The Chinese authorities first recognized the existence of the centers of "preparation and residence".

According to the head of this region, the camp for representatives of the Muslim minority is provided by "intensive training and accommodation" for those who, according to the authorities, are under the influence of extremist ideas, as well as for those who are suspected of incognent offenses.

A high-ranking official located on the very West of China, Xinjiang Province for the first time in detail spoke about the expanding network of camps for an interned, and this should be perceived as the next step of Beijing in defense of the mass detention of representatives of Muslim minorities in the country against the background of increasing global perturbation.

In a rare interview with the State News Agency "Xinhua", which was published on Tuesday, Governor of the province of Xinjiang Shohrat Zakir called these camps "Institutes of Professional Orientation and Preparation", which are concentrated on "studying a general language in the country, legislation, And also on the development of professional skills together with the formation against extremism. "

These centers are intended for "people under the influence of terrorism and extremism", for those who are suspected of making small offenses and does not deserve a trial, noted Zakir, without saying the number of internized people, no matter how long they Are in camps.

However, according to him, the unknown number of "passing people undergoing training" approached standards, allowing to complete the preparation, or already correspond to the required level. As expected, they can complete "their education" by the end of the year, and this means that soon they can be released to freedom, he noted.

Zakir - the first high-ranking official of the province of Xinjiang, who publicly spoke about the criticized camps. There are more and more pressure on the mass detention and subsequent compulsory political education. About a million ethnic uigurov, as well as representatives of other Muslim communities in the region, were victims of this campaign.

The interviews of the chapter of the province of Xinjiang appeared after his leadership tried backwards for the existence of such camps, for which regional legislation was revised, and the local government received the right to open similar camps to be able to "form and transform" people under The impact of extremism.

According to Maya Van (Maya Wang), the senior researcher in Human Rights Watch (Human Rights Watch), the "clumsy excuse" of Beijing clearly became the answer to the condemnation of this practice by the international community, but they will not weaken criticism.

Context

20 days in the Uygur Removal Camp

Berlingske 04.07.2018

South China Morning POST: Why China retains hard control over Xinjian

South China Morning Post 14.09.2018

Uigurov make passports

Eurasianet 01/11/2017

South China Morning Post 12.10.2018

Sohu: Who is faster Islamized - Russia or Europe?

Sohu 10/10/2018

"These camps continue to remain completely illegal and unfair from the point of view of both Chinese and international law; And the suffering and deprivation faced in them about a million people should not be moved to the side with the help of propaganda, "she said.

In his interview, Zakir said nothing about the arrests, however, according to him, these institutions provide "concentrated preparation" and "training with accommodation and nutrition", and the input control is carried out by the guards.

According to Zakira, "passing training people" are studying official Chinese to be able to deepen their knowledge in modern sciences, Chinese history and culture. It also requires the study of legislation, which should increase their "national and civil consciousness".

Professional training, as they say, includes courses for the receipt of skills for subsequent work at factories and other enterprises. We are talking about the production of clothing, food processing, the assembly of electronic devices, typographic business, work in the hairdressers, as well as in the field of electronic commerce. Apparently, the companies participating in this project pay the goods produced by "students".

Although Zakir spoke about learning a language and vocational training, he donated from explanation, which represents "directed against extremism of classes" conducted in such camps.

However, former interneeds reported to representatives of international funds. mass mediaThey forced them to condemn their faith, and also forced them to swear to the loyalty of the ruling communist party.

Omir Bekali, a citizen of Kazakhstan, who was born in China, a citizen of Kazakhstan, sent to such a camp, and later released, previously told the Associated Press agency (Associated Press) that the detainees were exposed to political indosttrinations, they are forced to listen to lectures On the danger of Islam, and they are ordered before taking food to chant slogans: "Thanks to the party! Thanks my homeland! "

The detainees were told that they had no opportunities to contact with their loved ones, "disappeared and then they were then in such camps."

However, in an interview with Xinhua Agency, Zakir drew a pink picture of life inside camps for an interned one: numerous sports opportunities, reading rooms, computer classes, halls for watching movies, as well as rooms where "Competitions of readers, dancers and singers are often organized.

