles of the P-7 type, but according to the results of five experienced launches, it became clear that the massive head of the ballistic missile could not withstand the temperature load and requires revision, which would take about six months. For this reason, S. P. Korolev requested two rockets for the experimental launch of PS-1 from N. S. Khrushchev. At the end of September 1957, the R-7 rocket arrived at Baikonur with a lightweight part of the part and the transition to the satellite. Excessive equipment was removed, as a result of which the mass of the rocket was reduced by 7 tons.

On October 2, S. P. Korolev signed an order for flight tests of the satellite and sent a notice of readiness to Moscow. And although no answers came from Moscow, Sergey Korolev decided to bring the satellite launch vehicle (P-7) with PS-1 to the starting position.

The reason why guide demanded a satellite to orbit in this period it is that from July 1, 1959 to December 31, 1958 the so-called international geophysical year was conducted. According to it, at a specified period of 67 countries, together and in a single program, conducted geophysical studies and observations.

Date of launch of the first artificial satellite - October 4, 1957. In addition, on the same day, the opening of the VIII International Congress of Astronautics in Spain, Barcelona. The leaders of the USSR space program did not disclose the public due to the secrecy of the work being carried out, Academician Leonid Ivanovich Sedov said about the sensational launch of the Satellite Satellite of the Congress. Therefore, it was the Soviet physics and mathematics of Sedov, the world community for a long time considered the "father of the satellite."

Flight History

At 22:28:34 Moscow time a rocket was launched with a satellite from the first site NIP No. 5 (Baikonur). After 295 seconds, the central block of rocket and satellite were brought to the elliptical orbit of the Earth (Apogee - 947 km, Peria - 288 km). After another 20 seconds, PS-1 separated from the rocket and filed a signal. These were repeated signals "BIP! BIP! ", Which were caught at the site for 2 minutes, until" satellite-1 "was not hidden behind the horizon. On the first turn of the apparatus around the Earth, the telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) transferred a message about the successful launch of the world's first PRES.

After receiving the signals of PS-1, detailed data on the device began to enter, which turned out to be close to ensuring the first space speed and do not go into orbit. The reason for this was the unforeseen refusal of the fuel management system, which is why one of the engines delayed. From failure separated the fraction of a second.

However, PS-1 still successfully reached the elliptical orbit, which was moving within 92 days, while completed 1440 revolutions around the planet. The radio transmitters of the device worked throughout the first two weeks. What caused the death of the first satellite of the Earth? - Losing the speed of friction of the atmosphere, "satellite-1" began to decline and completely burned in the dense layers of the atmosphere. It is noteworthy that many could observe a kind of brilliant object moving across the sky at that time. But without special optics, the brilliant satellite case could not be noted, and in fact this object was the second stage of the rocket, which was also rotating in orbit, along with the satellite.

Meaning of flight

The first launch of the artificial satellite of the Earth in the USSR produced an unprecedented rise of pride for his country and a strong blow to the prestige of the United States. An excerpt from the publication "United Press": "90 percent of conversations about the artificial satellites of the Earth accounted for US. As it turned out, 100 percent of the case had to be in Russia ... ". And despite the erroneous ideas about the technical retardation of the USSR, the first satellite of the Earth was the Soviet apparatus, besides, his signal could be monitored by any radio amateur. The flight of the first satellite of the Earth marked the beginning of the space era and launched the space race between the Soviet Union and the United States.

After only 4 months, February 1, 1958, the United States launched its explorar-1 satellite, which was assembled by a team of scientist Verner von Brown. And although it was several times easier than PS-1 and contained 4.5 kg of scientific equipment, he was still the second and was no longer affected the public.

Scientific results of PS-1 flight

The launch of this PS-1 pursued several goals:

• Testing the technical ability of the device, as well as checking the calculations adopted for the successful launch of the satellite;
• The study of the ionosphere. Before the launch of the spacecraft, the radio wave sent from the ground was reflected from the ionosphere, eliminating the possibility of studying it. Now, scientists were able to start the study of the ionosphere through the interaction of radio waves emitted by the satellite from the space and going through the atmosphere to the surface of the Earth.
• Calculation of the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere by monitoring the pace of slowing the device due to the friction about the atmosphere;
• Study of the influence of outer space on the equipment, as well as determining the favorable conditions for the work of the equipment in space.

