The grammatical rules of the Russian language. Orphography rules

(features of word formation and word) and syntactic (features of the role in the proposal) and by semantic features. Various criteria prevail in various categories. So, nouns, adjectives and verbs have clear morphological signsseparating them from other parts of speech. At the same time, for example, pronouns are divided into several classes, morphologically close to nouns, adjective and adverbs, so allocated due to the characteristics of their semantics.

Noun

The name noun denotes the subject, in the sentence may be subject to, add-on, beyond.

The name of the noun in Russian varies on cases and numbers. In addition, it has a category of the genus (differ men's, female and medium genus), which is not a word dependent. Two numbers differ: the only multiple, and 6 podges: nominative, pet, dative, accusative, efficient and proposed. The number and case is expressed by the end of the noun. In addition, sometimes 4 more cases are distinguished: the charming (God, Lord, Dim, Ol), local (in the forest, in the meadow), partitive (there is no something? Tea - R.P., pour some of what? Tea).

Three slopes of nouns differ. Usually the declination of nouns female and male on the -and I refer to the 1st, male race for consonant and medium kind on -o, -e. - 2nd, and nouns of female clan on a soft consonant or hissing - 3-im. In old grammar 1-M, sometimes the declination of the male race on the consonant and secondary kind on -o, -e., and 2-M - female and male soda on -and I.

In the 1st and second declension, soft and hard types differ depending on the nature of the last consonant base.

In addition, there are a number of nouns that do not fall under these types (10 nouns of the middle kind on -My and word way); Many foreign nouns with non-standard for Russian expirations (and, etc.) are not inclined.

Adjective

The adjective name varies on cases, numbers and childbirth. Rod, case and the number of adjectives are expressed by its end.

Declination of adjectives

In contrast to nouns, adjectives are changed in general by one sample, only soft and solid deposition types differ.

1. After the hissing or posterior consonant consonant instead of "s" is written "and".
2. If adjective in male genus ends on a "-th", this syllable is always under the emphasis.
3. After hissing consonants, in the middle way, the adjectives goes "-eis." Sometimes it is called "Rule good».
4. Accusative case of male genus and in multiple number Depends on the animation animational animation.

Verb

Grammar categories of Russian verb

The verbs in Russian are perfect and imperfect. The category of the species belongs for various reasons to word-forming, but in some cases affects the imposition of the verb.

Traditionally, three inclinations are distinguished: the expressive, subjunctive and imperative. (In addition, infinitives, communion and verbalization of the challenge of inclination do not have).

IN expressive challenge The verb varies at times. In the present and the future, the verb varies in numbers and persons, and in the past in terms of numbers and childbirth.

Two basics of verb

The forms of verb are formed from two bases. The first is the basis of the infinitive (the infinitive itself is formed, the past time and subjunctive mood, the sacrament and the leadingness of the past time), and the second is the basis of the present time (there is currently formed, imperative inclination, communion and verbality of this time).

To find the basis of the infinitive, it is necessary to take the finite from the form of the only number of female -Al.

To find the basis of the present time, it is necessary from the form of the 3rd face of a multiple number of current time to take over -AT. or -oot (End -Ind and -t Does not exist - these are pure graphic options: their presence after vowel says that the basis of the present time ends on the suffix -J-After a consonant - that the base ends on a soft consonant).

For example, throw: kidala - The basis of infinitive kid-A-, think (\u003d Kid-A-J-UT) - the basis of the present kID-A-J-; led: drove - The basis of infinitive water-and-, water - the basis of the present time waters "- (But in the first person of the only number of the foundation lead), call: named - the basis of infinitive on-star, name - the basis of the present time on the call

The ratio of these foundations is very difficult. More than 20 types of formation of the basis of the present time from the base of the infinitive is allocated, although new verbs are formed only in five of them. As a result, it is impossible to give any rules for the definition of one on another.

Forms formed from Infinitive Basics

The actual infinitive is formed from the base of the infinitive with the help of suffix -t..

Combination of infinitive with auxiliary verb be Forms the future time of verbs of an imperfect species.

The form of the past time is formed from the basis of the past time with the help of suffix -L- and endings pointing to the genus and number. -0 for the male genus the sole number -but - for the female genus the sole number -about - for the average genus of the sole number -and - For a plural.

Using joining the form of past particle would be The form of the subjunctive inclination is formed.

From the basis of the past time with the help of suffix - And the endings of the adjective is formed by the sacrament of the past time of the actual collateral, with the help of suffix -an (n) - - Communion of the suffering pledge.

Forms formed from the basis of the present time

see also

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Oh in unstressed roots - - -

Oh in unstressed roots - - - - - - -

O - A in unstressed roots -Kos- -

The spelling of the roots of the Khar- - -Gor-, -Zar---Z-, -Lela- - -Lon-,

And in roots with alternation

O - A in unstressed roots -mok- (-moch-) - -mak-, -st- - -th

O - E (E) in roots after hissing

And after C

O - e after hissing and c in suffixes and endings of nouns and adjectives

Consoles on ... s - ... with

Prefixes pre-and

Remember:

Vowels s and after consoles

Remember:

Cases and casement of nouns names

Features of the declination of nouns on-si, -

Detachable nouns on-"

as well asway

Nouns suffixes

Suffix -ik-,

If when the noun

the vowel falls out, then suffix is \u200b\u200bwritten -:

friender - Hardness Arugat - Nut

the vowel persists, then writes -ik-:

shalashika - Boy Shalashik - Boy

Suffixes -, -thic

Soffixes -ichk-,

Sufifixes -

Not with nouns

Remember:

Not adjective

Adjective suffixes

Suffixes -Iv-,

Suffixes -onk-, -

Suffixes -k-, -sk-

-He, - -nn- in the suffixes of adjectives

In brief adjectives, -, - are written in accordance with the full form

Grass green (green). The road is long (long).

Connecting vowels O, E in difficult words

Spelling complicated nouns

 Fusion Writing

Complex words with elements:

Complexed words from the first the verbal part Oh: Gorizvt, Sorvigolov. Exception: Roll-field.

 Defis Writing

Difficult names, Terms: Dynamo Machine, Prime Minister.

Composite names of political parties: Anarcho-Syndicalism

Complex units of measurement: gram-calorie, ton-kilometer. Exceptions: Working, Labor.