"Many students said that they used to be under the influence of extremist thoughts and had never previously participated in cultural and sporting events. However, now they understand what colorful life can be, "he said.

This interview is the most detailed description of the camps for the interned, the existence of which was previously denied, from representatives of the Chinese government. The pressure from Western governments and international organizations increases, and therefore Beijing has moved from denial to active propaganda aimed at justifying the existing program. Chinese officials call it "legitimate" and the necessary approach, the goal is to not give people to become "victims of terrorism and extremism."

However, human rights defenders and experts in the field of law believe that such camps do not have a legitimate basis today in China, despite all government attempts to legitimize them.

"The authorities of Xinjiang province seemed to have felt the pressure, and it shows that international condemnation works," said Wang from Human Rights Watch. - Today it is necessary that foreign governments and international organizations have taken more intensive efforts and switched to more significant actions. "

The US Congress advocates the introduction of sanctions against Chinese officials who participate in the organization of camps for interneeds, including Chen Quanangu (Chen Quanguo), a party boss of this province.

The European Parliament this month called on the EU member states to raise the issue of the mass intercourse of people during multilateral negotiations with China, while the new UN Human Rights Head of Michelle Bachelet (Michelle Bachelet) urged access to this region last month.

Insurance materials contain estimates of exclusively foreign media and do not reflect the position of the EOSMI's editorial office.

In the camps for internounted and prisoners of war in Australia.

During World War II, the Australian authorities created a network of camps on the territory of the country. In these camps, during the period of fighting, the contingent was moved from the considered unreliable, residents of the Australian itself, as well as an unreliable contingent from the British metropolis and colonies. Subsequently, in such camps, prisoners of war, as well as an unreliable contingent from countries where military actions were conducted with the participation of Australian and British armies.

Although this method of working with a part of the population was not new to Australia, such camps were arranged in the country and first world War. True, in the first world contingent such camps were limited; The camps were used, as a rule, to identify and develop a part of the unreliable residents. During World War II, all unreliable residents of Australia began to be planted into such camps, by origin from Britain's opponents. Especially this concerned Japanese, those forced sent to such camps. It also applied to the Italians, the Germans. Ethnic Finns, Hungarians, former residents also hit the camps Russian Empire (There are only more than 30 countries), as well as persons who are members of the various right games of the Nazi sense.

camera map in Australia.

In total, over the period of World War II, more than 7 thousand inhabitants passed through the camps, about 1,50,000 thousands of citizens of Britain. During the war, the camps also turned out to be more than 8 thousand people sent there after the start of hostilities, prisoners of war and citizens of states where the fighting was conducted.
It is worth noting that the living conditions and life of citizens of Australia and the British colonies have little differed from the life and life of prisoners of war. And those and others received the same satisfaction and lived in the same conditions. Very often they were placed together. The difference was that the prisoners of war did not receive monetary salary for work.

the ensemble of Italian prisoners of war in Hei camp, New Yu. Wales.

class of German children in Camp No. 3, Victoria.

The camps were located on various recharged objects, such as former prisons or old soldier camps and were under the management of the military department. Interneed and prisoners of war were attracted for different workIt was also allowed to exit the camp. For example, the Italian prisoners of war was allowed to exit before the end of the fighting.

park created by the hands of prisoners, in Camp No. 1 Harvey, Western Australia.

an interned Japanese and residents of Java island during the collection of tomatoes. Camp Golzourssi, New Yu. Wales.

The camps extended until the very end of the war. The last camp was closed in January 1947. After that, citizens of European origin were allowed to stay for residence in Australia. In addition to prisoners of war of Japan citizens, also part of the Japanese Australian origin. They were sent to Japan.

General form Residential zone in Lovetei camp, Y. Australia. This camp was one of the largest, during the war through it about 5,000 people of various nationalities passed. The camp has developed cultivation of various agricultural cultures, tobacco, production of various goods. Intermented engaged in cutting down forest. Prisoners were engaged in many active species Rest, in the camp was also your golf club.

+ 25 photo cards .... \u003e\u003e\u003e

lager for the innerized US citizens of Japanese origin Manzanar. California, USA, 1943.
Author: Ansel Adams.

