Creation of air defense for ground forces. Military air defense - history and prospects
In 2016, the Ground Forces will receive the TOR-M2 and BUK-M3 complexes
In line new year holidays The date was very modestly marked, significant not only for the air defense of the Ground Forces, but also for the country as a whole. Meanwhile, one of the founders of the modern Aerospace Forces had an anniversary - a hundred years from the date of formation. What events are remembered for the past century? This and other questions to the "Military-Industrial Courier" were answered by the Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, Lieutenant-General Alexander Leonov.
- the creation of military air defense began with experimental firing at stationary air targets (kites, balloons, balloons) conducted in 1881-1890 and publications in this regard in the "Artillery Journal" articles on the theory and practice of fighting such targets. Published in 1911, the "Rules of firing field artillery" outlined the techniques, methods of preparing and firing at the airship and hot air balloon used by the enemy to raise observers and spotters of artillery fire. At the same time, the basic requirements for a special "anti-aircraft" weapon and proposals for its combat use were developed.
In June 1914 - February 1915, engineer F. Lander, with the participation of Captain V. Tarnovsky, designed and manufactured in the workshops of the Putilovsky plant the first four 3-inch (76.2-mm) anti-aerostatic guns of the 1914 model (later called anti-aircraft guns).
On October 5, 1914, at the behest (order), an automobile battery was formed for firing at the air fleet. And already in March 1915 - the 1st separate car battery for firing at the air fleet, which is sent to the active army - to the Northern Front near Warsaw. On June 17, 1915, she repelled a raid of nine German aircraft, shooting down two of them.
The leadership of the creation of a new type of troops in the Red Army was entrusted to a single body - the Office of the head of the formation of anti-aircraft batteries (UPRZAZENFOR), created in July 1918. In the process of the military reform of 1924-1925, new measures were taken to strengthen the air defense. For ten years, the number of anti-aircraft guns in rifle division increased from 12 to 18 units. All subunits and units of anti-aircraft artillery were transferred to the subordination of the chiefs of artillery of the fronts (districts).
In the 30s, new types of weapons entered service with the ZA, with which the military air defense entered the Great Patriotic War:
76.2-mm anti-aircraft gun model 1931/38 (designer - G. Tagunov);
-85-mm semi-automatic anti-aircraft gun model 1939 (chief designer - G. Dorokhin);
-37-mm automatic anti-aircraft gun model 1939 (designers - M. Loginov and L. Loktev);
-25-mm automatic anti-aircraft gun model 1940 (designers - M. Loginov and L. Lyuliev);
-12.7 mm anti-aircraft heavy machine gun model 1938 (designers - V. Degtyarev, G. Shpagin).
In addition, by the beginning of the war, the following were created:
for border military districts - a radio detector of aircraft with continuous energy radiation RUS-1 ("Reven", 1939, development manager - D. Stogov);
for the VNOS service and combined arms formations - early warning radar with pulsed energy radiation RUS-2 ("Redut", 1940, head of development - Yu. Kobzarev).
For the first time officially, the division of anti-aircraft artillery by designation into military and positional (later Air Defense Forces territory of the country) is recorded in the "Manual on the Combat Use of Anti-Aircraft Artillery", published in 1939.
In the initial period of World War II, the military air defense was organizationally formed into anti-aircraft artillery batteries, separate anti-aircraft artillery divisions and army regiments of medium-caliber and small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery (SZA and MZA). As part of the rifle divisions, it was envisaged to have one anti-aircraft artillery battalion (eight 37-mm AZP and four 76-mm ZP in each), which made it possible to create a density of 1.2 guns and 3.3 anti-aircraft machine guns for one with standard means on a front 10 kilometers wide. kilometer.
During the war years, 21,645 aircraft were shot down by ground means of military air defense, of which 4047 for medium caliber, 14657 for small caliber, 2401 for anti-aircraft machine guns, and 540 for rifle and machine gun fire.
The report of the Main Directorate of the Commander of Artillery for submission to the General Staff on May 30, 1945 said: "The ground forces must have their own ground air defense systems, which, independently of the Air Force and the Air Defense Forces of the country, would be able to independently and constantly cover groupings of troops and objects of the military rear." It was emphasized: "Thus, the allocation of air defense assets of troops from the general air defense system in November 1941 is correct."
-V post-war years a breakthrough was made in the technical rearmament of troops. What does this experience tell us?
- At that time, new automated anti-aircraft artillery systems of small, medium and large calibers were created, as well as multi-barreled anti-aircraft artillery and machine-gun installations. In 1948-1957, the S-60 anti-aircraft artillery system was adopted, consisting of a 57-mm AZP, SON-9 (SON-15), PUAZO-5 (PUAZO-6) or RPK-1 "Vaza"; 57-mm twin anti-aircraft self-propelled gun S-68; 100-mm anti-aircraft artillery complex KS-19 as part of a 100-mm anti-aircraft gun, SON-4 with PUAZO-7; 14.5 mm and 23 mm anti-aircraft guns; radar stations for reconnaissance and target designation MOST-2, P-8, P-10. In 1953, the first domestic automated anti-aircraft artillery control complex KUZA-1 and its mobile military version KUZA-2 appeared.
When summing up the results of the July 1957 KSHU of the Belarusian Military District by the Minister defense of the USSR Marshal of the Soviet Union Zhukov for the first time recognized the need to create a new type of troops in the ground forces - air defense. By order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR No. 0069 of August 16, 1958, units, units and formations of military anti-aircraft artillery, supporting its structures, which were organizationally part of the Ground Forces, as well as a number of military educational institutions and training centers were removed from the subordination of the commander of artillery and allocated to a new independent branch of the military.
With the advent of jet aviation in 1957-1959, the process of replacing medium and large-caliber anti-aircraft artillery systems with anti-aircraft missile systems began. In the first period, these were the S-75 air defense systems. However, being quite formidable, they had unacceptably low mobility by the standards of air defense forces. In 1960-1975, the appearance of air-to-ground missiles, anti-radar and ballistic missiles, required new approaches to the development of a weapon system. For its creation and formation, the decisive role was played by the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of 1967 "On urgent measures for the development and production of air defense systems of the Land Forces of the Soviet Army."
The firstborn was the Krug air defense missile system (1965, the general designer of the complex was academician V. Efremov, the general designer of the rocket was L. Lyuliev). All military equipment were placed on the high-cross-country tracked chassis: radar for detection and target designation, radar for target tracking and missile guidance, launchers with two missiles on each. The complex could deploy to unprepared positions in five minutes. The far border of the affected area was 50, the height was from 3 to 24.5 kilometers.
To combat aviation at low and medium altitudes, the Kub air defense missile system was created (1967, General Designer - Yu. Figurovsky, missiles - A. Lyapin, semi-active radar homing head - I. Akopyan). The complex had two main combat units: a self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit and a launcher with three homing solid-propellant anti-aircraft missiles on each. The combination of radar detection, guidance and illumination on one chassis was carried out for the first time in world practice. On the basis of the short-range air defense system "Cube" (17, later - 23-25 km), anti-aircraft missile regiments of tank divisions began to form in 1967.
And for the protection of motorized rifle, the Osa short-range air defense system was created (1971, general designer of the complex - V. Efremov, missiles - P. Grushin), in which all combat elements were located on the basis of a floating high-passable wheeled self-propelled gun. This made it possible to provide protection for the covered troops when they were directly in their battle formations and to fight against air attack weapons at ranges of up to 10 kilometers and altitudes from 10-15 meters to 6 kilometers.
For the divisional link of the air defense forces of the ground, the ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" anti-aircraft self-propelled gun was developed (chief designer - N. Astrov, radar and SRP - V. Pikkel) and light short-range air defense systems with passive means of detecting and hitting the target "Strela-1 ", Later a whole family of" Strela-10 "type (general designer - A. Nudelman). And for direct cover - a portable air defense system (MANPADS) "Strela-2M" (1970, general designer - S. Invincible).
During the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war, the Kvadrat air defense missile system (export name - the Cube air defense missile system) destroyed 68 percent of the IDF aircraft, mainly Phantom and Mirage aircraft, with an average consumption of 1.2–1 missiles, 6 per target.
- Why did the military air defense system need long-range fire weapons over time?
-In 1975-1985, with the emergence of new types of air defense systems (cruise, tactical and operational-tactical ballistic, aviation ballistic missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles of the first generation, modernized missiles like "Maverick", "Hellfire", PRR "Harm" of increased range and accuracy ) the modernization potential of the air defense weapons and military equipment of the SV has exhausted itself.
By 1983-1985, air defense systems of the new - third generation, including medium and long-range air defense systems, were adopted and began to enter the troops. As well as short-range air defense systems, short-range air defense systems, and direct cover MANPADS.
The S-300V long-range air defense system (1988, general designer of the system - V. Efremov, anti-aircraft guided missiles - L. Lyuliev) was originally developed as a means of anti-missile defense in a theater of operations. But it was additionally entrusted with the functions of dealing with especially important aerodynamic VIP targets - air command posts, AWACS aircraft, target designation aircraft of reconnaissance and strike complexes, jammers at maximum ranges, piloted by tactical aviation and cruise missiles.
The Buk medium-range air defense missile system (1979, general designer - A. Rastov, later - E. Pigin, missiles - L. Lyuliev, semi-active radar homing head - I. Akopyan) introduced a fundamentally new one that has no analogues in the world the weapon is a self-propelled gun mount. It housed a tracking radar and a target illumination station, computing facilities, telecode communication systems, launch automatics and four solid-propellant missiles, which made it possible, according to target designation data from the command center of the system, or autonomously deal with a wide range of air targets. Currently in service is a more modern modification - "Buk-M2".
The short-range air defense missile system "Tor" (1986, general designer - V. Efremov, missiles - P. Grushin) was developed as the main means of combating the WTO, for which a target reconnaissance radar with a radiation pattern insensitive to the angles of approach of targets was introduced into its composition. and tracking radar with a small-element phased antenna array. SAM "Tor" still has no analogues in the world and in fact remains the only means to ensure the fight against the WTO over the battlefield.
ZPRK short-range "Tunguska" (1982, General Designer - A. Shipunov, chief designers of the gun and missile - V. Gryazev, V. Kuznetsov) support of the "Apache" type. The complex also has no analogues, with the exception of the domestic ZRPK new generation "Pantsir-C1", created on the basis of technical solutions"Tunguska".
MANPADS "Igla-1", "Igla" (1981, general designer - S. Invincible) was created for direct cover of troops and objects from attacking air attack weapons. To ensure effective destruction in it, for the first time in world practice, a scheme was used to shift the missile targeting point to the most dangerous area of the center section of the aircraft, undermining, together with the warhead, the remnants of the composite fuel of the main engine of the rocket, and in-depth detonation of the aggregate combat equipment.
- It turns out that almost all military air defense systems have no analogues. What distinguishes modern and advanced weapons and military equipment systems?
–Currently, the S-300V long-range air defense system is in service with the air defense formations of the military districts, which ensures the destruction of aerodynamic air targets at a distance of up to 100 kilometers. Since 2014, it has been replaced by the S-300V4 system, which is capable of fighting all types of existing air defense systems at increased ranges. Possibilities of hitting air targets, indicators of reliability and noise immunity have been improved by 1.5-2.5 times. The areas covered from ballistic missile attacks have been increased by the same amount, and the time for preparation for launch has been reduced.
