The First World War in the history of the Komi Territory. A participant in the first world war from Komi became the hero of a French film

For almost a year, a civil war has been going on in eastern Ukraine, from where chilling messages come every day: shelling of civilians, torture, executions, looting ... How can this happen among people bound by a common faith, history and even blood?

Alas, bestial cruelty is a sign of any fratricidal massacre. And the civil war in the Komi region was no exception.

Why was Lenin shot?

Revolutionary whirlwinds reached Komi with a great delay, and mass armed civil strife began in the region only in 1919. Moreover, the forces of the parties were approximately equal for a long time. By the end of 1919, on the Northern Front, the Reds had about 22 thousand bayonets, and the Whites - 23 thousand. They practically did not take prisoners in that war - they were stabbed with bayonets (they took care of the cartridges) or thrown into the hole.

However, the Red Terror began much earlier. As early as September 24, 1918, the Bolsheviks shot the first group of public and political figures from Ust-Sysolsk in Kotlas. Among them were N. Mityushev, A. Welling, S. Klochkov, as well as Leonid Lenin, chairman of the Ust-Sysolsk Congress of Justices of the Peace. Meanwhile, another Lenin - Ulyanov - was sending telegrams to the province demanding more repression against "hostile elements."
The commander of the Pechora region, Moritz Mandelbaum (a former actor and junior officer of the Austro-Hungarian army, who was captured), distinguished himself with special atrocities. Residents of Pripechorye were killed on suspicion of "unreliability" alone. The surrounding villages were subjected to total plunder. According to eyewitnesses, after a raid by a gang of red punishers led by actor Mandelbaum, five horses remained in Izhma, and one samovar for the whole village was left from household utensils. But the Bolshevik wagon train with the loot consisted of 1500 carts, stretching for 30 (!) Versts.

Brother to brother

On December 22, 1919, on the ice of the Vychegda River near Pomozdino, white executioners shot Domna Kalikova. The girl was dragged to the place of execution - her legs and arms were broken during inhuman torture.
On December 25, the whites tortured to death the clerk of the Pomozdinsky volost council, Alexander Nikolaevich Panyukov, the brother of Vladimir Nikolaevich Panyukov, who was in command of the division on the Kolchak front at that time. Just because the humble clerk had such a relative, they threw him naked in a cold barn, then gouged out his eyes and lowered him alive into an ice-hole on the Pomos River.
In the days of the terribly cold December 1919, after the most severe bullying, Olga Alexandrovna Latkina-Trubacheva, a people's teacher of the Podelsky elementary school, was executed. She accepted martyrdom only because her husband Mikhail Trubachev was the commissar of the Izhmo-Pechora regiment. The newspaper “Zyryanskaya Zhizn” wrote in those days: “The raped teacher was stripped and barefoot was driven to execution, tied to a sleigh. Her body was never found. " According to some testimonies, the teacher's corpse was drowned in a well, according to others - thrown from the bridge onto the ice, where it was eaten by hungry dogs.
The name of Olga Alexandrovna is carved on a marble obelisk in the center of the village of Pod'elsk. On the same ob-lisk there are the names of the chairman of the regional executive committee Dmitry Motorin, chairman of the mayor's office Venedikt Motorin, brothers Vasily and Dmitry Zyuzev, who were shot or drowned alive in Vychegda.
In the village Skorodum was cruelly tortured (gouged out his eyes, cracked his skull), a communist teacher Aleksey Shomysov. In the village of Izvail, the whites gouged out their eyes and drowned the Ulyashev brothers - Dmitry, Yegor, Peter and Efim - in the Izhma river.

Landfill monument

Back in 1930, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution "On perpetuating the memory of the Red Army and Red Partisans by staging monuments and ob-lisks." It was recommended to install them where the bloodiest battles took place.
The village of Nebdino was the scene of such terrible massacres. On December 8-9, 1919, a fierce battle ensued between the villages of Anikievka and Trofimovka. In a 40-degree frost, the Red battalions advanced on Trofimovka. The death toll went to tens. Not only the land was wounded, but also the huts of the village peasants. Even in 1994, I saw numerous traces of bullets in the houses of Trofimovka and Anikievka. At the same time, seven decades later, at the bottom of the local rivulets El and Chertas, the spent cartridges could be collected in handfuls.
In honor of the fallen, a monument was erected at the entrance to the village of Trofimovka from the side of Anikievka. But he has long been gone. At one time I saw this monument lying by the fence at the entrance to Nebdino. At the request of the Komi community, the monument was nevertheless removed to one of the courtyards of Trofimovka, where it probably rusts to this day.
At one time I had a chance to visit Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia. In these countries, I saw monuments everywhere, which are one hundred, two hundred, or even more years old. People cherish these monuments. It’s not just the notches of history. I think any memorial reminiscent of the horrors and hardships of fratricidal civil war in Russia, could serve as a graft for new generations today. This vaccination does not allow such deadly diseases as hatred on an ideological basis, as the superiority of some people over others.

Alexander PANYUKOV, historian.

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Incidents and crime

In Ezhva, the quarrel between the roommates ended in tragedy.

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The enterprising syktyvkarka borrowed money from friends for projects that she was not going to implement.

The investigation into the fraud for 137 million rubles has been completed.

In the Koigorodsky district, a car ran into a log that fell from a timber carrier.

