How many letters are there in the Tajik language. Tajik

Letter e
at the beginning of a word, after a vocal and after ь denotes a combination of sounds ye:
we eat "glue", oed "come", play "play";
after consonants and after ъ denotes the sound e:
mehons “I read”, troubles “willow”, shame “(some) candle”.

Letters yo, yo, i are written at the beginning of a word, after vowels, and also after b *, b and d, denoting combinations of sounds: e - yo, yu - yu, i - ya, for example:
yer "friend", oyo "perhaps", daryo "river", junuchқa "lucerne", afjun "opium", yagona "united", takya "support", rioya "observance", tayer "ready".

Letter NS is written at the beginning of a word, for example:
ezo "clarification", elak "sito", ezor "pants"; in the middle of a word after a vowel: poem "poem", beetiroz "uncomplaining".
At the beginning of a word before x and b, e is written, not e, for example:
etiyot "caution", eҳtimol "probably", eҳtir "respect", etimod "trust", etiroph "recognition".

Letter and denotes the sound "and", as well as the combination of sounds "yi":
after vowels, after b and b, for example:
feast "old", intizom "discipline", didam "I saw", milk (pronounced doim) "permanent", honai mo "our house", tayin (pronounced tayin) "appointment", tahyir ** (pronounced tahyir) "change ".

Letter b written in words of Arabic origin in the middle and at the end of a word, for example:
malum “known”, vada “promise”, sham “candle”, monone “obstacle”.
With diligent pronunciation, ъ is articulated as an explosive sound generated in the upper part of the larynx.
In the usual fluent pronunciation, ъ after a vowel before a consonant lengthens the preceding vowel:
baad is pronounced almost like baad, malum - maalum; after a consonant, in the middle of a word, before a vowel causes a short pause in pronunciation, separating the consonant from the following vowel:
baraks "nabotot", sanat "art", qala "strength".
Words with "ъ" in the middle should be pronounced, highlighting the sound denoted by the letter "ъ", either by lengthening the preceding vowel, or by a short pause to avoid distorting the meaning of the word, for example:
- baad (pronounced baad) "after" and bad (pronounced bad) "bad",
- shўla (pronounced shuula) "flame" and shўla (pronounced shўla) "rice porridge".
In words borrowed from the Russian language, the letter ъ is saved as a separating character, for example:
exit - "exit", exit - "exit" (on railroad).

Letter b in Tajik words it is used in the function separator mark and is written before the letters e, yu, i, and (denoting the combination yi), for example:
beisier "many", afyen "opium", takya "support", tahyir "change".
In words borrowed from the Russian language, "ь" is used in the same way as in Russian spelling:
play, artel, Bolshevik, however, before the next vowel, the final b is not written:
car - "car"; automobile - "automobiles", but automobile - "automobile", automobiles mo - "our automobile".

Letter ӣ is written only at the end of a word and denotes the sound "and" under stress:
bozӣ - "game", balandӣ - "height".
An exception is the 2nd person singular form of the bundle verb - ӣ, which does not accept stress: studentӣ - "you are a student".

Letters c, u, s are found only in words borrowed from the Russian language, for example:
revolution, compasses, brush, exhibition.

* in writing, the sound ь is often omitted.
** now it is written rather tahyir, which means all Arabic masdars of the second type of verbs with media ya have d instead of b.

1.2. Vowel sounds

There are 6 vowel sounds in the Tajik language: a, e, and, o, u, ў.

And, uh, a: vowels of the front row, since when they are pronounced, the back of the tongue is moved forward and up;
- y, o: vowels of the back row, when they are pronounced, the back of the tongue, although raised up, is pushed back.
- ў: mixed vowel.
- u, oh, ў: rounded vowels, when pronounced, lips stretch and round
- and, uh, a - unbroken, lips do not participate in their pronunciation
- and, at: the upper rise and the most closed, or narrow, since when pronouncing them, the tongue rises most high to the palate
- uh oh ў: medium rise
- a: the most open sound lower rise.
- and: compared to Russian and the sound is more open, especially in the vicinity of the consonants қ, ғ, ҳ.
Tajik "and" approaches Russian "s", for example:
khirs "bear", qishlok "kishlak", qilof "scabbard", "case", qisht "brick".
In the vicinity of voiced consonants, Tajik "and" close to Russian "and", where it is more closed, for example:
id "holiday", dina "yesterday".

