Military terms and definitions. Glossary of obsolete words and old military terms
The saturation of special terminology is a distinctive feature of military materials (in this work, it was found that, on average, there are 13-15 terms per page of the text of the combat manual). Military materials usually include military art materials, military journalistic and military-political materials, military scientific and military-technical materials, acts of military command (various military documents). It is customary to refer to actual military materials as scientific and technical materials and control acts related to the life and activities of troops and military institutions of the armed forces. Military fiction, military journalism and military-political materials are military only in their purposefulness and subject matter and basically have those features that are generally inherent in all socio-political, journalistic and literary texts[Nelyubin 1981].
Outline the boundaries of the concept military term very difficult , since the sphere of functioning of military terminology is very wide, and many commonly used terms acquire a special, narrower meaning in it. V.N. Shevchuk proposes following definition the concept of "military term": "a stable unit of synthetic or analytical nomination, assigned to the corresponding concept in the conceptual-functional system of a certain sphere military profession in the meaning regulated by its definition "[Shevchuk 1989, 8]. GM Strelkovsky in his textbook" Theory and Practice of Military Translation. German"writes:" If we confine ourselves to military affairs, then we will have to admit that within this vast area there are many branches that can be considered as different independent areas of knowledge or activity. Therefore, one cannot talk about general concept"military term", but it is necessary to distinguish between tactical, organizational, military-technical terms, terms related to various branches of the armed forces and types of armed forces, etc. All these are different areas of military knowledge and activity, each of which has its own terminology ... Within each of these areas, the meaning of the term is quite unambiguous. " etc. In addition, the military vocabulary should include scientific and technical terms used in connection with military concepts (for example, track - track of a tank or any combat vehicle, tracked). A.I. Moiseev: "All other signs usually ascribed to terms and terminology in general: accuracy of meaning, unambiguity, consistency, lack of synonymy, etc., are nothing more than their tendency or their desirable qualities, or, finally, requirements for" good "rationally constructed terminology. Examples of insufficient consistency, lax meanings of real terms, their polysemy, homonymy and synonymy are well known "[Moiseev 1970-1, 138].
In the future, when defining military terms, we will rely on the works of B.N. Golovin, who investigated distinctive features word-terms [Golovin 1980, 4-11]. Let's list the most important of them: correlation not with a separate subject, but with a concept; the need for definition; the formation of individual concepts characteristic of individual scientists; correlation of the meaning of the term with the meanings of other terms within the corresponding terminological system; correlation with a certain professional activity, etc. "It turns out, therefore, that in a word-term its object meaning comes to the fore, while the subjective, evaluative, or generally removed, or obscured" [Golovin 1980, 7]. Z.I. Komarova imposes the following requirements on the term: uniqueness, accuracy, brevity, consistency, emotionally expressive neutrality, lack of modal and stylistic function, indifference to context, conventionality, lack of synonyms and homonyms within the same term system, etc. [Komarova 1979]. Consistency can be called one of the most important characteristics of a terminological unit. The concept of a terminological system in linguistics, being one of the fundamental concepts of terminology, always implies the presence of its constituent parts, that is, a certain structure of its constituent components. From the point of view of A.V. Superanskaya, the terminological system should be considered as a complex object in the direction from its constituent parts to integrity; and, speaking of structure, in the direction from the integrity of the object to its parts and to the nature of their interrelationships [Superanskaya 2004, 115]. A terminological system is a linguistic model of a certain special area, which "exists along with a logical model, represented by a system of concepts and a system of definitions, embodying a logical model in a system of verbal signs" [Leichik 1993, 23].
Military terminology can include words and combinations that, although they do not denote military concepts proper, are used almost exclusively in a military environment, and in general use are little known or completely unknown (for example, boondocks- jungle; behavior report- letter (soldier) home; side arms- tableware), as well as some foreign borrowings, various jargon, etc., as well as emotionally colored elements of military vocabulary, which are in most cases stylistic synonyms of the corresponding military terms (for example, doughboy(colloquial word) and infantryman(term) mean "infantryman") [Sudzilovskiy 1979, 37].