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The First World War in Russia is remembered much less often than the Second. But on this page of history, our people have left many imprints: in 1916-1918, Russia sent an Expeditionary Force to help France and Greece. Among the soldiers of this corps was our fellow countryman Ivan Zhizhev. Yesterday at the I.A. Kuratov, a documentary film was shown, one of the heroes of which was a resident of the republic.

The documentary film “The Great War. Four Fates ”was filmed by the French: Philippe Claude was the director, and Annette Gourdon was the producer. It was first shown on French television and at the Paris Documentary Festival at the Georges Pompidou National Center for Art and Culture.

The film focuses on four participants of the First World War: the German Werner Dipman, the Frenchman Louis Blanc, the Englishman Hugh Richard Scarlett and the Russian Ivan Zhizhev. The film is based on the letters of the protagonists: witness recordings showed how the soldiers' hopes for short war crumbled from the collision with the blood bath of the first world massacre. For example, Werner Dipman took a camera with him into the heat of the fighting, planning to return home before Christmas. During one of the battles, his arm was crushed, and a shell fragment damaged the camera. Hugh Richard Scarlet left his wife at home, pregnant with their first child. Instead of the joyful birth of his son, he watched the comet pomegranates and dug endlessly trenches.

A rich source for the film was the archive received from a senior researcher at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a member of the "Society of the descendants of the participants in the First World (Great) War of 1914-1918." Boris Morozov. The scientist's aunt was the stepdaughter of Ivan Zhizhev:

When I started collecting the history of my family, my aunt invited me to her place. She was the stepdaughter of Ivan Zhizhev: “Ivan Mikhailovich in travel around the world was, there is a whole box of photographs. " In addition to photographs, I found notes. I began to study the archive, make small publications, the historian said.

To participate in the creation documentary Boris Morozov did not come by the shortest routes:

In France, I studied history, since I was directly connected with the Russian emigration. One of the branches of research stretched to the high-profile surname - Andrei Musin-Pushkin (a direct descendant of the collector who opened the "Lay of Igor's Campaign"). His wife had an extensive network of acquaintances: she introduced me to Annette Gourdon, the film's producer. This is how the work on it began.

Ivan Zhizhev went to the front after finishing his studies in Vologda. A soldier from the town of Kirul was a paramedic. He joined the Expeditionary Force when he was only 19 years old. In one letter, the young man shares his impressions of Paris, which greeted him and his fellow soldiers with a cheerful atmosphere of celebration and beautiful girls... After that, the funny letters were replaced by short descriptions of the "life" of the war: the wounds of comrades and death.

In the future, Boris Morozov hopes that interest in the First World War in Russia will grow:

I know that there are relatives of Ivan Zhizhev in Syktyvkar. You can do a lot of this: even the story with the return of the corps to Russia is very complicated. Ivan Zhizhev returned only a year after the end of the First World War, arrived in the Arkhangelsk region, and he was immediately mobilized into the Red Army: he was the head of the sanitary point in Kotlas. Aunt recalled that he was proud to have participated in four wars: World War I, Civil War, Soviet-Finnish (at that time he was already a military doctor). He also went through the entire Great Patriotic War, ending it in Berlin as a major in the medical service.

Boris Morozov transferred part of the archive he received from his aunt to the National Russian library in St. Petersburg . He showed several photographs at the Kuratov Literary Museum.

FORMER

N. Surkov, Associate Professor of the Syktyvkar Pedagogical Institute, called the gift presented to him by the student as a real discovery. For one of the classes, she brought about a hundred old photographs stored in family archive Kuzbozhev. In the pictures - First World War, captured by an amateur photographer, a soldier of this terrible war, Vasily Melekhin. The associate professor of the institute was amazed that such a valuable historical evidence was still hidden from human eyes. After all, photographs, unlike memoirs and even official documents, never deceive. Armed with a magnifying glass (and the quality of old daguerreotypes makes it possible to discern the smallest details), Nikolai Ivanovich found a lot of information. Although there are still questions. For example, who are these people captured by Melekhin? On them not only ordinary soldiers, but also generals. Maybe we have before us unknown photos of Denikin, Kaledin, Brusilov? So far, only the photographer himself has been “identified” - here he is in the picture, a kind of brave, seasoned Komi soldier riding an English Harley moped.

This publication is dedicated to the anniversary of that, "first" war.

The First World War broke out 90 years ago. Let me remind you of its chronology ...

August 1- Germany declares war on Russia. In Constantinople, Germany and Turkey sign an agreement.

August 2- Germany occupies Luxembourg and demands from Belgium to let its troops pass. On the same day, Russia invades East Prussia.

14 august- Russia promises autonomy for that part of Poland, which is part of Russia, in exchange for the help of the Poles in the war.

August 23-28- the victory of Russia at Frankenau, the beginning of the Russian offensive in East Prussia.

September 6-8- battle in the Masurian swamps, Russian troops occupy Lviv, the fourth largest city in Austria-Hungary.

28 september- the first battle for Warsaw, German and Austrian troops are forced to retreat.

This is how it began. No one then could have guessed the scale of this war. It was attended by about forty states with a population of one and a half billion people, which was three quarters of the world's population. The total number of those mobilized into the army in all countries during the war years was about 74 million people.

The war lasted four years, three months and ten days and led to dire consequences (10 million dead and 20 million injured), plundering of national wealth, impoverishment and ruin of ordinary people. Only the direct military expenditures of the participating countries were equal to 208 billion dollars, exceeding ten times the expenditures of the world community on the waging of wars from 1793 to 1917.

