World War II (1914 - 1918)

The Russian Empire collapsed. One of the goals of the war is solved.

Chamberlain

The First World War lasted from August 1, 1914 to November 11, 1918. It was attended by 38 states with a population of 62% of the world. This war was ambiguous and extremely contradictoryly described in modern history. I specifically led Chamberlain's words in the epigraph to emphasize this inconsistency once again. The prominent politician of England (Russia's ally in war), says that one of the goals of the war is achieved overall in Russia!

Balkan countries played a big role at the beginning of the war. They were not independent. Internal influence has provided great influence in their policies (both external and internal). Germany has suffered its influence in this region by that time, although for a long time controlled Bulgaria.

• Entente. Russian Empire, France, United Kingdom. Allies performed the United States, Italy, Romania, Canada, Australia, New Zealand.
• Triple Alliance. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Later, the Bulgarian kingdom joined them, and the coalition began to refer to the "Four Union".

The following large countries took part in the war: Austria-Hungary (July 27, 1914 - November 3, 1918), Germany (August 1, 1914 - November 11, 1918), Turkey (October 29, 1914 - October 30, 1918), Bulgaria (October 14, 1915 - 29 September 1918). Altants and Allies: Russia (August 1, 1914 - March 3, 1918), France (August 3, 1914), Belgium (August 3, 1914), United Kingdom (August 4, 1914), Italy (May 23, 1915), Romania (August 27, 1916) .

Another 1 important point. Initially, Italy was a member of the "Thieves Union". But after the start of the First World War, the Italians declared neutrality.

Causes of the First World War

main reason The beginning of the First World War is the desire of leading powers, primarily England, France and Austria-Hungary to the redistribution of the world. The fact is that the colonial system by the beginning of the 20th century collapsed. Leading European countries, who flourished over the operation of the colonies, now it was impossible to receive resources just so, taking them from Hindus, Africans and South Americans. Now the resources could only be reeded from each other. Therefore, contradictions increased:

• Between England and Germany. England sought to prevent the influence of the influence of Germany in the Balkans. Germany sought to strengthen in the Balkans and the Middle East, and also sought to deprive England of maritime domination.
• Between Germany and France. France dreamed of returned to Alsace's lands and Lorraine, which she lost in the war of 1870-71. Also, France sought to capture the German Saaro coal pool.
• Between Germany and Russia. Germany sought to take away Poland from Russia, Ukraine and the Baltic States.
• Between Russia and Austria-Hungary. Contradictions arose due to the desire of both countries to influence the Balkans, as well as the desire of Russia to subjugate the Bosphorus and Dardanelles.

Before the beginning of the war

The reason for the beginning of the First World War served events in Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina). On June 28, 1914, a member of the organization "Black Hand" Movement of the "Young Bosnia" of Gavrilo, the principle killed Erzgertzoga France Ferdinand. Ferdinand was the heir of the Austro-Hungarian throne, so the resonance had a huge murder. It was the cause of Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia.

The behavior of England is very important here, since Austria-Hungary could not start war on himself, because it practically guaranteed the war throughout Europe. The British at the level of the embassy convinced Nicholas 2 that Russia in the case of aggression should not leave Serbia without help. But then the whole (I emphasize this) the English press wrote that Serbs Barbara and Austria-Hungary should not leave the murder of Ersgertzoga with impunity. That is, England has done everything to Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia do not shy away from the war.

Important nuances of reason for war

In all textbooks, we are told that the chief and only reason for the beginning of the First World War - the murder of the Austrian Erzgertzoga. At the same time, they forget to say that the next day, on June 29, another 1 iconic murder took place. French politician Jean Zhores was killed, who actively opposed the war and had a great influence in France. A few weeks before the murder of Ersgertzog there was an attempt on Rasputin, who, like Zhores, was an opponent of war and had a great influence on Nicholas 2. I also want to note some facts from the fate of the main characters of those days:

• Gaburo principles. He died in a prison in 1918 from tuberculosis.
• Russian Ambassador to Serbia - Hartley. In 1914 he died at the Embassy of Austria in Serbia, where he came to the reception.
• Colonel Apis, Head of the Black Hand. Shot in 1917.
• In 1917, Hartley's correspondence was disappeared with Mostonov (the next Ambassador of Russia in Serbia).

This all indicates that in the events days there were a lot of black spots that were not revealed so far. And it is very important to understand.

The role of England in the unleashing of war

In the early 20th century in continental Europe there were 2 large powers: Germany and Russia. They did not want to fight against each other, because the forces were about equal. Therefore, in the "July crisis" of 1914, both parties have taken an expectant position. English diplomacy came to the foreground. It was submitted to Germany to Germany for Germany and secret diplomacy - in the event of war, England will retain neutrality or takes the side of Germany. The open diplomacy Nicholas 2 came the reverse idea that in the event of the beginning of the war, England will fall on the side of Russia.

It is necessary to clearly understand that one open statement of England, that it will not allow war in Europe, it would be enough so that neither Germany, nor Russia, for anything like that and did not think. Naturally, in such conditions and Austria-Hungary would not have solved to attack Serbia. But England pushed European countries with all his diplomacy.

Russia in front of the war

Before World War I, Russia conducted the army reform. In 1907, fleet reform was carried out, and in 1910 reform ground Forces. The country has increased military spending repeatedly, and the total number of army in peacetime was now 2 million people. In 1912, Russia accepts a new charter of the field service. Today, he is rightly called the most advanced charter of his time, as he motivated the soldiers and commanders to manifest personal initiative. Important moment! The doctrine of the army of the Russian Empire was offensive.

Despite the fact that there were many positive changes, there were very serious miscalculations. The main one is underestimating the role of artillery in the war. As the course of the events of the First World War showed, it was a terrible mistake, which clearly showed that at the time of the beginning of the 20th century, Russian generals were seriously behind time. They lived in the past when the role of cavalry was important. As a result, 75% of all losses of the First World War were applied by artillery! This is a sentence to the imperial general.

It is important to note that Russia has not completed the preparation for war (at the proper level), and Germany completed it in 1914.

The ratio of forces and means in front of the war and after it

Artillery

According to data from the table, it can be seen that Germany and Austria-Hungary are repeatedly superior to Russia and France. Therefore, the ratio of forces was in favor of the first two countries. Moreover, the Germans, as usual, before the war, created an excellent military industry, which has been produced daily 250,000 shells. For comparison, Britain produced 10,000 shells per month! As they say, feel the difference ...

Another example showing the importance of artillery, these are fighting on the line of Duner Gorlice (May 1915). For 4 hours, the German army released 700,000 shells. For comparison, for the entire Franco-Prussian war (1870-71), Germany has released a little over 800,000 shells. That is 4 hours a little less than for the whole war. The Germans clearly understood that heavy artillery will play a decisive role in the war.

Armament and military equipment

Production of weapons and techniques during the first world (thousands of units).

This table clearly shows the weakness of the Russian Empire in terms of the army. In all major indicators, Russia is greatly inferior to Germany, but also inferior to France with Great Britain. In many ways, because of this war, it turned out to be so complicated for our country.

Number of people (infantry)

The number of warring infantry (millions of people).

The table shows that the smallest contribution, both in terms of warming up and in terms of the victims, in the war was introduced by the United Kingdom. It is logical, since the British in large battles really did not participate. Another example is indicative of this table. We tell us in all textbooks that Austria-Hungary could not fight independently because of big losses, and she always needed help in Germany. But pay attention to Austria-Hungary and France in the table. Figures identical! Just as Germany, I had to fight for Austria-Hungary and Russia had to fight for France (it was not by chance that the Russian army was attended three times over the years in the first world by their actions from Paris from surrender).

Also, the table shows that in fact war went between Russia and Germany. Both countries have lost 4.3 million people, and the United Kingdom, France and Austria-Hungary have lost 3.5 million people together. Figures eloquent. But it turned out that the countries that the most fought and put their efforts in the war were with nothing. At first, Russia signed the infirmity of the Brest world, losing many land. Then Germany signed the Versailles world, in essence, losing autonomy.

The course of war

Military events of 1914

On July 28, Austria-Hungary declares war of Serbia. This resulted in a tripping union in the war, on the one hand, and the Entente, on the other hand.

Russia entered the First World War on August 1, 1914. Nikolai Nikolayevich Romanov (Uncle Nicholas 2) was appointed Supreme Commander.

In the first days of the beginning of the war, St. Petersburg was renamed Petrograd. Since the war began with Germany, and the capital could not have the name of German origin - "Burg".