Changes in the composition of military vocabulary, especially its continuous replenishment, the loss of a number of words from it, change in meanings, are closely related to the continuous development of the general conditions of the armed forces. After reading the document "FM 23-10 Sniper Training" ("DOA Sniper Training (FM 23-10)"), issued in 1994 primarily for the needs of the US Army and covering not only sniper training, but also to one degree or another all areas of military affairs, we can outline the main areas of functioning of military terminology. Modern English military terminology covers the development of new types of weapons - primarily nuclear missile combat systems ( wire-guarded missile - managed rocket; rocket-assisted projectile- active-rocket projectile; radioactive fallout- contamination with radioactive products of a nuclear explosion), radio-electronic and other technical means ( beam rider guidance- beam guidance; laser range finder- laser rangefinder; ambush detection device- (technical) means of detecting ambushes); terms related to the reorganization of formations of ground forces and high command bodies ( logistics operations center- rear control center); terms associated with a change in some fundamental provisions (doctrines) in tactics and operational art ( electronic countermeasures - electronic countermeasures).
It is necessary to bear in mind the rather significant differences in the English military vocabulary used in the United States and England. This is explained both by the specific features of the organization, weapons, tactics of the armed forces of these countries, and by certain differences between the English and American versions of modern English. For example, the concepts of "connection" or "union" in the United States are expressed using the term large unit, and in England - formation; general staff in the United States, it is the "general part of the headquarters" that matters, and in England, the "operational intelligence part of the headquarters." There are differences in military ranks and especially in the terminology of the organization: "Secretary of Defense" in the United States is called Secretary of defense, and in England - Defense Minister... A number of terms are used only in the United States (for example, Chief of staff- "chief of staff (service of the armed forces)") or only in England (for example, commandos - The English military vocabulary also includes a number of military terms specific to the armed forces of Canada, Australia and other countries that speak English [Korovushkin 1980].
So, military terms, in addition to other terminological properties, are characterized by special spheres of functioning, and these spheres themselves, along with the definitive function and consistency, are a sign that allows one or another word or phrase to be classified as military terms.
tank rack
a fuel tank, inside of which sealed pipes are welded, which are "nests" for storing artillery shots. They are used in order to save the internal space of the tank, since they allow combining the fuel tank with non-mechanized ammunition stowage.
ballistic missile
a rocket, the flight of which, with the exception of a small active area, is carried out along the trajectory of a freely thrown body.
submarine ballistic missile
medium-range ballistic missile
ballistic missile system
ballistic performance
basic data that determine the patterns of development of the process of the shot and the movement of the bullet in the bore (intraballistic) or on the trajectory (external ballistic).
tower (armored)
closed armored structure installed on combat vehicles, ships and fortifications to protect personnel, weapons, observation devices. can generally be rotated 360 degrees.
crazy tank
a tank made according to an unconventional layout: the main armament and the entire crew are housed in the hull, there is no rotating turret. Aiming of weapons at a target can be carried out in small sectors of horizontal angles due to the design of the weapon pumping angles (as, for example, in Soviet self-propelled guns of the period of the Second World War), while circular firing from a reckless tank is possible only by turning the machine. A typical example of a reckless tank is the Swedish strv - 103.
coastal artillery
type of naval artillery, which is part of the coastal missile and artillery troops
non-illuminated sight (device)
an optical-electronic device for monitoring the battlefield, detecting targets, identifying them, providing direct fire and solving other visual tasks in the dark.
concrete shell.
shock and high-explosive projectile designed to destroy reinforced concrete and other long-term structures. can also be used against armored targets.
biplane
an airplane with two wings located one above the other.
airborne combat vehicle
armored tracked amphibious vehicle, parachuted.