Thousands of natives of the northern Zyryansk region were mobilized into the active army. Many of them remained on the battlefields or became disabled. According to the surviving documents of the Ust-Sysolsk district department of social security, according to our calculations, by June 1919, about 1,150 Komi soldiers had returned from captivity.

One of the participants in that war was a resident of the village of Pazhgi, the village of Choivyv Vasily Stepanovich Melekhin. He was evidently an inquisitive and enterprising person. It is known that years later, after the revolution, under the NEP in his Pazhga, he will master the artisanal production of sweets and will carry them to Ust-Sysolsk, hand them over to a private shop of a distant relative. And earlier, having got to the front, he just as easily mastered the "daguerreotype", or, in modern terms, photography. What was he photographing? Airplanes, huge cannons, or a car repair scene. The car, disassembled to a screw, lies on the ground, and curious officers have gathered around.

But not only this interested the Komi peasant Vasily Melekhin. Here is the picture of the extraordinary beauty of the Trinity Church, not far from which the front line passed. He also photographed other Orthodox cathedrals encountered on the roads of the war.

But in the picture, the Russian soldiers froze in the ranks. In the left hand of the cap, the bayonets of his own, model 1891, Mosin's three-line rifle gleam over their heads. An icon of the Mother of God is being carried in the center. The soldier is blessed for the next battle.

Vasily Melekhin did not pass by the results of the battle. Six soldiers carry out the coffin with the body of a deceased fellow soldier, possibly an officer, from the church. The mourning music is performed by a military orchestra, the people are sent to the place of farewell.

Bibliographic list

1. Bondarenko O.E., Galeva M.A. "I wish you military service ..." // Participation of residents of the Komi Territory in wars and armed conflicts. Issue 1. - Syktyvkar, 2004 .-- S. 108-120.

2. Bondarenko O.E. "I am writing a letter to the Motherland ..." // Participation of the inhabitants of the Komi Territory in wars and armed conflicts. Issue 2. - Syktyvkar, 2004 .-- S. 125-130.

3.Kasyanov V.Yu. On the study of the history of the Komi region during the First World War // Participation of the inhabitants of the Komi region in wars and armed conflicts. Issue 1. - Syktyvkar, 2004 .-- S. 96-100.

4. Moiseeva I.Yu. "Memory of the Forgotten War" // Participation of the inhabitants of the Komi Territory in wars and armed conflicts. Issue 2. - Syktyvkar, 2004 .-- S. 130-132.

5. Surkov N.I. The fate of the soldiers who participated in the First World War (based on the materials of the National Archives of the Komi Republic) // Participation of the inhabitants of the Komi Territory in wars and armed conflicts. Issue 2. - Syktyvkar, 2004. –S. 121-125.

6. Surkov N.I. The First World War in the photographs of the Komi soldier V. Melekhin // Museums and Regional Studies. Issue 5. - Syktyvkar, 2004. - p. 79-82.

7. Taskaev M.V. Prisoners of war of the Triple Alliance in the Komi Territory (1916-1919) // Participation of the inhabitants of the Komi Territory in wars and armed conflicts. Issue 1. - Syktyvkar, 2004 .-- S. 89-96.

8. Taskaev M.V. Socio-political processes in the Komi Territory during the First World War // Participation of residents of the Komi Territory in wars and armed conflicts. Issue 2. - Syktyvkar, 2004 .-- S. 115-120.

9. Chuprov V.I. Antiwar demonstrations and anti-government propaganda in the Komi Territory during the First World War // Participation of residents of the Komi Territory in wars and armed conflicts. Issue 1. - Syktyvkar, 2004 - S. 64-66.

10. Chuprov V.I., Bondarenko O.E., Surkov N.I., Zherebtsov I.L. During the First World War. Participation of residents of the Komi Territory in wars and armed conflicts. Issue 1. - Syktyvkar, 2004 .-- S. 66-89.

Second lesson plan

1. Traditional culture and life of the population of the Komi Territory.

2. Development of public education, culture and health care. Social work with the population of the Komi Territory.

3. Russian Orthodox Church and the religious situation in the Komi region.

Bibliographic list

1. Belitser V.N. Essays on the ethnography of the Komi people. - M., 1958.

2. Beznosikov Ya.N. Development of public education in the Komi ASSR. - Syktyvkar, 1973.S. 3-20.

3. Bondarenko O.E. Educational institutions in the Komi Territory in late XIX- the beginning of the XX century. - Syktyvkar, 1998.

4. Stallions L.N. Economy, culture and life of the Udor Komi in the ХУШ-early ХХ century. - M., 1972.

5. Zolotarev OV The history of public education in the Komi Republic. - Syktyvkar, 2002 .-- S. 8-20.

6. In the wilds of the North. Russian writers of the XIX century about the Komi land // Compiled and author of introductory articles Z.Ya. Nemshilova. - Syktyvkar, 1999.

7. Zyryanskiy world. Essays on the traditional culture of the Komi people. - Syktyvkar, 2004.

8. History of Komi literature. T. 1.2. - Syktyvkar, 1980.

9. Folk art of the Komi. - Syktyvkar, 1993.

10. Ilyina I.V. Ethnoscience. - Syktyvkar, 1997.

11. Silin V.I. Essays on history geographic research on the territory of the Komi Territory. Part 1 - Syktyvkar, 1996.

12. Surkov N.I. Pages of history social work in the Komi Territory (1860-1918) - Syktyvkar, 1998.

Topics of reports

Komi people's house

1. Zherebtsov L.N. Peasant dwelling in the Komi ASSR. - Syktyvkar, 1971.

2. Roschevskaya L.P. Architecture and construction in the Komi Territory at the end of the XIV - the beginning of the XX centuries: Essays on history - Syktyvkar, 2005.