End of adjectives

Unstable endings of adjectives are checked:

About the book (what? Oh, -one) interesting. To the tree (which? -You, it is high. Shrub (what? Oh,, -one, -y) spiny.

In adjectives on -y, -ye, -ye, si (fox, foxes, fox) in all forms, except for them. and wines. Padgers. h. m., Before completion, is written b: fox, fox, fox, fox.

In the adjectives formed from the names of months, b will persist: April - April July - July September - September exception: January - January

Specifying complex adjectives

Numeral

 by value and grammatical features

quantitative

five ten

ordinal

fifth tenth

 In the composition

three nine seconds

fifty seventy two hundred

compound

twenty five thirty seventh fifty first

The declination of quantitative numbers

Declination of compound quantitative numeral

In compound numerals denoting integers, all the words from which they consist are inclined.

Declination of fractional numerals

3 - Numerator: Quantitative numeral - 5 - denominator: sequence numerical

When declining fractional numerals, both parts change: the numerator is inclined as an integer, and the denominator is as an adjective in the plural.

Declination of collective numerical babes

Declination of numerical and a half, a half

B at the end and in the middle of numeral

Remember:

In the middle does not write fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen

Proponation

i, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.

Returns

Questionative

who? what? What? whose? which the? how much?

Relative

who, what, what, whose, which, how much, what is.

Negative

nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, no, anything, a few.

Pictures

my, yours, yours, our, your, his, her, of them.

Indexing

that, this one, such, so much this (feasible.).

Defined

all, any, everyone, himself, any, other.

Uncertain

someone, something, some, someone, some ...

Spelling of uncertain pronamies

Non- in negative pronouns

Not, under the stress

someone has nothing to do anything no longer

None without stagnation

no one anywhere else

pounced in the absence of an excuse

some nobody nothing

separately with the pretext

no one who has nothing to do with anything

Conjugation of verbs

Hiding verbs is determined by an indefinite form.

Hindering verbs of present

Features of the conjugation of some verbs:

From the verb to defeat the 1st face. Numbers are not formed.

1st and 2nd face. and mn. h. BP. From the verb to be not used.

Metraimaged verbs want, run, break: wants, wants - according to I SPR;; We want, want, want - for II SPR; run, running, run, run - for II SPR; run - according to I SPR; forces - according to I SPR; Wheel - II SPR.

Eating b in verb forms

The letter b is written:

in an indefinite form:

washing - to wash - take care of

in the end of the 2nd person. h.:

pleased - Raine

in the imperative inclination after consonants.

58. Principles of Russian spelling, orphogram

ORFography - the system of spelling rules. The main sections of spelling:

• writing morphemes in different parts of speech,
• fusion, separate and defisid writing words
• consumption of capital and lowercase letters,
• hyphenation.

Principles of Russian spelling. The leading principle of Russian spelling is the morphological principle, the essence of which is that the Morphem common for the kindred words retain a single design on the letter, and in speech they may vary depending on the phonetic conditions. This principle is used for all morphemes: roots, consoles, suffixes and endings.

Also, based on the morphological principle, a uniform writing of words belonging to a certain grammatical form. For example, b (soft sign) formal sign infinitive.

The second principle of Russian spelling is a phonetic writing, i.e. Words are written as they hear. An example is the spelling of the prefixes on the Z-C (Intangular - Restless) or a change in the root initial and on the prefixes ending on the consonant (play).

There is also a differentiating spelling (Wed: burn (souche.) - Ozheg (verb.)) And traditional writing (letter and after letters w, sh, c - live, sew).

Orfogram is a case of choice when 1, 2 or more different writing is possible. It is also a writing corresponding to the rules of spelling.

The spelling rule is the rule spelling rule of the Russian language, how many writing should be selected depending on the language conditions.

59. Used registered I. stritch letters .

60. Word Transfer Rules

1. Words are transferred by syllables (ma-ma, ba-ra-ban),
2. It is impossible to separate the consonants from the subsequent vowel (ge-ro "y),
3. You can not retard on the string or transfer part of the syllable (Pu-Stuck, Pus-True - right; empty yak (incorrectly),
4. It is impossible to leave on the line or transfer one vowel, even if it is a whole syllable (anal-mia - right; A-on-Mi-I is wrong),
5. It is impossible to tear b (soft sign) and b (solid sign) from the previous consonant (rolling, mini),
6. The letter and does not come off from the prevish vowel (heaven-he),
7. With a combination of several consonants, transference options (CE-CE, SES-TRA, SEST-RA) are possible; In such cases, such a transfer is preferred in which morphemes do not understand (under-press).

61. The spelling of the vowels is rooted.

If the voice is in the root, it stands in a weak (unstressed) position, then the problem arises the problem of choice, which letter should be written.

1. If you can choose a related word or change the word so that this vowel is under an emphasis, then such a vowel is called checked. For example, pillars - one hundred "LB; reconcile (friends) - Mi" r.
2. If the unstressed vowels can not be checked by stagnation, then such vowels are called unverhered, and the spelling of words with such vowels should be memorized or verified by spelling dictionary (CATO "FEEL, ELIXSI" P).
3. In Russian, there are a number of roots with alternating vowels. As a rule, the vowel is written under the stress, which hears; The choice of letters in an unstressed position depends on certain conditions:

• from the stroke:

Gar Mountains: Under the stress is written a (ZAGA "R, Razi" R), without emphasis - o (Zagora "Lya, prigor? Н), exceptions: you are" Garca, and "Zgar, with" Gar;

Zaror: without emphasis is written a (glow "of Central Asia, Ozari"), under the emphasis - which hears (ZO "Ryka, for" Revo), the exception: Zorava ";

Clan-clon: without emphasising is written about (pre-clone "with the locations", under the stress - which hears (KLA "to nail, appeal" H);

Creaters: without emphasis is written about (creating ", the creature" Nie), under the stress - what he heard (yours "Rty and TV" ry), the exception: the "creature;

• from subsequent letters or combinations of letters:

Caskos: If in the root it follows, it is necessary, then it is written about (kosn ", touched" the "Nie), in other cases is written a (casal", casia);

Lag lodges: Before r is written a (apply, adjective), it is written about (app, suggest), exceptions: by "log;