Historical reference

German "Schlöffen Plan"

Germany was under threat of war on two fronts: East - with Russia, West - with France. Then the German command developed "Schlofen's plan", according to which Germany should defeat France in 40 days and then fight with Russia. Why 40 days? The Germans believed that it would be so much to be needed to make mobilization. Therefore, when Russia is unmocated, France will already be out of the game.

On August 2, 1914, Germany seizes Luxembourg, August 4 invaded Belgium (neutral country at that time), and by August 20, Germany came out to the borders of France. The implementation of the Schliffen Plan began. Germany moved deep into France, but on September 5, he was stopped at the Marna River, where the battle happened, in which about 2 million people participated on both sides.

North-West Front of Russia in 1914

Russia at the beginning of the war made stupidity, which Germany could not calculate in any way. Nikolay 2 decided to enter the war, without making a completely army completely. On August 4, the Russian troops, under the command of Rennespf, \u200b\u200bbegan an offensive in East Prussia (modern Kaliningrad). To help her was equipped with Samsonov's army. Initially, the troops were successful, and Germany was forced to retreat. As a result, part of the forces of the Western Front was transferred to the Eastern. The result - Germany beat off the offensive of Russia in Eastern Prussia (the troops acted inorganized and lacked resources), but as a result, the Schlöffen plan failed, and France could not capture. So, Russia saved Paris, though by defeating its 1st and 2nd army. After that, the position war began.

Southwest Front of Russia

In the south-western front in August-September, Russia made an offensive operation on the Galicia, which was occupied by the troops of Austria-Hungary. The Galic operation was more successful than the offensive in Eastern Prussia. In this battle, Austro-Hungary failed a catastrophic defeat. 400 thousand people killed, 100 thousand captives. For comparison, the Russian army lost 150 thousand people killed. After that, Austria-Hungary actually came out of the war, because he lost the opportunity to conduct independent actions. From the complete defeat of Austria, only the help of Germany was saved, which was forced to transfer additional divisions to Galia.

The main results of the military company in 1914

• Germany failed to realize the plan of Schliffen on the lightning war.
• No one managed to conquer the decisive advantage. War turned into a positional.

Map of military events 1914-15

Military events of 1915

In 1915, Germany decided to postpone the bulk to the Eastern Front, sending all the forces to the war with Russia, which was the most weak country of Entente, according to Germans. It was a strategic plan developed by the Eastern Front Commander - General Von Hindenburg. Russia managed to disrupt this plan only at the price of colossal losses, but at the same time, 1915 turned out for the Empire Nikolai 2 just terrible.

North-West Front

From January to October, Germany led an active offensive, as a result of which Russia lost Poland, Western Ukraine, part of the Baltic States, Western Belarus. Russia went into deep defense. Russian losses were gigantic:

• Killed and injured - 850 thousand people
• Captured - 900 thousand people

Russia did not capitulate, but the countries of the "Triple Union" had a conviction that Russia was no longer able to recover from the lost losses.

Germany's successes in this section of the front led to the fact that on October 14, 1915, Bulgaria (on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary) enters the first world war.

Position on the southwestern front

The Germans, together with Austria-Hungary, in the spring of 1915, organized a Gorlitsky breakthrough, forcing the entire South-West Front of Russia to retreat. Galicia, which captured in 1914, was completely lost. Germany was able to achieve this advantage thanks to the terrible mistakes of the Russian command, as well as a significant technical advantage. German superiority in the technique reached:

• 2.5 times in machine guns.
• 4.5 times in light artillery.
• 40 times in heavy artillery.

It was not possible to bring Russia from the war, but the losses and the front of the front were giant: 150 thousand killed, 700 thousand wounded, 900 thousand prisoners and 4 million refugees.

Position on the Western Front

"On the Western Front, everything is calm." This phrase can characterize how the war between Germany and France proceeded in 1915. There were sluggish hostilities in which no one was striving for the initiative. Germany implemented plans in eastern EuropeAnd England with France calmly mobilized the economy and the army, preparing for the future war. Nobody reap care for Russia, although Nikolai 2 has repeatedly applied to France, first of all, that she moved to active actions on the West Front. It, as usual, no one has heard ... By the way, this sluggish war on Western for Germany is perfectly described by Hemingway in the novel "Goodbye weapons."

The main outcome of 1915 - Germany was not able to withdraw from the war Russia, although all the forces were thrown on it. It became obvious that the First World War will be delayed for a long time, because for 1.5 years of the war, no one managed to get a reselle or strategic initiative.

Military events of 1916

"Verdinskaya meat grinder"

In February 1916, Germany began the general attack on France, in order to master Paris. For this, a visit to Verden, who covered the approaches to the French capital was carried out. The battle lasted until the end of 1916. During this time, 2 million people died, for which the battle was called "Verden Meat Grinder". France resisted, but again due to the fact that Russia came to the revenue, which was intensified on the south-western front.

Events on the southwestern front in 1916

In May 1916, Russian troops switched to the offensive, which lasted 2 months. In history, this offensive was included in the name "Brusilovsky breakthrough". This name is due to the fact that General Brusilov commanded the Russian army. A breakthrough of defense on Bukovina (from Lutsk to Chernivtsi) happened on June 5th. The Russian army managed not only to break through the defense, but also to move into its departures to 120 kilometers. The losses of the Germans and the Austro-Hungarians were catastrophic. 1.5 million dead wounded and prisoners. The offensive was stopped only by additional German divisions, which hastily moved here from Verden (France) and from Italy.

In this offensive of the Russian army, it was not without a spoon of tar. They threw it, as found, allies. On August 27, 1916, Romania enters the first world war on the side of the Antena. Germany very quickly inflicted her defeat. As a result, Romania lost the army, and Russia received an additional 2 thousand kilometers of the front.

Events in the Caucasian and North-West Fronts

In the north-western front, positional battles continued during the spring-autumn period. As for the Caucasian Front, here the main events continued from the beginning of 1916 to April. During this time, 2 operations were held: Erzurmur and Trapezund. According to their results, Erzurum and Trapezund were conquered, respectively.

The result of 1916 in the First World War

• The strategic initiative has passed on the side of the Entente.
• The French fortress Verden rested due to the onset of the Russian army.
• Romania joined the war on the side of the Entente.
• Russia held a powerful offensive - Brusilovsky breakthrough.

Military and political events 1917

1917 in the First World War was marked by the fact that the war continued against the background of the revolutionary environment in Russia and Germany, as well as deterioration economic Regulations countries. I will give an example of Russia. For 3 years of war, prices for major products increased by an average of 4-4.5 times. Naturally, it caused displeasure to the people. We add large losses to this and the grueling war - it turns out excellent soil for revolutionaries. Similar situation in Germany.

In 1917, the United States is entering the first world. The positions of the "Triple Union" worsen. Germany with allies cannot effectively fight on 2 fronts, as a result of which proceeds to defense.

The end of the war for Russia

In the spring of 1917, Germany undertook another offensive on the Western Front. Despite the events in Russia, western countries We demanded that the Interim Government played the Agreement signed by the Empire, and sent troops to the offensive. As a result, on June 16, the Russian army moved to the offensive in the area of \u200b\u200bLviv. Again, we saved the allies from large battles, but they themselves substantially.

The Russian army, exhausted by war and losses, did not want to fight. Questions of the province, uniforms and providing supplies during the war years have not been solved. The army fought reluctantly, but forward promoted. The Germans were forced to again transfer the troops here, and the Allies of Russia on Antante again isolated themselves, watching what would happen next. July 6, Germany moved to counteroffensive. As a result, 150,000 Russian soldiers died. The army actually ceased to exist. The front collapsed. Russia could no longer fight, and this catastrophe was inevitable.

People demanded the exit of Russia from the war. And it was one of their main requirements for the Bolsheviks, who in October 1917 captured power. Initially, at the 2nd Congress of the Bolshevik Party, the decree "On the World" was signed, actually proclaiming the exit of Russia from the war, and on March 3, 1918 they signed the Brest World. The conditions of this world were as follows:

• Russia enters into peace with Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey.
• Russia loses Poland, Ukraine, Finland, part of Belarus and the Baltic States.
• Russia is inferior to Turkey Batum, Kars and Ardagan.

As a result of his participation in the First World War, Russia lost: about 1 million square meters The territory, lost about 1/4 of the population, 1/4 of Pasha Lands and 3/4 of the coal and metallurgical industry.