3. Shergin I.N. Wooden architecture of the Komi // Springs of Parma. - Syktyvkar, 1993 .-- S. 27-38.

In the spring of 1918, two forces united in the struggle against the first proletarian state - international imperialism and internal counter-revolution. Started military intervention unleashed a civil war. The country was squeezed by a dense ring of fronts. The Soviet government shouted: "The socialist fatherland is in danger." On September 2, 1918, the VDIK declared the country a single military camp. The Communist Party addressed the people with an appeal: "Everything for the front, everything for the defense of the Republic."

Together with the proletarians of the whole country, the working people of the Permian Komi region responded to the call of the Central Committee of the Party. In the winter of 1918/19, the left flank of the Eastern Front of the Civil War passed through the north of the Kama region. Even before the arrival of regular units of the Red Army in the villages of the Permian Komi Territory, more than 20 Red Guard detachments were formed to fight the counter-revolution, uniting over 1000 communist volunteers.

Old and young people went to the Red Army. At the age of 50, up to 10 people volunteered from Arkhangelsk alone, and at the age of 15, Lavrenty Krivoshchekov was, at his request, enrolled in Nazukin's detachment, ”GV Krivoshchekov, an active participant in the civil war in the Kama region, recalled later.

There were many cases when the Permian Komi went to the Red Army with their whole families, - we read on the pages of the book "Special Brigade". - And they have big families. It is known, for example, that six sons of Vasily Petrov from the village of Kolchak fought in the Special Brigade. Yeghvy: Nikolai, Timofey, Vasily, Yegor, Maxim and Fedor. ”And many Perm Komi women volunteered to join the ranks of the Red Army, took an active part in defeating the enemy. They looked after the wounded, took part in hostilities, and carried out important orders from the command.

On September 8, 1918, the newspaper Izvestia of the Cherdyn-Pechora Territory published the following resolution of the residents of the Kochevskaya Volost enlisted in the army: “We, the mobilized children of a working family and the sons of a free country - Soviet Republic entering the ranks of the Red Army, we will fight against the Czechoslovak bandits and all counter-revolutionary actions, regardless of any hardships, we will go proudly and boldly into battle, not sparing our lives, defending the freedom dearly won by the working people. It is our duty and our duty to wage a merciless struggle against the common enemy - the possessing class, which, all its life squeezing all our labor forces out of us, workers and peasants, is now rushing in all directions in its death throes to suppress the workers 'and peasants' power. But we are strong, there are many of us working people, and there is no force that can defeat us. We declare loudly: “Get your hands off our rights. Death to capital! "

The Permian Komi population provided all-round assistance to the Red Army. Most of the local residents were friendly to the Red Army soldiers, willingly providing them with housing, food, fodder. Women cooked lunch, washed clothes, men helped in the transportation of goods. At the same time, many refused the money that the Red Army men offered them.

According to the plans of the Entente, Kolchak was to seize the Urals, then Perm, Vyatka and, having united with the troops of the Anglo-American interventionists in the Kotlas region, move to Moscow.

The Perm direction was covered by the 3rd Army. At the end of November 1918, fierce battles began east of Perm. The workers of the Ural factories hastily formed and sent detachments of volunteers to help the units of the 3rd Army. However, despite all efforts, the White Guards occupied Perm on December 24, 1918. Having suffered heavy losses, the 3rd Army retreated 250-300 kilometers in 20 days. By January 1, 1919, the Kolchakites reached the Grigorievskaya station, where the 29th division, which made up the extreme left flank of the 3rd army, withdrew.

After the capture of Perm, the Kolchakites allocated part of the troops to capture the Upper Kama region. At this time, the 21st Muslim and 4th Ural regiments, as well as a detachment of the Usolsky district emergency committee, made up of the communists of Pozhva and Maykor, were operating here in the Usolye area. The 22nd Kizelovsky mountain regiment was located in the area of ​​the Kosva river. At the end of December, at a meeting of party workers in Usolye, it was decided to unite all detachments and units into one military unit and combine it with the 3rd Army. The headquarters of the 1st North Ural consolidated division was even created, which included the 4th Ural, 21st Muslim and 22nd Kizelovsky mountain regiments.

Fighting away from Usolye, the 22nd Kizelovsky regiment arrived in the Kudymkar region in January 1919 and found itself in the center of the region, engulfed in a fierce class struggle, 'which took the form of an open armed battle.

With the approach of the Kolchakites, the kulaks began to openly speak out about weapons in their hands. To suppress these uprisings, volost party committees formed detachments of communists and rural poor.

By the arrival of the 22nd Kizelovsky regiment, such detachments were already in all large settlements of the region. They immediately established contact with units of the Red Army and began to actively help them, and then joined their ranks. Detachments of the Permian Komi were ready, quite reliable combat formations and went to replenish the companies of the 2nd battalion and the regiment's commands from the Arkhangelsk and Yeghvinsky detachments, the 7th and 8th companies were formed, which, together with the 9th company (the former detachment of Afanasy Iazukin) made up the 3rd battalion.

Prominent local military personnel were appointed commanders of the newly formed companies and the 3rd battalion - Ya.A. Krivoshchekov, V.I.Deryabin and M.V. Soviet bodies.