Rasp- (-) - Ros: Around Art and I am written a (grow ", Nara" Pitch), before with written about (for "Rosl, you" grew), exceptions: about "Trasl, Rosto" k, you "Ros-current, Rostov" to. Rosto "in;

Skak-Skop: Before K is written a (Skak "T), before h is written about (you" smoke), exceptions: jump "K, jump";

• From the presence or absence after the root of the suffix -a-:

Viros-, -Dero, -mer-Mir, - Picture, -Ter, -Benect,-Bliste, -Gegigue, -Hell, became, - Cheat: in front of the suffix - It is written and (collision "q, ignition" T, flooring "TD), in other cases it is written e (bleak, zozh" whose), exceptions; combined "th, combined"

Roots with alternation A (I) - to them (in): in front of the suffix - is written by them (in) (zamina ", clamping" T), in other cases is written a (I) (deputy "b, jazle") ;

• from the value:

McCloc: -Mak- Used in the value "Immerse into a liquid, to do wet" (poppy "of bread in milk), -Mo - in the value of" flowing liquid "(the wet boots);

Equal: -stolvn - used in the value "equal, the same, along" (fuel "), -ovn - in the value" smooth, straight, smooth "(" RO-Venya, Zingry ");

• - Plot - floating: oly written only in the words of the pilaf "C and Plovci" ha, s - only in the word floating ", in all other cases I am written (Llava" Honor, Poplating "K).

62. The spelling of vowels after hissing and C.

• After the hissing consonants, h, sh, the vowels are written, and, and, and never write vowels, Yu, s (thorough, fat). This rule does not apply to words of foreign-speaking origin (parachute) and on comprehensive words, in which any combination of letters (inter-rig) are possible.
• Under the stress after the hissing is written in, if you can choose related words or another form of this word, where it is written e (yellow - yellowness); If this condition is not performed, then it is written about (changing, rustling).
• It is necessary to distinguish between the noun burns and his related words from the verb in the last time of the burden and his kindred words.
• A quick vowel sound under the stress after hissing is denoted by the letter O (knife-knife "H).

The spelling of the vowels after c.

• At the root after C, (civilization, mat) is written; Exceptions: Gypsies, tiptoe, chicks, chicks their single words.
• Letters I, Yu are written after c only in the names of own non-Russian origin (Zurich).
• Under the stress after C is written about (CSC "cat).

Choice of vowels; and or e.

• In foreign language words, it is usually written e (adequate); Exceptions: mayor, peer, sir and their derivatives.
• If the root begins with the letter E, it is preserved and after the prefixes or cut the first part of a complex word (save, three-storey).
• After vowel and written e (requiem), after the other vowels - e (maestro).

The letter and writes at the beginning of the iodine words (iodine, yoga).

63. The spelling of the consonants is rooted.

1. In order to test dubious ringing and deaf consonants, you need to pick up such a form or related word so that these consonants stood in a strong position (in front of the vowel or sonorny (l, m, and, r)) sound: a fairy tale.
2. If a dubious consonant cannot be verified, then its writing needs to be remembered or know in the spelling dictionary. ;
3. Double consonants are written:
   - At the junction of morpheme: consoles and root (tell), root and suffix (long),
   - at the junction of two parts of comprehensive words (maternity hospital),
   - In the words that you need to remember or determine by spelling dictionary (entrance, yeast, burning, buzzing, juniper and word-sized words; words of foreign-speaking origin (for example, a group, class) and derivatives from them (group, cool).
4. In order to check the writing of words with non-promotable consonants having a combination of letters of branches, UDN, NDK, NTSC, STL, STN, etc. It is necessary to choose such a single word or so to change the word shape so that after the first or second smoke there is a vowel (sad - sad, whistling-to-wear); Exceptions: shine (although "glistening"), staircase (although the "Lanenka"), splash (although "splash"), a flask (although "glass").

64. The spelling of the consoles.

1. The spelling of some prefixes must be remembered, they do not change under any circumstances (convey, attribute, put it, etc.). The prefix of the C-, which in speech before ringing consonants is spinning, and does not change on the letter (escape, do).
2. In the prefixes on the E-C (non-influenza, WHO (VZ) - - V- (Sun-), because of the low- (ros-) - rates (Ros- ), after- (Along) - Cherve- (Cres-)) is written in front of the EAON, kimi consonants or vowels (anhydrous, flared up), and before deaf consonants are written with (infinitive, rebel).
3. Special difficulty represents the writing of the prefixes of pre-. Basically, their difference is based on their lexical meaning.

Prefix is \u200b\u200bused in value:

• high quality of quality (it can be replaced by the words "very", "very"): exaggerated (\u003d "very enlarged"), the previous one (\u003d "very interesting");
• "Through", "Ooo" (this value is close to the value of the prefixes of the Pere-): Crime (\u003d "Operate).

The prefix is \u200b\u200bused in value:

• spatial proximity (suburban, bite);
• approximation, attachment (approach, sailing);
• incompleteness of action (cover up, suspend);
• bringing action to the end (to nail, facing);
• action in whose interests (progress).

In some words, the prefixes are pre-and not stand out and the spelling of such words must be remembered: to stay (in meaning "to be in some place or condition"), despise (in meaning. "HATE"), neglected, president (word of foreign language origin); Device, order, charity (in meaning "Care"), etc.

4. If the prefix ends in a consonant, and the root begins with a vowel and, then instead of and written on (Birds, play); Exceptions:

• complexed words (pedigree), -
• prefixes of inter- and super- (Mezhinskitsky, over-interest),
• the word "two-pulse", etc.
• initial consoles Des-, counter, post, super-, trans-, pan- (conagra, subpongre).

65. The spelling of the dividing \\ and l spelling of the separation Kommersant (solid sign).

1. The dividing Kommersant (solid sign) is written before vowels E, E, Yu, I:

• after the console ending on the consonant: the entrance, a detour;
• in the words of foreign-speaking origin after the prefixes ending with the consonant (ab-, administrative, inter-, inter-, trans-) or after an integral part of the Pan- : Adjutant, Trans-European;
• in difficult words, the first part of which is numeral two-, three-, four-: bunk, three-storey;

2. This rule does not apply to comprehensive words: chatted.

The spelling of the dividing b (soft sign).