Listen to the sound of the first satellite

And although there was no scientific instrument on the satellite, tracking his radio signal and analyzing his nature gave a lot of useful results. So a group of scholars from Sweden conducted measurements of the electronic composition of the ionosphere, based on the effect of Faraday, which stars about changing the polarization of light when it passes through the magnetic field. A group of Soviet scientists from Moscow State University has also developed a methodology for monitoring a satellite with an accurate determination of its coordinates. Observation of this elliptical orbit and the nature of its behavior made it possible to determine the density of the atmosphere in the field of orbital heights. Unexpectedly increased atmospheric density in these areas pushed scientists to create the theory of satellite inhibition, which made their contribution to the development of astronautics.

Video about the first satellite.

On October 4, the day of the beginning of the space era of mankind is noted, proclaimed by the International Federation of Astronautics in September 1967. On this day, on October 4, 1957, the first artificial satellite of the Earth was launched in the USSR.

Over its creation led by the founder of practical cosmonautics Sergey Queen, scientists Mstislav Keldysh, Mikhail Tikhonravov, Nikolay Lidorenko, Vladimir Lappko, Boris Checans and many others.

By creating a long-range ballistic missile missile and especially the Intercontinental Rocket R-7, Sergei Korolev was constantly returned to the idea of \u200b\u200bpractical space development. On May 27, 1954, he appealed to the USSR Defense Industry Minister Dmitry Ustinov with a proposal to develop an artificial satellite of the Earth (ISS). In June 1955, a memorandum was prepared for the organization of work on space objects, and in August of the same year - data on the parameters of the spacecraft for flight to the moon.

The decision on the work on the ISS was made on January 30, 1956. It was originally assumed that it would be more complex and heavy.

However, the works were delayed, and it was decided to develop the most simple apparatus in order not to give up the championship engaged in a similar US project.

In January 1957, Korolev sent a memo to the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In it, he said that in April-June 1957 two rockets in the satellite version can be prepared "and started immediately after the first successful launches of the intercontinental missile." The first Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile successfully started on August 21, 1957.

Satellite, which became the first artificial heavenly body, I was led to orbit on October 4, 1957, the R-7 carrier rocket from the 5th Research and Research Test Polygon of the USSR Ministry of Defense, which later received the open name of the Baikonur cosmodrome.

The launched Spacecraft PS-1 (the simplest satellite-1) was a ball with a diameter of 58 centimeters, weighed 83.6 kilograms, was equipped with four cylinder antennas with a length of 2.4 and 2.9 meters to transmit signals from the transmitters batteries. After 295 seconds after the start of PS-1 and the central rocket block weighing 7.5 tons were removed on elliptical orbit height in approaching 947 kilometers and perigue 2,28 kilometers. As of 315 seconds, after the start, the artificial satellite of the Earth separated from the second stage of the carrier rocket, and immediately his call sign heard the whole world.

Material prepared on the basis of open sources information

The first artificial satellite of the Earth created and launched into space in the USSR. It happened on October 4, 1957. On this day, the radio station of the whole world interrupted their programs to report the most important news. The Russian word "satellite" entered all languages \u200b\u200bof the world.
It was a fantastic breakthrough of humanity in the development of outer space, and he marked the beginning of the great cosmic era of all mankind. And the palm of championship rightly belongs to the USSR.

Here is a picture made in the Hall of the Institute space studies Russian Academy Science

In the foreground - the first satellite, the highest technological achievement of its time.
On the second - ICI employees are outstanding scientists, the creators of the first satellite, atomic weapons, space science and technology.

If not read on the snapshot, here are their names:

• Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich - the physicist theorist, repeatedly honored the Stalinist premium 1st degree for special work related to atomic bomb. Three times the hero of the Soc .Truda.

On October 4, 1957, forever entered the history of mankind as the beginning of the new era - cosmic. It was on this day that the first artificial satellite was sent from the Baikonur cosmodrome, the first artificial satellite. It weighed it relatively a bit - 83.6 kilograms, but at that time the delivery in orbit even such "crumbs" was a very serious task.