In the detachments of the Permian Komi there were many soldiers and non-commissioned officers, participants in the first imperialist war, many of whom later became excellent commanders of platoons, companies and battalions, as well as political workers.

In January 1919, the 23rd Verkhne-Kama regiment was united in the detachments subordinate to the chief Soviet troops Usolsko-Cherdynsky district, and detachments operating on the territory of the Permian Komi Territory in the area of ​​the villages of Yum and Yurla. S. G. Pi-chugov was appointed commander of the regiment, and S. P. Kesarev was appointed commissar. The Yurlinsky Red Guard detachment of FG Kopy-tov was also included in this regiment.

Then, in January 1919, the 21st Muslim regiment, 22nd Kizelovsky regiment, numbering about 1000 bayonets and two-thirds of the communists, as well as the 23rd Verkhe-Kama regiment (about 500 bayonets) made up the 5th brigade of the 29th division, and were soon allocated to the Special Brigade of the 3rd Army. The headquarters of the Special Brigade is located in the village of Piteevo, Kudymkarsky District.

War Map

With the retreat of the Red Army, Cherdyn detachments and party organizations retreated to Vyatka through Yurla and Kosa, and the Usolie and Kizelovskies through Pozhva, Maykor and Rozhdestvenskoye. The retreat was extremely difficult. Poorly armed Red Army detachments fought incessant battles with the advancing enemy and at the same time ensured the evacuation of the Party and Soviet organizations. The harsh and snowy winter of 1918/19 made it difficult for the transports to advance. In addition, counter-revolutionary elements in the rear of the Soviet troops became more active, anti-Soviet uprisings and rebellions began to flare up in the villages and hamlets.

In early January 1919, a kulak-Socialist-Revolutionary uprising broke out in the village of Polva (now the Kudymkar region). It was organized by the staff captain tsarist army SR Naumov and local merchant Ryb'yakov. They prepared the ground for a mutiny in advance. The provocateurs sent by them carried on anti-Soviet propaganda in Polva and nearby villages.

Part of the population succumbed to enemy agitation. The first to rise wealthy peasants from the village of Parfeno-vo, behind them - the inhabitants of Polva, Klyuchi, Filaevo and other villages. The rebels armed themselves with shotguns, axes, pitchforks, and set up posts on the roads. Arrests of communists and activists of the establishment of Soviet power began. Among those captured were Lavrenty Sergeevich Kataev, one of the organizers of Soviet power in the village of Polva, chairman of the volost committee of the poor; Fedor Fedorovich Gulyaev - head of the party cell; Alexander Stepanovich Zyryanov - Secretary of the Volost Council; Terenty Evdokimovich Zyryanov - military leader; teacher Anfisa Andreevna Zyryanova and many others.

For two days the kulaks raged in the Polvinskaya volost, making reprisals against the communists and the rural poor. On the third day, the population of all the villages of the volost was driven to Polva for a gathering. One of the leaders of the uprising told the audience that the Soviet power was over, that the whites would come soon, but for now, without waiting for their arrival, it was necessary to elect a volost foreman and other authorities, and then proceed to reprisals against the leaders of the volost and rural Soviet institutions.

At this time, a detachment of Red Army men who arrived in time from Siwa surrounded Polva. The rebels were taken by surprise. Panic began, many tried to hide, hide their weapons. However, almost all active participants in the uprising were arrested, only a few of them managed to escape. A preliminary investigation was carried out right there, in Polva, then the arrested were sent to Siva, where a trial was held, which sentenced 23 participants in the uprising to death.

The largest kulak uprising broke out in Yurla. In the area of ​​this large village, through which carts with people and property of Soviet institutions evacuated from Cherdyn went, back in November 1918, by decision of the North Ural Revolutionary Committee, a fortified area was created. All work was headed by the Zakamsky headquarters of communications and security, which was located in Yurla in the stone building of a two-year school (now an eight-year school). Since 1915, V.I.Dubrovsky, a communist, was appointed chief of staff; before the evacuation began, he headed the department of management of the district council in Cherdyn.

In addition to the Zakamsky headquarters of security and communications, the local Red Guard detachment under the command of FG Kopytov and the newly created communist detachment of GD Konin were located in Yurla. The Yurlinsky volispolko "M", the party cell of the youth union and other organizations continued to work. Property removed from Cherdyn and evacuated families of communists and Red Guards were also kept here.

The work of the headquarters took place in very difficult conditions. It was necessary to exert all efforts to maintain order in the fortified area, to provide security and supply with everything necessary for Soviet and party institutions, local workers and evacuees.

Every day the front approached Yurla, where there were many merchants, kulaks and their accomplices who were hostile to Soviet power. These counter-revolutionary elements managed to draw significant forces to Yurla under the guise of local residents who had come to the Epiphany holiday. On the night of January 19-20, taking advantage of the fact that FG Kopytov's detachment was outside the volost, they raised an uprising that immediately engulfed Yurlinsk, Ust-Zulinsk and Yum volosts. It was headed by officers of the tsarist army, natives of the kulaks Vereshchagin and Chekletsov. They created the headquarters of the uprising and developed a plan for the destruction of the organs of Soviet power, as well as all communists, Soviet activists and their families. Having set up posts around Yurla, the rebels began to smash Soviet institutions in Yurla.

The fists attacked the Zakamsk communications and security headquarters. They managed to occupy the lower floor of the building, but they could not penetrate the second, where all the departments of the headquarters were located. Chief of Staff V. I. Dubrovsky was wounded, but did not lose his composure. From the first minutes he skillfully organized the defense,

For three days, the courageous defenders of the headquarters withstood the continuous siege. No arson, no furious attacks that followed one after another, no persuasion to surrender - nothing could break them.