Things of internized US citizens of Japanese origin at the entrance to the California Camp Salinas, April 1942.

Repair of the Power Line of the Californian Camp of Manzanar for Internized US Citizens of Japanese Origin. California, USA, 1943.

American of Japanese origin work on the sewing production camps for an interned manzanar. California, USA, 1943.

View of the camp of Manzanar for the innerized US citizens of Japanese origin. Newell, California, USA, 1943.

The American of Japanese origin of Sumiko Shigematsu (Sumiko Shigematsu) at work on textile production in the camp for an interned manzanar in California. 1943.

Panorama of the Californian camp Santa Anita for the innerized US citizens of Japanese origin. Arkady, California, USA, April 1942.

anorama of production of camouflage networks in the California camp for the internized US citizens of the Japanese origin of Santa Anita. California, USA, 1942.

Young Americans of Japanese Origin in the camp for an internet tul lake in California.

View of the dining room for the internized US citizens of the Japanese origin of the Pinedale camp (Pinedale). California, USA, 1942.

US citizens of Japanese origin work in a camp field for an interned tul lake. California, USA.

US citizens of Japanese origin stand near the barrack camp for the interned tul lake. Newell, California, USA

US citizens of Japanese origin are sitting at the entrance to the Barak "Waldorf Astoria" in the camp of the Internounted Palullup (Puyallup) in Washington. 1942 year.

The name of the barrack is ironic, since Waldorf Astoria is the name of a fashionable American hotel.

Panorama Camp Tuel Lake (Tule Lake) for Internized US Citizens of Japanese Origin. The camp was located in the area of \u200b\u200bNewell in Northern California. 1942 - 1943.

The territory of the camp was allocated 7,400 acres of land (about 3 sq. Km), approximately half of which occupied fields. Tul Lake consisted of 570 barracks intended for housing and more than 400 overall barracks.
Construction began on February 16, 1942; May 26, 1942 is open for receiving interneed, the number of which reached 18,700 people. Separately in the same camp contained German (up to 800 people) and Italian prisoners of war (up to 200 people).
Closed on February 28, 1946.

The guard camp for the internized US citizens of the Japanese origin Santa Anita searches the suitcase of the arrived woman who stands nearby. Arkady, California, USA, April 1942.

US Citizens of Japanese origin expect sending to another camp for Pinedale's interned camp in California. 1942 year.

Japanese women erase underwear in a camp for interned in Pinedaile (Pinedale) in California. 1942 year.

Guard camp for announced Japanese Santa Anita (Arcadia, California) is available at the Japanese family suitcase, which is in the background, April 1942.

Left, leaning on the table, worth the American policeman.

Construction of camp barmers for an interned Japanese in the town of Parker in Arizona, in the area of \u200b\u200bIndian reservation on the Colorado River, April 1942.

View of the barracks of the camps for an interned Japanese in Palulup (Puyallup) in Washington. 1942 year.

Panorama of construction camps for an interned Japanese in Palullup (Puyallup) in Washington in the spring of 1942.

The history of the camps for internounted in France since 1939 is well investigated, but poorly known. The recently open memorial complex of Camp de Milf next to the ex-en-provence is not the first memorable place of this kind.

Those who heard the phrase "banality of evil," think that something knows about it. Here is the usual factory building in an industrial suburb of ex-en-provence. Once a complex with two pipes was a brick factory. From 1939 to 1942 He served as a camp for the interchange of foreign "enemies of the state." In the summer of 1942, hence was deported in Auschwitz much more than 2,000 Jews. Then the production of bricks was resumed, lasting until 2002 - as if nothing else was happening there. Now the complex is turned into a memorable place.

Knowledge, emotions, reflections

In the history of the camp in the "free" southern France, which by the end of 1942 was led by French officials on the orders of the French government, three phases are distinguished. From September 1939 to June 1940, i.e. From the moment of the announcement of the war to the lightning victory of the Nazi troops, there were "enemies of the state", read: German citizens. In the overwhelming majority, these were Jews and / or opponents of the Hitler's regime, emigrated to France or victims there as a flight. Among the prisoners of the camps were figures of arts and literature, for example, Hans Belmer, Max Ernst, Lyon Feichtvanger and Golo Mann.