Historical reference

Events in the war in 1918

Germany got rid of the Eastern Front and from the need to lead the war on a 2-mind directions. As a result, in the spring and summer of 1918, she made an attempt at the Western Front, but no success was not successful. Moreover, it became obvious to his move that Germany squeezes the maximum of themselves, and that she needs a break in the war.

Autumn 1918

Decisive events in the First World War occurred in autumn. Entente countries together with the United States have passed into the offensive. German army It was completely ousted from France and Belgium. In October, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria concluded a truce with the Entente, and Germany remained to fight alone. Her position was hopeless, after the German allies in the "Thieves Union" were essentially capitulated. It turned out at the same thing what happened in Russia - the revolution. On November 9, 1918, Emperor Wilhelm 2 was overthrown.

The end of the First World War

On November 11, 1918, the First World War of 1914-1918 ended. Germany signed a complete surrender. It happened under Paris, in the compi forest, at the station Retund. The capitulation took French Marshal Foc. The conditions of the signed world were as follows:

• Germany recognizes a complete defeat in the war.
• France's refund of Alsace Province and Lorraine to the 1870 borders, as well as the transfer of the Saari coal basin.
• Germany lost all its colonial possessions, and also obliged to transfer the 1/8 part of its territory with geographical neighbors.
• For 15 years, the Armanta troops are located on the left bank of the Rhine.
• By May 1, 1921, Germany was supposed to pay the members of the Entente (Russia did not relieve anything) 20 billion grades of gold, goods, securities, etc.
• For 30 years, Germany must pay reparations, and the magnitude of these repairs establishes the winners themselves and can increase them at any time during these 30 years.
• Germany was forbidden to have an army, the number above 100 thousand people, and the army was obliged to be exclusively voluntary.

The conditions of the "World" were so humiliating for Germany that the country actually became a puppet. Therefore, many people of that time said that the First World War was though ended, but he was not over the world, but a truce for 30 years. So it ultimately happened ...

The results of the First World War

The First World War was conducted in the territory of 14 states. It took part in it, with the total population of 1 billion people (this is about 62% of the total population of the world at that time). And 74 million people were mobilized by the participating countries, of which 10 million were killed and another 20 million were injured.

As a result of the war, the political map of Europe has changed significantly. Such independent states appeared as Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Albania. Austria-Hungary broke up to Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Increased their borders of Romania, Greece, France, Italy. Losers and lost in the territory were 5 countries: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey and Russia.

Map of the First World War 1914-1918

History and SID

In July 1914, Germany and Austrovengry begin the first world war. Germany wanted to finally deal with France to stop the fight on two fronts: Western and East. 1 stage invasion of Belgium where Germany suffered a defeat: in Eastern Prussia, Germany fought with Russian armies; In Galicia and Poland, where the victories went to Russian. Germany and Austrovengry were economically depleted under the influence of revolutions in Russia among military Germany and Austria increased anti-war campaigning people tired of ...

The main stages of the First World War. The factors of the defeat of the German-Austrian bloc.

In July 1914, Germany and Austria-Hungary begin the first world war.

Germany wanted to initiate France first to stop the fight on two fronts: Western and East. Then apply strikes across Russia on land and in England on the sea. They wanted a lightning war.

Main stages 1 World War: 1- August-December 1914, 2 - January 1915 - April 1917, 3 - May 1917 - June 1918, 4 - July-November 1918

Stage 1 - the invasion of Belgium, where Germany was defeated: in Eastern Prussia - Germany fought with Russian armies; In Galicia and Poland - where the victories went to the Russians. In December 1914, the British fleet defeated the German squadron from the Falkland Islands.

2 stage - By the beginning of 1915, the Plan of German-Austrians - Blitzkrieg - was Sunday. The war moved from maneuverable to positional (troops). Under these conditions, the economy mobilization was needed for the needs of the army to provide soldiers and officers with food and ammunition and maintain a high moral spirit in the army and in the population. During this period, the economy is mobilized in all warring countries.

Military cabinets are being created responsible for defense products, transportation, etc.

Military industrial committees, regulatory orders for the army, food for enterprises and the population were created in Russia.

The mobilization of the economy allowed the warring countries to expand military actions: German-Austrian troops in the spring-summer of 1915 struck by Russian troops, which left Poland, part of the Baltic States, Western Belarus and Galicia, etc.

Italy's accession to the war on the side of the Antena, weakened the pressure of Austria on the Eastern Front. France and England opening a new front in the Balkans, the Russians and the British in the fall of 1915, we break out the ideas of Germany to retract Iran in the war.

In 1916, the victory on the North Sea deprived Germany chances to break through the blockade and worsened its socio-economic situation.

By the beginning of 1917 it became understood that there would be no victory, diplomatic negotiations began.

3 stages - Native fracture during the war. Tightening the fighting was beneficial by Antante, because Germany and Austria-Hungary were economically exhausted, influenced by the revolutions in Russia among military Germany and Austria, anti-war campaign increased, the people were tired of the war.

Berlin tried to demolish the situation with attacks, but was stopped by Entente in March-July 1918.

The overwhelming superiority of the Entente was obvious: both in combat technology and in full exhaustion of human reserves of Germany.

4 stages - Ending 1 World War. In July 1918, Anntan has passed on the offensive in the West, where they broke through the German front and the promotion of allies in France, Belgium, Greece and Italy, etc. began.

In October, Germany appealed to the United States - about mediation in peace negotiations with England and France.

But Anntan replied and continued the offensive. In November 1918, the Austrian Supreme Command capitulated, after which the Armistice Agreement was signed in Paris: the fighting ceased; Germany evacuated her troops from the occupied territories; refused to prisoners of previously separable peace treaties; Military property transferred Antante; exchanged prisoners of war.

Results. It lasted for 4 years, 38 states were drawn, 60% of the global ball population, 9.5 million were killed and 20 million wounded.

The war wore a comprehensive character (total) war. Printed colossal material damage (destroyed cities, roads, bridges, etc.). As a result, change occurred political card World.

We collapsed: Russian, Austro-Hungarian, German and Ottoman Empire. New states have emerged in Europe: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia. The peoples of the colonies saw prospects for liberation.

World War II 1914 - 1918. I became one of the most bloody and large-scale conflicts in human history. It began on July 28, 1914 and ended on November 11, 1918. 38 states participated in this conflict. If we talk about the reasons for the First World War, you can confidently argue that this conflict has been provoked by the serious economic contradictions of the world powers in the beginning of the century of alliants. Also, it is worth noting that it probably existed the possibility of a peaceful settlement of these contradictions. However, feeling the increased power, Germany and Austria-Hungary moved to more decisive actions. Participants of the First World War were:

• on the one hand, the Four Union, which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey (Ottoman Empire);
• with another Anttanta block, which was Russia, France, England and the Allied Countries (Italy, Romania and many others).

The beginning of the First World War was provoked by the murder of the heir to the Austrian throne of Ertzgertzog Franz Ferdinand and his wife by a member of the Serbian nationalist terrorist organization. The murder committed by Gavrila Principle provoked a conflict of Austria with Serbia. Germany supported Austria and entered the war.