On January 23, when the ammunition had already run out and there seemed to be no hope of salvation, the besieged decided to prepare the building for an explosion in order to perish without surrendering to the enemy. But at that time a detachment of A. P burst into Yurlu; Trukshin and dispersed the bands of the rebels.

The shock group of A.P. Dudyrev, which included the Pavdinsky detachment under the command of PS Solovyov, the 3rd company and the ski team of the 23rd regiment, took part in the suppression of the uprising in Yurla and the volost. In the evening of January 23, additional reinforcements came from the same regiment from Kudymkar.

During the uprising, many fighters for the cause of the revolution were killed. Among the first to be shot was the chairman of the North Ural Military Revolutionary Committee, A.I. Rychkov. The martyrdom was accepted by the chairman of the Cherdyn district executive committee M.M. Barabanov (he was captured in Yuma along with the values ​​and the county's cash desk), the head of the Kardash food department, the head of the social security department Chudinov and some other district workers.

F. Appoga, V. I. Dubrovsky's sister Elsa Eichwald and several other defenders died at the headquarters of communications and protection from wounds.

Simultaneously with Yurlinsky, a kulak uprising broke out in Ust-Zul. All village councils and kombeda in the Ust-Zulinskaya volost were defeated, the activists were arrested. The prison premises were filled with communists, the poor and their families.

A few days earlier, a counter-revolutionary uprising had begun in Hainy. Prepared in advance, it flared up just before the arrival of the whites in the village. The rebels seized the road to Kai, along which the Red Guard detachments and carts were retreating. As a result, they had to retreat to Vyatka off-road through Yukseyevo and Ivanchino.

The flames of the civil war spread over the Komi-Permian land. The Red Army with selfless courage held back the onslaught of the White Guard troops. In its ranks, Komi-Permian warriors selflessly fought side by side with the Russians. The national composition of the 22nd Kizelovsky and 23rd Verkhne-Kamsky regiments was heterogeneous, but in all units and subunits an atmosphere of mutual trust and respect reigned among the fighters. Komi-Permians and Russian Red Army men were bound by the bonds of friendship. There were especially many Perm Komi in the 22nd Kizelovsky regiment.

Particularly popular was the chairman of the Usolsk Cheka, a former Baltic sailor from the destroyer "Strong" Afanasy Lavrentievich Nazukin. His partisan detachment consisted of workers and peasants loyal to Soviet power. The black eagles, as the Nazukites called themselves, suddenly attacked the White Guards where they were least expected, and just as quickly disappeared. The bold combat actions of the detachment held back the enemy's advance.

Having entered the 22nd Kizelovsky regiment, the Nazukites continued to be a threat to the White Guards. As part of the regiment, they smashed the Kolchakites at Kupros, Oshib, Arkhangelsk.

Many brave warriors of the Permian Komi, who marked their combat path with outstanding feats, were in the 23rd Verkhne-Kama regiment.

In the village of Verkh-Yusva, the remains of Yegor Petrovich Podyanov, who died heroically in February 1919, are buried in a mass grave.

In those days, there were battles in the area of ​​the villages of Nerdva and Verkh-Yusva. Communication between the 21st Muslim Regiment and the headquarters of the Special Brigade was interrupted. A communist, a member of the revolutionary committee, head of the land department of the Verkh-Yusvinsk executive committee, E.P. Podyanov, volunteered to restore it and deliver a package to the brigade headquarters.

Riding a horse, he quietly made his way to Nerdva and delivered the package. But on way back, also carrying secret documents, he came across a White Guard outpost. An unequal battle broke out. Podyanov was wounded, and losing strength, he managed to destroy the documents.

Trying to snatch the necessary information from Podyanov, the White Guards took him out, naked in the cold, and kept him in the snow for a long time, and then flogged him with ramrods. Four days later, Podyanov's body was found and brought to Verkh-Yusva.

A lot of courage and courage were shown by the soldiers of the local Red Guard detachments even before their merger with the units of the Red Army. The monument to the military commissar Efim Nikolaevich Startsev, installed in Verkh-Inva, and one of the streets of the village, named after him, remind of this.

On January 15, 1919, in the village of Mitrokovo, the Red Guards led by Startsev detained a group of officers who served in the Red Army and fled from the 10th artillery brigade located in the Vyatka province with captured maps of the location of the red units. The traitors tried to break through Verkh-Inva to Nerdva, where the Kolchakites were at that time. A fierce battle ensued, during which the commissar of the detachment EN Startsev, beloved by the soldiers, died.

The traitors managed to escape, but in the village of Lugovskoy their way was blocked by the Red Guard detachment of the village of Verkh-Nerd-vy. After a stubborn battle that lasted about two hours, the Red Guards seized and disarmed the traitors.

Individual manifestations of heroism merged into the general struggle with the enemy and raised the fighting spirit of the Red Army.