Vowel "NS" sounding close to the Russian e in the position between solid consonants (for example, in the words "six", "flail") and more openly than the Russian e (in the words "children", "sat down").

Vowel "but" sounding closer to the Russian "a" under stress (for example, in the words "garden", "booth") than to the unstressed "a".

Vowel "y" sounding close to the Russian "u" in the position between solid consonants, for example: "bast", "booth"
dur - "distant", bud - "he was," Huvvat - "strength."

Vowel "O" in the Tajik language, in comparison with Russian, "o" is a more open sound, but unlike Russian "o," Tajik "o" does not change in any phonetic position and is not replaced by the sound "a" in an unstressed syllable, as is the case in Russian ... Therefore, one should pronounce bodom (not badom) - "almond", hona (and not khana) - "house", shona (not shana) - "comb".

Vowel "ў" has no correspondence in Russian. When pronouncing the sound "ў", the back of the tongue rises to the middle palate, as in the Russian "s", the tip of the tongue approaches the lower tooth, the lips are rounded slightly more than in the Russian "y", and somewhat less than in the Russian "o". The vowel "ў" does not change its sound depending on the phonetic conditions: pўz - "day", duston - "friends", gўsfand - "ram", kўcha - "street".
Note: in a closed syllable before ҳ and ъ it is always written and pronounced ў:
ўҳda - "commitment", nўҳ - "nine", mўҳlat - “term”, mўtadil - “moderate”, mўtabar - “reliable”.

1.3. Consonant sounds

in the Tajik language there are 24 consonants: b, c, d, d, g, h, y, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, h, w, b,
ғ, қ, ҳ, ҷ.

Consonants ҷ, қ, ғ, ҳ do not have correspondences in Russian.
Sound ҷ - voiced, pronounced as a merged combination of sounds j:
oi - "place", ҷon - "soul".

Sound қ - a deaf occlusive, formed by closing the very back of the back of the tongue with a soft palate: қator - "row", Qishloқ - "kishlak".
Mixing the sounds "қ" and "k" can lead to distortion of the meaning of the word, for example:
and - "sugar" and kand - "he plucked", qadar - "quantity" and kadar - "sorrow".

Sound ғ - voiced slit, formed by bringing the very back of the tongue closer to the soft palate:
Gayr - "other", boғ - "garden", bogairat - "energetic".

Sound ҳ - a deaf slit, formed by the convergence of the walls of the pharynx (pharynx) in its lower part. The sound ҳ resembles the sound h in German in the words habe, heute.
Mixing the sound "ҳ" with the Russian "x" can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the word, for example:
ҳam - “also” and ham - “inclined”, ar - “everyone” and har - “donkey”.

Sound NS the corresponding Russian sound "x" differs somewhat, since it is formed deeper (the same as the sound ғ, but without the participation of the voice).

Sound l by ear it is perceived as a middle between Russian hard l and soft l:
lola - "tulip", gruel - "high".
When the Tajik "l" is formed, the front part of the back of the tongue is closed with the hard palate, and the edges of the tongue are lowered.

Voiced consonants b, d, d unlike the corresponding Russian consonants at the end of the word, they are stunned slightly:
bud - "was" (not but), rag - "lived" (not cancer).

The rest of the consonants of the Tajik language do not differ significantly from the corresponding sounds of the Russian language.

1.4. Stress

In Tajik, unlike Russian, the stress is fixed and usually falls on the last syllable of a word:
hona - "house", odam - "man", talaba - "student", honaҳo - "at home", korgar - "worker", davlatmand - "rich".
In words borrowed from Russian and other languages, the stress can fall on different syllables, for example:
tractor, institute.