The course of the First World War, historians divide on five separate military campaigns. The beginning of the 1914 military campaign dates back July 28. On August 1, Germany entered into war declares the war of Russia, and on August 3 and France. German troops invade Luxembourg and, later, Belgium. In 1914 essential events The First World War turned out in the territory of France and today are known as "Run to the Sea". In an effort to surround the enemy's troops, both army moved to the coast where the front line was closed. France has retained control over port cities. Gradually, the front line has stabilized. The calculation of the German command for the rapid seizure of France was not justified. Since the strengths of both parties were exhausted, the war took a positional character. These are events on the Western Front. Military actions on the Eastern Front began on August 17th. The Russian army began an offensive on the eastern part of Prussia and initially it turned out to be quite successful. The victory in the Galic Battle (August 18) was adopted by most of the society with joy. After this battle, Austria's troops no longer entered serious battles with Russia in 1914. Events and the Balkans were not very successful. Previously, Austria Belgrade was captured by Serbs. There were no active fights in Serbia this year. In the same, in 1914, Japan came against Germany, which allowed Russia to protect the Asian borders. Japan has begun actions to seize German's island colonies. However, the Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of Germany, discovering the Caucasian front and having deprived Russia of a convenient message with the Union countries. As a result, at the end of 1914, none of the countries of the conflict participants could have been able to achieve their goals. The second campaign in the chronologists of the First World War dates back to 1915. In the Western Front, the most severe combat clashes took place. And France and Germany made desperate attempts to turn the situation in their favor. However, huge losses incurred by both parties have not led to serious results. In fact, the front line by the end of 1915 did not change. Neither the spring offensive of the French in the arts, neither the operation, argued in Champagne and Arto, did not change the situation. The situation in the Russian front changed to the worst. Winter offensive of a poorly prepared Russian army soon turned into the August counteroffensive Germans. And as a result of the Gorlitsky breakthrough of the German troops, Russia lost its Galicia and, later, Poland. Historians note that in many ways the great retreat of the Russian army was provoked by the crisis of supply. The front stabilized only by autumn. The German troops were busy Wying Volyn province and partially repeated pre-war borders with Austria-Hungary. The position of the troops as well as in France contributed to the beginning of the positional war. 1915 was marked by the entry into the war of Italy (May 23). Despite the fact that the country was a member of the Fourth Union, she announced the beginning of the war against Austria-Hungary. But on October 14, the Unitanta Union declared War Bulgaria, which led to the complication of the situation in Serbia and its imminent drop. During the 1916 military campaign, one of the most famous battles of the First World War occurred - Venden. In an effort to suppress the resistance of France, the German command concentrated in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Venden protrusion huge forces, hoping to overcome the Anglo-French defense. During this operation, from February 21 to December 18, up to 750 thousand soldiers of England and France and up to 450 thousand soldiers of Germany died. Verdinsky battle is also known to the fact that first was applied new Type Weapons - flamethrower. However, the greatest effect of this weapon was psychological. To assist allies, an offensive operation was undertaken in the Western Russian Front, called Brusilovsky breakthrough. This forced Germany to transfer serious forces into Russian front and slightly facilitated the position of the allies. It should be noted that military operations developed not only on land. Between the blocs of the strongest world powers came ill confrontation and on the water. It was in the spring of 1916 that one of the main battles of the First World War in the Sea-Yutland occurred. In general, at the end of the year the Antante block was dominant. The proposal of the Four Union about the world was rejected. During the 1917 military campaign, the transfer of the forces towards the Antanka increased even more and the United States joined the obvious winners. But the weakening of the economies of all countries - participants in the conflict, as well as the growth of revolutionary tension led to a decrease in military activity. The German command decides on strategic defense on the land fronts, at the same time, focusing on attempts to withdraw from the war England using a submarine fleet. In the winter of 1916 - 17, there were no active fighting and in the Caucasus. The situation in Russia aggravated as much as possible. In fact, after the October events, the country came out of the war. 1918 brought Antante the most important victories, which led to the end of World War II. After the actual exit from the Russian war, Germany managed to eliminate the Eastern Front. She was signed by peace with Romania, Ukraine, Russia. The conditions of the Brest civil contract concluded between Russia and Germany in March 1918 were the hardest for the country, but soon this agreement was canceled. In the future, Germany occupied the Baltic States, Poland and partially Belarus, after which he threw his strength to the West Front. But, thanks to the technical superiority of the Entente, the German troops were defeated. After Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria concluded the world with the countries of the Entente, Germany was on the verge of disaster. By virtue of revolutionary events, Emperor Wilhelm leaves his country. November 11, 1918, Germany signs an act of surrender. According to modern data, losses in the First World War made up to 10 million soldiers. Accurate data on loss among civilians does not exist. Presumably, due to severe living conditions, epidemics and hunger, two times more people died. According to the results of the First World War, Germany was supposed to pay reparations to allies for 30 years. She lost 1/8 of their territory, and the colonies sent the countries to winners. Rein Coast for 15 years occupied allied forces. Also, Germany was forbidden to have an army of more than 100 thousand people. All types of weapons were superimposed. But, the consequences of the First World War affected and in the situation in the winning countries. Their economy, with the exception, perhaps, the United States was in complex condition. The standard of living of the population has declined sharply, the national economy has declined. At the same time, military monopolies have enriched. For Russia, the First World War has become a serious destabilizing factor, in many respects that influenced the development of the revolutionary situation in the country and caused a subsequent civil war.

Political resultsSix months, Germany was forced to sign the Versailles Agreement (June 28, 1919), compiled by the winning states at the Parisian peace conference, officially completed the first world war. Peace treaties S.Germany (Versailles); Austria (Saint-German Treaty); Bulgaria (Nyuisky Treaty); Hungary (Trianon Treaty); Turkey (Sevra Peace Treaty).

The results of the First World War were the February and Oktyabrskaya Revolution In Russia and the November revolution in Germany, the liquidation of four empires: Russian, German, Ottoman Empires and Austria-Hungary, and the last two were divided. Germany, having ceased to be a monarchy, trimmed geographically and weakened economically. The conditions of the Versailles world (the payment of reparations, etc.) and the reparation of the national humiliation were given by the revenue sentiments, which became one of the prerequisites of the Nazis who unleashed the Second World War.

The independence of the Belarusian People's Republic, the Ukrainian People's Republic, Hungary, Danziga, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Finland was proclaimed. Founded by the Austrian Republic. The German Empire de facto became a republic. Dumilitarized Rhineland and Black Sea Straits. Economic results:The grand scale and the protracted nature of the First World War led to an unprecedented militarization of the economy for industrial states. It had an impact on the development of the economy of all major industrial states in the period between the two world wars: strengthening state regulation and economic planning, formation of military-industrial complexes, accelerating the development of nationwide economic infrastructures (power systems, a network of roads with a solid coating, etc.), the growth of the share of defense products and dual-use products.

Question 28. First World War (1914-1918): causes, move, results and consequences.