Infantry fighting vehicle
armored vehicle of motorized rifle (motorized infantry) units for the movement of personnel and combat.
combat reconnaissance vehicle
combat rate of fire
practically possible rate of fire of a weapon in the conditions of its combat use, i.e. taking into account the time for aiming, reloading and transferring fire from one target to another.
missile warhead
a missile element designed to directly engage a target.
fighting compartment
interior space in a combat vehicle designed to accommodate weapons
combat railway complex
a mobile missile launcher, outwardly indistinguishable from a train with refrigerated and passenger cars, designed for long-term autonomous combat duty on patrol routes.
combat kit
the amount of ammunition installed on a weapon (carbine, machine gun, machine gun, mortar, gun, etc.) or on a combat vehicle (launcher, armored personnel carrier, tank, aircraft, etc.).
combat course
the course with which aircraft, helicopters, surface and submarine ships reach the target and use weapons. must provide favorable conditions for the effective use of weapons.
fighting
military operations, the organized use of forces and means for the performance of assigned combat missions by units, formations, and formations of all types armed forces... are carried out in the form of battles, battles, operations, strikes at any time of the year or day on the ground, in the air and at sea.
ammunition
combat kit
ammunition
component weapons, directly intended to engage targets.
ammo rack
a device for placing artillery shots in a tank, which ensures their attachment in established places and the ability to quickly remove them to load weapons. Distinguish between non-mechanized and mechanized (automated) ammunition racks. Of the former, manual loading is carried out, the latter are usually part of automatic loaders.
bomber
a combat aircraft designed to destroy enemy ground and sea targets with bombs or missiles.
bomb load
the mass of bombing weapons suspended from the aircraft. limited by its design, carrying capacity, strength of bomb racks and their attachment point. The greatest b. n. taking into account the specified restrictions, it is called the maximum.
airborne radar
airborne radar equipment
onboard central computer
blasting shell
(from the French brisant - crushing), the outdated name for a fragmentation or high-explosive fragmentation projectile with a remote fuse, which provides a burst of a projectile in the air at a certain height.
armored car
An army vehicle protected by armor. Used for reconnaissance and communications. And also as a light vehicle for transporting personnel.
armor-piercing bomb
It is used to destroy armored targets and objects with solid concrete or reinforced concrete protection. Upon encountering an obstacle, the brab penetrates it and explodes inside the target. The shape of the head, the thickness and material of the case (special alloy steel) ensure the integrity of a. b. in the process of armor penetration.
armor-piercing subcaliber projectile
an impact projectile with an active part (core) with a diameter of about 3 times smaller than the caliber of the gun. Penetrates armor 2-3 times its caliber.
armor-piercing high-explosive
a high-explosive projectile designed to destroy armored targets. in the explosion with. the armor spalls from the rear side, affecting the equipment and the crew of the armored object.
armor-piercing projectile
an impact projectile designed to destroy armored targets.
armor penetration
property of various types of ammunition, expressed in the thickness of the armor penetrated by the projectile at a certain firing range.
armored vehicles
type of military equipment, including various classes of combat vehicles with armor protection: tanks, armored personnel carriers (APCs), infantry fighting vehicles (BMP), armored vehicles, combat reconnaissance vehicles, control vehicles, as well as some types of combat support vehicles (repair and evacuation , tractors, cranes, etc.).
armored personnel carrier
armored combat wheeled or tracked vehicle of high cross-country ability, designed to transport motorized rifle (motorized infantry) troops and their fire support in battle; It is also used for reconnaissance, security and patrolling.
armored recovery vehicle
armor
a means of protecting people, military equipment, weapons and defensive structures from the impact of shells, bullets and damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.
buffer devices (recoil absorbers)
devices used to soften the impact of moving parts during recoil and to give them a vigorous push to return forward.
Military terms are a fairly large group of words in a language. The main purpose is to designate objects, phenomena and concepts related to conquest and defense - central themes in the history and politics of all times and peoples.