I think that in Russia there is no man who would not know about who was the first person in space.

With the first satellite, the situation is more complicated. Many do not even know which country he belonged.

So the new era began in science and the legendary space race between the USSR and the United States.

The era of rocket art begins at the beginning of the last century, with theory. It was then that the outstanding scientist Tsiolkovsky in his article about the jet engine actually predicted the appearance of satellites. Despite the fact that Professor had many students who continued to popularize his ideas, many considered him just a dreamer.

Then the new times came, the country had many cases and problems, except for rocket education. But after two dozen years, Friedrich Zander and the famous Aviator Korolenko, a group of studying of reactive movement, was founded by an engineer. After that, there were several events that led to the fact that after 30 years, the first satellite was launched in space, and after some time and a person:

• 1933 - launch of the first rocket with a reactive engine;
• 1943 - invention of the German missiles of FAu-2;
• 1947-1954 - launches P1-P7 missiles.

The apparatus itself was ready in mid-May at 7 o'clock in the evening. Its device was quite simple, there were 2 lighthouse on it, which allowed to measure the trajectories of his flight. Interestingly, after sending the notice that the satellite is ready for flight, Korolev did not receive any answer from Moscow and independently decided to formulate the satellite on the starting position.

The preparation and launch of the satellite was led by S.P. Korolev. 1440 Full speed satellite made for 92 days, after which he burned down by entering the tight layers of the atmosphere. Radio transmitters after the start worked for two weeks.

The first satellite was given the name "PS-1". When the project of the cosmic firstborn was born, disputes came among engineers and development designers: what should it be in shape? After listening to the arguments of all sides, Sergey Pavlovich categorically stated: "Ball and only ball!" - And, without waiting for questions, explained his idea: "The ball, its form, its living conditions in terms of aerodynamics are thoroughly studied.

His pros and cons are known. And it has an important meaning.

Understand - first! When mankind sees an artificial satellite, he must call him good feelings. What could be expressive than a ball? He is close to the form of the natural celestial bodies of our Solar system. People will perceive the satellite as a kind of image like a symbol of the cosmic era!

On board it, I consider it necessary to install such transmitters so that their callsigns can take radio amateurs on all continents. The orbital flight of the satellite is so calculated so that using the simplest optical devices, each from the ground could see the flight of the Soviet satellite. "

On the morning of October 3, 1957, scientists, designers, members gathered at the Test Corps State Commission - Everyone who was associated with the start. Waited to the export of the two-stage rocket-space system "Satellite" on the starting pad.

Opened metal gates. Motomnosis, as it were, pushed the rocket placed on a special platform. Sergey Pavlovich, setting a new tradition, took off his hat. Its example of high respect for the work that created this miracle of technology, and others followed.

Korolev took a few steps behind the rocket, stopped and for the old Russian custom said: "Well, with God!".

Before the start of the cosmic era, a read hours remained. What did the queen and his associates expected? Will it be October 4, the victorious day, which he dreamed of many years? The sky, that night heated with the stars, it seemed to be closer to the ground. And everyone who was present on the launch site was involuntarily looked at Korolev. What did he think, looking into the dark sky, flickering the myriads of loved ones and distant stars? Maybe he was remembered by the words of Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky: "The first great step of mankind is to fly over the atmosphere and become a satellite of the earth"?

The latter before the start meeting of the State Commission. Before the start of the experiment, it remained an hour with a little. The word was provided by S.P. Korolev, everyone was waiting for a detailed report, but the chief designer was brief: "Rocket carrier and satellite passed starting tests. I propose to launch a rocket-space complex at the appointed time, today at 22 28 minutes. "

And now the long-awaited launch!

"The first artificial satellite of the Earth, the Soviet spacecraft, launched in orbit."

The launch was carried out from the 5th Research and Research Polygon Ministry of Defense of the USSR "Tyura-there" on the "Satellite" rocket, created on the basis of the intercontinental ballistic missile "P7".

On Friday, October 4, at 22:28:34 Moscow time (19:28:34 Greenwich) was a successful launch.