1 World War II (July 28, 1914 - November 11, 1918) is one of the Self. Army. Conflicts in the history of mankind. At the direct. The Sarajevs served to the war. June 28, 1914 Austra. Eritzgergadrana Ferdinand Student from Bosnia Gavrili Principle, which is one of the members of Terror. The Mlada Bosna, which fought for the union. Peoples in one state-in. A-in. - Serbia's ultimatum: Serbia is ready to take everything, Kr.RasLesha murder of AustrianGrechi, removing from the posts of unwanted Vienna officials. The reasons for 1MV: Spearled to the Oslable of Competitions and the military. Rostem-Yu Polit.I Econphorus. Especially to the preservation of colonial. The performance and the seizure of new ones. The desire with the help of the war is allowed. Ambitions and children-to states. Antena block (1904, schedule 1907 after the laws of Rus-Fran., Anglo-Fran & English-Rus. Syuzn.dogovorov): Ross. Great; Franz. Block The Triple Union: GEM.; A-in; Italian. - Four. Soyuz later (G., A-B, Turz., Bulgaria). ITAL. Fitted to the war in 1915 at St-no Entente.
N-Lo 1MV Germ-I, in accordance with the development of lightning light, "Blitzkrieg", sent the foundations for Zap.Front, hoping before the completion of mobilization and spread-I rus. Armiah. Intrusted France, and Section-Xia with Russia. Herm. Comandanovanovanie intended to be led by School of Belgium in universal. Paris Fran., Bypass Paris from the West and take Fran.armia, Ch.Sili to-th b / focus. On strengthened, Franco-Germ. in huge. "boiler". 1 Aug. Germ. Announced the war of Russia, in the only Germans without anything. The impression of war invaded Luxembourg. GERM.RUKOVOVOE decided that the English would not enter the war and went to solute .D-Iy. 2 Aug. Herm. And the windows, but occupied Luxembourg, and Belgium b / put forward an ultimatum about the passing of Herm. Army to the border with Franz. 3 Aug. Herm. - War of France. 3 Aug Belgium responded with refusal to the ultimatum of Germany. Germany declares the War of Belgium. 4 Aug Germ. Khuzki joined Belgius. Granitsa. The King Belgium Albert applied for help from the Garabbari countries of Belgium.Netrality. LONDON Contrary to the prev. Activities sent ultimatum to Berlin: stop the second to Belgium or England declares the war of Germany. 6 Aug A-B - War of Russia. 1Malked.
Khodboev. Ideas
Campaign1914.
Fighting. D-ia on Zap.Front Ni in August with the invasion of the GEM. And in Luxembourg and Belgium. 20 Aug.Ini occupied Brussels, having received permission to be easily moved to the borders of France. On August 21-25, in the border battle, Germ. Armia was discarded by Anglo-Franz. Evascular, they invaded Sev. France and the Mr. Paris and Verden river. In October and Nov. The battles in Flanders have exhausted and balanced the forces of the parties. From the swiss-train to the north. Mamo stretched the line of solosh.Front. Maneuveren.D-Iia in the West replaced the position. B-battle. Calculation of GERM. In the fastest. The size of France failed. In many ways, this is the method of employed. D-ia Rus. And the Vost. Regulation, in Galicia. 23 Aug. Dr. Germ. Posted by Japan, in OKT.Ne St-not Germ. Turkey joined the war. New were formed in Transcaucasia, Mesopotamia, Syria and Dardanelles. As a result, 1914 campaigns did not make one of the steps, the calculations on the fast. The opponent fell out, at the notation of the war acquired the position., Okop.har-r.
Campaign 1915.
Herm. Comanion focused on Ch.Siliya on the Vost.front. Fighting on Rus.Front Ni in January and continued with Nebolos. Forwards to deep. In the summer of Germ. Doesing, whether the breakthrough under the neck. Soon they launched an offensive in the Baltic States. Rus. Army left Galicia, Poland, Ch of Latvia and Belarus. In October, the front stabilized. On Zap.Front, the autumn of the Anglo-Frannyavsky conducted an hour. Operations in artoi and champags, which, however, did not change the situation. On May 23, Italy, in Okt.k, Bulgaria joined the war on the side of the Entente in the war. At the end of Saint. Herm. Gallations struck in Serbia and the two months occupied it. An attempt by Anglo-Franz.Vascue, landed in thessaloniki, to have a b / unsuccessful Serbian. Important campaign was a failure of Herm. Planov. Herm. Comandation turned out to continue the war on 2nd. In 1915, the OSN was in 1915, providing Fran.y Vaginur. Device d / mobilization of Ekki for military. Forgives.
Campaign 1916.
Herm. He suffered a chillium to the west. Chapter was assumed to apply France in the Vertine area, which had important. Operators. Relationship (Verden Operation). Despite the huge. Just, Herm. Does not be able to break through the defense. This is a method-of-Valo Music on the Yu-Z.Front in Galicia. Herm Austra. Common b / forced to transfer from the West. And Italian. Benets to the Vost.Frront 34 of the Division. The unsuccessful turned out to be the beginning. D-ia and English-franz. And on the Somme River. Although the allies applied to the operations of Nov.i. Association - there were tanks, they could not break through the defense of the enemy, losing the OK.800 thousand. Aug 27 Romania entered the war in the war, but by the end of the campaign Romanian. Army b / broken. At the Middle Easter Treatment. It was important. Rus. The Kavkaz. Rus. Army advanced in Turkey by 250 km. On May 31 - June 1, at the semi-Woman, in Sev.More, one of the largest romors. The prospects in the war. The British lost 14 ships in it, approx 7 thousand hours, the losses of the Germans were 11 ships and the B-E 3 thousand. As a result, the campaign of Herm Austra. Block lost the strategist .initiative. GERM. A forced b / relief on Sun.Fronts. The superiority of the Entente became obvious. In the course of the coordinents. D. ÜY SOYSTER. And in the West and the East b / laid Nr Petrol during the war.
Campaign 1917-1918.
By 1917, the war to the war was weakened by ek-ku confrontation. Holding. GERM.Kalitia is not M / already lead the root. Not a job. Operations and moved to the strategist. Defense. Ch. Ausilia GERM. Considered at the conduct of the submission. Entente plans were built on the use of its superiority in the forces and means. Fl. The advantage became the BY weighty after the accession of April 1917 in the US War on the side of the Entente. Verkhov. Comanding intended to take a common sense. And the Vost.Fronts in order to complete. GROUM GROUM GERM.I-A-B. However, the Anglo-Fran.Vask, undertaken in April between Reims and Susson, failed. Ended the failure and the offensive of Rus. Army in the summer of 1917. 3 Saint. In the course of Rizhs. Riga Riga restrictions left Riga. Persistent. The resistance of the GEMM. The Sailors of the Balt.Flota was provided in the defense of the Moison Archipelago in the fall of 1917. Because of the Greater. And the GERM. 1MV served as a catalyst for revolution. Processes in Russia, which led to October. Running.1917. Events in Russia, as well as inconsistency of D-Iy Allies, rushed strategist. The plan of the Entente. Germany managed to reflect the strikes of opponents on land. However, declared on Feb. 1. Nonogran.Avdavod. Wound did not give the desired resort. After October. Russia, Russia came out of the war: on December 2, he signed with German-Austra. Block Aviation Agreement, and later - to the world. Transferences (Brest World).
To NCh.1918 Military-Polit. Installation is seriously measured. Herm-Aust Power Powers sought to complete the war. Herm. Comanion in March made an offensive on Zap.Front. In the spring and summer, Herm. Avenue was spent several hundred-to-coming. Operations in Picardia, in Flanders, on the rivers of Enana and Marna, but because of the lack of reserves suspended them. Strategist .initative windows - but passed into the hands of the Entente. In the Aug.-Saint Army Allies, using the Sv.Prevnostiya in the alpine and technology (in March 1918, the troops from the USA began to arrive), switched to the offensive and forced him. Do not begin to start a common party from Ter-AI France. In the beginning of the year, the situation of Herm. Staligent is hopeless. The allies of Germany - Bulgaria, Turkey, Austria-Hungary - in the fall of 1918 concluded a truce with the powers of the Entente. Defeats on the fronts, Econ. Spring accelerated the rearness of the revol. The usages in Germany. November 9th Monarchy in Germany b / overthrew. On November 11, Germany capitulated: in Krestov. The delegation has signed a truce. Herm. Pricked himself defeated. Ocing, but the SL-I. Snagovikov with Herm. And its allies used on Paris.mir. Conference 1919-20. June 28, 1919 - Versal.mir. Sadovina, officially completed 1MV.
Results of war
1MV continued B-E 4 years old (from August 1, 1914 to November 11, 1918). It participated in 38 states, on its fields, over 74 million people, of which 10 million were killed and 20 million is crippled. The First World War on its scale, human losses and socio-political consequences did not have equal in the entire previous history. She had huge. Ensure to Ek-ku, Paul-ku, ideology, for the whole with / s International Others. The war led to the collapse of himself. Mind.Everop.Gos-in and folding new geopolitis. Resming 1MV and February. And October. Werevol. In Russia and November. Relocation in GERM., Elimination of 3 empires: Ross., Osman. Thermier and A-B, and 2 last b / separated. Germany, having ceased b / monarchy, trimmed terr - but also weakened by ECON. United States Prepr.B is great. Heavy d / Germany SL-I Versal. The world (the payment of reparations, etc.) and its transferred to it. The revenge on the revenge on the extension. kh steel ONN.Is of the prerequisites of coming to power of the Nazis, unleashed 2mv. In the residence of the War occurred: Annexia Dania - North. Schlesvail; Italy - South. Tyrol and Istria; Romania - Transylvania and South. Dobrudja; France - Alsace Lorraine, Syria, part of Togo and Cameroon; Jumping - Germanostrov in the Pacific Ocean north of the Equator; Occupation by France Saara. Joining Slovenia, Croatia and Slavonia, Montenegro to the Kingdom of Serbia, with the subsequent CRED-M of Yugoslavia. Proclaimed absence of Hungary, Danziga, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Finland. Founded by Austris.Resp-ka. Hermann. The fact of de facto became rep. Dormilitarized Rhens. Region and Chernomor. Prolis. 1MV accelerated the development of new ones and battle means. For the first time, tanks, chemicals were used, gas masks, anti-aircraft and anti-tank. Waste. The proliferation of aircraft, machine guns, mortars, submarines, torpedo cherry received. A new artillery appeared: anti-aircraft, anti-tank, infantry support. Aviation has alone. How the troops, which began to be divided into reconnaissance, Restrech. And Bombardir. There was a tank. Doctor, chemistry. Eviation, air defense troops, mor.Aviation.

Question 29. International relations after the First World War. Versailles-Washington system.