On February 12, as a result of stubborn battles, units of the 22nd Kizelovsky regiment occupied the large village of Kupros, a tactically important key point. The order of the commander of the Special Brigade MV Vasiliev said: “Yesterday, after a stubborn battle, the 22nd Regiment occupied the village of Kupros. This is of great tactical importance, since the village is an important key that opens the way for us to Maykor and further to the bank of the Kama. In this battle, trophies were taken and the enemy suffered great damage. For such a valiant victory to the regiment, which endured the most difficult tasks on its shoulders, on behalf of the service, I declare deep gratitude. "

Having occupied Kupros, the Reds found in a ravine near the village more than 80 corpses of executed prisoners of the Red Army, mostly mobilized poor peasants from Arkhangelsk,

Yusva, Kupros, Krokhalev. They were buried in a mass grave on (a square in the center of the village. Feelings of deep indignation and indignation caused by this inhuman lawlessness, strengthened in the soul of every soldier hatred of the enemies of the revolution and determination to fight them to a victorious end.

The morale of the Red Army soldiers who fought on the Permian Komi land was high. The command of the Special Brigade tirelessly cared about the ideological and political education of soldiers and commanders. Party cells operated in all companies. Together with the command of the units, they carried out extensive explanatory work, revealed the class face of the enemy.

An important event in the life of the party organization of the Special Brigade was the brigade conference of the RCP (b), which took place on February 14-15, 1919 in the village of Verkh-Nerdva (now Leninsk). The conference, which was attended by 43 communists, elected delegates to the VIII Congress of the RCP (b) and sent greetings to V. I. Lenin. Greetings were sent to the Military Council of the 3rd Army and the Political Department of the 29th Division.

At this time, units of the Special Brigade firmly held the Kuva - Kadchino - Kosogor - Zakharovo - Yeghva - Arkhangelsk - Kupros - Yurich - Rozhdestvenskoye line and were ready to develop an offensive on the Kama. But in March 1919, the general situation on the Eastern Front deteriorated sharply.

Having created a large advantage in forces, Kolchak in his main direction (Ufa - Samara) reached almost the Volga. White's right flank was advancing on the line railroad Perm - Vyatka. The 29th division, adjacent to the Special Brigade, operating along the railway, could not withstand the onslaught of the Kolchakites and began to retreat to the west. Because of this, it was decided to create an army reserve in the area, Cheptsa station, to reinforce the 29th division, where

The 22nd Kizelovsky and 23rd Verkhne-Kamsky regiments withdrawn from the front of the Special Brigade. On March 11-12, 1919, the regiments began a 250-kilometer march. The troops retreated through Kudym-kar, Verkh-Inva, Afanasyevskoe to the Cheptsa River. The units remaining at the disposal of the Special Brigade could not hold back the onslaught of the enemy and in the second half of March 1919 retreated to the Vyatka province.

The same situation developed on the extreme northern flank of the 3rd Army. Here, the White Guards, trying to reach the rear of the 3rd Army and join up with the interventionist troops, at the end of January 1919 occupied Yukseyevo and Gainy and began to concentrate their forces for an attack on Kaigorodskoye.

To thwart this plan, the command of the 3rd Army at the beginning of January 1919 formed a Special Northern Expeditionary Group (Osevek) and concentrated it in the Kaigorodsky area. On the eve of February 1919, the group develops an offensive along the old road Kaigorodskoe - Yukseevo and cuts off the road to Gainy. February 25 after ozheto

After fighting, the Red units occupied Yukseyevo. The villages of Parmaylovo, Mitino, Moskvine were also taken with battles. Ver-shnnno, Zimin and others.

The Whites transferred the 18th Tobolsk and Siberian regiments from Yurla and Gain to fight against Osevek. Under pressure from the enemy, units of the Northern Group withdrew to Yukseevo. But, under the threat of encirclement, having no reserves, they were forced to leave this village and retreat in the direction of Kai-city.

The entire Komi-Perm region ended up in the hands of the Kolchakites, who established a regime of bloody terror here. In the captured villages and hamlets, the old authorities were restored, and commissions of inquiry were established. The White Guards brutally persecuted the communists, activists of the Soviet regime, the poor and their families. As for the kulaks and clergy, they greeted “their deliverers” with bread and salt and assiduously helped them to carry out cruel reprisals “hell by honest workers.

In Kudymkar, by order of the commandant Berezin, everyone who was suspected of sympathizing with the Soviet government was arrested. To intimidate the population, the Kolchakites staged a massive flogging of women and old people, in front of everyone they shot several people. Families of communists and soldiers of the Red Army were sent under escort to the Solikamsk prison.

In the village of Maykor, more than a hundred people died. Mass executions took place in Gainy, blood was shed in the villages of Yurlinskaya, Ust-Zulinskaya and Kochevskaya volosts. The Whites did not spare either the elderly, “and the children. In the village of Arkhangelsk, after torture, the old man Nikolai Karpovich Neshataev, the father of a Red Guard, accused of possessing revolutionary literature, was shot. The fathers of the Red Guards Timofey Utev and Semyon Botalov were taken to the village of Starikovo and shot there. Dozens of Red Guard family members were publicly subjected to corporal punishment.

Communists and peasants sympathizing with the Soviet regime died courageously at the hands of the White Guards. Among the 40 Red Guards who were captured by the whites in the village of Arkhangelsk, there were 15 communists from the village of Timino. They were taken to Kupros and shot there. Before the execution, they sang "You have fallen a victim." A poor peasant from the village of Doykara of the Arkhangelsk Village Council A. Krivoshchekov, standing in front of the punishers, shouted: “Shoot, and Soviet power will win! You will still have a cover! "

The Permian Komi people were going through a difficult period. But the enemy torture and bullying did not break him. They only filled the cup of hatred for the enemy and tenfold their determination to defend their victory to the end.