The dividing b (soft sign) is written:

• inside the word in front of the vowels E, Yu, Yu, I: peasant, blizzard;
• in some words of foreign language origin in front of the letter O: Medallion, Champignon.

The spelling of the vowels after hissing and c in suffixes and endings.

1. In the end and suffixes of nouns, adjective and suffixes, the adverbs under the stress after hissing and C are written about, without emphasis - e (knife "m, the big" go, book "NCA, the end" M, Ovczo "you, you, and Ekil "Well, P" Waving, Ry "Whago, Bargo" VTS, Ocoltsev "T).

2. After hissing under the stress, it is written.

• in the end of the verbs (rzhet, lying),
• in the verb sufficse -ёviv- (tortured),
• in the suffix of nouns - the development (highway),
• in the suffix of the exclusive nouns -Exc- (targeting),
• with the suffix of the suffering communion, it is (n) - (fasten, harnessed),
• in the suffix of the exclusive adjectives (burning) and in words derived from these adjectives (Zhezhka),
• in pronounty about
• words and hope.

66. Spelling nouns names.

Spelling of endancing in nouns:

1. in nouns for men and medium kind, in which padded ending Writing vowels and, in an unstressed position in P.P. written ending-and; The nouns of the female genus this rule applies to D.L. and pp; I.P. Police, genius, blade R.P. Police, Genius, Blade D.P. Police, Genius, Blade V.P. Police, genius, blade, etc. Police, genius, blade p.p. About the police, about Genius, about blade
2. in nouns of the middle kind on -ye in P.P. Without emphasis, it is written e, and under the stress - and: about happiness, in forgetting;
3. in nouns on - with the preceding consonant or both in line. MN.ch. B (Soft sign) At the end not written: Bedroom - bedrooms; Exceptions: young ladies, villages, hawa, kitchens.
4. in nouns on -ov, -Ev, -Ev, Yun, In, denoting Russian surnames, in TV.P. The only number is written by the end of them, and in nouns on-s, -in, denoting foreign surnames. -Ove: Ivanov, but Darwin.
5. nouns on -Os, -Ev, -Ii, н, -On, --Ino, ENO, denoting the names of populated points, have in the tr. ending-one: under Lviv, for walking;
6. if the noun with the suffix is \u200b\u200ba male or middle kind, then it is written by the end, if the female is - -Ah: swamp - swamp, but the hand is a swirl;
7. animate nouns with suffixes, - UCHK-, -YUCHK-, -EV, - Hydro-male clan and nouns of female sorts with the same suffixes in I.L. have the ending - a: dat, grandfather; Inanimate nouns Male genus and the nouns of the middle kind with these suffixes have the end of -1: Herbushko, Domishko;
8. in the nouns of the middle kind after suffix, the letter O: Chisel, and in animated nouns of men and middle kind - A: Zublila.

Spelling of nouns name suffixes:

1. If the Suffix -IK - (- Chic-) is written in the noun, then it is also preserved in indirect cases, and if the suffix is \u200b\u200bwritten - (-chek-), then in indirect cases, it alternates with zero sound (Wed: a piece - a piece, finger-finger);
2. In nouns, the suffix is \u200b\u200bwritten in nouns, in the nouns of the female kind - the suffix is, and in nouns, it is written in nouns, it is written - if the emphasis falls on the end and -, if the emphasis falls on the syllable in front of the suffix ( Wed: Handsome (M.R.) - Beauty (Zh.R.) - Whether "(SR.R.) - Place" Tiece;
3. Reductantly-laxed suffix -ink-in-writer in nouns formed from the nouns of the female genus ending on-room (scratch - scratch, straw - straw); But in the words denoting female faces (for example, refugee, Frenchwoman), a combination is written - aik- (no diminitious and lascal value);
4. The combination is also written in words formed from noun, ending on-room or -d, and not having a soft sign) at the end of the word in the parental case of a plural (cherry - cherries - cherry);

note: If the nouns are on -ny, "have a plural in the parental case of a plural at the end of the (soft sign), then a combination is written -Ex- (kitchen - kitchens - kitchen);

5. In the mascara suffixes -On- (written after solid consonants) and -Enx- (written after soft consonants, less often - after solid) after H is written (soft sign) (for example, ripple, nadya),

note: In the modern Russian suffix, -yny, -in-, -Ank- does not exist, the words with such suffixes are found only in artwork Until the XIX century inclusive and in folklore (non-rotary, Lolosynka, Nadinka; CP. Modern flights, Nadya), Exceptions: Painka, Zainka, Bainica (suffix -in-);

6. Sufifix -shek is written into the extension of "middle-sized (sun-sun, feather feather); Suffix is \u200b\u200bcovered in nouns for men and female (neighbor - neighbor, head-head chair); Suffix-Yushk-speaking in nouns of all kinds formed from nouns for a soft consonant (field - Polyushko, Uncle - Uncle); Some nouns of the male race are formed with the help of suffixes-hay, Eshek-, ears- (clins, pegs, rollers, pillows, pills; pebbles, edge; words of sparrows, pebbles are used in folk, colloquial speech);
7. With nouns denoting people by the nature of their activities, the suffix is \u200b\u200bwritten - in front of the consonants of D, T, A, C, F (translator, Lbstchchka, the Defector, etc.), and in all other cases, the suffix - (typewriter, projection);

note 1: In some words of foreign-speaking, after t, the suffix-machine- (flouser, asphalt) is written,

note 2: b (soft sign) is written in front of the suffix - only after the consistent l (roofer),

note 3: If the base ends on consonants to, c, h, then in front of the suffix - they are replaced by the consonant T (distribution - distributor);

8. In many women's middle names, [Ishna] is heard, but he is written (Ilinichna, Fominichnaya).

67. Spelling the names of adjectives. Spelling the endings of the adjectives.

the declination of high-quality and relative adjectives; declining pretty adjectives with the basis of j (for example, fox, bearish); The declination of the attractive adjectives with suffixes -in-, (s), -One- (-Ev-): Lisitsyn, Mimin.

In the multiple number of the end of all kinds coincide.

Note: The accusative case of adjectives in the male genus of the only number coincides with the form of a genitive case, if the adjective refers to animate extensive or pronoun, and with a nominative case - if the adjective depends on inanimate nouns or pronoun.