The purpose of military terminology
Military terms and definitions are part of an open dynamic language system that is subject to certain changes and lives in accordance with special laws of development.
Since ancient times, when military affairs came forward, it took shape in separate system, the thesaurus of special names-terms that are used by military specialists in a war situation and in the daily life of the army also began to expand: ideology and propaganda, weapons, combat training. With the increasing complexity of military equipment and the development of tactical and strategic capabilities, new names began to appear and become fixed in the language: landing, military aviation, nuclear forces... Obsolete tactically objects are gradually moving into the category of historicisms: ballista, gazyri, table of ranks, cavalry, red army . There is also an integral, indivisible "core" of universal terms that have survived the centuries: soldier, captain, navy, medal, victory.
In its main purpose, military terminology serves the interests of society and the state, since it is associated with the flowing processes in political life (both external and internal).
Classification of military terms and definitions
IN modern world military terms and concepts, as well as the objects they designate, are in a state of dynamic development under conditions of continuous scientific and technological progress. Nevertheless, within that specific area for which it is assigned, the term remains a stable unit that does not change its meaning.
Among military terminology, it is customary to distinguish the following groups:
- military-political terms (strategic, tactical);
- military-diplomatic terms (organizational);
- military technical terms (refer to different types armed forces and combat arms).
Development of terminology in Russian
The origins of military terminology in Old Russian language can be traced to the example of the text of the "Lay of Igor's Campaign" (presumably 1187). Since the "Slovo" is dedicated to a military campaign, military terms of its time are richly presented here: regiment, abuse, squad, army, shell, shield, spear, bow, arrow, etc.
Further, in the 17th century, as the language developed, borrowings-Latinisms and Germanisms began to penetrate into it. So, in the translation of the German book "The Art of Military Infantry" (published in 1647) there are many German military terms that still exist: musketeer, soldier, warrant officer, captain, etc.
In the course of military interaction and successful conquests in the XI-XVII centuries. the military vocabulary was enriched with words from the Turkic languages: quiver, beshmet, guard, etc.
In Peter's time, the Russian language was enriched with military and naval terminology thanks to the active reform activities of the first Russian emperor. Thanks to the development of shipbuilding and the borrowing of advanced technologies from the Dutch and English languages, maritime terms have penetrated, and are now relevant in military affairs: raid, fleet, pennant, fairway, boat, flight (Dutch), boat, brig, midshipman (English).
France and which were in the period of the XVIII-XIX centuries. the most organized and highly trained, introduced into our speech such military terms as army, battalion, garrison, gun carriage, attack, landing, captain, march, mine, cavalry, courier, sapper, squadron (French), corporal, assault, guardhouse, bandolier, camp (German), etc. Language contacts contributed to the fact that the Carbonarius, cavalier, barricade, bastion, arsenal, etc. "came" from the Italian language.
Most of the borrowings are English language and its American version. These are mainly military professions and military equipment, the terms and definitions of which have analogues in Russian: helicopter - helicopter, sniper - shooter, submarine - submarine, aviator - pilot, etc.
Lexicography of military terms
Putting together a meaningful "military" arsenal of language by compiling a dictionary of military terms is not an easy task. On the one hand, the scope of language opens up here, on the other, there is a specific urgent need for codification and systematization, including with the legal side of the military life of society.
In 2011, a team of authors under the general editorship of D.O. Rogozin prepared a large treatise- a unique dictionary-reference "War and Peace in Terms and Definitions." This dictionary of military terms is dedicated to all the groups of specific terminology we have previously named. It embodied articles on special naming conventions within various sections - the theme of war and peace, military affairs, military history, contemporary topical issues of national and international security. So, for example, the Dictionary interprets martial law - a term that is heard even in peaceful areas:
- martial law - the strategic deployment of the armed forces in accordance with the requirements of the war (i.e., bringing them to the highest
The vocabulary terminology reveals problems military science and the theory of war, history and classification of the Armed Forces and weapons, as well as economics, geography, pedagogy, history and law related to this area.