Accent in Tajik does not fall on the following morphological indicators, service particles and words adjacent to the previous word and written together with it:
1) izafet - the connection between the defined and the definition using the unstressed indicator "-i"
guli surkh - "red flower", maktabi miyona - " high school»;
2) the suffix "-e", expressing uncertainty: odem - "some person";
3) the postposition "-ro": man in kitobro hondam - "I read this book";
4) pronominal suffixes "-am", "-at", "-ash", "-amon", "-aton", "-ashon":
kitobam - “my book”, kitobҳoyam - “my books”.
In combination with the pronoun hood - "self", stress falls to pronominal suffixes:
hudam - "I myself", hudat - "you yourself";
5) forms of the linking verb "-am", "-ӣ", "-ast", "-em", "-ed", "-and":
man talabaam - "I am a student", tu talabaӣ - "you are a student", onҳo talabagonand - "they are students";
6) the connecting union "-y / -yu":
kitobu daftar - "book and notebook", ochau bacha - "mother and child".
Although now, after the vowel, it is rather written "-vu" than "-yu", which means "ochavu bacha" instead of "ochayu bacha".

Stress does not fall also for unions:
- "ҳam" - "also", "too":
man ҳam meravam “I will also go”;
- "ki" - "what":
ў guft, ki imrўz dars meshavad - "he said that classes will take place today",
- interrogative particle "-мӣ":
padarat meoyad-mӣ? - "will your father come?"

In personal verb forms with the prefix "me-", the main stress falls on the last syllable of the form, and the additional stress falls on the prefix:
meravam - "I will come."

In personal verb forms with the prefix "bi-", the main stress falls on the prefix, and the additional stress falls on the last syllable of the form:
bihonad - "let him read."

The particle "na-", expressing negation in verbs, takes the main stress, the additional one falls on the last syllable of the verb form:
namegiram - "I will not take."

Verbs of the simple past tense have a parallel pronunciation with either stem-based stress or ending stress:
rafts or rafts - "I went."

In Russian and international words included in the vocabulary of the Tajik language, as well as in proper names and geographical names, usually the accent is accepted in Russian:
party, republic; Lenin, Darwin, Vera, Anna; volga, novgorod.

In words borrowed from the Russian language, which have long been included in colloquial speech, the stress falls on the last syllable, for example:
samovar, potatoes;

From R.L. Nemenova, "A brief outline of the grammar of the Tajik language", Dushanbe, 1988.
http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:4-cFUUXk2NUJ:amalgrad.ru/viewtopic.php%3Fid%3D1089+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8% D0% BA% D1% 81% D0% BA% D0% B8% D0% B9 +% D0% B0% D0% BB% D1% 84% D0% B0% D0% B2% D0% B8% D1% 82, +% D0% BF% D1% 80% D0% BE% D0% B8% D0% B7% D0% BD% D0% BE% D1% 88% D0% B5% D0% BD% D0% B8% D0% B5 & cd = 4 & hl = en & ct = clnk & gl = us

Tajik-Russian Electronic Dictionaries:

- Tajik-Russian / Russian-Tajik on-line dictionary (12,843 words): http://www.termcom.tj/?menu=dictionary&page=index2&lang=rus
- Russian-Tajik / Tajik-Russian Dictionary (65,000 words): http://wild.softodrom.ru/ap/p8340.shtml
- Tajik-Russian / Russian-Tajik electronic dictionary (45,000 words): http://www.tjslovar.narod.ru/
- Tajik-Russian electronic dictionary (about 13,000? Words):

M. MAXADOB
TAJIK LANGUAGE SELF-TEACHER
DUSHANBE MAORIF 1993
M-36
BBK 81.2 Taj-4
MAKHADOV M.
Self-study book of the Tajik language. - Dushanbe: Maorif 1993.
ISBN-5-670-00497-3