After 295 seconds after the start of PS-1 and the central block (II stage), the rocket weighing 7.5 tons were displayed on

elliptical orbit height in suitoe is 947 km, in Periguee 288 km. At the same time, the apoge was in the southern hemisphere, and Peria - in the northern hemisphere. After 314.5 seconds after the start, a protective cone was reset and a satellite separation from the II layout stage II, and he filed his voice. "BIP! BIP! " - So they sounded his call sign.

At the landfill they were caught 2 minutes, then the satellite went beyond the horizon. People on the cosmodrome ran out on the street, shouted "Hurray!", Swung constructors and military.

And on the first twist, TASS message sounded:

"As a result of a large intensive work of research institutes and design bureaus, the world's first artificial satellite of the Earth has been created."

Only after the reception of the first signals of the satellite received the results of the processing of telemetry data and it turned out that only the fractions of the second were separated from failure. Before starting the engine in the block G "delayed", and the mode of exit to the mode is hardly controlled, and when it is exceeded, the start is automatically canceled.

The unit came out to the mode less than a second before the control time. On the 16th second, the flight refused the emptying system (soba), and due to the increased flow of kerosene, the central engine turned off for 1 second earlier than the estimated time. According to the memories of B. E. Titchok: "A little more - and the first space speed Could not be achieved.

But the winners do not judge! The Great happened! ".

The ignition of the orbit "satellite-1" was about 65 degrees, this meant that Satellite-1 flew approximately between the northern polar circle and the southern polar circle, due to the rotation of the Earth during each turn, shifted by 24 degrees in longitude 37.

The period of appeal "satellite-1" initially was 96.2 minutes, then it gradually decreased due to the decline in orbit, for example, after 22 days it became less than 53 seconds.

History of creation

The flight of the first satellite was preceded by a long work of scientists and designers, a significant role in which scientists played.

Here are their names:

1. Valentin Semenovich Etkin - Sounding the surface of the Earth's surface from space by remote radiophysical methods.
2. Pavel Efimovich El Sea - at the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, led the work on the definition of orbits and forecasting the movement of the satellite according to the measurement results.
3. Jan Lvovich Ziman - PhD dissertation, protected in Miigaik, was devoted to the selection of orbits for satellites.
4. Georgy Ivanovich Petrov - along with S.P. Korolev and M.V. Celdesh, standing at the origins of cosmonautics.
5. Joseph Samuilovich Shklovsky is the founder of the school of modern astrophysics.
6. Georgy Stepanovich Narimanov - Programs and methods of navigation and ballistic support when controlling flights of artificial satellites of the Earth.
7. Konstantin Iosifovich Gringauz - the first artificial satellite of the Earth, launched in 1957, carried on board a radio transmitter created by the scientific and technical group under the leadership of K. I. Gringaus.
8. Yuri Ilyich Halperin - magnetospheric studies.
9. Semyon Samoilovich Moses - plasma and hydrodynamics.
10. Vasily Ivanovich Moroz - Physics Planets and Small Blues of the Solar System.

Satellite device

The satellite body consisted of two power hemispherical shells with a diameter of 58.0 cm from an aluminum-magnesium AMG-6 alloy with a thickness of 2 mm with a docking splint, connected by 36 studs of M8 × 2.5. Before starting, the satellite was filled with dry gas nitrogen under the pressure of 1.3 atmosphere. The junction tightness was provided with a laying of vacuum rubber. The upper half-grader had a smaller radius and covered with a hemispherical external screen with a thickness of 1 mm to provide heat insulation.

The surfaces of the shells were polished and processed to give them special optical properties. On the upper half-hearth, the cross will include two corner vibratory antennas facing back; Each consisted of two shoulders of 2.4 m long (VHF antenna) and 2.9 m (sq-antenna), angle between the shoulders in a pair - 70 °; The shoulders were divorced to the desired corner of spring
The mechanism after separation from the carrier rocket.

Such an antenna provided close to uniform radiation in all directions, which was required for a steady radio acquisition due to the fact that the satellite was ne-oriented. The design of the antenna was proposed by G. T. Markov (MEI). On the front half-heal, there were four nests for fastening antennas with the fittings of the Hermovators and the flange of the refueling valve. On the rear half-grader was located blocking heel contact, which included autonomous onboard power supply after separating the satellite from the carrier rocket, as well as the flange of the test system connector.