The troops continue to receive a modern modification of the complex - "Buk-M2". With an increase in the previous number of combat assets fourfold (from 6 to 24), the number of air targets fired at the same time was increased, and the possibility of hitting tactical missiles with a launch range of up to 150-200 kilometers was ensured. A special feature is the placement of reconnaissance, guidance and launching missiles on the SDU. This gives the maximum concealment of combat use and survivability as part of the division, the minimum deployment (folding) time, as well as the ability to perform a single SDU combat mission autonomously.
In 2016, it is planned to supply the Ground Forces with the first brigade set of the Buk-M3 medium-range air defense system.
Since 2011, a new modification of the "Tor" complex - "Tor-M2U" has been received. It allows you to conduct reconnaissance in motion on any terrain and simultaneously fire on four air targets, providing an all-aspect defeat. Combat work processes are fully automated. Since 2016, the troops will begin to receive the Tor-M2 complex, which, in comparison with the previous modifications, has improved characteristics by 1.5-2 times.
As you rightly noted, the Russian Federation is one of the few countries that have the ability to independently develop and produce MANPADS. Maximum stealth, short reaction time, high accuracy, ease of training and use create a serious problem for the air enemy. Since 2014, modern MANPADS "Verba", which are highly effective in conditions of powerful organized optical jamming, have also begun to be supplied to equip the air defense units of the Ground Forces and the Airborne Forces.
The S-300V4, Buk-M3 and Tor-M2 air defense systems were included in the list of priority weapons and military equipment that determine the appearance of promising systems by presidential decree. In general, for 2011–2015, two newly formed anti-aircraft missile brigades and air defense units of eight combined-arms formations were equipped with modern weapons in the air defense forces. Their staffing is more than 35 percent.
-Alexander Petrovich, what are the prospects for the development of the air defense forces of the ground forces?
–I will name the main directions:
improving the organizational and staff structures of military command and control bodies, formations, military units and subunits in order to maximize the combat capabilities of incoming and developed anti-aircraft missile weapons;
development of a new generation of weapons and military equipment capable of effectively combating all types of air defense systems, including those created on the basis of hypersonic technologies;
improving the system of training highly qualified personnel, including junior specialists studying in specialized training centers of the air defense forces of the ground forces.
As for the priorities, these are the improvement of the control system for the development and training of troops, the formation of a unified military-technical policy, the completion of the ongoing development work on schedule, the creation of a design and production reserve. Let me remind you the words of Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov, which have not lost their relevance now: “Reliable air defense capable of repelling enemy strikes, especially in the initial period of the war, creates favorable conditions for the Armed Forces to enter the war. Serious grief awaits the country that will be unable to repel an air strike ”.
To the professional holiday - the Day of the formation of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces , to the questions of the correspondent of the newspaper "Uralskie Voennye Vesti" Sergey Korogod answers.
- Valery Yurievich, you recently headed the air defense forces of the district. How do you assess the level of their combat skills? What are the results of the ended academic year?
Summing up the results of combat training in 2016, we can say with confidence that the air defense forces of the military district coped with the tasks set.
Mine high level Once again, the air defense forces of the Central Military District confirmed their combat training at this year's exercises, all-army contests and field trips, at the Kapustin Yar training ground in the Astrakhan region, where excellent and good marks were obtained based on the results of combat firing.
- What priorities in the combat training of troops have you outlined for yourself? How the experience of the latter will be used in combat training armed conflicts?
The main priorities of combat training will be associated with an increase in the field training of personnel of formations and military units, training and participation in tactical exercises with live firing at the Kapustin Yar range, mastering new types of weapons and military equipment, as well as participation in all-army competitions.
As you noted, a great deal of analytical work is being carried out to assess the experience of recent armed conflicts. Jointly with the Military Academy of Military Air Defense Armed Forces Russian Federation new forms and methods of combat operations are being developed, which are being tested and introduced during planned combat training exercises, during exercises and field exits of air defense troops. Particular attention is paid to non-standard methods of combat use of reconnaissance means of an air enemy, anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft artillery systems, which have become widespread in the last 2-3 years.
- Today in the Armed Forces the process of rearmament with the latest models of equipment continues. How modern are the technical means and weapons that are now equipped with the air defense units of the district? To what extent do they meet the assigned tasks?
The air defense troops of the military district continue their planned rearmament with new, modern models of weapons and special equipment. Held joint work with representatives of the industry for the modernization and maintenance of equipment. The question of how modern the technical means and weapons with which the military units and air defense units of the district are now equipped can be answered by the result of the exhibitions and demonstrations held, the interest of foreign specialists in domestic air defense weapons and the number of contracts concluded.
Anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes prove their reliability, noise immunity and multi-channel capability not only in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, but also in countries that import our weapons.
Returning to the experience of recent armed conflicts, we can say that Combat vehicles military air defense has established itself as reliable, unpretentious to various climatic conditions and relatively easy to operate, which allows you to guarantee the completion of missions to destroy an air enemy in the entire range of speeds and altitudes.
- How complete are the air defense units with officers and soldiers? How is the training of specialists for anti-aircraft missile and radio technical troops? Which service option is preferable - on a conscription basis or on a contract basis?
Traditionally, the Air Defense Forces, like the Air Force, have always enjoyed increased interest from those wishing to link their fate with the profession of defender of the Fatherland, as a result of which the good manning of the troops can be noted.
Whatever the power and combat capabilities of the modern military air defense weapons, they can be used with high efficiency only by real professionals, whose training is given close attention.
Such specialists as senior and junior officers are trained at the Military Academy of Military Air Defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation named after Marshal of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky.
Training of junior specialists for military air defense is carried out at the Yeisk and Orenburg training centers.
Priority in recruiting the air defense forces of the military district is given to servicemen passing military service under the contract - this is due to the incoming new types of weapons and special equipment, which require special education and the preparedness of personnel.
- Which of your subordinates and which military collectives would you give the best?
According to the results of the past academic year, the air defense troops of the military district showed decent combat training. And it is difficult to single out someone in particular. All teams are worthy of prizes. I would like to acknowledge the best side of the commander of the anti-aircraft missile formation, Colonel Alexei Nikolaenkov and the head of the command post, Lieutenant Colonel Roman Anokhin.
- What festive events are planned in the air defense troops of the district?
In the air defense troops of the military district, solemn meetings will traditionally be held with the involvement of veterans of the air defense troops, where they will deliver the order of the commander of the troops of the Central Military District, Colonel-General Vladimir Zarudnitsky, in which the best military air defense specialists will be awarded and awarded with departmental awards based on the results of combat training of the past academic year.
In conclusion, I would like to cordially congratulate the anti-aircraft warriors, veterans of the air defense troops, scientific and labor collectives who have made their contribution and continue to improve the air shield of the Fatherland, with our professional holiday, to wish you good health and further success in protecting the air borders of our Motherland.
Born on July 28, 1969, graduated from the Leningrad Air Defense Forces (1990) with honors, the Military Academy of Air Defense of the Land Forces of the Russian Federation (1997) with honors, the Academy of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces (2007). Served in the Leningrad Military District as chief of crew, deputy commander of an anti-aircraft missile battery, and commander of an anti-aircraft missile battery. He served as the commander of an anti-aircraft missile battery in the Western Group of Forces and the commander of a separate anti-aircraft missile division, chief of staff of an anti-aircraft missile formation in the Moscow military district. From November 2002 to August 2016, he served in the Main Operations Directorate of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces in the positions of senior operator-officer, group chief, division chief, deputy chief of directorate. On August 11, 2016, by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, he was appointed Chief of the Air Defense Forces and Aviation of the Central Military District. He is married and has a son and a daughter.
Major general BURMAN Georgy Vladimirovich
Chief of defense of Petrograd against air attack (1914-1915). Chief of the air defense of Petrograd and Tsarskoe Selo (1915). Chief of defense against air attacks of the imperial residence in Tsarskoe Selo and Petrograd (1915-1917). Chief of the Air Defense of Petrograd (1917-1918).
Russian military leader.
In military service from September 1883 Graduated from the 1st cadet corps(1883), Nikolaev Engineering School (1886). He served in the following positions: teaching in the senior class of the sapper battalion school, commander of a company, head of the school of soldiers' children, head of a non-commissioned officer class, and served as a battalion adjutant. Since 1905 . - Adjutant of the Inspector General for Engineering of the War Department, since August 1908 - Head of the Officer Electrotechnical School (OES).
During the First World War, while remaining the head of the OESh, he headed the air defense in the following positions: head of the defense of Petrograd from an air attack (from 30.11.1914); chief of the air defense of Petrograd and Tsarskoe Selo (from 05/11/1915); chief of defense against air attacks of the imperial residence in Tsarskoe Selo and Petrograd (from 22.07.1915); chief of the air defense of Petrograd (from 08/31/1917). Simultaneously, from May 1916 - Chairman of the Committee under the Main Military-Technical Directorate for the arrangement of permanent radio stations. Under his leadership and with his personal participation, a system of air (air) defense of Petrograd and its environs was created.
In years Civil war in Russia: head of the Military Electrotechnical School (VES, until 03.1918 - Petrograd, until 03.1919 -Sergiev Posad), assistant to the military leader of the Military Council of the Petrograd region (03-04.1918), from March 1919 to February 1922 - inspector of engineering schools and courses , at the same time reorganized HES into the electrical engineering department of the Soviet engineering school command staff of the Red Army, and. the head of this department (03-04.1919), then was on assignment to the department (04-071919). Unreasonably arrested and placed in prison where he died of typhus (1922).
Awards: Order of St. Stanislaus 3rd Art. (1895), St. Anne 3rd Art. (1898), 2nd Art. (1904), St. Vladimir 3rd Art. (1909).
General of artillery KHOLODOVSKY Nikolay Ivanovich
Acting freelance chief of the air defense of the Odessa Military District (1916-1917).
Russian military leader.
In military service since September 1869. Graduated from the Poltava Cadet Corps (1869), the Mikhailovskoye Artillery School (1872, 1st grade).
He served in the following positions: company commander of the Kiev fortress artillery (09.1877 - 08.1886), battalion commander (05.1885 - 08.1886), head practical exercises(08.1886 - 11.1893), commander of the fortress artillery battalion (11.1893 - 04.1898). From April 1898 - commander of the Kwantung fortress artillery, from August 1900 - head of the artillery unit of the Kwantung region, from February 1903 - assistant chief of artillery of the Amur military district. In January-February 1904 - at the disposal of the Main Artillery Directorate. Member of the Russian-Japanese War (1904 - 1905): general for special assignments under the Viceroy of His Imperial Majesty in the Far East (03.1904 - 08.1905). Chief of the siege artillery of the Manchu armies (08.1905 - 05.1907). From May 1907 - Chief of Artillery of the Odessa Military District, from January 1916 - Chief of the District Artillery Directorate of the Odessa Military District. In February 1916 . involved in solving the tasks of the air defense (VO) of the district, and. non-staff chief of the military district of the Odessa Military District (06.1916 - 01.1917). Chief of artillery supplies for the armies of the Romanian Front (1917). Later - in exile.
Awards: Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd Art. with swords (1903), St. Stanislaus 1st Art. (1904), St. Anne 1st Art. with swords (1906), St. Vladimir 2nd Art. (1911), White Eagle (1915); foreign awards.