The book is supplied with simple spoken texts, Russian-Tajik dictionary.
It is intended for those who wish to study the Tajik language on their own, as well as for teachers of the Tajik language in Russian schools.
BBK 81.2 Taj-4 Editor A. Abrori
4306010000-595
M-- -33-93
M 504 (12) -92
ISBN 5-670-00214-8
(Є) Makhadov M., 1993
2
FOREWORD
The present tutorial"Self-study book of the Tajik language" is compiled for those who do not know or have poor command of the Tajik language. It consists of twenty lessons.
Elementary data on the phonetics of the Tajik language in comparison with the sounds of the Russian language are given in a concise form in the first lesson. The remaining nineteen lessons focus on the most common grammatical forms everyday speech.
Each lesson is designed for four to five hours of lessons. Educational material built in such a way as to facilitate the assimilation of the features of the Tajik spoken language. Grammar rules and the forms are given in free position and in the form of tables.
In order to quickly and effectively assimilate the material, each lesson is supplied with tasks, exercises and a vocabulary.
The self-instruction book includes small conversational texts on topics such as "Meeting", "At the bazaar", "At a restaurant", "At a hotel", as well as scientific and educational and literary texts... He introduces the most common aphorisms of the Tajik language and their Russian equivalents.
At the end of the manual, samples of some documents are given (application, certificate, power of attorney, act, autobiography) in Tajik and Russian.
The self-study guide is supplied with Tajik-Russian and Russian-Tajik dictionaries.
3
LESSON 1
1.1 ALPHABET OF THE TAJIK LANGUAGE
The modern alphabet of the Tajik language is built on the basis of the Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet and consists of thirty letters (sounds).
Inscription of letters
pechag-1 handwritten I
Inscription of letters
gtechaï- handwritten I poe
ha a: w>, ha I
Inscription of letters
I *
ha * °
print "manuscript- ^
new
ioe
A a, j4q a
B b% e be
in in<%#
R g? S
veh ge
D d
(Her) Єe (Her) Se
te
yo
K k ^ L l
Al m
Em
H n. / V, -. Oo
P and -YGl
pe
З З 1
C c T t
Cc
er
H h
che
Sh sh sha
Gee 9
(Yu yu) yu
(I am) ya
F g ge
K to ke
U u u
X X heh
The letters e, e, yu, i do not denote independent sounds. These letters designate complex sounds, consisting of two sounds: e = d + e, e = d + o, u = d + y, i = d + a (in the table, these letters are in parentheses).
1.2. SOUNDS (OOSWO)
The sounds of the Tajik language are divided into vowels and consonants.
1.3. VOICE SOUNDS (LETTERS)
There are six vowels in the Tajik language:
uh, uh, uh, oh, uh
The pronunciation of the vowel sounds a, u, e, y, o differs little from the pronunciation of the corresponding sounds of the Russian language. There is no vowel sound in Russian. The beginning of its pronunciation coincides with the pronunciation of the sound y, and at the end - with o, that is, y, sounds o-shaped.
Exercise 1. Say the following words out loud:
ruz - day rui - face
gush - ear shur - salty
y - he husha - ear, bunch
buoy - smell Urdu - army
kuch - mountain kuza - jug
mui -, hair, hair tour - mesh tufon - typhoon empty - skin
murcha - ant chickens - blind
1.4. CONSENT SOUNDS (LETTERS)
There are 24 such sounds (letters) in the Tajik language:
b, C, D, D, F, 3, d, k, l, m, n, p, p, s, t, f, x, h, “i, K, f, X, H, b.
5
The pronunciation of consonants b, c, d, d, g, z, d, k, l, m, n, n, p, s, t, f, h, w differs little from the pronunciation of the corresponding sounds of the Russian language. There are no consonants k, f, x, Ch, b in Russian. It takes some practice to pronounce them correctly. Sounds k, f are uvular consonants. When they are pronounced, the tongue closes or approaches the very back of the back of the tongue: these sounds are easily formed when these organs vibrate.
Exercise 2. Say the following words out loud:
FOp - grotto poF - slot 6of - garden gair - alien TaFo - uncle 30F - jackdaw zagir - flax guncha - bud guk - toad Fypy6 - gooza entry - cotton gunda - karakurt agba - ogil pass - barn
F03 - GOSE
kabl az - before ku - swan is bright - weapon kabila - clan, tribe kok, - dry koshuk - kosh spoon - eyebrow akl - um bakiya - remainder k, abc - bracket halk - people of vakt - time of crayfish - number of shark - east cue - part
The consonant x, has a guttural pronunciation: it is voiceless, slit (compare the pronunciation of г in Ukrainian or remember the pronunciation of г in Latin expression (homo sapiens (go-mo sapiens).
Exercise 3. Say the following tins aloud:
6
mohtob - moon dry - coast hack - share
hukm - order mohy - hezum fish - firewood
hama -¦ all
moss - month
bakhrr - spring kuch. -¦ mountain roh, - subh road. - morning sohib - master of rubokh; - fox ohak - muhit lime - surrounding
shoh - king
wednesday muhabbat - love
The consonant sound h consists of two sounds d and g, which are pronounced indissolubly, together: j.
Exercise 4. Say the following words out loud:
The consonant sound ъ (ain) has a guttural pronunciation; it is a voiced, occlusive sound formed by closing the walls of the pharynx. Its pronunciation resembles the pronunciation of a solid sign in Russian words such as congress, object, announcement, passing. This sound is found only in words borrowed from the Arabic language. At the end of the word before izafet and always disappears: mavzu is a theme, mazui nav is a new theme, tulu is, sunrise, tului oftob is the voyage of the sun.