Then since July 1940, Camp de Miles became a camp for the interchange of "unwanted foreigners", which the Government of Vichy believed. Spanish Republicans and Jews were joined by the Spanish Republicans and Jews, in October 1940, "adapted" from South-West Germany. The complex, which consisted in times of more than 3,500 internamed, crackled on all seams. Food supply and hygienic conditions have worsened markedly. The third phase was formed by the deportation of the Jews in August and September 1942. Penetan regime agreed to issue 10 thousand foreign Jews to the Nazis. Since the bureaucratic structures did not know what to do with the remaining children, by no longer thinking, at the initiative of the head of the French government Pierre Laval, they were sent together with adults. In the list of children deported from Camp de Miles in Auschwitz, there are more German names than French: Werner Blau, Renate Falk, Hans Kan, Gehi Licht, Erwin Ur ...

In 1992, the French Railway Company established a historical car on unused kolas, which was used to deport the Jews. The route of movement on the Memorial complex of Camp de Miles to 15,000 m is relying on three cornerstone: knowledge - a story about the history of the camp and the transfer of a historical context; emotions- ensuring accessibility to parts of the buildings in which the interned and left traces of their stay like wall painting, graffiti, etc.; reflections - The final section, with all certainty intended for young visitors, designed to fight prejudice and strengthen the sense of citizenship and the spirit of resistance.

The history of French camps for an interned relatively well explored in scientific relations, but quite poorly known to the general public. Along with a lot of individual studies, since 2002, in the form of the book of Denis Peshansky "France of the camps: Internet, 1938-1946" (Publishing House of Gallimar) ("La France Des Camps: L" Internement, 1938-1946 "(Gallimard ) There is a holistic presentation. Peshoxes, historian and Vichy time specialist, evaluates the number of camps in more than 200, the number of internally in about 600 thousand people.

It should be emphasized that the decree that made the interchange of "unwanted foreigners" was published over a year and a half to German occupation to some extent by the democratic government. This measure testifies to hostility towards foreigners, in the late 30s. And in the nonfascist states of Europe. Also interchanged the Communists (after the conclusion of the German-Soviet Covenant on nonsense) and Sinti ( the self-setting of some branches of the Gypsy ethnos, politically correct, unlike the German Zigener, associated with Genocide Gypsy during World War II. - approx. Per.) (until 1946!). During the war in Algeria, the practice of internet was restored, including in the metropolis.

The history of Camp de Rivzalt under Perpignan forms a kind of resume of all possible options camps with their use. In this "Camp Joffre" (the camp was named after Johffy Joffre (1852-1931), Marshal France (1916), Commander-in-Chief of the French Army, built in 1938 as a military camp, was in early 1939. A small part of 450 was driven Thousands of Franco run from Spain from Spain. They were added to them from 1941. Refugees from Hitler Germany, mostly the Jews, which were in the late 1942 deported to Auschwitz. When the occupation of the southern zone was followed, the German troops were located in the camp. After Their retreats in the mid-1944, the French authorities contained there a "mixture" from Spanish refugees, German and Italian prisoners of war, Soviet emigrants, as well as domestic collaborators. The camp was liquidated in 1948, and followed him in 1962-1977. "Family Camp" for Algerians who collaborated with the colonial authorities and after finding independence of the former colony of forced to run from there.

Finally, the place of the camp took in 1986 " administrative center Detention "for persons who do not have documents, which until 2007 was one of the largest in the country.

Not the first memorable place of this kind

This story, such a heavy change, should now retell the memorial under construction, designed by the architect from southern France Rudi Richchotti. On September 23, in the Paris suburb of Drancy, the Deportation Center of Jews, the Diener & Diener Designed by the Swiss Bureau of Diener & Diener, derived from Mémorial De La Shoah [Memorial Catastrophe], was solemnly opened in Paris. The opening of Camp de Miles accompanied by a strong response in the media, where on September 10, French Prime Minister and other members of the cabinet were present, should not afford to forget that this kind of memorable places already exist.