Major general I. A. Fedorov
Chief of Air Defense of the Odessa Military District (1917)
Russian military leader.
In 1916, in the reserve ranks of the district artillery administration of the Odessa military district. From January to April 1917 and. e. non-staff chief of the air defense of the district, since April - the full-time head of the air defense of the Odessa military district.
In December 1917, due to disagreement with the tasks assigned to the bodies of military leadership of the air defense, he was removed from his post.
Air Defense Forces (until March 1998)
Division commander BLAZHEVICH Iosif Frantsevich
Air defense inspector and head of the air defense service of the Red Army (1930).
Soviet military leader.
In military service since September 1910. Graduated from the Vilna Infantry Military School (1913), the Military Academic Courses of the highest command personnel of the Red Army (1922). During the First World War: in command positions from the head of the reconnaissance team, platoon commander to battalion commander, lieutenant colonel. In October 1917 he was sent to enter the Academy of the General Staff, in February 1918 he was transferred to the reserve. In July 1918 he joined the Red Army.
During the Civil War: assistant regiment commander of the Moscow division, head of the operations department of the 5th army group of forces (1918), commander of the 1st Simbirsk separate rifle brigade, 3rd brigade of the 27th rifle division, 26th and 27th rifle divisions (1919), commander of the 59th rifle division (up to 12.1920), commander of the 1st army of the Turkestan front (12.1920-01.1921). From September 1922 . commander of a rifle corps in the Volga, then in the Belarusian military district. Since 1926 . in the Main Directorate of the Red Army - an inspector of the rifle-tactical department. Air defense inspector (from 12.1929). He directly participated in the formation of one of the first air defense units for the defense of Moscow. Head of the 6th Directorate of the Headquarters of the Red Army, at the same time an air defense inspector and head of the Air Defense Service of the Red Army (05 - 10.1930). With his direct participation, the first general plan of the country's air defense for 1930-1933 was developed. and fundamental documents on the organization of air defense, including the regulation on the country's air defense. December 1930 . - inspector, then head of the air defense inspection, from October 1933 - deputy head of the air defense department of the Red Army.
Unreasonably repressed (1939). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).
Awards Russian Empire, republics before 1918 not identified (in the track record of 07.22-1920 it is indicated that I.F. Blazhevich had “in old army all military insignia "and was presented in 1915 G. to the ranks "lieutenant" and "staff captain" ahead of schedule "for military distinctions").
Awards of the RSFSR, USSR: 2 Orders of the Red Banner (1920, 1924).
Division commander Dmitry KUCHINSKY
Head of the 6th Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters (for Air Defense, 1930-1931).
Soviet military leader.
In military service since 1916. He graduated from the accelerated course of the Alekseevsky military engineering school(1917), the Military Academy of the Red Army (1922), advanced training courses for the highest command personnel (1926).
In the first world war: commander of a sapper company, then company commander, warrant officer. Chairman of the regimental committee (from 11.1917), later headed the demobilization commission of the rifle corps. From May 1918 - in the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: senior instructor of the 1st Moscow Cavalry Regiment (05-12.1918), commander of a separate combined cavalry division (01-03.1919).
After the war - in responsible staff positions: senior assistant to the chief of staff of the division for the operational part, chief of staff of the 3rd combat area of the Tambov province, head of the social and economic sciences of the Military Academy of the Red Army (1921 - 1922). In 1922 - 1923. - Service in the troops of the OGPU of the Republic as the head of schools and educational institutions, head of the troop service department, inspector. Since April 1924, at the Headquarters of the Red Army: head of the 1st department of organizational management (04-11.1924), head of the department of organizational-mobilization management (11.1924 - 04.1925). From April 1925 he was an assistant, from November of the same year he was deputy head of the same department. In September 1926 - Head of the 1st Department of the 2nd Directorate of the Headquarters of the Red Army. Since August 1928 - Chief of Staff of the 14th Rifle Corps. Head of the 6th Directorate of the Headquarters of the Red Army (for Air Defense, 01.10.1930 - 31.01.1931).
Accepted Active participation in preparation general program deployment of active air defense units in 1930-1932. for the defense of the main points and facilities of the country in the border military districts. From February 1931 - Chief of Staff of the Ukrainian (from May 1935 - Kiev) Military District, at the same time from November 1934 - a member of the Military Council of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense. In April 1936 - Chief and Commissioner of the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army.
Unreasonably repressed (1938). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).
Awards: (not installed).
The brigade commander MEDVEDEV Mikhail Evgenievich
Head of the 6th Directorate of the Headquarters of the Red Army (from April 1932 - Directorate of the Air Defense of the Red Army) (1931-1934).
In military service since October 1915. He graduated from the accelerated course of the Vladimir Infantry Military School (1916), Officer machine gun courses (1916), an incomplete accelerated course of the Academy of the General Staff (1919), the Military-academic courses of the highest command personnel of the Red Army (1922), the accelerated course of the Academy of the General Staff at the Higher Military School of Observer Pilots (1924).
In the First World War - the head of the machine-gun team, staff captain. Since January 1917 - in the ranks of the Red Guard, then - in the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: chief of staff of the brigade, commander of the Gomel fortress brigade, 1st Kazan and 32nd (08.1919 - 09.1920) rifle divisions. After the war - chief of a rifle division (1922). From July 1924 - Assistant for the operational combat unit of the Chief of the Air Force of the Leningrad Military District, then Chief of Staff of the Air Force of the District (until 09.1926). Since September 1926, he was the head of the 3rd department (Air Force and Air Defense) of the Operations Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters. In 1928 he was transferred to the reserve of the Red Army with a secondment to the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR for appointment as the head of the faculty of the defense industry at the air defense courses. Here he headed the courses for the training of senior air defense instructors. Head of the 6th Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters (when it was reorganized in April 1932) - Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (04.1931 - 07.1934).
Took an active part in the preparation of guidance documents on the organization of air defense, including regulations on local air defense units, on air defense missile defense units of the country's territory. In July 1934 he was dismissed from his post, in August he was enrolled in the reserve, later transferred to the reserve (1935). Head of the construction of the Western Railway Hospital in Pokrovsky-Glebov.
Unreasonably repressed (1937). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).
Russian awardsuntil 1918 were not identified.
RSFSR awards: Order of the Red Banner (1922).
1st rank commander KAMENEV, Sergei Sergeevich
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (1934-1936).
Soviet statesman and military leader. Graduated from the Vladimirsky Kiev cadet corps (1898), the Alexander military school (1900, 1 category). Nikolaev Military Academy of the General Staff (1907, 1 category each).
Served in the following positions: battalion adjutant of the 165th infantry regiment (1900 - 1904), company commander (11.1907 - 11.1909), assistant to the senior adjutant of the headquarters of the Irkutsk military district (11.1909 - 02.1910), senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 2nd cavalry division (02 11.1911), assistant to the senior adjutant of the headquarters of the Vilna military district (11.1911 - 09.1914).
During the First World War: Senior Adjutant of the Quartermaster General of the 1st Army Staff (09.1914 - 04.1917), the elected commander of the 30th Pavlovsk Infantry Regiment (04-11.1917), the elected Chief of Staff of the 15th Army Corps, then the 3rd army (11.1917 - 04.1918), colonel (1915).
From April 1918 - in the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: the military leader of the Nevelsk region of the Western section of the veil detachments (04-06.1918), the commander of the 1st Vitebsk infantry division (06-08.1918), the military leader of the Western section of the veil and at the same time the military leader of the Smolensk region (08.1918). From September 1918 to July 1919 (with a break in May 1919) - commander of the Eastern Front. Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic and a member of the RVSR (08.071919 - 04.1924). From April 1924 . - Inspector of the Red Army, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, since March 1925 - Chief of Staff of the Red Army, leaving in the post of inspector - the chief head of all military academies in tactics. Chief Inspector (11.1925 - 08.1926), from August 1926 - Head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army, from May 1927 - Deputy People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR (05.1927 - 06.1934). Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (07/01/1934 - 08/25/1936), since November 1934 - a member of the Military Council under the USSR People's Commissar of Defense.
He actively took measures to improve the material and technical support of air defense formations and units, to improve general structure air defense of the country's territory.
On August 25, 1936, he died of a heart attack. Later, he was unjustifiably accused of anti-Soviet activities. Fully rehabilitated (1956).
Awards: Order of St. Stanislaus 3rd Art. (1912), Red Banner (1920); Honorary revolutionary weapon with the Order of the Red Banner (1921); Golden weapon with the Order of the Red Banner (1922); Order of the Red Banner of Khorezm, Red Crescent 1st Art. Bukhara People's Soviet Republics (1922).
Rank 2 Commander SEDYAKIN Alexander Ignatievich
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (1937).
Soviet military leader, military theorist.
In military service since 1914. He graduated from the accelerated course of the Irkutsk military school (1915), the Military-academic courses of the highest command personnel of the Red Army (1923).
During the First World War: commander of an infantry platoon, company, battalion, head of the regiment's machine-gun command, staff captain. Chairman of the regimental soldiers' committee (from 03.1917), the military revolutionary committee (VRK) of the 5th Army of the Northern Front (from 11.1917).
At the beginning of 1918 he took part in the formation of the first regiments and divisions of the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: military commissar of the Pskov rifle division (05-08.1918), commander of an infantry regiment and brigade on the Eastern Front (08-12.1918). From January 1919 - assistant commander of the Group of Forces of the Kursk (from February - Don) direction and the 13th Army, in August - military commander of the headquarters of the Southern Front. From September 1919 - Chief of the 31st Infantry Division, from February 1920 . - 15th Infantry Division. Since October 1920 . headed the 1st, then 10th reserve brigades. In March 1921 he headed the Southern Group of Forces of the 7th Army in the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising. Military commandant of the Kronstadt fortress (1921), commander of the troops of the Karelian region of the Petrograd military district (1921 - 1922). From November 1923 - commander of the 5th Red Banner Army in the Far East, from March 1924 - the troops of the Volga Military District. Since 1926, deputy chief of the Main Directorate of the Red Army, then inspector of the infantry and armored forces of the Red Army, a member of the permanent military meeting at the Main Military Council of the Red Army. From March 1931 he was the head and commissar of the Military-Technical Academy of the Red Army in Leningrad, and in 1932 he was the head of the combat training department of the ground forces of the Red Army.
During this period, he paid special attention to the development of the theory and practice of military affairs, took part in the development of the theory of deep combat and operations. Deputy Chief of Staff of the Red Army and inspector of higher military educational institutions of the Red Army (1934 - 1936). Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (25.01 - 01.12.1937). With his direct participation, proposals were developed on the formation of air defense corps for the defense of Moscow, Leningrad, Baku, and for Kiev - an air defense division. Appointed commander of the air defense of the Baku region, in the leadership of which he did not have time to join.
On December 2, 1937, he was arrested, unjustifiably repressed (1938). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).
Awards: 2 Orders of the Red Banner (1921, 1922).
Major general KOBLENTS Grigory Mikhailovich
Acting Chief of Air Defense of the Red Army (1938).
Soviet military leader. He graduated from the Military Academy of the Red Army (1924), advanced training courses for the highest command staff (1929).
Member of the First World War, second lieutenant. During the Civil War in Russia - commander of the 1st Lenin Machine-Gun Regiment.