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 origin of name
• 2 Writing
  • 2.1 Alphabet Correspondence Table
• 3 Numbers
Notes (edit)
Literature

Introduction

Tajik (Taj. zaboni Toҷikӣ, sometimes referred to as the Tajik dialect of the Persian language, Pers. فارسی تاجیکی - forci-tojiki) - the language of Tajiks, the state language of Tajikistan and one of the regional languages ​​of Afghanistan, belongs to the Iranian branch of Indo- Iranian languages Indo-European family. It is also widespread in some regions of Uzbekistan (in Samarkand, Bukhara, Surkhandarya, Kashkadarya and Namangan regions, as well as in some villages adjacent to these cities and individual islands in other regions of the country) and in a significant part of northern Afghanistan.

The divergence from the classical Persian language occurred around the 15th century. n. NS. At present, the Tajik language is very different from the Persian language phonetically, and the introduction in 1940 of an alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet further consolidated these differences. In addition, the vocabulary of the Tajik language is more archaic in comparison with the classical Persian; in the latter, the percentage of Arab borrowings is much higher, while in Tajik in the XX century. a lot of Russian borrowings appeared. Nevertheless, the mutual understanding of Tajiks with native speakers of the literary Persian language is still preserved.

1. Origin of the name

The term "Tajik language" came into use in the early 1920s. Starting from the 7th-9th centuries. and up to the above time, both in relation to the literary form of the New Persian language, and in relation to its numerous dialects and dialects that existed in the vast territory of Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia, used a single name "زبان فارسی", that is, the Persian language.

Another name for the language was "dari", as to the origin of which there are different versions. Most scientists believe that the word give related to the Persian word darbar (دربار ), "Yard", because Dari was spoken at the court of the Sassanids. This opinion is based on medieval sources and the writings of early Islamic historians. It should be clarified that the word "gift" in the early Middle Ages meant “ state administration, office", Consequently " give", As an adjective derivative from" gift"Means" administrative language", That is," official language "and" state language ". In modern Persian, these concepts are conveyed by the borrowed Arabic words رسمی (rasmi) and دولتی (dowlati), which simply did not exist in pre-Islamic Persian.

2. Writing

Until 1928, the Tajik alphabet was based on Arabic graphics

In 1930 - 1940, the Latin alphabet was used:

Modern Cyrillic-based alphabet:

In 1952, the letters were introduced U u and S... 1998 Letters Ts c, Sch u, Y s, b b were canceled.

In 2010, the director of the Institute of Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Sayfiddin Nazarzoda, proposed to exclude letters from the alphabet Yo yo, yo yo, yu yo, I am as not peculiar to the rules of the Tajik language.

The "Tajiks" living in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China are actually Pamir Tajiks and speak the Wakhan and Sarykol languages ​​of the Pamir group of Iranian languages.

2.1. Alphabet Correspondence Table

3. Numbers

0 - Cipher; 1 - Yak; 2 - Du; 3 - Ce; 4 - Chor; 5 - Panҷ; 6 - Shash; 7 - aft; 8 - Ҳasht; 9 - Hӯҳ; 10 - Yesҳ.