Military terms in the "living" language system
As you know, life does not stand still. In the modern world, military terms, like the objects they designate, are in a state of dynamic development in the context of continuous scientific and technological progress. Particularly difficult is the systematization of such a huge corpus of lexemes: according to LF Parparov, the number of supplies in modern armed forces reaches about 3 million items.
In addition, it was noted that the activation of the "reproduction" of specific terms and definitions occurs during militaristic "outbursts", namely during periods of armed clashes, revolutionary coups, conflicts on ethnic and religious grounds: terrorism, separatism, "Bandera", martyrs, " suicide belt " etc.
Military terminology in speech
The scope of use of military terms is not limited to the headquarters and barracks, the front line and the rear, - on the pages of popular newspapers and magazines, in television programs, political events are covered, the situation in domestic army, military conflicts, and, of course, an author-military journalist cannot do without special vocabulary.
Linguist S. G. Ter-Minasova noted that in the dictionary of the Russian literary language a “stock” of 98 variants is presented to denote physical violence, and only 11 words and phrases to express kindness and humility. It is surprising that even in the everyday use of the language a considerable arsenal of "spears and arrows" is hidden.
The role of metaphor in military terminology
Considering the history of mankind as a continuous "history of wars", it can be noted that military vocabulary has penetrated into many areas of life (politics, diplomacy, journalism, private conversations and everyday communication), entangling them in a network of metaphors: the fight for purity, war with the pen; face masks are jokingly referred to as "heavy artillery" in the women's arsenal of skincare and more.
Metaphorical expressions are also present in the speech of the military themselves, and sometimes some new models of weapons are called with a "poetic accent", for example: the self-propelled mortar 2S4 "Tulip", the self-propelled artillery unit 2S1 "Gvozdika", the towed gun 2A36 "Hyacinth-B", the heavy flamethrower system TOS-1 "Buratino", intercontinental strategic complex "Topol-M", etc.
The transfer of meaning in military terminology is often based on an associative impression or experience of a person. Therefore, to express a concept, words are used that express an ordinary name or concept: a booby-trap; "Caterpillars" of the tank; "Scythe of death" (machine gun during the First World War); tank, tub (tank during the First World War), Tsar-tank, "Rook" (Su-25 aircraft).
The problem of translating military terms
When translating foreign language texts containing military terms and definitions, difficulties often arise due to language inconsistencies caused by:
- lack of analogy between concept and reality (Army is Ground troops, not the army);
- mismatch or incomplete coincidence of terms (Military Academy is a military school, not a military academy);
- differences in the rank systems of different countries;
- differences in the structure of organizational and staff structures (troop in the British army - a platoon, and in the US army - a reconnaissance company);
- a short "period of life" of certain terms (for example, the dictionaries of the First and Second World Wars differ significantly, although less than 30 years have passed between them);
- a significant number of abbreviations and abbreviations that are difficult to decipher;
- an abundance of slang expressions (My feet are dry - I am flying over land; No joy - the target is not found).
A variant of the plan for the war of Russia against Germany and Austria-Hungary, developed by the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Army on the eve of the First World War of 1914-18, based on the mobilization schedule of 1890. In the event of Germany delivering the main blow to France, it envisaged the deployment of the main forces of the Russian army against Austria-Hungary, and part of the forces (on the 15th day of mobilization) against Germany. Implemented in 1914 with minor changes.
code name. operations it. Army Group "D" (Field General K. Rundstedt), held 11-27.11.1942 in the 2nd World. war for the occupation of the French. ter., controlled by the Vichy, capture of the French. fleet and defense organization south. coast of France. 11 nov. after the landing of the allied forces in the North. Africa 10 German. div. and ital. the troops crossed the demarcaz. line and 26 nov. occupied the French. Naval base Toulon. However, most of the French Navy (58 cor. And ships) November 27. was sunk by the French. sailors, and some of the ships went to the North. Africa.