After the war: Chief of Staff of the 26th Infantry Division (1922). Head of the Department of the Military Educational Institutions of the Red Army (1930-1932), head and military commissar of the united Belarusian military school named after the Central Executive Committee of the BSSR (1932-1933). Since April 1933, in the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army, he headed the 1st department (air defense services). I. d. Chief of the Air Defense of the Red Army (04-11.1938). Later - full-time deputy head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army. From February 1939 - at the teaching position at the Military Academy. MV Frunze, Head of the 2nd Faculty (Air Defense).
During the Great Patriotic War: Chief High school Air Defense and at the same time Deputy Commander of the Gorky Corps Air Defense District (1942 - 1943). From May 1944 - Deputy Commander of the Southern Front of the Air Defense Forces, from March 1945 - Deputy Commander of the 3rd Air Defense Corps.
During the Soviet-Japanese War (1945): Chief of Staff of the Amur Air Defense Army, then Chief of Staff of the Far Eastern Air Defense Army (07.1947), Deputy Chief of Staff of the Far Eastern Air Defense District. Dismissed from active military service to the reserve (1947).
Awards: Order of Lenin, 2 Orders of the Red Banner, Order of the Patriotic War 1st class, Order of the Red Star, medals.
Major General of Artillery POLYAKOV Yakov Korneevich
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (1938-1940).
Soviet military leader.
In military service since May 1915. Graduated from the Artillery School of the command personnel of the South-Western Front (1920), Artillery advanced training courses for command personnel (1926), advanced training courses for the command personnel of anti-aircraft artillery (1932), advanced courses for the command personnel of anti-aircraft artillery air defense (1936).
In the First World War - fireworks in artillery units. Demobilized (after 11.1917). In the Red Army for mobilization (from 11.1918). During the Russian Civil War: platoon and battery commander.
After the war: commander of an artillery battalion, assistant commander of an artillery regiment. From December 1932 - commander of an air defense regiment in the Belarusian Military District, from August 1937 - commander of a separate air defense brigade. Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (10/31/1938 - 06.1940). Under his leadership, measures were taken to deploy an air defense system in the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, the Baltic republics and Moldavia, which became part of the USSR in 1939-1940.
From June 1940 he was assistant to the commander of the Far Eastern Front Group for Air Defense, from August - assistant to the commander of the Far Eastern Front for Air Defense, from May 1941 he was also the commander of the Far Eastern Air Defense Zone.
During the Soviet-Japanese War (1945) - Commander of the Amur Air Defense Army of the 2nd Far Eastern Front. From October 1945 - Commander of the Far Eastern Air Defense Army, from June 1946 - Deputy Commander of the Far Eastern Air Defense District. In July 1947 he was dismissed from active military service to the reserve (due to illness).
Awards: Order of Lenin, 2 Orders of the Red Banner, Order of the Red Star; medals of the Russian Empire and the USSR.
Lieutenant general KOROLEV Mikhail Filippovich
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (1940).
Soviet military leader. In military service since 1915. He graduated from the Artillery advanced training courses for the command staff of the Red Army (1926), the Artillery command and technical advanced training courses (1934).
During the First World War, he was a junior non-commissioned officer in the artillery units of the Southwestern Front. In June 1919 he was mobilized into the Red Army.
During the Russian Civil War: platoon and battery commander. After the war: commander of a cavalry artillery division (from 1924), then chief of artillery of a cavalry corps. From June 1938 he was the head of the air defense department of the headquarters of the Kiev military district, from December - the head of the Leningrad artillery courses for improving the command staff.
Lieutenant general Alexander Golovko- Appointed Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces - Commander of the Air Defense and Missile Defense Forces in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin No. 394 of 08/01/2015
DEFENSE FORCES ARMY
07.01.2016
Since 2015, the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces have begun to use a new type of target missile in exercises that simulates high-speed targets. This was announced by the Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov.
“To create a complex target environment during tactical exercises with live firing, a new Pensneau target missile was used for the first time, imitating high-speed targets with the characteristics of modern air attack weapons,” explained Alexander Leonov.
The main advantage of this target missile, he said, is the ability to "conduct a full cycle of fire control using automation equipment."
In addition, a mobile control system "Konglomerat-1P" was used to objectively assess the combat work of the calculations and the results of live firing. It provides digital video recording and processing of the flight path of anti-aircraft guided missiles and artillery shells of short-range and short-range anti-aircraft systems.
In 2015, 65 tactical exercises of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces with live fire were planned and conducted. They were carried out at the Kapustin Yar and Ashuluk training grounds in the Southern Military District and at the Telemba training ground in the Eastern Military District.
In total, more than 10 thousand servicemen took part in the training events, including 1.5 thousand officers, up to 3.5 thousand units of weapons, military and special equipment were involved.
Press Service and Information Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
25.12.2016
The Air Defense Forces of the Russian Armed Forces conducted 120 exercises, during which 1,043 target missiles were hit, Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the Russian Ground Forces, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov, said on the Echo of Moscow radio station.
The Air Defense Forces of the Land Forces (Land Forces) of the Russian Armed Forces on Saturday celebrate the anniversary of their formation. The beginning of the formation of military air defense units was the order of the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army dated December 13 (26), 1915 on the formation of separate four-gun light batteries for firing at the air fleet. According to the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of February 9, 2007, the date of creation of the military air defense is considered to be December 26.
“A total of 129 exercises were held in 2016,” Leonov said. He noted that during these exercises 1,043 target missiles were destroyed.
RIA News
25.12.2016
Development of a new portable anti-aircraft missile system (MANPADS) has begun in Russia. This was reported by "Interfax" with reference to the head of the Air Defense of the Ground Forces of the Russian Armed Forces, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov.
"A new MANPADS is being developed," Leonov said on the air of the Ekho Moskvy radio station, adding that domestic MANPADS are now significantly superior to any foreign counterparts.
A portable anti-aircraft missile system (MANPADS) is an anti-aircraft missile system designed for transportation and firing by one person. In Russia, the Igla and Verba MANPADS are in service. The Strela and Igla missile systems developed in the USSR were exported to dozens of countries around the world and are still actively used in armed conflicts.
https://lenta.ru
25.12.2016
Anti-aircraft missile systems "Buk-M2" will no longer be supplied to the Ground Forces of the Russian Federation, rearmament to the complexes "Buk-M3" is underway.
This was announced by Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov, chief of the air defense of the RF Ground Forces.
“There will be no more deliveries of Buk-M2 (to the Ground Forces). At the beginning of next year, retraining for the Buk-M3 complexes will begin, ”he said on the air of the Ekho Moskvy radio station.
TASS
Anti-aircraft missile system 9K317M "BUK-M3"
26.12.2016
Three new anti-aircraft missile brigades have been formed in two military districts, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov, chief of the air defense (air defense) of the Russian Armed Forces (AF), said on Saturday on the air of the Ekho Moskvy radio station.
“The formation of our new connections continues. To date, three anti-aircraft missile brigades (ZRB) have been formed: one long-range anti-aircraft missile system in the Southern (military) district and two medium-range anti-aircraft missile systems in the Southern and Eastern military districts, ”Leonov said.
He noted that, in addition, units and formations of the military air defense are being re-equipped with new equipment.
“There is a rearmament of the existing one ZRB regiment. Seven anti-aircraft missile divisions have been re-equipped with a new short-range Tor-M2 complex, a planned re-equipment of the short-range system - the Strela-10MN anti-aircraft missile system, Verba MANPADS is underway, - said Leonov.
RIA News
12.01.2017
According to the Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov, the main efforts of the combat training of the military air defense in the past academic year were focused on organizing and conducting planned training of formations, military units and subunits in accordance with their mission.
A total of 129 tactical live-fire exercises were held in 2016. Of these, 98 - with anti-aircraft missile (anti-aircraft) units and units of military districts and the Northern Fleet, and 31 - with units of the Airborne Forces.
At the same time, more than 50% of formations, military units and subunits were rated “good” and “excellent” based on the results of tactical exercises. The total consumption of missiles was more than 1000 pieces, ammunition - more than 40 thousand, target missiles - more than 1000.
More than 15 thousand military personnel were involved in the exercises, more than 3.5 thousand units of weapons, military and special equipment were involved.
During the exercise, several innovative approaches were tested for the first time.
Firstly, this is the use of unmanned aerial vehicles to create a complex air situation that meets modern realities, as well as to monitor the actions of the checked formations, military units and subunits. For an objective assessment of the results of the shooting, the "Konglomerat-1P" complex, which has no analogues in the world, was used for the first time.
Secondly, during tactical exercises with live fire, modern facilities automated control "Barnaul-T", which significantly reduced the time for assessing the situation and making a decision.
13.01.2017
By the end of 2020, formations, units and subunits of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces will be re-equipped with S-300V4 (long-range), Buk-M3 (medium-range) and Tor-M2 (short-range) anti-aircraft missile systems, anti-aircraft artillery systems and portable anti-aircraft missile systems (MANPADS) of a new generation (short-range).
This was announced by the Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov.
In accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the share of modern samples of military air defense equipment included in the list of priority and defining the appearance of promising weapon systems will be more than 70%.
An increase in the combat strength and complete rearmament will lead to an increase in the combat capabilities of the air defense forces of the ground forces almost twofold (1.8 times), which will significantly increase the effectiveness of air defense.
As a result, a reliable air defense system will be created in all strategic directions to cover not only groupings of troops, but also important state facilities in the zones of responsibility.
Department of Information and Mass Communications of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
14.05.2017
Specialists of the air defense (air defense) of the Land Forces (Land Forces) are being retrained for new types of weapons, said Colonel Roman Benyukov, head of the Army Combat Training Directorate.
“During the winter period of training, specialists were trained for seven types of basic equipment. To date, the number of trained servicemen corresponds to the number of new equipment received, which ensures its high-quality operation, "Colonel Roman Benyukov emphasized.
He also said that the main efforts of the air defense of the ground forces were aimed at training junior specialists and retraining formations, military units and subunits for latest types weapons and military equipment (anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes S-300V4, "Buk-M2", "Buk-M3", "Tor-M2U", "Tor-M2", portable anti-aircraft missile systems "Verba"), and for missile troops and artillery in four training centers in the winter period of training were trained about 1.5 thousand people.
The created system of combat training includes three areas: the training of conscripts, under contract and university students, added the head of the military training directorate of the Army.
06.01.2018
In the interests of the Ground Forces, a universal mesh-training complex has been developed and is completing tests, intended for training military air defense units and testing promising air defense systems.
The complex has programmed and remotely controlled reusable targets imitating a cruise missile, tactical UAV, jet aircraft and a hovering attack helicopter.
Also, the complex allows you to create a dynamically changing air situation, such as "star" raid, for testing electronic and combat launches by combat crews of air defense missile systems.
Department of Information and Mass Communications of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
09.01.2018
According to the results of combat training in 2017, more than ten military air defense units of the Ground Forces were awarded the honorary title "Shock".
About 90 tactical exercises were conducted with units of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces in 2017, in which more than 14.5 thousand servicemen and more than 3.5 thousand weapons and special equipment took part.
The training centers of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces have trained about 2 thousand junior specialists, of which more than 250 are military personnel undergoing military service under contract.