1. Russian men's surnames on -Os (-Ev), -in (-yn) in the arterial case of the only number have the ending-one (as well as brief adjectives): Pushkin - Pushkin.
2. Geographical names, ending with on -i, -Ev, -Yo, andino, -yn, -in, -On, -Evo, in the arterial case of the only number have the end of the end: under the city of Pushkin.
3. Adjective suburban, mb inclusive, suburban, suburban have in the nominative case of the only number of end (-th, -th), and the adjective non-resident end of the end - "and (s).
4. Adjective brief form have the ending - "H (slim - construction), an exception: worthy-one;
5. Perhaps a two-way writing and pronunciation of adaptain (-shah, -eis) - beless (-th).

Spelling of suffixing instant adjectives:

1. The suffix is \u200b\u200bwritten under the stress -, without emphasis - suffix -Ev- (Wed: beautiful - battle "th), exceptions: Mi" Salovy, Yuro "Wiwely;
2. With suffixes, it is always written and (ugly, arrogant);
3. Sufifixes -Own-, -On, are written after solid consonants, and after soft consonants, suffixes are written after hissing and C, -Evit-, -Ev-, -Vit- (cf., greenish, business - glossy , bluish);
4. In the adjectives, ending with the noun, formed from the noun, ending with one, under h, under the stress, are written and, without accepted - E (Wed: Frog: Flag "Chiy - Lang" Shechy);
5. In front of the suffix, the letter, if the sound that it is indicates is one morpheme (for example, a board - aging); If, in the base-based under the suffix, there are the letters of blood pressure, C, ST, W, then they are preserved in a new word, and to alternate with h (freckles - spring);
6. If the base ends on C, and the suffix begins at h, then the C alternates with T (tiled - tiled);
7. Spelling suffix -sk-:

• if the base ends onto d or t, then in front of the suffix -sk, they persist (flesh - carnal, cattle - Skotsky);
• if the base ends on to, h, c, then after them suffix is \u200b\u200bsimplified and becomes just -K-, and the C and C change to C (Fisherman - fishing, weaver),

note: In some adjectives, the alternation of K, h with C does not occur (Tajik - Tajik, Uglich - Uglich):

• if the basis of the word of foreign-speaking origin ends on the SC, then in front of the suffix -sk, it is lowered and the combination of sec (San Francisco - San Francisky) is descended,

Exceptions: Basque, Osksky;

• if the base ends on C, then it is lowered and only written the combination of SC letters (Wales-Wales),
• if the base ends up onto, then one C is lowered, since in Russian there can be no combination of the TBC of the same consonant letters (Odessa-Odessky);
• if the base ends on -ny or -re, then in front of the suffix -sp (soft sign omitted),

Exceptions: b (soft sign) is written

- In the adjectives formed from the names of months (July - July),
- in adjectives formed from some foreign language geographical name (Taiwanese),
- in combination day-day,
8. Before suffix - finite I agree to, C are moving to h, and x - in thek (boredom - boring, turmoil - turmoil);

Spelling N and NN in adjective suffixes:

Note 1: They are written in adjectives: spicy, crimped, rye, drunk, ruddy, young, green, windy, pork.

Note 2: Written windy, but windless.

Note 3. It is necessary to distinguish the adjectives of the oil (for oil, on the oil) and oil (blurred, soaked in oil); Compare: Oil stain - oil hands.

Note 4. It is necessary to distinguish the adjective windy (day, man), windmill (pump) and chickenpox (chickenpox).

68. The spelling of complex words.

1. Sophisticated words can be formed using two simple foundationsconnected by connecting vowel o (written after the basis for solid consonants) or E (written after the basis for a soft consonant, on hissing or c): whirlpool, birds.

2. The spelling of complex words without connecting vowels:

• it is necessary to distinguish complex words formed with the help of a connecting vowel (locomotive) and without it (psychstore;
• numbered names in the parental case are part of complex words without connecting vowels (three-storey, two-year);
• the attachments of foreign-speaking origin are written to the root: anti-arch, hyper-, inter-, infra-, control, post-, sub-, super-, ultra-, extra-anti-magnitary, ultravy, counterattack);
• the words are not complicated, before this combination of letters is written and (gasification).

3. Spelling of complex nouns:

a) they are picked:

• complicated nouns with the first part: AUTO, AGRO-, AERO-, VELOH, HELIOV, GEO, HYDRO-, ZOO-, IO, CINE, STERE-, RADIO-, MACRO-, etc. (cinema, stereo, radio station);
• complicated nouns with the first part of the verbal, ending on and (Derportord, Sorvigolov),

Exception: roll-field;

• all comprehensive words (Sberbank, Balt Fleet).

b) through the hyphen is written

• sophisticated nouns without connecting vowels, denoting scientific and technical and socio-political terms and names (stop-crane, prime minister);
• names of intermediate sides of the world (southeast, north-west);
• sophisticated owl, denoting the names of plants, which have a verb in their personal form or the Union (mother-and-stepmother, do not love);
• words with foreign language elements: Ober-, Unthr-, Leib-, Headquarters, Vice-, Ex- (Vice President, Unter-Officer).

4. Specify complex adjectives: a) picked together:

• adjectives formed from complex nouns that are writing pneuged (stereo system-systemose system);
• complex adjectives formed from phrases, where one word is subject to another ( railway - rail);
• complex adjectives, which are scientific and technical terms or speech styles belonging to book styles (highly paid, thick-linked, the above);
• complex adjectives, the first part of which cannot be used in speech as an independent word;

b) they are written through the hyphen:

• adjectives formed from complex nouns writing through the hyphen (southeast-southeast);
• complex adjectives formed from a combination of own names (Jack-Londonskih, Petr-Petrovic);
• complex adjectives formed from the combination of words with equal members connected writing connections (convex-concave);
• complex adjectives denoting colors (pale pink, blue-brown); \\
• complex adjectives, denoting geographical or administrative names and with the first part of the West, South, South, North, North, East-, North, North, East-, East-Yeropia Plain).