CHEMA orbit of the first satellite of the Earth. / From the newspaper "Soviet aviation" /. 1957

Inside the hermetic case were posted:

• block of electrochemical sources (silver-zinc batteries);
• radio transmitting device;
• the fan, which is included on the thermostat at temperatures above + 30 ° C and turning off when the temperature is reduced to + 20 ... 23 ° C;
• thermorel and air duct system of thermal control;
• switching device onboard electroautomatics; temperature and pressure sensors;
• side cable network. Mass - 83.6 kg.

Parameters flight

• Start of flight - October 4, 1957 at 19:28:34 in Greenwich.
• End of flight - January 4, 1958.
• The mass of the device is 83.6 kg.
• Maximum diameter - 0.58 m.
• Obligation of the orbit - 65.1 °.
• The circulation period is 96.2 minutes.
• Peria - 228 km.
• Apogee - 947 km.
• Turns - 1440.

Memory

In honor of the beginning of the space era of mankind in 1964, a 99-meter obelisk "Cosmos's conquers" was opened in Moscow on the prospectus of the world.

In honor of the 50th anniversary of the launch of the "satellite-1" on October 4, 2007 in the city of Korolev on the avenue of cosmonauts, a monument to the "First Artificial Earth satellite" was opened.

In honor of the "satellite-1" in 2017, an ice plateau was named on Pluto.

By gaining speed, the rocket confidently went up. On the starting area, everyone who was involved in the launch of the satellite gathered. Nervous excitement did not weaken. Everyone was waiting for the satellite to fly away the ground and appear above the cosmodrome. "There is a signal," the operator's voice rang out on the speakerphone.

At the same second, the dynamics was thrown over the steppe, the confident voice of the satellite. Everyone was smoothed together. Someone shouted "Hurray!", Victory Klich picked the rest. Strong handshakes, hugs. The atmosphere of happiness reigned ... Korolev looked around: Ryabinin, Keldysh, Glushko, Kuznetsov, Nesterenko, Bushyev, Pilyugin, Ryazan, Tikhonravov. Everything here, everything is near - "mighty hand in science and technology", adherents of the ideas of Tsiolkovsky.

It seemed that the universal recovery of the gathered at these moments was impossible to learn. But the Korolev rose to the improvised tribune. Silence reigned. He did not hide his joy: his eyes glistened, the face, usually strictly, glowed.

"Today, the best sons of humanity dreamed about what the best sons of humanity and among them are our famous scientist Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. He brilliantly predicted that humanity would not remain forever on earth. Satellite is the first confirmation of his prophecy. Space assault began. We can be proud that our homeland began. All - Many Russian! "

We will give reviews from a foreign press.

Italian scientist Beniamino Segre, having learned about the satellite, said: "As a person and as a scientist, I am proud of the triumph of the human mind emphasizing high level Socialist science. "

Review "New York Times": "The success of the USSR primarily shows that it the greatest feat Soviet science and technology. Such a feat could be performed only by a country with first-class conditions in a very wide area of \u200b\u200bscience and technology. "

Curious statement of the German rocket worker Herman wasted: "It was possible to solve such a complex task as the launch of the first satellite of the Earth, could only a country with a huge scientific and technical potential. It was also necessary to have a considerable number of specialists. And them Soviet Union It has. I admire the talent of Soviet scientists. "

The scholar-physicist, laureate, made the deepest assessment. Nobel Prize Frederick Jolio Curie: "This is a great victory of a person who is a turning point in the history of civilization. The person is no longer chained to his planet. "

In all languages \u200b\u200bof the world, on this day sounded: "Cosmos", "satellite", "USSR", "Russian scientists".

In 1958, S.P. Korolev performs a report on "On the Luna Study Program", manages the launch of a geophysical missile with research equipment and two dogs in the triggered apparatus, participates in the organization of the flight of the third artificial satellite of the Earth - the first scientific station. And there is still a lot more scientific work It was done under his leadership.

Finally, the triumph of science - April 12, 1961. Sergey Pavlovich Korolev - Head of Historical Flight of a Man in Cosmos. This day became an event in the history of mankind: a person first defeated the earthly burden and rushed into outer space ... Then the real courage and courage was required to sit in the "Space Ball", as the ship "East", and, without thinking about his own destiny, Walk to an infinite star space.