In addition, in 2018, it is planned to equip with modern weapons and equipment, including: two military air defense formations - a short-range anti-aircraft missile system "Tor-M2"; air defense units operating in the Arctic and the Far North - the Tor-M2DT short-range anti-aircraft missile system; air defense units of combined-arms formations - the "Verba" portable anti-aircraft missile system.
The planned and annual build-up of the combat strength of the troops, the implementation of complete rearmament with modern anti-aircraft missile systems will allow to increase the combat capabilities of the air defense forces by 2020.
Department of Information and Mass Communications of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
09.03.2018
Air defense systems and complexes of the Ground Forces of the RF Armed Forces are capable of fighting all existing air attack weapons, they have no analogues in the world, which is confirmed by their high competitiveness in the arms market, said Colonel-General Oleg Salyukov, Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces.
“The modern weapons of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces are in many ways superior to their predecessors and have no analogues in the world, which is confirmed by their high competitiveness in the arms market. The anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes in service with the branches of the armed forces are capable of combating all existing air attack weapons by their characteristics, "Salyukov said in an interview with the Russian Armed Forces newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda, published on the newspaper's website on Wednesday.
He noted that now the air defense forces of the Ground Forces have received a new impetus for development. “New anti-aircraft missile formations have been formed, armed with the S-300V4 anti-aircraft missile system (the most“ long-range ”in its class of weapons, capable of hitting ballistic targets in the extra-atmospheric zone) and the Buk-M2 complex. Rearmament is being carried out on the Buk-MZ, Tor-M2 anti-aircraft missile systems, and the Verba portable anti-aircraft missile system. Currently, the Armed Forces contain two brigades of the Buk-M3 air defense missile system, two regiments and seven divisions of the Tor-M2 (M2U) air defense missile system and eight units of the Verba MANPADS, the commander-in-chief said.
According to him, the prospect of further development of the branch of the military lies in equipping them with the latest highly effective anti-aircraft missile and artillery systems, in the implementation of the latest developments that will significantly increase the effectiveness of anti-aircraft weapons in the fight against a modern air enemy, in increasing the level of combat training of troops, in improving the system training of highly qualified air defense specialists.
RIA News
06.01.2019
In 2019, the units of the military air defense of the Ground Forces will receive five anti-aircraft missile systems and anti-aircraft missile systems. As part of the execution of the state defense order, the manufacturing enterprises will transfer to the Russian Ministry of Defense a brigade set of S-300V4 air defense systems, divisional sets of BUK-M3 and TOR-M2 air defense missile systems.
The systematic and annual build-up of the combat strength of the troops, the implementation of complete rearmament with modern anti-aircraft missile systems will allow by 2020 to increase the combat capabilities of the air defense forces by more than 1.3 times.
Ministry of Defense of Russia
LAND FORCES IN 2019 WILL RECEIVE S-300V4 AND BUK-M3 AIRCRAFT COMPLEXES
LAND AIR DEFENSE TROOPS
Air Defense Forces (Air Defense Forces) - a branch of the Ground Forces designed to cover troops and objects from enemy air attack when combined-arms formations and formations of operations (combat operations) are conducted, regroupments (march) and location on the spot. They are responsible for the following main tasks:
air defense combat alert;
reconnaissance of the air enemy and notification of the covered troops;
destruction of enemy air attack weapons in flight;
participation in the conduct of missile defense in theaters of operations.
Organizationally, the air defense forces of the ground forces consist of military command and control bodies, air defense command posts, anti-aircraft missile (rocket-artillery) and radio-technical formations, military units and subunits. They are capable of destroying enemy air attack weapons in the entire range of heights (extremely small - up to 200 m, small - from 200 to 1000 m, medium - from 1000 to 4000 m, large - from 4000 to 12000 m and in the stratosphere - more than 12000 m) and flight speeds.
Ground defense formations, military units and subunits are equipped with anti-aircraft missile, anti-aircraft artillery, anti-aircraft gun-missile systems (systems) and portable anti-aircraft missile systems of various reach, channel and missile guidance methods. Depending on the range of destruction of air targets, they are subdivided into short-range complexes - up to 10 km, short-range - up to 30 km, medium-range - up to 100 km, and long-range - more than 100 km.
Further development of the air defense forces of the ground is carried out by increasing the mobility, survivability, secrecy of work, the degree of automation, fire productivity, expanding the parameters of the affected area, reducing the reaction time and mass-dimensional characteristics of anti-aircraft missile (rocket-artillery) complexes.
THE ARMED FORCES OF RUSSIA CELEBRATE 100 ANNIVERSARY OF THE MILITARY AIR DEFENSE 
On December 26, 2015, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation celebrate the 100th anniversary of the formation of the military air defense (PVO). Exactly a century ago, in accordance with the order of the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of December 13 (26), 1915 No. 368, the formation of separate four-gun light batteries for firing at air targets began.
On the official website of the Russian Ministry of Defense on the day of the 100th anniversary of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, a special information section “100 years of military air defense” has been opened.
The section opens with congratulations to the personnel on the anniversary of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, Army General Sergei Shoigu.
The section is based on numerous historical documents, memoirs of veterans of the troops about the stages of the formation and development of the oldest special type of troops in the Armed Forces.
At present, the basis of military air defense is formed by formations, military units and air defense subunits of the Land, Airborne Forces and Coastal Forces of the Navy. They are designed to conduct reconnaissance and repel enemy air attacks, to protect groupings of troops and targets from air strikes in all types of combat operations.
In the context of the rapid development of aerospace attack weapons of the armies of foreign states, formations, military units and air defense units have become an integral part part of combined arms formations from the tactical to the operational-strategic level.
In 2015, 65 tactical exercises were planned and conducted with formations and units of military air defense with live fire. They were carried out at the Kapustin Yar and Ashuluk training grounds in the Southern Military District and at the Telemba training ground in the Eastern Military District.
In total, more than 10 thousand people were involved in the maneuvers, including 1.5 thousand officers and up to 3.5 thousand units of weapons, military and special equipment.
Currently, the planned rearmament of formations, military units and military air defense units is underway with new anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes "S-300V4", "Buk-M2", "Tor-M2U", portable anti-aircraft missile systems "Verba". The new complexes and systems have incorporated the best qualities of their predecessors and are capable of striking both aerodynamic and ballistic targets, cruise missiles, air reconnaissance and electronic warfare.
In 2016, it is planned to supply the Ground Forces with the first brigade set of the Buk-M3 medium-range anti-aircraft missile system.
For the period up to 2020, the main directions of development of military air defense are:
improving the organizational and staff structures of military control bodies, formations, military units and air defense units of the Ground Forces in order to maximize the combat capabilities of incoming and developed anti-aircraft missile weapons;
development of new-generation air defense weapons and military equipment capable of effectively combating all types of air attack weapons, including those created on the basis of hypersonic technologies.
improving the system of training highly qualified personnel for military air defense, including junior specialists studying at specialized training centers of the air defense forces of the Ground Forces.
The most important task for the Main Command of the Ground Forces is to train the main backbone of personnel for the air defense forces of the ground forces - specialist officers.
Personnel training for military air defense is carried out at the Military Academy of the Military Air Defense of the RF Armed Forces named after Marshal of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky. Today Military Academy The military air defense of the RF Armed Forces is a unified educational and scientific center that carries out multilevel training of air defense officers with the highest operational-tactical training and full military-special training for the air defense forces of the Ground Forces, the Airborne Forces, the coastal forces of the fleets, as well as other ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, as well as leading scientific research, training scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel. The Academy has 17 departments, five faculties and a research center. The training of military specialists at the academy is carried out in 38 specialties.
In addition, the training of officers for military air defense is carried out at five military departments and at two military training centers at civilian universities.
The training of junior specialists is carried out in two training centers of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces and two training centers for training air defense specialists from the OTC according to 4-month training programs (of which 1 month of combined-arms training and 3 months of specialty training).
More than 4.5 thousand specialists are trained annually in 25 military registration specialties.
Since 2014, for the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, the training of reserve soldiers and sergeants has been carried out at military departments and military training centers 5 educational institutions higher professional education in 20 military registration specialties. Currently, more than 1,300 people are undergoing training, from August 2016 the number of students will grow to 2,000 thousand.
Within the framework of the International Army Games 2015, Russian specialists of the Air Defense Forces took part in the Masters of Air Defense Competition, showed good results and took first place.
The competition "Masters of anti-aircraft combat" was held in the city of Yeisk, Krasnodar Territory, on the basis of the 726 training center of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces. The competition was attended by 6 teams from Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America, these are the Republic of Belarus, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the Arab Republic of Egypt, the People's Republic of China, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the team of the Russian Federation.
At present, the methods developed during the training of the team for the training of specialists of the air defense forces are being actively introduced and used in the organization and implementation of combat training activities.
In 2016, the name of the competition itself and its program were changed. Now the competition will be called "Clear Sky - 2016". This is due to the change in the composition of the team and weapons. In addition to the unit armed with portable anti-aircraft missile systems, a unit armed with anti-aircraft guns of up to 25 mm caliber will also take part. Also, the number of competitive disciplines has been increased. The teams will compete in the sprint (with firing from MANPADS and ZU), the pursuit race (with firing from MANPADS and ZU) and the combined relay.
All changes to the program were made taking into account the wishes of foreign colleagues - participants in the past competition.
As part of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the military air defense in all military districts, in the Military Academy, training centers of the air defense forces, festive and military-patriotic events were held in December with the participation of military personnel, veterans of the military air defense, public figures and youth.
Significant events for the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, carried out in the framework of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Air Defense Forces, are:
laying flowers at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (December 26, Moscow);
solemn meeting in the cultural and leisure center of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation "Preobrazhensky", with the participation of the leadership of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (December 26, Moscow);
opening of the bust to the first chief of the Air Defense Forces of the Land Forces, Hero of the Soviet Union, Marshal of Artillery V.I. Kazakov (December 19, 726 The educational center air defense troops of the Ground Forces (Yeysk, Krasnodar Territory);
the laying of a capsule with a message to descendants in the memorial complex named after the Hero of the Soviet Union, Marshal of artillery V.I. Kazakov (December 25, 106 training center of the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces (Orenburg).
THE GENERATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE AIR DEFENSE OF THE COUNTRY
From the first days and months of the First World War, the state and military leadership bodies paid close attention to the state of air defense.
In the First World War, in connection with the intensive development and use of aircraft for military purposes by the opposing sides in the armies of the warring states, it became necessary to create special means to combat them and organize air defense of groups of their troops and important objects in the theater of operations. In Russia, among the priority tasks, measures were developed to prevent the flights of enemy air attack weapons over the capital and the emperor's residence in Tsarskoe Selo.
On November 30, 1914 * the commander of the 6th Army, by order No. 90, announced a special instruction, on the basis of which the air defense ** of Petrograd and its environs was organized. Its chief was Major General G.V. Burman. On December 8, 1914, the "Instructions for Aeronautics in the Area of the 6th Army" was put into effect, the air defense of the Russian capital began to be carried out.
* Hereinafter, dates are given according to the new style.
** The term "air defense", which was understood as the totality of forces and means, as well as organizational measures to combat the enemy's air fleet and protect its troops and facilities from its actions, was used in Russia for a relatively short time - from 1914 to 1926 ., in 1926-1927. the term "air-chemical defense" was used, since 1928 - "air defense". For the first time, the name "air defense" in an official document (it was signed by Assistant Chief of Staff of the Red Army BM Shaposhnikov) appeared at the beginning of 1924, and since 1928 it was legalized by a decree of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR.