Versailles-Washington system of international relations is the world order, the foundations of which were laid at the end of the First World War 1914-1918 by the Versailles peace treaty 1919, agreements with the allies of Germany, as well as agreements concluded at the Washington Conference 1921-1922. The basis of the Versailles-Washington system of international relations in Europe was:

Versailles Mirny Treaty (1919) and closely related to it Saint-Germene Peace Agreement with Austria (1919), Nyuiiski Mirny Treaty with Bulgaria (1919), Trianon Mirny Treaty with Hungary (1920), Sevra Mirny Treaty with Turkey (1920). The Versailles system is the system of the post-war device of the world. Its characteristic feature was the anti-Soviet orientation. The greatest benefit from the Versailles system was obtained by the United Kingdom, France and the United States. At this time in Russia went civil WarThe victory in which remained behind the Bolsheviks. Russia began to establish diplomatic relations with Afghanistan, Baltic, Finland. I also tried to establish diplomatic relations with Poland, but Pilsudsky instead signed an agreement with one of the leaders of the Central Rada and Polish troops entered into the territory of Ukraine. Russia tried to reiterate Ukraine and Poland again, but the Poles inflicted her a heavy defeat, as a result of which the Bolshevik leaders had forced to go to peace with Poland. Poland also retained Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. Washington agreements - The conference was convened in order to consider issues of the post-war ratio of forces in the Pacific and the restriction of marine arms. American diplomacy sought to take revenge for defeating in Paris and gain strengthening its influence in solving important international problems. December 13, 1921.- "Treaty of four states" (United Kingdom, USA, France and Japan) concerned mutual guarantees of the inviolability of the island possessions of its participants in the Pacific Basin (fixing the status quo); "The contract of five states" (Britain, USA, Japan, France and Italy) forbade the construction of warships whose tonnage exceeded 35 thousand tons, established the relationship between the fleets of these countries per class of battleships in proportion of 10: 10: 6: 3.5: 3.5, consolidating The leadership of the first two. "Treaty of nine states"(USA, Britain, France, Japan, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Portugal and China) proclaimed the principle of respect for sovereignty, territorial and administrative inviolability of China. He obliges all participants to adhere to the principles of "open doors" and "equal opportunities" in the trade and development of industry throughout China. Contracts concluded in the Washington Conference complemented the system of contracts signed in 1919-1920 between the winner countries and countries that worldw war lost. In 1919-1922, the Versailles-Washington system of international treaties was established, designed to formally consolidate the results of the First World War. Features 1.Discrimination of the position of defeated states and Soviet Russia. So, Germany lost the right to their colonies, was strongly limited in possession armed Forces and suppressed economically through the reparation mechanism. Such conditions were envisaged for both Turkey and Bulgaria, and Austria-Hungary as a whole ceased to exist. Soviet Russia, formally not being defeated, turned out to be at the initial stage also excluded. The formal recognition of this fact from Russia is considered the Rapalle Treaty of 1922. After the conclusion of the contract, the broad cooperation between Germany and Soviet Russia begins, which, at its essence, was the "insulted unit", that is, the powers that most of all wanted the revision of the status quo system. Frew in the leadership of the United States, Great Britain and France, in the new system. Significant territorial, political and economic (in varying degrees for these countries) The development of winning countries gave them actually the right of the collegial change in the characteristics of the international system and the formation of its principles. Other winners (like Italy) remained in the second plan. 3 Polatic isolation of the United States from European affairs. The United States after the failure of "14 points" V.Vilson took a course to isolation from international politics in Europe, at the same time as a priority foreign Policy In this region elected an economic factor. A Daules Plan (1924), as well as to a certain extent, Jung's plan (1929), demonstrated the degree of economic dependence of European countries from the United States, which began to be an overwhelming lender for 1918, being before the war on the debtor of European countries. 4 Creation of the League of Nations - the tool for preserving the status quo in the system of MO. This was evidence of the lack of a strong treaty-based system system. 5mir gradually ceases to be Eurocentrist, the international system begins to turn into a global. The activities of the League of Nations to resolve international crises.In the first years of the existence of the League of Nations was the center of the organization of the struggle against the Soviet state of the Bolsheviks in Russia. In the League of Nations, a variety of intervention plans were discussed and common diplomatic shares were developed against Soviet Russia. In connection with the enemy relative to the Bolshevik authority, the position of the League of Nations, the Soviet government negatively relate to it, considering its activities to intervene in the internal affairs of the USSR. The League of Nations carried out numerous attempts to eliminate the acute disagreements between its main participants. In order to eliminate obstacles regarding German entry into the League of Nations and the cessation of hostility, which remained between Germany and the winning states in the First World War, the Locarnian Conference was convened in 1925. The main result was the agreements between Germany on the one hand and France and Belgium on the other on the inviolability of their common borders, as well as the rejection of the war as a means of solving territorial problems. The same goals were the reparation agreements (Daes plan 1924-1925, Jung's plan 1929-1930). In 1926, the diplomatic isolation of Germany managed to overcome, and it entered the League of Nations. When the Japanese aggression in Manchuria began, in the Council of the League of Nations, I started the execution of my duties as a member of the Council a representative of China Dr. Alfred Shi. He immediately applied to the League of Nations, demanding immediate interference to stop aggression against the Republic of China. But the Council of the League of Nations at the request of Japan postponed the discussion of the issue. And only on September 30, the League Council at the insistence of the Chinese delegate still considered the issue of Japanese aggression. However, in addition to appeal to both parties, in which the Council requested both parties to speed up the normalization of its relations, he did not take any practical steps to resolve the conflict and containment of the aggressor. The Council has postponed further consideration of the issue on October 14, 1931. In the meantime, transports with Japanese troops continued to arrive in Manchuria. At the same time, the Japanese representative in the League of Nations did not cease to assure that Japan does not want any territorial acquisitions and the evacuation of troops has already begun. October 24. The Council of the League adopted a resolution in which Japan suggested in a three-week time to withdraw their troops from Manchuria. But by the statute of the League of Nations, this document had no legal force, since he was adopted unanimously - Japan voted against. Two days later, on October 26, the Japanese government published a declaration that concluded the basic principles of Japanese policy in Manchuria. The declaration proclaimed the "mutual refusal of aggressive politics"; "Destruction of all organized movementviolating freedom of trade and exciting interethnic hatred "; "Providing protection in all manchuria rights of Japanese citizens" and "respect for the contractual rights of Japan." The Chinese government stated that it was ready to meet Japan to meet Japan, if she responds his troops. Meanwhile, the military occupation of Manchuria continued. Shortly before the start of the seizure of Manchuria, Japan tied negotiations with England about China's actual section on the spheres of influence. The strengthening of Japan in China would mean a weakening in this region of the United States, which was on the hand of England. Confident in London negotiations in the full neutrality of England, Japan boldly began to fulfill his plans. Another was the position of the United States, whose interests were directly affected by Japanese aggression. On November 5, 1931, the American government sent a sharp note in Japan, in which a protest was spent against any negotiations between Japan and China to stop the military occupation. At the same time, American diplomacy sought in London and Paris with a common diplomatic performance against Japan, but all its efforts were in vain. At the next session of the League of Nations, which opened in Paris, on November 16, England put forward proposals to resolve the conflict. These proposals were reduced to China, without claiming any preliminary guarantees, joined the direct negotiations with Japan and pledged to respect Japan's contractual rights in Manchuria. Japan will guide his troops when he considers himself quite satisfied. Here the direct support of Japan England is already visible, but the United States acted against these proposals. To familiarize yourself with the position in place, the Council of the League of Nations, at the suggestion of Japan, decided to create a commission included in history as a Litton Commission. The investigation into this commission did not bring any practical results, which once again confirmed the incapacity of the League of Nations, as a peacekeeping organization. The most important issuesThe Italian Agriculture against Ethiopia (1935-1936) was discussed in the League of Nations (1935-1936), violation of the Versailles Peace Treaty Distribution of the Rhine Zone (1936), Italian-German Intervention in Spain ( 1936-1939), the passion of Germany Austria (1938). The policy of Western states during this period is the pacification of aggressors - explained by the effort to send fascist aggression east, against the USSR. This position has turned the leagues into the cover of German, Italian and Japanese aggression against other countries. This explained the helplessness of the League of Nations, which could not carry out a single effective measure against fascist aggression on the eve of World War II. For example, in October 1935, the Assembly of the League of Nations at the request of a number of states, including the USSR, decided to apply economic and financial sanctions against Italy, which attacked Ethiopia. However, due to the position of Western states, the most important part of Italian imports - oil - was not included in the list of items prohibited for imports to Italy. This facilitated and accelerated the interest of Italy Ethiopia (1936). In July 1936, at the request of the United Kingdom and France, the decision of the League of Nations regarding sanctions against Italy was completely canceled. Signing on August 23, 1939 in Moscow, the nonsense in Moscow between the USSR and Germany (the so-called "Molotov-Ribbentrop Covenant") pushed out of the USSR of the latest supporters of the collective security system in Western countries. For the ruling circles of Great Britain, France and the United States, the Further stay of the USSR in the composition of the League of Nations was undesirable. Using the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940, which almost led to an armed conflict between the USSR and the United Kingdom and France, as a reason, Western countries have achieved that decision of the League Council of Nations on December 14, 1939 was excluded from this organization. The activities of the League of Nations since that time, in fact, ceased, although it was formally liquidated only in April 1946 by the decision of the Assembly specifically convened for this. Despite all its shortcomings and nonlands, the League of Nations still performed the functions of the preservation of the world.