see Spaceship.
code name. Crimean (Yalta) Conference 1945.
military zhur. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. published from 1964 to January 1994 (until 1991 "Cultural and educational work in the troops", from 1991 to July 1993 "Army and culture").
collection of articles of officers rus. army. It was published in 1891-1900 as a private publication. Military issues were discussed on its pages. p-va, training and education of the lich. composition.
every month. scientific, military-technical and practical and methodical. zhur. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Published since July 1994. Designed for military officers.
scientific military-polit. zhur. Military scientific. about-va at commands. Armed Forces of Ukraine and Crimea. It was published in Kharkov from June 1921 to November. 1926.
first center. owls. military gaz., the organ of the People's Commissariat for military. business. Published since November. 1917 to Jan. 1918. Renamed. into gas. The Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army and Navy (published until May 1918).
(f.), military. zhur., center. body of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. It was published from May 1991 to June 1994. The successor to the previously published owls. military-polit. zhur. (see "Communist of the Armed Forces").
military gaz., published in St. Petersburg since October. 1906 up to the end. 1907. Subsidized by the pr-vom. Published articles on military history, military technology. subject.
naim. defense lines mute. and Hung. troops along Ch. Carpathian Ridge. into the 2nd world. war. It had a deep. up to 60 km, forward and a number of intermediate defenses. frontiers. The basis of "A.L." were URs and nodes of resistance in the north-east. slopes of the foothills. It was broken through by the troops of the 4th Ukr. and the left wing of the 1st Ukr. fronts during the East Carpathian operation of 1944.
official print. military body. departments of Russia, came out in May 1808. After 1917, various were published. management Sov. army. It had different names. On Sept. 1960 merged with journals. "Military Bulletin".
serial publication of documentary materials and memoirs on the history of Russia in the period Oct. Revolution of 1917 and Grazhd. wars 1917-22. Published in Berlin former. member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party I.V. Hesse in 1921-37. Is ist. source reflecting the vision of the era of polit. forces opposed to the Bolsheviks, and containing extensive fact. material. Means. place in "A.R.R." assigned to the military. problems, p. wu armament. forces of the White Guard pr-in, combat activities on the fronts of Civil. war.
(German "Atlantik Wall"), nam. defend. milestone. troops, created in 1942 - 44 in the 2nd world. war along the Atlantich. coast from Denmark to Spain (over 4 thousand km) to prevent the landing of the Anglo-Amer. troops to the continent. Europe. By the summer of 1944, the building of "A.V." was not completed: along the strait. On the Pas-de-Calais, it is 68% complete, on the rest of the front - by 18%. The basis of "A.V." made up the supports. points and posts equipped by Ing. constructions with long life. firing points in stone. buildings and concrete. shelters at depth. 2-4 km from the coast. Defended by "A.V." infantry. incomplete divisions and was not a serious obstacle for the pr-ka, but deliberately presented himself as him. propaganda as unapproachable. This legend was supported by the Anglo-Amer. command to justify delaying the opening of the 2nd front.
one of the aspects of ext. US policy after 2nd world. war, DOS. on the desire to use nuclear weapons and their "strategist. invulnerability ”for pressure on other countries. Creation of nuclei in the USSR. weapons (1949) and ICBMs (1957) meant the crisis "A.D."
(English bazooka - musical wind instrument), name. the first Amer. 60-mm hand-held anti-tank. react. grenade launcher (1942). It had a mass of 6.1 kg, a grenade mass of 1.5 kg, an effective firing range of up to 200 m.Sometimes the term also extends to other, later grenade launchers.
a specific form of balance in the system of interstate relations, which consists in the fact that the world and the international. security is ensured by such a distribution (ratio) of forces, primarily the military, with which no state can pose a threat to other countries. In case of imbalance, those who turned out to be weaker than the state, based on their own. interests, enter into an alliance or take other measures to restore the lost balance and the status quo. In a broad sense, military. balance acts as a balance strategist. and conventional Armed Forces and weapons of the parties on a number of indicators: military. costs, tasks and num. Armed Forces, equipment with weapons and military. technique, preparedness lich. composition and combat experience, etc. In the negotiation process, the military. balance implies such a ratio of the levels of the number. Armed forces and weapons, a cut for each side provides the ability to parry threats to its nat. security. After " cold war"The world is affirming the conviction that the basis of the international. security should not be "BS", but a balance of interests.