For the timely detection of the enemy in the air on the distant approaches to the city and warning about it, a network of observation posts was deployed, artillery guns were installed at positions around Petrograd and near Tsarskoye Selo, adapted for firing at aircraft, from the Gatchina military aviation school trained for the fight were assigned with aircrafts crews.
By April 1915, the air defense of Petrograd and the imperial residence in Tsarskoe Selo had been replenished with new forces and means, in connection with which order No. 112 for the 6th Army and separate orders from May 14, 1915 introduced a number of instructions that determined the actions of the bodies designated for air defense leadership, units and subdivisions of various types of weapons. Since the summer of 1915, for the first time, the organization of the air defense of the capital of the empire was regulated by the order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.
During the First World War, air defense was also created to protect other cities, in particular Odessa and Nikolaev, large headquarters, groupings of troops on all fronts of the active Russian army. Its organization and armament were improved.
At the beginning of 1917, on the initiative of the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, a radio intelligence system began to be created, or, as it was then called, radiotelegraph defense in the regions of Petrograd and Odessa in order to provide early warning of the appearance of enemy air ships and determine the direction of their flight.
Thus, in 1915-1917. the foundation was laid for the creation of air defense systems for individual cities and important military facilities in theaters of operations. In the Russian army, special positions of chiefs of the air defense were introduced (regularly and abnormally), and their headquarters were formed.
The air defense systems created for the administrative, political and military centers of Russia were continuously improved throughout the war, taking into account the situation in the East European theater of operations, the technical means available and the experience of fighting an air enemy.
During the Civil War and military intervention the air defense of the Soviet state was taking its first steps. The extremely low technical level and the paucity of forces and assets involved in air defense did not allow the development of the experience of their combat use on the fronts of military operations, which had arisen during the First World War.
After the end of the Civil War, by decision of the government of the RSFSR, the transfer of the Red Army to a peaceful position began in a short time. A significant reduction in these years was carried out in air defense units (subdivisions). The absence of a single body of leadership of the latter, a limited number of anti-aircraft artillery and aviation, their poor technical condition led to the fact that "in the period 1921-1924. Air defense as a system in the country did not exist." This is how the head of the Air Defense Directorate M.E. Medvedev.
The construction of the air defense system of the Soviet state in the interwar period began in the course of the military reform of 1924-1925. Since 1924, the Headquarters of the Red Army became the main planning body of this process.
Of particular importance in the construction of air defense was the directive of the Red Army Headquarters to the military districts, directorates and services of the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs of August 25, 1925, which explained that “in the current budget year, the Red Army Headquarters is starting to organize the country's air defense. in this regard, it should be distinguished from the tasks of air defense of the front line in wartime, where all these issues will be resolved on the basis of the relevant regulations and instructions. " In this directive, the terms "air defense of the country" and "air defense of the front line" were used for the first time and their difference was emphasized.
In December 1926, the Red Army Headquarters made an attempt to combine air and chemical defense. For this purpose, sectors of air-chemical defense are created in the military districts, combining the fight against the air enemy and the elimination of the consequences. possible application them chemical weapons. In all command and staff bodies, in the plans and official documents being developed, the term "aerial chemical defense (AMD)" was used instead of the term "air defense (air defense)". However, the latter existed for a little more than a year, since it did not accurately reflect the essence of measures to protect the country from air strikes. On January 31, 1928, at a meeting of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, at the suggestion of S.S. Kamenev, who at that time held the post of deputy chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council, it was decided to abandon the term "air-chemical defense". In accordance with the "Regulations on the air defense of the USSR (for peacetime)", approved on the same day by the people's commissar for military and naval affairs and the chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR K.E. Voroshilov, all parts, means and bodies of the military-technical system were renamed into parts, means and bodies of the air defense. The name "Air Surveillance, Alert and Communication Service (VNOS)" was also legalized. The leadership of the country's air defense was entrusted to the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, which he was to carry out through the Headquarters of the Red Army.
In 1930, at the Headquarters of the Red Army, proposals were developed to create a command body in the central apparatus of the military department, which would directly oversee air defense issues. And on May 1 of the same year, in addition to the staff of the central apparatus as part of the Headquarters of the Red Army, such a body called the 6th Directorate was created. His chief was at the same time an air defense inspector and the head of the air defense service of the Red Army.
In the same 1930, the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR developed and on November 23 approved the first General Plan of the country's air defense with the main digital indicators of the development of air defense for 1931-1933. In accordance with it, measures began to be implemented to strengthen the units and create the first formations of air defense forces. Many territorial air defense units intended for defense major centers countries are transferred to the staff. On the basis of anti-aircraft artillery regiments, air defense brigades are created, which, in addition to units and subunits of anti-aircraft artillery, include machine-gun battalions, searchlight battalions (companies), subunits of barrage balloons and airborne aerial vehicles. In the fall of 1931, the brigades in the defense of Moscow and Leningrad were reorganized into air defense divisions.
Such changes in the air defense forces required new organization air defense leadership in the center. On May 1, 1932, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 033, the 6th Directorate of the Headquarters of the Red Army was renamed into the Directorate of Air Defense of the Red Army with direct subordination to the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR.
The turning point in the solution of issues related to the construction of air defense was the year 1932, during which the state of the air defense and measures for its further strengthening were twice (in April and in September-October) considered at the government level. The result of these discussions was the adoption of a number of documents that determined both the foundations for organizing air defense throughout the country, its leadership in the center and in the field, and ways to improve the quality of combat training of units and the functioning of the entire air defense service system. One of these documents, in particular, was approved on October 4, 1932 by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "Regulations on the air defense of the territory of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (announced by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 0031 of October 23, 1932).
The measures worked out by the government and the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, aimed at achieving a decisive turning point in the country's air defense, noticeably revived the activities of all bodies, institutions and institutions of the military department to modernize existing and create new domestic models of weapons and military equipment for air defense. More advanced types of anti-aircraft guns, fighter aircraft, anti-aircraft machine guns, searchlights, and barrage balloons appeared. For the VNOS service, samples of automatic signal communication equipment Auto-VNOS and others were developed.
Measures were also taken to create fundamentally new types of weapons for air defense based on the latest achievements in science and technology, and the intensive development of production. In 1934, for the first time in world practice, successful tests were carried out developed according to the ideas and with the participation of an electrical engineer of the Pskov anti-aircraft artillery regiment P.K. Oshchepkov's equipment for detecting aircraft in the air based on the use of continuous radiation of radio waves (Rapid equipment), which served as a prototype of the first radio detection system RUS-1 adopted in 1939 by the VNOS service (first radio detector for aircraft; Rhubarb system). In July 1940, the RUS-2 ("Redut") airborne early warning station was put into service, operating on the principles of pulsed radiation and signal reception.
Thus, in the interwar period, various types of weapons and military equipment were developed for air defense, although not all of them had the required quality characteristics. The entry of new types of weapons into the troops was hampered due to the insufficiently developed industrial base of the country. For objective and often subjective reasons, a number of new models were either not accepted into production at all, or qualitatively more advanced weapons were produced in negligible quantities. All this, as well as a number of other factors, ultimately led to serious shortcomings in the air defense system, which in May 1940 the People's Commissar of Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union S.K. Tymoshenko: "The air defense of troops and guarded points is in a state of complete neglect ... With the current state of the leadership and organization of air defense, proper protection against air attack is not provided."
In the interwar years, changes were also made in the organization of air defense and its command bodies.
On April 14, 1936, the USSR People's Commissar for Defense approved the proposals of the General Staff of the Red Army for the construction of an air defense system, developed by the Air Defense Directorate. The air defense forces and means of the largest points - Leningrad, Moscow, Baku and Kiev, headed by the chiefs of the air defense of these points, were directly subordinate to the commander of the troops of the military districts; the chiefs of the air defense posts were vested with the functions of the chiefs of the combat arms of the districts. In February-April 1938, air defense corps were formed to protect Moscow, Leningrad and Baku from air strikes, and an air defense division for Kiev. The air defense corps and divisions included formations and units of anti-aircraft artillery, anti-aircraft machine guns, anti-aircraft searchlights, air surveillance, warning and communications, as well as units and subunits of barrage balloons. The air defense corps and division commanders were operatively subordinate to the fighter aviation (IA) of the Air Force, assigned to carry out the tasks of the air defense of the point.
Since 1937, the turnover of the heads of the Air Defense Directorate has increased. So, on December 2 of this year, the commander of the 2nd rank A.I. Sedyakin (head of the department since January 25, 1937) was arrested, and I.F. Blazhevich, but he was arrested on February 18, 1938. The duties of the head of the Air Defense Directorate were assumed by the head of the 2nd department, Colonel G.M. Koblenz, and on November 13 this post was taken by the division commander J.K. Polyakov, who arrived from the post of the commander of an air defense brigade. However, on June 4, 1940, Polyakov was transferred to the Far East, and Major General M.F. Korolev, who before this appointment was the commander of the rifle corps. But in November 1940, he left for a new duty station in the Main Directorate of the local air defense of the NKVD.
On December 21, Lieutenant General D.T. Kozlov, who commanded a rifle corps in the war with Finland. On December 27, 1940, by order of the USSR People's Commissar of Defense No. 0368, the Red Army Air Defense Directorate was transformed into the Main Directorate (GU) of the Red Army Air Defense. By the same order, the head of the Air Defense Directorate was entrusted with the organization of air defense of the territory of the USSR, the management of combat training and the use of air defense forces and means.
In January 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the Organization of Air Defense". It defined a zone threatened by an air attack to a depth of 1200 km from state border... On this territory, within the military districts, air defense zones were created (by order of the NKO of the USSR of February 14), in them - air defense areas, as well as air defense posts. The combat composition of the air defense zone included air defense formations and parts of anti-aircraft artillery, anti-aircraft machine guns, searchlights, aerial surveillance systems and barrage balloons, which directly performed the tasks of protecting cities, objects and structures in the zone from air attacks.
Lieutenant General D.T. Kozlov headed the Air Defense Directorate until February 14, 1941. Further (until November 1941) the chiefs of the Main Directorate of Air Defense were: Lieutenant General of Aviation E.S. Ptukhin, Colonel General G.M. Stern, Colonel-General of Artillery N.N. Voronov, Major General of Artillery A.A. Osipov (vrid).
In total, by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the air defense forces had: air defense zones - 13; air defense corps - 3; air defense divisions - 2; air defense brigades - 9; air defense brigade areas - 39. The number of personnel of the air defense troops was 182 thousand people. To solve the problems of air defense of the most important centers of the country, 40 fighter aviation regiments were also allocated, numbering about 1,500 combat aircraft, 1206 crews.
At the same time, the shortcomings in the air defense forces, unresolved organizational and technical problems were not eliminated by June 1941, which was one of the reasons for the serious losses of the armed forces and the state as a whole from air strikes in the initial period of the war.