ALPHABET OF THE TAJIK LANGUAGE (ALIFBOY ZABONI TONIKI) The modern alphabet of the Tajik language is based on the Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet and consists of thirty letters (sounds). Inscription of letters pechag-1 handwritten I no Inscription of letters gtechai- handwritten I poega a: w>, ha I Inscription of letters I ga print "handwritten ioe A a, B b c c D g ve ge D d (Her) Єе ( Her) Se de yo K k L l Al m em H n O P and -YGl pe Z z 1 S s T t Cc er Ch ch che Sh sh sha G E e 9 (Yu yu) yu (I am) ya F r ge K k ke U y U XX he The letters e, ё, yu, i do not denote independent sounds.These letters denote complex sounds consisting of two sounds: e = d + e, e = d + o, y = = d + y, i = d + a (in the table, these letters are in brackets.) 1.2. SOUNDS (OVOZHO) The sounds of the Tajik language are divided into vowels and consonants. 1.3. VOICE SOUNDS (LETTERS) There are six vowel sounds in the Tajik language: a, and , uh, u, o, u. The pronunciation of the vowels a, u, e, y, o differs little from the pronunciation of the corresponding sounds of the Russian language. The vowel sound у is absent in Russian. The beginning of its pronunciation coincides with the pronunciation of the sound у, and at the end - with o, that is, y, sounds o-shaped Exercise 1. Say the following words out loud: ruz - day rui - face gush - ear shur - salty y - he husha - ear, bunch of buoy - smell of UrDU- army of kuhs - mountain kuza - jug of mui - hair, hair tour - mesh tufon - typhoon is empty - murch skin - ant of chickens - blind 1.4. CONFORMABLE SOUNDS (LETTERS) There are 24 such sounds (letters) in the Tajik language: b, C, D, D, F, 3, d, k, l, m, n, p, p, s, t, f, x, h , «I, K, f, X, H, b. 5 The pronunciation of consonants b, c, d, d, g, z, d, k, l, m, n, p, p, s, t, f, h, w differs little from the pronunciation of the corresponding sounds of the Russian language. There are no consonants k, f, x, Ch, b in Russian. It takes some practice to pronounce them correctly. Sounds k, f are uvular consonants. When they are pronounced, the tongue closes or approaches the very back of the back of the tongue: these sounds are easily formed when these organs vibrate. Exercise 2. Say aloud the following words: FOp - grotto poF - gap 6of - garden gair - alien TaFo - uncle 30F - jackdaw zagir - flax guncha - bud gook - toad Fypy6 - goose entry - clap gunda - karakurt agba - ogil pass - barn F03 - GUS kabl az - before ku - swan is bright - kabila weapon - clan, tribe kok, - dry koshuk - kosh spoon - eyebrow akl - um bakiya - remainder k, abc - bracket hulk - people vakt - time for crayfish - number shark - east cue - part of the consonant sound x, has a guttural pronunciation: it is voiceless, slit (compare the pronunciation of г in Ukrainian or remember the pronunciation of г in Latin expression (homo sapiens (gomo sapiens). Exercise 3. Say the following tins aloud: 6 mohtob - moon dry - coast khak - share of hukm - order mohy - hezum fish - firewood hama -¦ all moss - month bahrr - spring kuch. -¦ mountain roh, - subh road. - morning sohib - master of rubokh; - fox ohak - lime muhit - surrounding shoh - king environment muhabbat - love Exercise 4. Say the following words out loud: The consonant sound ъ (ain) has a guttural pronunciation, it is a voiced, occlusive sound formed by closing the walls of the pharynx. Its pronunciation resembles the pronunciation of a solid sign in Russian words such as congress, object, announcement, passing. This sound is found only in words borrowed from the Arabic language. At the end of the word before izafet and always disappears: mavzu is a theme, mazui nav is a new theme, tulu is, sunrise, tului oftob