("Barbarossa Fall"), codename. plan for the war of Germany against the USSR. Began to be developed by order of Hitler on 21/7/1940. Finish. the option is set out in the directive up. High Command (OKV) No. 21 of 12/18/1940 and the directive of Ch. command of the land. troops from 01/31/1941. It was envisaged to defeat the USSR in a fleeting campaign even before the end of the war against England. Main forces Kr. army was supposed to destroy the West. lines Dnieper, Zap. Dvina, preventing them from retreating into the interior of the country. In the future, it was planned to capture Moscow, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Center. prom. district, Kiev, Donbass. The ultimate goal of the campaign is to create a "protective barrier against Asian Russia" along the Volga-Astrakhan line. Plan b." set out in detail the tasks of army and army groups, the procedure for interaction between them, the tasks of the Navy and the Air Force, issues of cooperation between the state and the fascist. block, measures to achieve surprise of the attack, etc. It was planned to carry out the attack in May 1941, but in connection with the Balkan campaign of 1941, the date was postponed to 22.6.1941. Compilers of the plan "B." underestimated the military economy. and morally polit. potentials of the USSR and its capabilities to build up combat power Kr. army, factors of time and space. Implementation of the plan "B." was thwarted by the heroic. struggle of owls. people and their sun (see Great Patriotic War Soviet Union 1941 - 45).
machine-builds. productions. obed. in Volgograd (former gun plant). Main in 1913. During the years led. Otech. war produced 76-mm guns, 120-mm mortars, was destroyed. After the war, he produced a universal. drilling rigs, participated in the creation of rocketry. Ord .: Lenin (1942, 1971), Kr. Banner (1945), Oct. rev-tion (1977).
head diesel single-hull. Submarine Rus. The Navy in a series of submarines of the project I.G. Bubnov. She joined the Baltic Fleet in 1915. Waterism. (surface / approach) 650/780 t, travel speed 11.5 / 8.5 knots (21.3 / 15.7 km / h); armament: 2 nose. and 2 feed. tubular and 8 installed. outside the robust torpedo hull. devices, 1 57-mm and 1 37-mm op., machine gun; crew 33 h. Into the 1st world. war submarine type "B." ("Wolf", "Tour", "Panther", etc.) fighting to Balt. and the Black Seas. Submarine "B." died in 1917.
the name of the three is followed. maneuver. operations Anglo-French. and germ. armies held 16.9-15.10.1914 in the West. front in the 1st world. war. The sides tried unsuccessfully to bypass each other's open flanks in the r. Oise, Severnoye metro Pas de Calais and the formation of continuous positions. front on the Western-European. TVD.
see Phytotoxicants.
see Anti-aircraft missile system.
accepted in the whale. historiography named. will come. opera-and Nar.-free. army of China in Aug. - nov. 1940 against the Japanese. troops during the national-liberate. war whale. people 1937-45. 115 regiments of 8A, partisans took part. detachments and plank beds. militia. First. the success of the operas was nullified by the Japanese counteroffensive. troops.
Aviation, Air Force - a type of armed forces for fighting in the air and striking land and sea targets, equipped with aircraft and helicopters. Performs both independent tasks and support for other types of troops.
Machine gun - small arms. Effective fire up to 400 m, rate of fire up to 100 rounds per minute. One of the best in the world is the Kalashnikov assault rifle.
Army - the aggregate of the armed forces; military formation of formations and units.