On the eve, Korolev spoke to the members of the State Commission: "Dear comrades! There were no four years since the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, and we are ready for the first flight of a person in space. Here there is a group of cosmonauts, each of them is ready to fly. It was decided that the first will fly Yuri Gagarin. Others flew in the near future for him. In turn, we have new flights that will be interesting for science and for the benefit of humanity. "

It remained unfinished Martian project of the Korolev. Will come new, those who will continue this project and behave their ships by Milky Path to long-range planets, to far worlds ...

From you, you can add that the glory of the Fatherland is brought and will bring the heroes of science, their lives imprinuable knowledge.

Over we are those g, like arms, heaven,
And also pour us the benefits of their streams,
And in our days, wonders work,
And nowadays are the prophets ...

(V.G. Benedictov)

2017 is rich in space anniversaries, we celebrate the next one of them on October 4th. Exactly 60 years ago, a successful launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth took place. The event that occurred on October 4, 1957 was forever entered into, becoming the first step of mankind on the way to master the near-empty space, a peculiar beginning of the cosmic era. Subsequent sixty years have passed under the sign of space of space, in a large number of No less bright and impressive achievements that have become the personification of the celebration of science and technology. And the very event itself has become a powerful inspirational factor for young people who have allowed to attract new frames to the rocket and space industry.

To the creation of the first artificial satellite of the Earth in OKB-1, which was headed by Sergey Pavlovich Korolev, started in November 1956. The satellite was originally developed as a very simple device, so he received the PS-1 code designation ("the simplest satellite - 1"). Above the creation of an artificial satellite of the Earth, led by the founder of practical cosmonautics S. P. Korolev, scientists of A. V. Buchtyar, M. V. Keldysh, V. I. Lappko, N. S. Lidorenko, Maximov, M. K. Tikhonravov, B. S. Chekunov and many other Soviet scientists and engineers.

The first artificial satellite of the Earth was a spherical form container, its diameter was 580 mm. The satellite housing consisted of two hemorals with a docking spangling, interconnected by 36 bolts. The junction tightness was provided with a special rubber gasket. After completing the assembly, the container was filled with a died of nitrogen to a pressure of 1.3 kgf / cm2. In the upper half-grader, the satellite was two antennas with a length of 3.9 meters and two - 2.4 meters, as well as a spring mechanism that raised the pins at an angle of 35 degrees from the longitudinal axis of the container. The antennas of the first artificial satellite of the Earth were developed in the laboratory M. V. Krayushkina.

The top half-grader of the satellite outside was covered with a special protective screen, and on its inner surface, a bracket was located, designed for fastening a radio transmitter (developer V. I. Lappo from NII-885, Chief Designer M. S. Ryazan). The power supply unit, which included three batteries based on silver-zinc elements, was developed at the Institute of Current sources under the direction of N. S. Lidorenko. In addition, the first satellite also included a fan of the thermal control system, a remote switch, dual thermostar and control bar-and thermostat.

The 1-W radio transmitter placed in the satellite case periodically radiated signals with a duration of 0.4 seconds alternately on the waves of 7.5 and 15 meters. The duration of the signals was changed at a downgrade (below 0 degrees Celsius) or an increase (above 50 degrees Celsius) of temperature and when the pressure drops below 0.35 kgf / cm2, this happened due to the triggering of one of the control thermo or Barorelo. At the same time, the temperature inside the satellite was maintained using a fan that was triggered from the thermos when the temperature rose above 23 degrees. Power sources installed on the satellite provided it with uninterrupted operation for two weeks. The total mass of the PS-1 satellite was 83.6 kg. For docking satellite with a carrier rocket, a specially created transition compartment was provided. The separation system provided a successful discharge of the head fairing, as well as the separation of the satellite from the central rocket block.