69. The spelling of numerals.

1. Complex numerals are written in a punk (thirty);
2. Components and fractional numerals are written separately (forty-five, three seventh);
3. Ordinal numerals that end on-day, -mallone, - a billion is written in a punch (thirty thousand);
4. Nutritive five or nineteen and twenty, thirty writing with b (soft sign) at the end, and numeral fifty - eighty, five hundred - nine hundred b (soft sign) is written in the middle of the word between two bases;
5. There are two forms: zero and zero. The second is used in the terminological meaning in indirect cases, both forms are found in sustainable expressions.
6. Numerical flooring of a complex word is written

• through a hyphen, if the second part of the word begins with a vowel letter or L (half-liter, half-watermelon), or if it is the name of its own (half of Russia);
• ply, if the second part of the complex word begins with a consonant letter (except L): Polkylogram;
• separately, if it has an independent value and torn off from the noun determination: Paul teaspoon.

Note: The numeral half-in size is always written in a punch: half-blooded, half-sided.

The spelling of the expirations is numerical.

1. Declination of quantitative numbers:

The numerical one is inclined in the same way as adjective in the singular:

In numeral two, three, four are special case endings:

Nutritive five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten and nullifying on the fifteen and -dinteen inclined the same as the nouns of the third decline:

Nutigatory forty, ninety, a hundred have a special declination (the accusative case coincides with the very famous, in the rest of the case - ending-a):

In quantitative components, each word is inclined:

Special declination in numeral one and a half, a half, a half place:

3. Collective numerals are inclined in the same way as adjectives in the plural:

4. Declination of ordinal numbers:

The ordinal numerals are inclined in the same way as the adjectives of the first type:

Concultuous sequence numbers, only the last word changes when declining:

70. Spelling pronouns.

1. Spelling of negative pronouns:

• under the stress is not written, but without emphasis - nor, (Wed, Kikto "-n" who, Nisco "LCON - not" how much);
• if there are no 48 pretext in negative pronsections, they are picked together, and if there is something in three words (Wed: someone - not anyone, nothing to do with something),
• the combinations are no one else, as is nothing, as they have the meaning of opposition and are written separately, and none else's combinations are written, nothing else has this opposition value and therefore they write in a punk (cf. it can resolve anyone else like a school principal. - No one could do it better.).

2. Spelling of undefined pronouns:

• undefined pronouns that have in their composition of a particle of COO-, it is, -libe, they are written through a hyphen (Someone, anything, anyone),
• if after the particle follows the pretext, then the pronoun is written in three words (someone with whom someone).

71. Spelling of verbs.

Spelling the endings of verbs.

1. Depending on personal endings, the verbs are divided into two large groups: on the verbs of the I and II of the loss.

To the II conjunction belongs:

• the verbs are (except for verbs shave, to sharpen, silent, which relate to the I solve),
• 7 verbs smell (twirl, see, depend, hate, offend, look, tolerate),
• 4 verbs to have (tatting, breathing, keeping, hearing).

Personal endings of verbs in the present or future last time:

2. There are several single-tracking verbs that are not related to any of their two suits: want, run, eat, create, give.

3. If the verb with the prefix is \u200b\u200bmono- (obliged) is a transition, it is hidden by the II of the sink, and if nevertheless, according to i with singe (for example, compare the leasing verbs to exhaust (someone) and exhaust (yourself).

4. In the verbs of the I Hiding in the form of a real time, the end is written - "those, and in the form insecurity - Ending Type (Wed: You will release this letter tomorrow. - Send this document urgently.)

B (Soft sign) and verb shapes.

1. B (Soft sign) is written:

• in infinitive (write, wish, want to wash),
• in the endings of 2 persons, the only number of the present or simply future time (you will choose, you will wash, do, wash it),
• in imperative lifestyle (correct, hide), but Lagge, lie,
• in a return part, which stands after vowels (brought down, turned, return);

2. B (Soft sign) is not written:

• in the form of 3 persons of the only number of present or simply future time (washed, done).

Spelling of Suffix verbov.

1. If in 1 face of a present or simply future time, the verb ends with an on-one (s), the suffixes are written in the infinitive and in the form of the past time -, -, - (the head - to manage, managed, fighting - to fight, fought );

if, in 1 face of the present or simply future time, the verb ends up, ", in the infinitive, the suffixes are written in the infinitive and in the past time - after, I put it - impose, imposed).

2. The verbs to-try, "I have in front of the suffix - the same vowel, as in infinitive without this suffix (extend - to extend).

Exception: If the adjective begins with a vowel, then the pretext in is written separately (in open),

• if nouns, from which adverbs are formed, are not independently used in modern Russian (locked, to smithereens),
• adcharations with a spatial value formed from such nouns, like Dahl, Vash, beginning, etc. (distance, first)

note: If there is an explanation of the expectation to the noun, then such words are no longer adverb, but the combination of nouns with the pretext and are written separately (from the beginning of the book),

• if there is no definition from the prepiction and nouns between the prestick and nouns, if it can be done, then this word data is preparing a noun with a pretext and are written separately (Wed: Relief Broadcast - come to the horses of the corridor):

4. Adcharations are written through a hyphen:

• if they are formed with the help of the console, from complete adjectives or shorter, ending on among, -eo, -n, b (in my opinion, no-old, in Russian, feline),
• if they are formed using the prefix in (in-) from the ordinal numeral (first, secondly, thirdly),
• if they are formed by repetition of one or the same adverbs or by adding synonymous words (barely, quietly-quietly);

5. Nareny combinations are written separately:

• if they consist of nouns with the pretext between them (with gas to the eye, shoulder to captivity),
• if they are combinations with pretexts without, to, on, s, etc. (without retaining, on the run, going away),
• if the noun in this combination has retained some value of the case (abroad, conscience),
• if the adjective, from which the adverb is formed, begins with a vowel, then the pretext in is written separately (in open).

74. Spelling of predictions.

The spelling of the predictions must be remembered or checking on the spelling dictionary. Sometimes it is very important for the correct writing of the word to determine whether it is or not.

1. Through the hyphen, the complex pretext of Iercise is written, from under, because, etc. (due to illness, from under it);
2. Such prepositions are written pickedly, as in view, instead, it seems, due to (due to the absence, like pit), but to be included in consequence;
3. Separately writes such pretexts as in the form, in connection, etc.
4. Prepositions in the continuation, for the course, as a result, at the end of E (during the lesson), but during the river.