With the development of capitalism, the contradictions between major powers and military-political blocks strengthened;

• loosen England.
• the struggle for the redistribution of peace.
• decretate France and take it to the hands of its main metallurgical bases.
• seek Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Baltic countries and thereby weaken Russia.
• cut Russia from the Baltic Sea.

The main goal of Austria-Hungary was:

• capture Serbia and Montenegro;
• strengthen in the Balkans;
• take off the Podolia and Volyn from Russia.

Italy's goal was to entrenched in the Balkans. In fact, in the First World War, England wanted to weaken Germany and divide the Ottoman Empire.

Objectives of Russia in the First World War:

• prevent the influence of Germany's influence on Turkey and the Middle East;
• strengthen in the Balkans and in the Black Sea strait;
• take possession of lands of Turkey;
• send the Galicia in submission of Austria-Hungary.

Russian bourgeoisie suggested to reopen at the expense of the First World War. As a reason for the war, the murder in Bosnia Serbian Nationalist Gavrive Principle of ERC-Duke Franz Ferdinand June 28, 1914 was used.
July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary announced Serbia War. Russia announced mobilization to help Serbia. Therefore, on August 1, Germany declared war of Russia. On August 3, Germany declared war on France, and on August 4, she attacked Belgium. Thus, the Neutrality Treaty of Belgium, signed by Prussia, was declared a "simple piece of paper". On August 4, England stood up for Belgium and declared war in Germany.
August 23, 1914 Japan declared the war in Germany, but did not send troops to Europe. She began to capture German lands on Far East And subordinate to China.
In October 1914, Turkey joined the First World War on the side of the "Thieves Union". In response October 2, Russia, 5th - England and the 6th - France announced the war of Turkey.

World War II 1914
At the beginning of World War II, three fronts formed in Europe: Western, East (Russian) and Balkan. A little later, the fourth - the Caucasian Front, which was fought Russia and Turkey. The Blitzkrieg plan prepared by Schliffen ("Lightning War") was carried out: on August 2, the Germans took Luxembourg, the 4th - Belgium, and from there they entered Northern France. The French government temporarily left Paris.
Russia, wanting to help allies, August 7, 1914 introduced two armies to Eastern Prussia. Germany removed from the French front two infantry buildings and a cavalry division and sent to the Eastern Front. Due to inconsistencies in the actions of the Russian command, the first Russian army died in Mazur lakes. The German command was able to concentrate their forces in the second Russian army. Two Russian corps were surrounded and destroyed. But the Russian army in Galicia (Western Ukraine) defeated Austria-Hungary and moved to Eastern Prussia.
To stop the promotion of Russians, Germany had to withdraw another 6 buildings from the French direction. So France got rid of the danger of defeat. On the seas, Germany led with Britain cruising war. September 6-12, 1914 On the shores of the Marna River, the English-French troops were shot down by the attack of the Germans and switched to counteroffensiveness. The Germans managed to stop allies only on the Ena River. Thus, as a result of the battle on Marne, the German plan of the "Lightning War" failed. Germany was forced to lead the war on two fronts. War maneuverable passed in the war positioning.

First World War Action in 1915-1916
In the spring of 1915, the Eastern Front turned into the main front of the First World War. In 1915, the focus of the "Thieves Union" was drawn to the conclusion of Russia from the war. In May 1915, Russians suffered a defeat in the gorge and retreated. The Germans took Poland and part of the Baltic lands from Russia, but to bring Russia from the war and conclude a separate world with her.
In 1915, no special changes in the Western Front occurred. Germany first applied submarines against England.
The attacks of Germany without warning to civil courts caused the perturbation of neutral countries. On April 22, 1915, Germany first applied in the territory of Belgium poisoning gas chlorine.
To distract the attention of the Turkish army from the Caucasian Front, the Anglo-French fleet fired strengthening in the Strait of Dardanelles, but the Allies suffered damage and retreated. According to the secret agreement, in the event of victory in the war "Antanka", Istanbul was transferred to Russia.
"Anntan", promising Italy a number of territorial acquisitions, pulled it to their side. In April 1915 in London, England, France, Russia and Italy concluded a secret agreement. Italy joined the Antante.
And in September 1915, the Four Soyuz formed in Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria.
In October 1915, the Bulgarian army captured Serbia, and Austria-Hungary captured Montenegro and Albania.
In the summer of 1915, in the Caucasian front, the offensive of the Turkish army on Apashkert ended to no avail. At the same time, England's attempt to capture Iraq ended with collapse. Turks broke the British under Baghdad.
In 1916, the Germans were convinced of the impossibility of bringing Russia from the war and recently concentrated efforts to France.
On February 21, 1916, the battle was started under the verte. In history, this battle entered the name "Verdinskaya meat grinder". Fighting parties have lost up to a million soldiers under the verte. For six months, the Germans won a block of land. The counterattack of the Anglofranzesian forces also did nothing. After the battle on the Somme River in July 1916, the parties returned to the positional war again. In the battle on Somme, the British first applied tanks.
And in the Caucasian front in 1916, the Russians captured Erzurum and Trabzon.
In August 1916, Romania entered the First World War, but was immediately defeated by Austro-German-Bulgarian troops.

First World War and Last years
On June 1, 1916, in the Yutland maritime battle, nor English nor German fleets have achieved a reselle.

In 1917, active performances began in the warring countries. In Russia, in February 1917, a bourgeoisode democratic revolution occurred, the monarchy fell. And in October the Bolsheviks made a coup and captured power. On March 3, 1918, the Bolsheviks in Brest-Litovsk concluded a separate world with Germany and its allies. Russia came out of the war. Under the conditions of the Brest Lithuanian world:

• Russia has lost all territories up to the front line;
• Kars, Ardagan, Batum was returned to Turkey;
• Russia recognized Ukraine's independence.

The exit of Russia from the war facilitated the position of Germany.
The United States, which has crossed large loans to European countries and those who wanted victories "Antanka" were worried. In April 1917, the United States declared war in Germany. But France and England did not want to share the fruits of victory with America. They wanted to complete the war before the arrival of US troops. Germany wanted to defeat the "Annta" before the arrival of the US troops.
In October 1917, Kaporpetto the troops of Germany and Austro-Hungary defeated a significant part of the Italian army.
In May 1918, Romania signed the world with the "Four Union" and came out of the war. In order to help "Antante", which lost after Russia and Romania, US sent 300 thousand soldiers to Europe. With the help of Americans, a German breakthrough to Paris was stopped on the shores of Marne. In August 1918, the American-Angloofranzian troops were asked by Germans. And in Macedonia, the defeat of Bulgarians and Turks were defeated. Bulgaria came out of the war.

October 30, 1918 Turkey signed the Mudrosorian truce, and on November 3, Austria-Hungary surrendered. Germany accepted the program "14 points" put forward by V. Wilson.
On November 3, 1918, the revolution began in Germany, on November 9, the monarchy overthrew and the republic was proclaimed.
On November 11, 1918, the French Marshal Fosh in a pile car in the compi forest accepted the capitulation of Germany. World War II ended. Germany pledged for 15 days to bring his troops from France, Belgium, Luxembourg and from other captured territories.
Thus, the war ended with the defeat of the Quadruple Union. The advantage of "Antanka" in the lively strength and technology decided the fate of the First World War.
German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman and Russian Empire Opleasted. In place of the former empires there were new independent states.
World War II carried millions of lives. Only US enriched in this war, turning into a global lender, who had to England, France, Russia, Italy and other European countries.
Japan also successfully emerged from World War II. She captured the German colonies in the Pacific Ocean, strengthened its influence in China. World War II began the beginning of the crisis of the global colonial system.

32.I World War: Prerequisites, Stroy, Results.

The causes and character of the I World War, its influence on the internal situation in

Prerequisites

1. Germany from the backward, scattered state becomes strong

power.