People went to partisan detachments, organized underground resistance groups to the enemy. In the Usolsk district, the Kolchak people were haunted by a partisan detachment under the command of Strove, prepared by the Usolsk military enlistment office for action in the front line. One of the partisans, a member of the Bolshevik Party since 1917, NS Kuznetsov, later wrote: "The most militant and tense days in my life were spent in this detachment."

Since January 1919, a small detachment headed by I.S.Kuznetsov has been operating in the Zakamsk volosts of the Cherdynsky district. Subsequently, the detachment joined the 2nd battalion of the 9th Railway Regiment.

Other partisan detachments also operated on the territory of the region. Their number grew steadily. In the spring of 1919, partisan detachments and resistance groups were created in the Yusvinskaya, Gainskaya, Kochevskaya and Yurlinskaya volosts.

Forever entered the history of the edge of the case of the members of the Yurlin-Oka youth cell, who, under the leadership of Tima Vankov, fearlessly fought against the Kolchakites.

The Komsomol members spoiled communications, rendered unusable military equipment, pasted Bolshevik leaflets, made proclamations in which they urged the local population not to obey the orders of the Kolchakites, not to join their troops, not to hand over bread.

On the night of May 1, 1919, members of the cell, Volodya Lyubimov and Tim Vankov, hoisted a red flag over the stone building of the hospital in Yurla. In order to remove it, White needed a whole team.

The Kolchakites managed to get on the trail of an underground youth organization. Round-ups and surveillance began. Young under the Polyski, sensing the impending disaster, decided to hide. Friends returned to Yurlu after the liberation of the village from the White Guards.

In the spring of 1919, the Central Committee of the party developed a plan for a general offensive against Kolchak. Implementing this plan, the troops of the southern group of the Eastern Front under the command of MV Frunze launched a counteroffensive in April-May. On May 20 and 21, 1919, the northern group of the Eastern Front began an offensive, which included the troops of the 2nd and 3rd armies. Successfully pursuing the enemy, units of the 3rd Army crossed the Kama River and liberated Perm on 30 Iyen, and on July 14 - Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk). A special brigade of the 3rd Army, which opened an offensive in the northern sector of the Eastern Front, liberated the Permian Komi Territory in June 1919, reached the banks of the Kama and forced it. The 22nd and 23rd regiments of the brigade, where the Permian Komi fought mainly, were on the right \ flank of the Special "brigade and advanced to the south: along the Sivinsky, Karagai-skum and Nerdvinsky districts. The February-March offensive of the Special brigade in the Permian Komi The Territory diverted significant enemy forces from the Perm-Vyatka main direction and delayed it for almost a month, which made it possible to secure the defense of the open flank of the 3rd Army and repulse an attempt to bypass this flank.

When the Northern Kama region was liberated, temporary revolutionary committees were created on its territory, which then transferred power to the newly elected Soviets. The population of the region, having experienced all the horrors of the Kolchak occupation, was actively involved in the struggle for the restoration of the Soviets and the establishment of peasant farms. The general mood of the people at this time is well expressed in the statement of the peasants who gathered for a rally in the village of Kupros on September 7, 1919: “We, the citizens of the Kupross Volost, felt the oppression of Kolchak and his henchmen, the gold diggers, and declare that we will support with all our might Soviet power, the power of the peasants and workers, as the protector of all working mankind.

When in January 1920, by the decision of the Perm Provincial Party Committee in the Western Urals, a week of the front was held, the Komi-Perm workers took an active part in collecting funds, things, food and equipment for the Red Army fund.

But peaceful life was again interrupted. At the end of 1919, in the Pechora region and in the north of the Kama region, the White Guard bands of General Miller and the remnants of the Kolchakites who took refuge from the defeat in the summer of 1919 began to operate. The plan of the White Guards and interventionists boiled down to the capture of Kotlas, Vyatka, Perm and the deployment of further hostilities to deliver a new blow to the young Soviet Republic.

The enemies managed to seize the Troitsko-Pechora region and begin to seize the lands of the Cherdyn district.

However, in mid-January 1920, units of the Special Brigade defeated the interventionists in the villages of Upper and Lower Lup'ya and completely eliminated the White Guard regiments. And in February, the entire territory of the Gain District was finally cleared of the interventionists and White Guards.

The 21st Muslim, 22nd Kizelovsky and 23rd Verkhne-Kama regiments of the Special Brigade were driven across the Urals by Kolchak's troops. Then, already in the 451, 452 and 453rd regiments of the 1st brigade of the 51st rifle division Blucher, they smashed the Kolchakites in Siberia. In 1920, fighting in the 51st Perekop division named after the Moscow Council, they held the famous Kakhovsky bridgehead, repulsed the fierce attacks of the cavalry and Wrangel's tanks, stormed the fortifications of Perekop and Ishun, contributing to the defeat of the last hotbed of counter-revolution in the Crimea and the end of the civil war in Russia.

The soldiers of the Special Brigade liberated the Komi-Perm region from Kolchak's troops and showed courage and heroism on all fronts of the civil war. Already in 1919, for successful actions under the Zalaznaya Revolutionary Military Council of the 3rd Army announced

Thanks to the 22nd Kizelovsky regiment for the dashing seizure of the Zalazninsky plant. "May your combat work serve as an example to all the faithful sons of the Workers 'and Peasants' Army," said the welcoming telegram.

The Soviet country won a victory, defended its freedom and independence. The rout of foreign interventionists and White Guard troops in Russia showed the working people of the whole world the invincibility of the Soviet people.