75. The spelling of unions.

1. They are written punk:

• union so (he asked me to come me early.); It is necessary to distinguish the Union so that the combination of pronouns and particles would (what would you say, I do not believe you);

note: Remember! no matter what,

• the unions are also written in a jigger (you too will also go to the concert?); It is also necessary to distinguish between alliances, also with combinations of pronoun with a particle (the same) and adverbs with a particle (also): if the particle can be omitted or put on another place in the sentence, then the data of the combinations are written separately (you brought something (s), and me too.);
• some particles, or, or,, not, -u, -e, -c, -the, -tho, -taki (yes, somebody, give, he de, enough),

Spelling of particles is not with different parts Speech

part of speech		apart
sUD	1. If not used (Nevezh, Neversgod), 2. If you can choose a synonym without not (not true - a lie, there is no part - friend),	1. If there is or meant contrast; not friend, but an enemy), 2. In an interpretation of a groom with a logical sub-nominal denial of nursing (a father arranged here, isn't it?
arr.	1. If the databases are not used (negligent, unprecedented). 2. If you can choose a synonym without not (rather big, GVMSLODA-old), 3. If there is opposition to the union but (the river is not-yard, but cold), 4. With briefs of adjective-AI, if the complete adjectives, from which they are formed, are written in not nullly low - low)	1. If there is or implied opposition with the Union A (not big, small), 2. With relative adjectives (the sky is south here), 3. S. adclusion briefs, if the full adjectives, from which they are formed, are written with not separately (the book is not interesting, but boring)
numbers	with uncertain and negative pronouns without prepositions (several, no one, something)	always written separately (not three, not seventh)
place.		with other discharges of pronoun (in not my class, not on our floor)
verb	if not not used (hate, perplex) note: Typecracing verbs are picked out to be poured, since they include a single console.	with all the other verbs (not to know how to cry
deeprich.	if not without not used (hate, perplexed) note: The verbalism formed from the verbs with the prefix is \u200b\u200bnot allowed, as well as the verbs (invotional)	with all the rest of the veefronts (not knowing, on the crying)
prelimal.

poshestiv	if full of intersices do not have dependent words with them (unpleasant student)	one . If the full communities have dependent words (not a student who has come in time), 2. with brief communities ( test papers not verified), if there is or is supposed to oppose (not finished, but only the work has begun)
adverb	one . If not not used (ridiculous, carelessly), 2. Adcharations on -O, -e, if you can choose the synonym for white not (neglofo - clever)	1. Again on -O, -e, if there is or implied opposition (not ridiculous, and sad), 2, adverching on -O, -e, if they have explanatory words at all, not at all, not, not at all (not at all funny). 3. If the adverb is written through a hyphen (not in Russian)

The spelling of the particles is not

To test the unstressed vowels in the root, it is necessary to choose such a related word or the form of the same word so that this vowel is under stress.

Spelling alternating vowels in the roots of words

If the root follows the suffix -but-, roots with alternating e.(and) Written andand in roots -We-(-) I. -Kos-(-) Written but.

Fundamentally gor-(gar about. Exceptions: groaning, izgar, prigar (Special and dialect words).

In roots clone-(clan-), creative(creat) in an unstressed position is written about.

Fundamentally zor- in an unstressed position is written but. An exception: dawn.

Fundamentally -(-) before art and sh Written but. Exceptions: industry, Sprout, Growth, Rostovist, Rostov, Rostislav, Rosokino.

Fundamentally -(-with how-) before c. Written aboutbefore k written but. Exceptions: jump, jump.

The spelling depends on the value about and but in roots -(-poppy-) I. -(-the):
- - in the meaning of "flowing liquid";
-poppy- - in the meaning of "omitting into a liquid";
- - in the meaning "smooth", "smooth";
-the - in the meaning "the same, identical"

Fundamentally -tlav- always written but: swim, buoyancy. Exceptions: swimmer, swimmer, floating.

Spelling of unprofitable consonants in the roots of words

To verify the spells of the roots with non-promotable consonants ( sTN, ZDN, LNTS, RDC) You need to pick up such a related word so that this consonant stood before vowel.

Spelling about(e.) after nouns hissing in roots and adjectives

In the root of the word after hissing is written e.if in relationships it alternates with e.; If it is formed from the verb or the persistent communion of the past time.

O and ё in the suffixes and endings of nouns and adjectives

In the suffixes and endings after hissing under the stress are written about.

Spelling and-s after

At the root after c. Written and. Exceptions: roma, tiptoe, chicken, ksyz.
In suffixes and endings after c. Written s (except for words on -tsiya).

Spelling about (e) after C

In suffixes and endings under the stress speech about, without emphasis - e..

Soft sign in the forms of verbs

B Writing in an indefinite form of verbs: to wash, in the form of an imperative ignition: put, in form 2 l. Units: wash.

Spelling Kommersant

Dividing kommersant Writing in front of root e, E, Yu, I After the consoles on the consonant and in foreign language words after the following consoles for consonants: aB, Hell, Diz, In, Inter, Con, Counter, Ob, Sub, Transas well as after the initial pan.

Spelling s-and on the junction of the console and root

After the console ending on solid consonant, in the root of the word instead and write s (as hearing, and write). In a word charge Written and According to pronunciation.
Note. This rule does not apply to comprehensive words, for example: pedium Institute, Sportsman.

After consoles inter-, in excess of- Save andbecause after hissing and posterior-speaking not written s.

Save and Also after foreign-speaking consoles and particles ( counter, des-, trans-, pan-, sub-, post-, super-).

Spelling consoles

The spelling of the consoles of prefixes

Console pri- Used in values:
- "Approach, accession, infidency, proximity": sew, open, school.
- bringing action to the end: sust.
- accomplishing action in someone's interests: pretty.

Console pre- Used in values:
- "highly" ( higher degree manifestations): pessenger.
- "Pere-": blocked.

The spelling of the prefixtops of the method (races) and other consoles (non-, the (occasion), is, lowered,

In consoles on hz written before the ringing, and from - Before deaf consonants.

The spelling of the root of the floor as part of a complex word

Floor- written through a hyphen in front of root vowels, l. and capital letters. In other cases floor- Writing pits.
Console half- Writing pits.

Spelling of complex words

Difficult words - These are words that are formed by a compound in one word two bases.

The spelling of complex words with connecting vowels O and E

aboutIf the first base ends on a solid consonant.

Roots in difficult words are connected using connective vowels e.if the first base ends on soft consonants, hissing and c..