Thus, the Memorial of Memory of Memorial and Deportation in the former Camp-de-Roiyalie camp, opened in early 2008, has a route of movement on its territory, based on the exact same three cornerstones as the route in Camp de Miles. Royal is of particular importance, since he left the first train with deported in Auschwitz. Das Center D "Étude et de recherche Sur Les Camps D" Internement Dans Le Loiret et La Déportation Juive in Orléans [The Center for Learning and Studies of the Camps for Internized in the Department of Loire and Deportation of Jews in Orleans] was discovered even in 1991. Former large camps notify at least information centers (Camp de Gures) or monuments and memorial plaques.

Mark Titzmann

uROKIISTORII translation

Camp for interned

I was the question, not because the British were interquered me that in my German passport there was a seal in the form of a swastika and there was no big red letter J, which means "Jew", as in passports of German Jews issued after him after How I left Germany.

I unshakably believed in British justice and was sure that when they would figure it out, who I really were, the government of His Majesty immediately free me to fight together with a common enemy - with the Nazis. I wrote to His Majesty king and Prime Minister Churchill that they made a serious mistake, interming me - the Jew, who would not be tooling to fight the Germans. I approved them for putting them to the conclusion of those who could help the Germans. But why me? I'm a sworn enemy of the Nazis. I do not know if my letters reached and did anyone read them; I did not receive an answer.

At first we stopped in an improvised camp in Maidstone, not far from our school. At that first Sunday morning we fed a dense English breakfast from the scrambled eggs with bacon in a war in a tin bowl. We were kept in the barn and gave us bags and straw to fill the mattresses, soldier mattresses. A huge red-haired middle-aged major from the territorial army, this something like the British National Guard seemed to also not understand anything as we were when I asked him in English when I was released. He had no idea who we were. He was a real hippo, and I was hoping that I would not have to rely on him if I had to defend against the Germans.

We cleaned the place of the place, performed work in the kitchen and dining room and went to the morning roll ring. To respond to a decent parade, the roar of the main sergeant - Cockney, we became in a row that could get off for the rank. Several anneassed older was with a belly, some more chrome or stuck; There were other such impatient guys like me. Interest all the names with their reprimand, Sergeant soon threw attempts to make us, damned civilians, stand with army straightening. The roll call was constantly interrupted when the lately disrupted the system, in a hurry to witness their presence much later after the sergeant called their names. They managed to be late, even when they did not do anything.

Maidston, located in the zone of a possible invasion, was not suitable in order to keep there persons suspected of sympathy to the Germans. A week later, we were planted for a train, which with breaks walked all night. Through the slot in the stained windows, I was distinguished by the warning tower on the road to the west. The next morning we landed in Liverpool, and then on the trucks we were lucky in Heyton, in a suburb, where the unfinished public building was turned into a camp for thousands of interneeds collected from all British islands.

Thanks to the rungage English and youth applub, I was appointed to an officer's dining room, where the troops guarded us were lunch. I was serviced by the tables, soap dishes, I wasted the floor, ate how much would fit and got a cigarette as you like and in addition a couple of sips of beer and whiskey. Between work, we, daylight, gladly played Bridge, darts and chess. We have become very important person, because they brought cigarettes, chocolates and yesterday's newspapers on the campsite.

When Blitzkrieg struck in England, a distant rumble of bombs falling on Liverpool came to me. But nevertheless did not take place. Apparently, the Germans wanted to win the air before their transports challenge the British fleet.

Among the prisoners in Heiton were professors of universities, international financiers, writers and actors. Many of them read improvised lectures on history, finance and art. Barbed wire created society of equal, there I did not listen and asked questions to the luminais, which in ordinary life They would not even let me go on the threshold.

While there was a battle for Britain, the authorities decided that it was too dangerous to keep on their small island of interneeds and German prisoners of war (captured in Norway, France and even Dunkirk). The prisoners of Nazi soldiers had no choice, but to us, internized civilians, allowed to voluntarily go to Canada. I volunteered to go, because it meant to go away from the Nazis. I still hoped that I could escape from Canada to the United States to parents who settled in the Baltimore area. To get to save, I listened to the American shortwave radio in an officer dining room and began practicing an American accent. When you sixteen, everything seems possible.