TAJIK LANGUAGE COURSE
First, some general information.
The modern Tajik language is included in the southwestern subgroup of Iranian languages, which also includes modern Persian and Dari (aka Farsi-Kabuli). These three languages ​​are closely related, as they go back to the language of classical literature, which is usually called Persian-Tajik. This language was common for people living in the territory of modern Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia. For brevity, it is often referred to simply as Farsi. It should be noted that classical Persian and modern Persian are different stages in the development of the Persian language. There are differences between them, although not so strong as to prevent modern Iranians from understanding the literature of the classical period. The formation of the three modern languages took a period from the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century.
Writing and Phonetics
There are 39 letters in the Tajik alphabet. In addition to ordinary Russians, there are also ғ, ӣ, қ, ӯ, ҳ, ҷ.
(I'm not sure if all the letters will be displayed correctly in the browser, and in this case, you will probably have to switch to the Latin alphabet.)
Ғ denotes a voiced slit sound similar to the Ukrainian sound g.
ӣ is a purely orthographic sign indicating that the final “and” is under stress.
Қ denotes a dull stop sound that is heard in the Russian word "kysh". In Latin transcription, it is denoted by the letter q.
ӯ denotes a sound that is not in Russian, but if the goal is only to be able to read in Tajik, we can conventionally say that it is pronounced like Russian u.
ҳ denotes a dull crevice that is audible when breathing on frozen glass. The main thing is that the language remains neutral.
ҷ denotes a sound that is a voiced analogue of the Russian ch.
Vowel sounds are not divided into long and short ones, but into stable and unstable ones.
Resistant: uh, oh, ӯ. They are pronounced clearly in all positions.
Unstable: u, u, a. They are reduced to the point of falling out in an open pre-stressed syllable: k (i) tob "book", s (u) tun "column", s (a) fed "white". On the contrary, those who are stable in this position are pronounced in a very drawn-out manner.
The vowel and in the vicinity of the consonants ғ, қ, х are pronounced openly, almost like the Russian s:
Khirs "bear", Qishlok "kishlak", Qisht "brick". In the vicinity of the voiced vowels, Tajik and close to Russian and: id "holiday", dina "yesterday."
Stress
The stress usually falls on the last syllable: odam "man", talaba "student". The stress does not fall on the following particles and words written together with the preceding word (sometimes called enclitics): 1) izafet (it will be described in more detail in other lessons): guli surkh "red flower" (did not find Russian symbols with an accent sign , so I have an accent mark in front of the stressed syllable); 2) the suffix -е, expressing uncertainty: od΄ame "a certain person"; 3) postposition -ro: man in ky΄tobro hondam “I read this book”; 4) pronominal suffixes -am, -at, ash, -aton, -ashon: kytobam “my book”. Exception from the last point: in combination with the pronoun Khud “Sam”, the stress falls on these suffixes: Khuddam “I myself”. 5) forms of the bundle: -am, ӣ (this is an exception to the rule mentioned in the section "Phonetics"), -ast, -em, -ed, -and: man talakbaam "I am a student", tu talakbaӣ "you student".
You can also cite the following frequently used words, where the stress falls on the first syllable (in the last example, on the penultimate syllable):
Bale "yes"
Vale "but"
Beams "however"
Ore "yes"
Hele "very"
Ammo "however"
Ya'ne "that is"
Ooh "is it"
Zero "since"
Holo "now"
Ҳato "even"
Albatta "of course".

That's all the phonetics, which took less than two pages.

Additions to the section "Phonetics"