Fusion and Defisc Writing of Complicated Nouns

Through the hyphens are written -
- names of the parties of the world: northeast, southwest;
{!LANG-41b479886f77e0e5dcd58faf7e3e6475!} {!LANG-7c2ccf05a51c236db00f3c9a11ed7c1a!}{!LANG-e6ce0fefbe45dc23d2d0a8412fde9643!} {!LANG-d3732ad3b4c3ca638da01739c4613d00!};
{!LANG-1deb59c9d661851a201d39db5742cdf0!} {!LANG-7f2f259dd3b410edc21aff0c7b2596be!};
{!LANG-104ed7977ba079811bcd4f9c16ee0915!} {!LANG-7e695f7fe93bff8116e69e57bfb9b03d!}.
{!LANG-f626755505db393f033c95171dcd2571!} {!LANG-c28387c514ed37be55e9df0a471531ae!}{!LANG-1efa1c466cc63d8b431b9a365a1f7adb!} {!LANG-1b26cc9f78e8947ae05f6614d3cc42ff!} ({!LANG-dac3b1d889dec194f78387ac61649d56!}{!LANG-a78ce19d55a98b92ba52ec7e3bb2bb26!} {!LANG-d81972bc199d4a289fea9824dbf75896!}).

{!LANG-8c61b6bbecfe987164c47528309a3986!} -
{!LANG-39dcc6c146a3029ea0b54440b8cfff3f!} and{!LANG-d9123536784414cc075fb204d21d2d91!} {!LANG-0433f8f246dff84a316e994648d96515!}{!LANG-e6ce0fefbe45dc23d2d0a8412fde9643!} {!LANG-4b44d4edaf390630feb8e1e9498a0e5c!};
{!LANG-2dc8974eed8c9739245f0423fb28aded!} {!LANG-ab692730dac36ac8b06053432c626cdb!}{!LANG-c6010bfc17d262f7116d571e28981c54!} {!LANG-1dd6ef01a7026eb4714c4aa0ad57b21c!}{!LANG-a36852d6a00f7f8c930cae9597be4bb9!} {!LANG-9a78dcad406ca92474ac53610c66ad66!};
{!LANG-a3b63923995bb85e84a466872152a7e8!} {!LANG-5cfae5b601a75d1630af2f7d27b31624!};
{!LANG-7371b7d6a309b7cfbe10666c55744b91!} {!LANG-5e55486babc17913fc6e5e83f44d982b!}.

{!LANG-117af3e51ac23c3514486e69d74c7c1a!}

{!LANG-b0eb4a0a3b226bd75f3f972bb98d82b0!}:
{!LANG-a5b800e92e367734eb89650b0a523dea!} {!LANG-6eaacae73578f5987fcab71e0e82635e!} {!LANG-2eb36cc6f0eab6e37fe2425bef82a7d4!}
{!LANG-de140591ffda5d43a66e34d766a0e5c6!} {!LANG-a1f1be511aa66ba44b2fb967799c4a4f!};
{!LANG-6d17f9df4cd229ec74d0fb4039ace728!} {!LANG-cb2d9a80571cca337ecedd0916a2acfc!};
{!LANG-1023eb307e79b76a63acd15085aae1fb!}

{!LANG-9ec974b1f331c39ef5fb24803751bb07!}

{!LANG-5581527f1fd62c40b29908cd3efb20f9!}

{!LANG-e6ccb652a424116680c807919b411408!} {!LANG-04a40916b1aa3d0f545f7396873432b4!}{!LANG-77899573ec5f0feceea259c1549ba7dd!} {!LANG-03d76cf4684a37dc637c42b468aa4b5a!}{!LANG-b24442d8ee240e27186a01874f9e40c4!} {!LANG-3117e8e72b295d37febf57604754890c!}.

{!LANG-517f253188e9735775020819fc6ae8e7!} {!LANG-04a40916b1aa3d0f545f7396873432b4!}{!LANG-26af4f1da3d9ecd4a807b724f21e2c91!} {!LANG-cd55971f0ef34af4af32fc98da7f3a37!}{!LANG-b090bcfb4105c0175054375e52f047cd!} {!LANG-537ac3fd61e64b26ee8f05ad7d15aafa!}: {!LANG-1dfa201f5d51c216b3f24d38b9a91773!}.

{!LANG-517f253188e9735775020819fc6ae8e7!} {!LANG-271cea6a4dd9312d6cdd7af3460eadb2!}{!LANG-c7f202526b310d99cbb1d8e79cabacbc!} l.: {!LANG-9805ff08390e774fdfb7e55b47f5081c!}.

{!LANG-e6ccb652a424116680c807919b411408!} {!LANG-ca0c0adaeca32428d270d84abf68abd3!}{!LANG-91e770a8e163d8de58ed9a41189c6725!} e.{!LANG-81bc5ba0a2b92ef49b1c573889fdf040!} {!LANG-17721f34b3be1bacd1ab955824bed8b1!}{!LANG-15c1ee57c7af393964aaf08709e4f9e4!} {!LANG-669697ff8805bd08ff4ccb8e75486036!}.

{!LANG-758c33b1edbe92a5bf841af79ccb82ea!} {!LANG-4199b679fd70c383c9262494948eceb3!}{!LANG-e08ecdf43c96ef8ff89e253d0c4bf059!} {!LANG-0d22f27bd83026dbbb18adec8e5eb052!}, {!LANG-bec0373fc9ec7aa3e642c15c208a6fb1!}{!LANG-eac32deab5bfbbd9b0502b781c721dae!} {!LANG-ad1cbc67e2f2db6c48377e39256627ef!}.

{!LANG-10923d1e2d117ad9ed63f85e9c91a61a!}

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{!LANG-a1a32a5a81550e0b9e9b5446db52bb68!} {!LANG-578c944f729da210c9ebdcb4c0b2db8c!}{!LANG-3d01f779790f4848569275e883752675!} {!LANG-a0a955a677ce3f5a0143994be4e31d12!}{!LANG-42a96738e580f36348827fdde9eb18d9!} {!LANG-f23ea10c2355c930924bb6bf7fbb7e2d!} and {!LANG-20b66760726bbb07daf8822564086452!}{!LANG-3a13897be45d0111d956e3313d5683ac!}
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