Artillery is a kind of troops, the main striking fire force is cannons, mortars, missiles, etc.
The attack is the decisive moment of the offensive actions of the troops - fire and movement forward.
A battalion is a unit of a regiment or a separate one. Consists of 3-4 companies and special platoons.
Biological weapons - disease-causing bacteria, viruses, toxins. Forbidden.
BMP - infantry fighting vehicle. Armored, allows you to fight without leaving it.
A platoon is a unit within a company. Consists of 2-4 branches.
A rifle is a small arms with a rifled barrel.
The military fleet, the navy is a type of armed forces. Designed for operations at sea and on land. Includes ships, marines, aviation,
Coastal artillery.
War is a large-scale armed conflict, the achievement of political goals by violent methods.
Air Defense Forces - designed to repel enemy air strikes.
The Guard is a select, privileged part of the troops.
Grenade - ammunition for hitting enemy personnel and equipment at a distance of up to 100 m. Designed for firing grenade launchers and throwing (hand grenades).
Airborne troops - intended for landing on enemy territory.
The division is the main tactical formation. Consists of regiments, separate 6 battalions, etc.
Military doctrine is an accepted system of views on the goals and methods of warfare.
A military rank is assigned personally to each serviceman and conscript. Defines seniority in the military.
Caliber is one of the main characteristics of a weapon, the diameter of the barrel of a firearm in millimeters or the mass of an aerial bomb in kilograms.
Surrender is the end of the armed struggle and the surrender of the troops of one state to another.
Corps - the highest combined-arms formation or operational-tactical formation, consisting of several divisions, separate regiments, etc.
The sailor is a private in the naval forces.
Mina - exploding ammunition for firing mortars; combat means for the device of explosive barriers.
A mortar is a smooth-bore weapon for mounted shooting at sheltered targets.
An offensive is a type of military operations aimed at routing the enemy and capturing important lines or areas.
Defense is a type of military action used to disrupt the enemy's offensive.
Weapon is the general name for devices and means used to destroy enemy manpower, equipment and structures.
Squad - a military unit of 6-12 people as part of a platoon.
Retreat - the withdrawal of troops from their positions for tactical purposes or under pressure from the enemy.
A truce is a temporary cessation of hostilities by agreement of the belligerents.
Infantry - motorized rifle units, formerly the oldest type of ground forces.
A regiment is a military unit, an organizationally independent combat unit.
A submarine is a ship capable of sailing and performing combat missions both above and below water. Can carry intercontinental missiles.
An order is a written or oral order of a superior to a subordinate, which is law for him.
A cannon is an artillery gun with a firing range of up to 30 KM, a caliber of 20-100 mm.
Missile Forces are a type of armed forces armed with missiles capable of striking targets anywhere in the world.
A branch of the armed forces is an integral part of a branch of the armed forces, distinguished by its inherent weapons, military equipment and characteristic combat properties.
A company is a unit of several platoons within a battalion or a separate one.
Formation - the general name of a brigade, division, corps in various branches of the armed forces.
A soldier is a soldier. In a 6 narrower sense - military rank private.
Spetsnaz - units and subunits trained and equipped to perform particularly important tasks.
Strategy is the highest area of the art of war. 06 ensures the fulfillment of the objectives set by the policy.
Tactics are an integral part of the art of war, subordinate to strategy. Includes theory and practice of combat.
Tank - armored tracked combat vehicle. The main weapon is a cannon with a caliber of up to 152 mm, a machine gun. Crew - 3-4 people. Speed up to 70 km / h.
Rear - the entire territory of a belligerent country, except for the area of military operations.
The charter is an official document governing all aspects of life in the armed forces.
The front is the line of deployment of the armed forces and their contact with the enemy.
Chemical weapons - poisonous substances and means of their use (shells, bombs).
Part - a military formation as part of a compound; it includes subdivisions.
Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction; acting factors: shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation and radioactive contamination.
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