2. Formed two blocks of countries:

1) England, France and Russia;

2) Germany, Austrian Girogry and Italy (new capitalist countries.;

General features: high economy. Development paces, almost complete absence

colonies.).

3. 80s: contract between Germany, Italy and Austrovengrey (first

economy, then politicic., And after the military.) "Triple Union" - 1st

military Union.

4. "The Triple Union" - need a colonies (for trade and raw materials), i.e.

they for redoned the "divided" world.

5. The 90s: "Entente" - 2nd Wiren Block (England, France, Rosia) Society.

signs: low econ rates. development; There were colonies. They wanted

At the beginning of the 20th century, Anglo-Germ was aggravated., Franco-Germ., Russian-Girl.,

Russian-Australian relations.

1. Anglo-Germ. relations: England is trying to weaken Germany by sending it to

2. Franco-GERM. Relationships: France wants revenge, Germany wants to stay

in the 1st place.

3. Russian-Girl., Russian-Austrian.: Because of the Russian influence on the beam-na:

Auto-Hungary. Rem. termination of the Balkans.

Objectives of states.

1. Germany: Colonies, leadership for most of Europe., Control over

Middle East: i.e. Almost world domination.

2. Austro-Hungary: control over the Balkans \u003d\u003e Control over the movement of ships

in the Adriatic Sea.

3.Naglia: weaken Germany \u003d\u003e Capture the German colony on average

East; Weaken Turkey \u003d\u003e Section of Turkey and capture its colonies.

4. France: Loosen Germany, return Alsace and Lorraine (Earth);

separate the Saari coal pool, claims the role of hegemon in Europe.

5. Russia: enhancing influence in the Balkans (by weakening influence

Germany to Turkey).

6. Turkey: Leave the Balkans under its influence, capture Crimea and Iran (

raw base).

7. Italy: domination at the Mediterranean and Southern Europe.

The causes of the First World War. 1. Weak peace-loving forces (weak.

working movement). 2. roar. Movement in the recession period (except Russia).

3. The desire to strangle the roar. Motion (Russia). 4. The desire for the section of the world.

The character of war. All the gripful, for Serbia is fair, because

it was only a reason to start hostilities.

countries of the world. A total of 74 million people will be supplied under the gun.

Causes of war

World War II began on August 1, 1914, ended in November 1918 by the defeat of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Russia came out of the war in March 1918, in connection with the conclusion of the separaty Brest world.

The First World War covered 38 countries of Europe, Asia and Africa. She was conducted on an extensive territory, which was 4 million km 2 and involved more than 1.5 billion people, i.e. More than 3/4 populations of the globe.

The reason for the war was the tragic shot in Sarajevo, the true causes of her reasons were rooted in difficult contradictions between the participating countries.

Causes of war: a) the struggle for the redistribution of peace, markets and colony; b) strengthening the confrontation of the great powers, primarily England and Germany; c) growing contradictions between the Entente and the Triple Union; d) the desire of governments to distract their peoples from social problems and internal conflicts.

International contradictions first of all were determined by the difference in the interests of the "old" and "new" powers. There was a struggle for the colony, for the spheres of influence, for the military prevalence on land and at sea. In foreign policy, the power policy combined with secret diplomacy.

Play of Parties. German leaders considered the summer of 1914 by the most suitable time to start the war, as the countries of the Entente, especially Russia, were not fully prepared for war. The German General Staff planned to quickly defeat France and together with Austria-Hungary to quit all the strength to fight Russia. Russia hoped after completion of mobilization to make an offensive in the North-West on

Berlin and southwest to Vienna. Both sides assumed victories. In war for 3-4 months.

15 I.O. 1914 in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, the Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne, was killed in Sarajevo. Austria, accusing the murder of the heir to the Serbian nationalist organization and supported by Germany, on July 15, began the actuator of the capital of Serbia - Belgrade. Russia announced universal mobilization. Germany in an ultimative form demanded cessation of mobilization and, without receiving an answer, on July 19 (on August 1, in a new style), 1914 declared the war of Russia. Soon the war covered the whole of Europe.

The course of hostilities in 1914-1916. and the role of the Eastern Front

Eastern Front played an important role in the war. After the defeat of the French-English troops on the border of France and the rapid promotion of the German troops to Paris, Russia even before the completion of the mobilization of the beginning at the request of France is an offensive in East Prussia and in Galicia. In East Prussia, the 1st (Rennenkpf) and from the South - 2nd (Samsonov) and from the south - 2nd (Samsonov) were defeated by the German group at the end of August. After transferring 2 buildings from France and attracting backup parts, Germany, using the inconsistency of the actions of Russian troops, surrounded and defeated the 2nd Army. General Samsonov committed suicide. In the south, during the Galic Battle, the Austro-Hungarian troops were broken by the Russian army.

In the first months of war, all sectors of society supported the government. In front of the Winter Palace, a lot of demonstration in support of the war was held. St. Petersburg was renamed Petrograd. Strike workers almost stopped. Political parties made a war to the victorious end and voted in the Duma for the provision of military loans. However, already in 1915, the socio-political situation has changed. Defeat on the front caused dissatisfaction with the government. A strike movement resumed, peasant unrest began.

After some success of Russia in January-March 1915 (taking a press, access to the Carpathian ridge, the reflection of the German offensive from Eastern Prussia) in April-May the situation has changed. Austro-German troops using massive artillery shelling, forced to retreat russian troopswho were forced to leave Poland, part of the Baltic States, Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. But the front in the south-west was not broken. During the battles in 1915, almost the entire composition of the pre-war prepared personnel army came out.

In 1916, the German command postponed the basic military efforts to the Western Front. Began the battle for the fortress Verdin, who defended the path to Paris. Saving France, the Russian command that planned to expand the onset of the Western Front in Lithuania and Belarus with the support of the South-Western and Northern fronts, was forced to change the timing and direction of the main strike. In May 8th Army General Al Brousilova I carried out a breakthrough of the Austrian positions, throwing the enemy by 120 km. In the Caucasus, part of the Russian army occupied the city of Erzerum, Traphezund, Rounduz, Mush, Bitlis. England won in the North Sea in the largest maritime battle of the First World War (the Etland battle). In general, the success of the Entente provided a fracture during hostilities.

But Russia was already "sick of war." And although in 1916, the army began to supply better (the efforts of the rear, more skillful government activities have affected), the fear of possible hunger, the bitterness of huge losses, the feeling that the "war is not visible" - all of this caused many growing irritation against the authorities. Desertion increased on the front line, the discipline was weakened, the case reached the brother of Russian and German soldiers. The war pulled millions of people from the usual world view, taught them to blood and death. Human life has increasingly depreciated. With the authorities were considered less and less. The country increased the socio-economic, political and moral crisis.

Military actions in 1917-1918. And the end of the war

All 1917, military actions on the Western Front continued. In the spring, the French undertook a major offensive with the use of artillery, tanks and aircraft. However, break through the German front failed. In general, the offensive ended in failure and led to numerous victims. In the fall of the same year, the British first applied a massive tank attack with the participation of almost 400 tanks.

In 1918, a single union command of the countries of the Entente was created. Despite the absence of the Russian front, the Germans and the Austrians were still kept in Russia to 75 divisions, leading a complex game in the established conditions after the October Revolution.

By the middle of 1918, the advantage of the forces of the Antanka became overwhelming, especially after the United States was performed on her side. In September, the offensive of the allies began. The German front was broken.

On October 5, 1918, the German Government appealed to the US President Woodrow Wilson as a request for a truce. In November, the revolution began in Germany, the republic was proclaimed. Emperor Wilhelm II fled from the country.

On November 11, 1918, the representatives of Germany signed the act of surrender in the football carriage of French Marshal Fosha. In the Versailles Agreement, the territory of Germany decreased by 70 thousand km 2, it lost all the few colonies; Military articles obliges Germany not to introduce military service, dissolve all military organizations, not to have modern types of weapons, to pay reparations. It was thoroughly closed by a map of Europe.

Results of war. World War II demonstrated the crisis state of modern civilization. Democracy coared in all warring countries, the scope of market relations was burned, giving way to hard state regulation. Evidence of the crisis has become political changes in a number of countries: the October Revolution

in Russia, the revolution of a socialist nature in Finland, Germany, Hungary.

The First World War was a catalyst for industrial development. The military orientation of industrial progress has become apparent, the next step was the creation of equipment and technologies for the mass destruction of people. The consequences of the war were catastrophic for the economy of most countries. They poured into the long-term economic crises, which were based on serious economic disproportions that arose in the war years.