Ғ: This letter denotes a sound that fully corresponds to the Arabic sound, which is denoted by the letter gayn (ﻍ). In phonetic transcription, it is usually denoted by the sign [γ]. It is a voiced slit, formed by bringing the very back of the tongue closer to the soft palate. It is a voiced parallel to the Tajik sound (and letter) x. This sound (x) is somewhat different from the Russian sound x, as it is formed deeper. The letter қ denotes a voiceless occlusive, formed by closing the very back of the tongue with the soft palate. If further it is planned to switch to the study of modern Persian, then it should be borne in mind that ғ and қ in Tajik are two different sounds, denoted by two different letters. This is fully consistent with the situation in the classical language. In modern Persian, these two sounds merged into one reed voiced consonant, which is indicated in writing by two different letters - ﻍ and ﻕ. This creates difficulties in spelling, since you have to mechanically memorize when to write which letter. This is reminiscent of the torment of Russian schoolchildren before 1918, when they had to memorize where the letter e is written and where the letter is, although both letters denoted the same sound. However, most of the words with the aforementioned Arabic letters are borrowings from Arabic, so knowledge of Arabic helps to cope with the Persian spelling.
The letters e, yu, i are written at the beginning of a word, after vowels, as well as after b and d, denoting combinations of sounds: e = yo, y = yu, i = ya, for example: eer "friend", oo "is it", daryo "River", afjun "opium", yagona "one", takya "support", rioya "observance", tayer "ready",
E is written at the beginning of a word, for example: ezoҳ "clarification"; in the middle of a word after a vowel: beetiroz "uncomplaining".
At the beginning of the word, before ҳ and ъ, e is written, not e, for example: etiet "caution", etimod "trust".
The letter and denotes both the sound and, and the combination of the sounds yi (after the vowels, after b and b), for example: pir "old", doim (pronounced doim), honai mo (pronounced honayi mo), tain (tayin), tahyir ( taғyir).

Letter ъ
The Russian dividing mark matters only in borrowings from the Russian: congress.
In words of Arabic origin, it is written in the middle and at the end of the word: malum "famous", sham "candle". With diligent pronunciation, the sound denoted by this letter is articulated as an explosive sound generated in the upper part of the larynx. In the usual fluent pronunciation, ъ after a vowel in front of a consonant lengthens the preceding vowel: baad is pronounced baad. After the consonant, in the middle of the word, before the vowel, it causes a short pause in pronunciation, separating the consonant from the subsequent vowel: sanat "art".

Letter O
Indicates the sound about, which is more open than in Russian. The main difference from Russian is that the Tajik o does not change in any phonetic position and is not replaced by a sound in an unstressed syllable. It is necessary to okat like the Volzhans! Therefore, HONA "house" is pronounced, not hana!

Supplement to the section on stress.
Verbs of the simple past tense have parallel forms, either with an emphasis on the stem, or with an emphasis on the ending: graftam or raftam ("I went."

Grammar
Morphology
Parts of speech
Parts of speech are divided into independent and service parts.
Self-contained include nouns, verb, adverb, and interjection.
Names (what luck!) Do not have grammatical gender, cases and corresponding endings.
Names have the following grammatical indicators:
A) plural (suffixes -on, -ҳo)
B) singularity and uncertainty (suffix -e). It is, in fact, the indefinite article.
To connect the nominal parts of speech in a sentence, izafet, prepositions and postpositions are used.
However, adjectives, numerals, and most pronouns do not accept plurals.
Devory baland "high wall". Devoroi gruel "high walls".
Most pronouns do not accept izafet.
Noun
The suffix -ҳo is attached to all names, both animate and inanimate.
Odamҳo "people". Darakhtҳo "trees".
The suffix -on is attached mainly to the names of the animate.
Odamon "people". Zanon "women".
but plural some inanimate names can also be formed with the suffix -on. These names include the names of paired body parts.
Lab "lip" - lab "lips". Chashm "eye" - chashmon. Will give "hand" - daston.
In addition, words such as tree (darakht - darakhton) and star (sitora - sitoragon).
Variants of the suffix -on: -gon, -yon, -von. They are used for names that end in a vowel.
In colloquial speech, there is a tendency to supplant the suffix -on with the suffix -ҳo. Moreover, the sound ҳ is almost inaudible, so it is actually pronounced: odamo "people", zano "women".

Uncertainty or singularity of an object is expressed using the suffix -e.
Odam is "some kind of person." Rӯze "once".
If the noun has a definition, then the suffix is ​​appended to it.
Khabari nave "some new news."

Izafet
The relationship between the defined and the definition is expressed using the unstressed indicator -i, called izafet (in translation, it means addition).
Kitobi man "my book". Kitobҳoi man "my books".
The suffix -e is placed at the end of an izafet combination.
Kitobi nave "some new book".
A number of definitions form an izafet chain.
Binoi navi maktabi mo "the new building of our school."