The work of designers and production workers when creating the first artificial satellite of the Earth was carried out at the same time, the reason was a very short time. The main difficulty in the creation of the USS was in the production of spherical semoretoles by hydraulic, their subsequent welding with the patchhold and polishing the outer surfaces. On these surfaces, even the smallest scratches were not allowed. The welding of the seams was supposed to be hermetic, in compliance with this condition was monitored using X-ray, and the tightness of the collected container Soviet engineers were tested by the Special Helichetic Tech detector of PHs-4, the official website of Roskosmos reports.

The successful conclusion of the satellite in orbit was impossible to imagine without a carrier rocket. It was created by Korolev on the basis of the intercontinental ballistic missile R-7 (8k71). Using this rocket, two PS-1 satellites and PS-2 satellites were successfully brought into the orbit of the Earth. The name "satellite" of this rocket (Grau 8K71PS index) was assigned after confirmation of the fact of removal of payload for Earth orbit. Rocket 8k71ps arrived in Tyura-there (in the future Baikonur cosmodrome) September 22, 1957. Compared to a full-time option, it was significantly facilitated: the massive head of the ICBM was replaced by the transition to the satellite, one of the telemetry systems and the radio control system equipment was removed from the rocket, the engine shutdown automatics was simplified. These design solutions allowed to reduce the mass of the rocket at once to 7 tons.

Preparation of the 8K71PS missile at the technical position was carried out under special control and supervision, while special attention was paid to controlling the correctness of the commands to reset the head fairing and the subsequent separation of the satellite from the rocket. At dawn on October 3, 1957, the rocket was already docked with the first artificial satellite of the Earth and was taken out of the assembly and test case of the landfill. Next to the rocket walked the creators of the world's first space complex. At the starting position, with the help of a powerful boom, the rocket was installed in a vertical position, after which the fuel from railway tanks began to pump in its tanks. Everything was ready for launch, which will forever change the history of mankind, becoming a new milestone of scientific and technological progress.

The next day, on October 4, 1957, from the territory of the 5th Research and Research Polygon of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, which was subsequently the name of the Baikonur cosmodrome, under which he is also known to this day, the first-satellite rocket was carried out first in history. Successful launch of artificial Earth satellite. Run was carried out at 22:28 Moscow time. The carrier rocket brought the first satellite on an elliptical orbit in a height of 947 kilometers, in Periguee - 288 kilometers. As of 315 seconds, after launch, a successful separation of the satellite from the rocket was carried out, after which he began to transmit the famous signals "BIP ... BIP ... BIP". At the polygon, these signals from the satellite were caught two minutes, after which he went beyond the horizon. People on the Baikonur cosmodrome were joined, they ran out on the street and shouted "Hurray!", Dragged the designers and military.

Thus, PS-1 became the world's first artificial object created by a person and derived to earthly orbit. For each turn around the earth, satellite spent 96 minutes 10.2 seconds. On October 5, 1957, at 1:46 pm, the satellite passed over Moscow. In total, he was in an orbit of 92 days, during this time 1440 revolutions around our planet and flying about 60 million kilometers during this time. His radio transmitters on batteries worked for 21 days after launch, sending their signals to Earth.

Even on the first turn of the flight, the TASS message sounded, which said that as a result of the large and tense work of the design bureau and research institutes, the world's first artificial satellite of the Earth was created in the USSR. After October 4, 1957 russian word The "satellite" immediately entered the languages \u200b\u200bof many peoples of our planet. In October Days of 1957, many foreign newspapers came out with headlines that reflected the completeness of the admiration achieved by the USSR result. People began to realize the fact that humanity has one single house, one common planet and a goal, which is able to rally the peoples of the world - the study of the Earth for the benefit of all people. The outer space was the arena of fruitful scientific cooperation between the countries, which was carried out even in the midst cold WarAnd the world science has been enriched with a huge number of new truly invaluable data and knowledge.

Already in September 1967, the International Federation of Astronautics proclaimed the date on October 4 - the beginning of the beginning of the space era of mankind. In our country, the date of the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth is also the day of the Space Forces. This professional holiday The presidential decree was installed in Russia in 2002. It is worth noting that it is precisely parts of the start and control of spacecraft that the flight control of the first PRES was launched. In the future, the first flight of a person in space and many Soviet and Russian, as well as international space programs were carried out with the direct participation of military units of the launch and control of spacecraft. In connection with the constant growth of the role of space in matters national Security Decree of the President Russian Federation In 2001, an independent genus of troops was created in the country - Space troops. Nowadays, cosmic troops are part of the WFC of Russia.