At dawn on June 22, 1941, the Great Patriotic War began for the Soviet people with bombing and assault strikes by fascist German aviation against troops and targets within the boundaries of the Baltic Special, Western Special, Kiev Special, Odessa and Leningrad military districts and the Black Sea Fleet. At 0315 hours Ochakov and Sevastopol were attacked. From 0330 hours, enemy aircraft bombed the cities of Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltic states, and delivered massive strikes at the airfields of the air forces of the border districts. At 4 o'clock, the invasion of the USSR by the ground forces of Nazi Germany began. The Armed Forces of the Soviet Union and in their composition the forces and means of air defense entered into a fierce confrontation with the enemy. Often, air defense units and subunits entered into battle with enemy aircraft without permission from above, at their own peril and risk, since on the eve of the war there was an order: do not open fire against violators of the border.
From the first days and months of the war, the state and military leadership bodies paid close attention to the state of air defense. The military councils of the fronts, the commanders of the troops of the military districts sent applications to the General Staff for additional air defense systems to strengthen the coverage of points and objects in their zones of responsibility. In June-July 1941, the heads of the people's commissariats, the secretaries of the regional committees of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, repeatedly addressed the General Staff on the issue of allocating air defense means.
At the same time, the state of the air defense of Moscow and other important cities and regions of the country aroused serious concern among the leaders of the highest rank. In particular, the State Defense Committee (GKO), formed on June 30, 1941, headed by I.V. Stalin, from the first days of his activity until the end of the Great Patriotic War, repeatedly turned to solving the problems of air defense. So, on July 9, 1941, he adopted a special resolution "On the air defense of Moscow", and on July 22, 1941 - "On the air defense of the city of Leningrad."
The course of the 1941 summer-autumn campaign convincingly confirmed the growing role of air defense in the war. In the conditions of enemy air domination, air defense forces in the first days and months of the war in border defensive battles, while repelling massive raids on Moscow, while defending Leningrad, Kiev, Odessa and other important points from air strikes, inflicted significant damage on fascist aviation, destroying more than 2,500 enemy aircraft, gained the necessary combat experience. At the same time, irreparable losses of air defense formations and units, identified shortcomings in the organization and management of air defense led to the need to take urgent measures to improve the organization and build up air defense forces and assets.
On November 9, 1941, the State Defense Committee adopted a decree "On strengthening and strengthening the air defense of the territory of the Union", which radically changed the organization of the entire air defense system. In accordance with it, formations and units intended to protect large administrative and political centers and vital facilities in the rear of the country from air strikes were removed from the subordination of military councils of districts, fronts and fleets (with the exception of formations and units covering Leningrad: they remained under the command of the Leningrad Front) and transferred to the jurisdiction of the Commander of the Air Defense Forces of the country's territory - the Deputy People's Commissar of Defense for Air Defense (Lieutenant General M.S.Gromadin was appointed to this newly introduced position). Under him, a directorate was created, which included: headquarters, directorates of fighter aviation, anti-aircraft artillery and other bodies (the IA, allocated for solving problems of air defense of objects, was transferred to the commander of the Air Defense Forces of the country's territory only under operational subordination). At the same time, instead of the air defense zones that previously existed in the European part of the USSR, two corps (Moscow and Leningrad) and a number of divisional air defense zones were created on their basis.
On November 24, 1941, in pursuance of the GKO decree, the People's Commissar of Defense, by his order, distributed air defense units and formations between the Air Defense Forces of the country's territory and the fronts. Thus, the air defense system was divided into two components - the country's air defense and military air defense.
In the following months of the first period of the Great Patriotic War, the State Defense Committee at its meetings repeatedly returned to the consideration of problems related to air defense. So, on January 22, 1942, he discussed issues related to the Air Force. The result of this discussion was the order of the USSR People's Commissar of Defense I.V. Stalin from the same number, according to which the corps, divisions and separate regiments of the IA allocated for the air defense of objects were transferred to the full subordination of the commander of the Air Defense Forces of the country's territory, and with them the airfield service battalions that provided them. With the issuance of this order, in fact, the transformation of the Air Defense Forces of the country's territory into an independent service of the Armed Forces of the USSR was completed. Solving a strictly defined range of strategic tasks, they had a structure characteristic only of them and an independent command, directly subordinate to the highest military leadership. The main branches of the armed forces were anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aircraft with their inherent forms and methods of action against an air enemy using anti-aircraft searchlights and the VNOS system, the armament of which units and units began to receive the first radio detection stations for aircraft in the air.
On April 5, 1942, the State Defense Committee adopted a resolution on the reorganization of the Moscow Air Defense Corps Region into the first operational-strategic formation of the country's Air Defense Forces in the Russian Armed Forces - the Moscow Air Defense Front. By another decree of the same date, a qualitatively new operational formation was created on the basis of the Leningrad Air Defense Corps Region - the Leningrad Air Defense Army, and on the basis of the Baku Corps Region - the Baku Air Defense Army.
On June 29, 1943, the State Defense Committee considered "Issues of air defense of the country's territory" and adopted a special resolution, according to which it was ordered to have two air defense fronts on the territory of the country - Western and Eastern. The coordination of their actions and control over them were entrusted to the commander of the artillery of the Red Army N.N. Voronov (the Office of the Commander of the Air Defense Forces of the country's territory was eliminated). Under him, the following were formed: the Central Headquarters of the Air Defense Forces, the Central Headquarters of Air Defense Fighter Aviation, the central post of VNOS and other bodies.
The creation of two air defense fronts improved the organization of interaction between the country's air defense formations and formations with the forces of fighter aviation and anti-aircraft artillery of the combined-arms fronts and fleets. At the same time, the abolition of the position of the commander of the Air Defense Forces of the country's territory was not caused by an objective necessity and complicated the centralized management of forces and means performing the tasks of air defense of facilities and communications in the rear of the country. The dividing line between the air defense fronts, drawn from north to south, in which the Eastern front of the air defense covered objects in the deep rear, and the Western front, carried out tasks on a huge territory stretching behind the active combined-arms fronts, was also not expedient. As the latter moved rapidly to the west during the strategic offensive of the Red Army in the second half of 1943 - early 1944, the gap between the Western Front's air defense formations, which followed the advancing forces, conducting a tense struggle against the air enemy, and the Eastern Front's air defense formations, which continued to remain on cover objects, which were mostly outside the reach of German aviation, grew more and more, which created serious difficulties in solving issues not only of control, maneuver of forces and means in depth for building up air defense in the liberated territory, but also of its organization as a whole.
In order to eliminate the revealed shortcomings of the reorganization, on March 29, 1944, the State Defense Committee adopted a resolution "On measures to improve the control of the active air defense forces of the Red Army", which determined the creation of Western and Eastern fronts Air Defense, respectively, of the Northern and Southern Air Defense Fronts with a dividing line between them from west to east. The Transcaucasian air defense zone was reorganized into the Transcaucasian air defense front.
The further advance of the Red Army troops to the west increased the airspace, within which it was necessary to organize and carry out air defense of objects dispersed to great depths in the frontal zone, which led to an increase in the number of forces and assets in the air defense fronts, complicating their control. In this regard, on December 24, 1944, by another resolution, the State Defense Committee took measures to bring the air defense operational command bodies closer to the active forces. The Northern Air Defense Front was reorganized into the Western Front, with the transfer of front control from Moscow to Vilnius, and the Southern Front, into the South-Western Front, with the relocation of the headquarters from Kiev to Lvov. To cover objects in the deep rear of the country, the Central Air Defense Front with headquarters in Moscow was created on the basis of the Moscow Special Air Defense Army. The Transcaucasian Air Defense Front remained unchanged. The central headquarters of the Air Defense Forces and the Air Defense Fighter Aviation of the Red Army were renamed the General Headquarters of the Air Defense Forces of the Red Army and the Main Headquarters of the Air Defense Fighter Aviation of the Red Army, respectively.
In the 1945 campaign in Europe, the Air Defense Forces of the country, while continuing to carry out the tasks of defending the most important centers, industrial areas and communications of the Soviet Union, focused their main efforts on securing the final offensive operations fronts, organization of defense of the most important objects liberated by the Red Army in Central and Southeastern Europe. During this period, four air defense fronts operated as part of the Air Defense Forces, covering the most important strategic air directions.
In the east of the country, where the groupings were concentrated and deployed Soviet troops in order to defeat militaristic Japan, it was required to strengthen the cover from possible enemy air strikes of the Trans-Siberian railway, other communications, important industrial facilities, warehouses, and troops. To do this, by decision of the State Defense Committee (decree "On strengthening air defense Of the Far East and Transbaikalia "of March 14, 1945), three air defense armies were formed: Primorskaya, Priamurskaya and Zabaikalskaya, which later became part of the 1st and 2nd Far Eastern and Transbaikal fronts. ...
The overall result of the combat activities of the Air Defense Forces of the country is their significant contribution to the achievement of Victory, achieved by the joint efforts of all the services of the Armed Forces of the USSR and the combat arms. During the Great Patriotic War, the Air Defense Forces successfully coped with the assigned tasks. Together with the forces and means of air defense of the fronts and fleets, they saved many cities, settlements, industrial enterprises, railway communications from destruction from the air, and ensured the conduct of operations in the land and sea theaters of operations of the Soviet troops and naval forces. Carrying out their combat missions, the country's Air Defense Forces destroyed 7313 Nazi aircraft, of which 4168 by air defense fighter aircraft and 3145 by anti-aircraft artillery, machine-gun fire and barrage balloons.
The constant attention to air defense during the war years by the highest bodies of state and military leadership ensured a steady increase in the forces and means of air defense in quantitative and qualitative terms, and determined the creation of an independent organizational structure - the Air Defense Forces of the country. One of the most important conclusions based on the results of the Great Patriotic War should be considered the confirmation of the thesis about the growing role of air defense in ensuring the security of the state. The missions of repelling the strikes of an air enemy can only be carried out in advance by the deployed, in constant combat readiness, strong Air Defense Forces.
At the end of the war, the Red (since 1946 Soviet) army, including the Air Defense Forces of the country, are transferred to peacetime states. 1945-1946 the first post-war reorganization of the entire air defense system of the USSR is being carried out. By the end of the war, 4 fronts and 3 air defense armies were reorganized into 3 districts and 2 air defense armies, a significant number of air defense formations and units were disbanded. In April 1946, the post of commander of the country's Air Defense Forces was restored, to which Colonel-General M.S. Gromadin. As a result of the reduction by October 1946, the number of the Air Defense Forces decreased to 147,287 people (at the end of the war it was about 637 thousand people).
In June 1948, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of Ministers of the USSR determined the new structure of the air defense system and troops. Districts, air defense armies were to be disbanded, on their basis air defense regions of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd categories were created. The entire territory of the country was divided into the interior (rear facilities) and the border strip. Responsibility for the air defense of rear facilities, as well as for the preparation of the country's territory in the anti-aircraft relation, was assigned to the commander of the country's Air Defense Forces - the Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces. He was subordinate to the Air Defense Forces of the country, which provided cover for objects in the rear areas, and the VNOS service throughout the USSR. Responsibility for the air defense of facilities in the border zone was assigned to the commanders of military districts, naval bases and ports - to the commanders of the fleets.
On July 7, 1948, the Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces Marshal of the Soviet Union L.A. Govorov leaving the post of chief inspector. From this date, the Air Defense Forces of the country were no longer subordinate to the commander of the artillery of the Soviet army.
In accordance with these decisions in 1948-1949. The second post-war radical reorganization of the troops and the air defense system was carried out, which made it possible to expand work on the preparation of the country's territory for air defense (construction of airfields, command posts, communication lines, etc.). At the same time, the unity of the leadership of the air defense system was violated, which negatively affected its combat readiness.
In September 1951, the next reorganization of the air defense was carried out by a government decree. Due to the fact that the air defense forces in the border zone were disunited by military districts, and this made it difficult to manage them and mutual information about the air situation, it was ordered to create a unified air defense of the border line from units and formations of fighter aviation, headed by the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force. All parts of the VNOS in the border zone were transferred to the formed 8 regions of this line from the Air Defense Forces of the country. However, this event did not play a significant role in increasing the effectiveness of the fight against violating aircraft of the country's airspace.
On June 20, 1953, by order of the Minister of Defense "On measures to improve the organization of air defense of the USSR," the air defense areas of the border line were abolished, on their basis air defense directorates of military districts were created, which were included in the Air Defense Forces of the country. The commander of the latter was entrusted with responsibility for air defense and the leadership of air defense forces and assets throughout the USSR.
On May 27, 1954, by the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU "On unpunished flights of foreign aircraft over the territory of the USSR", the leadership of the country's Air Defense Forces and the VNOS service and responsibility for air defense were assigned to the Ministry of Defense. For the direct management of it, the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the country was established, he is also the Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR. Marshal of the Soviet Union L.A. Govorov.
By the decree of May 28 and the order of the USSR Minister of Defense of June 14, 1954 "On the reorganization of the structure of the country's air defense forces" instead of areas and air defense directorates in the border military districts, as well as in the interior of the country, operational formations (districts and armies) and operational-tactical formations (corps, divisions) of air defense, which included all types of troops.
During this period, weapons, military equipment and the organization of troops at the tactical level were also improved. New types of weapons are supplied to the aviation and radio-technical units of the Air Defense Forces.
Since the mid-1950s, the intensive development of anti-aircraft missile forces began, which formed the basis of the firepower of air defense. On May 7, 1955, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the first anti-aircraft missile system S-25 was adopted by the country's Air Defense Forces, and the formation of units intended for the anti-aircraft missile defense of Moscow was completed. In July of the same year, by order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR, the Special Air Defense Army (1st Air Defense Army ON), which included four corps, became part of the Moscow Air Defense District. With the adoption in October 1954 of the government decree "On the creation of an anti-aircraft battery of the S-75 system," work began to complete the design and supply to the troops of new anti-aircraft missile systems capable of maneuvering to new positions on their own or by rail. In May 1957, the development of the S-125 anti-aircraft missile system began. At the end of this year, the S-75 ("Dvina") medium-range mobile complex was put into service, and in May 1961, the S-125 ("Neva") complex appeared in air defense units, designed to combat air targets at low altitudes ... Work began on the creation of a long-range anti-aircraft missile system S-200 "Angara" (entered service in 1967)
Since 1960, corps and air defense divisions of the new organization have been formed. The formations of the combat arms, and in the air defense formations and the headquarters of these combat arms, are being eliminated. The number of large air defense formations and formations was reduced by almost 2 times. The Air Defense Forces of the country had two districts and seven separate air defense armies, which included 16 corps and 18 air defense divisions. For 1961, it was planned to create three more divisions. The districts and individual air defense armies began to consist of air defense corps and divisions, formed according to the combined-arms principle from formations and units of anti-aircraft missile forces, anti-aircraft artillery, fighter aircraft, radio-technical troops and special forces. In some areas, anti-aircraft missile barriers (lines) were created from mixed groups of anti-aircraft missile systems (anti-aircraft missile battalions C-75 and C-125).
A simpler, more economical and flexible control system of the country's Air Defense Forces was introduced. Districts and individual air defense armies were deployed in the main operational and strategic directions, each covering an area of about 1500x1500 km or more. The widespread use of automated control systems was ensured, the coverage of the entire territory of the country by areas of application of active arms of the air defense forces.
The air defense system created during these years, with individual additions, existed until 1978. During the same period, thanks to the coordinated activities of scientists, teams of designers and production workers, the forces and systems of missile and space defense entered the composition of the Air Defense Forces of the country, and the Air Defense Forces actually became air and space defense forces in the general system of defense of the state.
Another reorganization of the air defense system and troops in 1978-1980. returned them to the structure already introduced and rejected by the war and post-war activities. The border districts and air defense armies were disbanded, their corps and air defense divisions without fighter aircraft were transferred to the military districts. The country's air defense forces were reorganized into the Air Defense Forces in 1980.
Since January 1986, this system was canceled (except for the name of the troops), and separate air defense armies were restored again.
The collapse of the Soviet Union as united state at the end of 1991, and with it the unified system and the Air Defense Forces of the USSR, led to a significant decrease in the combat effectiveness of the air defense forces within the borders of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
With the signing on May 7, 1992 of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the creation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, a new stage in the development of the Air Defense Forces began. The subsequent reform (and actually reduction) of the Armed Forces and the Air Defense Troops in them did not lead, unfortunately, to the restoration of the necessary level of protection of the state from the aerospace enemy.
An analysis of the development of the armies of the leading world powers and the military organization of NATO countries in general, their use in local wars and armed conflicts of the last decade of the last century shows that in these countries the forces and means of aerospace attack play a decisive role. There is an obvious increase in the dependence of the course and outcome of military operations on the results of confrontation in airspace. Consequently, aerospace defense in the general defense system of the country should occupy one of the central places. The ongoing long-term purposeful work of the main command of the Air Defense Forces, and since 1998 - of the Air Force (since February 1998, the Air Defense Forces became part of the Air Force) to substantiate the most important directions and stages of creating Russia's aerospace defense has recently given certain positive Results: the Concept of Aerospace Defense of the Russian Federation was developed; Basic Provisions public policy in the field of air defense of the Russian Federation; measures have been planned and carried out to improve the air defense system of the Russian Federation.
The attention of the country's top state and military leadership to the development of a specific program for the development of an aerospace defense system of the state gives hope for the creation in the near future of means, complexes and weapons systems capable of fighting all means of an enemy aerospace attack or contributing to the solution of this problem. Today we have all the necessary prerequisites for the successful solution of the tasks we face.
Air defense leaders of Russia, the USSR and the Russian Federation
|
Position |
Full Name |
Military rank |
Years of life |
Length of stay |
|
Chief of the air defense of Petrograd and its environs, chief of the air defense of Petrograd and Tsarskoe Selo (May 1915 - March 1917) |
BURMAN |
Major general |
||
|
BLAZHEVICH |
May - October 1930 |
|||
|
Head of the 6th Directorate of the Headquarters of the Red Army, head of the air defense service for the rear of the country |
Dmitry KUCHINSKY |
|||
|
Head of the 6th Directorate of the Headquarters of the Red Army, head of the air defense service for the rear of the country |
MEDVEDEV Mikhail Evgenievich |
|||
|
MEDVEDEV Mikhail Evgenievich |
||||
|
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army, Head of the Air Defense of the Red Army |
KAMENEV, Sergei Sergeevich |
Rank 1 Commander |
||
|
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army, Head of the Air Defense of the Red Army |
SEDYAKIN Alexander Ignatievich |
Rank 2 commander |
January - December 1937 |
|
|
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army, Head of the Air Defense of the Red Army (WRED) |
KOBLENTS Grigory Mikhailovich |
Colonel |
February - October 1938 |
|
|
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army, Head of the Air Defense of the Red Army |
POLYAKOV |
Major General of Artillery |
||
|
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army, Head of the Air Defense of the Red Army |
KOROLEV Mikhail Filippovich |
Lieutenant general |
June - November 1940 |
|
|
Dmitry T. KOZLOV |
Lieutenant general |
|||
|
Head of the Main Directorate of Air Defense of the Red Army |
PTUKHIN Evgeny Savvich |
Lieutenant General of Aviation |
February - March 1941 |
|
|
Head of the Main Directorate of Air Defense of the Red Army |
SHTERN Grigory Mikhailovich |
Colonel general |
March - June 1941 |
|
|
Head of the Main Directorate of Air Defense of the Red Army |
VORONOV Nikolay Nikolaevich |
Chief Marshal of Artillery |
June - July 1941 |
|
|
Head of the Main Directorate of Air Defense of the Red Army (vrid) |
OSIPOV Alexey Alexandrovich |
Major General of Artillery |
July - November 1941 |
|
|
Commander of the Air Defense Forces of the territory of the country, Deputy People's Commissar of Defense for Air Defense |
GROMADIN Mikhail Stepanovich |
Colonel general |
||
|
Commander of the Air Defense Forces of the territory of the country |
GROMADIN Mikhail Stepanovich |
Colonel general |
||
|
Artillery Commander of the Red Army |
VORONOV Nikolay Nikolaevich |
Chief Marshal of Artillery |
||
|
GROMADIN Mikhail Stepanovich |
Colonel general |
|||
|
Commander of the Air Defense Forces of the country - Deputy Minister of the USSR Armed Forces |
GOVOROV Leonid Alexandrovich * |
Marshal of the Soviet Union |
||
|
Commander of the Air Defense Forces of the country |
NAGORNY Nikolay Nikiforovich |
Colonel general |
||
|
Commander of the Air Defense Forces of the country |
VERSHININ Konstantin Andreevich |
Air Chief Marshal |
||
|
GOVOROV Leonid Alexandrovich |
Marshal of the Soviet Union |
|||
|
Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the country - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR ** |
BIRYUZOV Sergey Semenovich |
Marshal of the Soviet Union |
||
|
Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the country - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR |
SUDETS Vladimir Alexandrovich |
Air Marshal |
||
|
Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the country, Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR |
BATITSKY Pavel Fedorovich |
Marshal of the Soviet Union |
||
|
Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the country - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, since January 1980 - Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces, Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR |
KOLDUNOV Alexander Ivanovich |
Air Chief Marshal |
||
|
Tretyak Ivan Moiseevich |
Army General |
Genus. in 1923 |
||
|
Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces, Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR |
PRUDNIKOV Victor Alekseevich |
Army General |
Genus. in 1939 |
August - December 1991 |
|
Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States - Commander of the Air Defense Forces |
PRUDNIKOV Victor Alekseevich |
Army General |
Genus. in 1939 |
|
|
Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the Russian Federation |
PRUDNIKOV Victor Alekseevich |
Army General |
Genus. in 1939 |
|
|
Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the Russian Federation (vrid) |
SINITSYN Victor Pavlovich |
Colonel general |
Genus. in 1940 |
|
|
Commander-in-chief Air force RF Armed Forces |
KORNUKOV Anatoly Mikhailovich |
Army General |
Genus. in 1942 |
March 1998 *** - January 2002 |
|
Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force of the RF Armed Forces |
MIKHAILOV Vladimir Sergeevich |
Army General |
Genus. in 1943 |
January 2002 - present |
* Marshal of the Soviet Union L.A. Govorov simultaneously remained in the post of chief inspector of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
** From January 1956 to February 1991, the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Air Defense Forces was simultaneously the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Armed Forces of the Warsaw Pact member states, and the Commander of the Air Defense Forces of the Joint Armed Forces.
*** As Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force since January 1998, responsibility for air defense has been assigned since March 1998.
Sources of information
Colonel General B.F. CHELTSOV, Chief of the Air Force Main Staff - First Deputy
Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force. THE GENERATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE AIR DEFENSE OF THE COUNTRY"Voenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal" No. 12 2004
Loading...