Layout of the first satellite on the test landfill

The launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth will forever remain the most important milestone in the history of mankind. The scale of this event and its value for all residents of the Earth remember to this day. So Rene Hepter, who is the head of the representative office of the European Space Agency (ESA) in Russia, in an interview with RIA noted that the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, which was carried out 60 years ago, opened up a new space era to humanity. This launch became an inspiring factor for young people. Even today, ESA can be found in people who consider the date of the beginning of their career in the space industry on October 4, 1957.

Information sources:
https://www.roscosmos.ru/23099
https://glavportal.com/materials/60 - TilePoleno-Normal
https://ria.ru/science/20171003/1506090525.html
Materials from open sources

October 4, 1957 on near-earth orbit The world's first artificial satellite of the Earth, who opened the cosmic era in the history of mankind was introduced.

The satellite, which became the first artificial celestial body, was introduced into the orbit of the R-7 launch vehicle from the 5th Scientific Research Test Polygon of the USSR Ministry of Defense, which later received the open name of the Baikonur cosmodrome.

Spacecraft PS-1 (The simplest satellite-1) was a ball with a diameter of 58 centimeters, weighed 83.6 kilograms, was equipped with four cylinder antennas with a length of 2.4 and 2.9 meters to transmit signals from transmitter batteries. After 295 seconds after the start of PS-1 and the central rocket block weighing 7.5 tons were removed on elliptical orbit height in Apoghee 947 km and Periguee 288 km. As of 315 seconds, after the start, the ISS separated from the second stage of the carrier rocket, and immediately his call sign heard the whole world.

"... On October 4, 1957, the first satellite was successfully launched in the USSR. According to preliminary data, the carrier rocket informed the satellite the necessary orbital speed of about 8,000 meters per second. Currently, the satellite describes the elliptical trajectories around the Earth and its flight can be observed in the rays of the ascending and the setting sun using the simplest optical instruments (binoculars, pickle pipes, etc.).

According to the calculations that are currently clarified by direct observations, the satellite will move at altitudes up to 900 kilometers above the ground; The time of one full satellite turnover will be 1 hour and 35 minutes, the angle of inclination of the orbit to the equator plane is 65 °. Above the district of the city of Moscow on October 5, 1957, the satellite will be twice - at 1 hour 46 min. night and at 6 o'clock. 42 min. in the morning Moscow time. Messages about the subsequent movement of the first artificial satellite, launched in the USSR on October 4, will be transmitted regularly broadcast radio stations.

The satellite has a shape of a ball with a diameter of 58 cm and weighing 83.6 kg. It has two radio transmitters, continuously radiating radio signals with a frequency of 20.005 and 40.002 megahertz (wavelength of about 15 and 7.5 meters, respectively). Transmitter power ensure confident reception of radio signals with a wide range of radio amateurs. The signals have a type of telegraph package of about 0.3 seconds. With a pause of the same duration. The sending of a single frequency signal is performed during the pause of the signal of another frequency ... ".

Above the creation of an artificial satellite of the Earth, headed by the founder of practical cosmonautics S.P. Korev, scientists M.V. Keldysh, M.K.Tikhonravov, N.Lididorenko, V.I. Lapko, B.S. Checans and many others.

Satellite PS-1 flew 92 days, until January 4, 1958, making 1440 revolutions around the Earth (about 60 million kilometers), and its radio transmitters worked within two weeks after the start.

The launch of an artificial satellite of the Earth had a huge meaning for the knowledge of the properties of the outer space and the study of the Earth as the planet of our solar system. Analysis of the received signals from the satellite gave scientists the opportunity to study the upper layers of the ionosphere, which before that did not seem possible. In addition, it was received useful for further launches information about the working conditions of equipment, all calculations were verified, and the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere on the braking of the satellite was determined.

The launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth received a huge global resonance. About his flight recognized the whole world. The whole world press spoke about this event.

In September 1967, the International Federation of Astronautics proclaimed on October 4, the beginning of the Space Era of mankind.

Roskosmos press service