The first group of interneeds, which agreed to deportation to Canada, left Height. A day later, the ill-fated liner "Andorra Star", turned into a prison ship, on which they sailed, torpedoed. Many internized from German Jews drowned, saved returned back, telling terrible stories about what happened. My enthusiasm about the trip to Canada dies, but it was too late, my name was listed. Soon we, together with the surviving from "Andorra Star", were lucky in Liverpool docks, where we were drove on the ladder of the waiting fork transport "Dwuner". My few belongings are textbooks, notepad, gem "Parker", toiletries and meager clothes, even shoes - I was taken away. I did not leave anything but wearing clothes on me. Then the soldiers with bayonets on the rifles drove us into the hatch, located much lower than Waterlinia. All this happened so quickly that, only when I sat down on a naked floor, I felt a tear, which soon changed in fear on the verge of panic. What awaits us? Why do we treat us? What to do and how to escape from the ship if they torpedo it?

After many years, reading the report on the request of the British Parliament, I realized what happened. Some of our guards were soldiers from the front, which were recently evacuated from Dunkirk, and other criminals who were amnestied to enroll in the army. Nazis soldiers captured in Norway and Dunkirk were among the prisoners who were coinned to Duneru. The commander encouraged the cruel treatment of prisoners. Then he received a reprimand from parliament.

Of course, we did not know anything when we were driven in the hold below the Waterlinia. There was empty, not counting long benches with tables and hammocks for sleep suspended to the ceiling. Sixteen holes in the floor, under which sea water splashed in an open groove, were "Galun", that is, toilet for our contingent out of 980 interneeders. Fekalyia often overflowed through the edge of a shallow gutter and then rolled back and forth on the boarded floor. The queues in the exhaust place were endless, and some had surprises.

Shortly after sailing from Liverpool, the waves of the Irish Sea began to throw the ship up and down, and most of my comrades began a maritime disease. The symptoms ranged from full apathy to what is happening around to continuous vomiting, after which the stupor has occurred. Due to the pitching, the waste was overflowing into the residential part, and their stench was mixed with the top of vomiting, sweat and unwashed bodies and the smell of fried bacon and eggs. The only decent thing on the "Dunera" was the food, probably, the usual diet of British soldiers. Since I had immunity to marine sickness and there was no lesson, I ate as much as it would fit.

On the third evening in the open sea, in the stormy biscuit bay, we heard a loud clay and a deaf blow, after which there was a loud explosion, a shocked ship. All lighting went out. It seemed eternity, until it fell away. Later we learned that the German submarine released two torpedoes in us. One did not bother, and the second cut off the stern and then exploded away from the ship. I never found out why the light went out. After many years I heard that the German radio, not knowing that the prisoners of war of Nazis and German Jews were on board, announced the flooding of the British military transport "Dwuner".

We have no rescue vests in the deep hold. The exercises on the leave of the ship have never been carried out, and all the aisles on the upper decks were frowning with barbed wire. In the sovereign place was one porthole, just above the Waterlinia, through which I was hoping to squeeze in the case of anything.

Everything seemed to be against me. After I escaped from the Nazis, my former saviors imprisoned me in this floating coffin, and an inevitable death awaits me if we will again release a torpedo. I had no rescue vest to resist water, even if I could get out. In the first time, due to the fact that I had nothing to do any day, neither especially at night, I was afraid of everything that could happen. I was afraid to drown, like a rat, or be a fused running crowd, if the ship starts sinking or turning over. I could not come up with a reliable way to escape. I was afraid of what could happen, I was afraid of the unknown. I imagined endless disasters and could not imagine a way to escape if they still happen. But, no matter how paradoxically, in a few days, exhausted by fear and anxiety, I suddenly experienced an incredible feeling that I would definitely stay alive to make something important.

I was never taught and did not prepare to resist danger, and I asked myself whether it was a new feeling of calm the protective denial of dangerous reality or perhaps hidden natural resourcewhich allows you to cope with the deadly danger. I was afraid of much that I did not happen, but still I went well from the situation when something happened. As my fears left, my confidence grew miraculously.

Many of my comrades in misfortune slept all the time. Barbed wire and the common trouble eliminated all differences in age and social position.

I learned to distinguish the moaning sounds of the engine with endless corners of the ship, which walked zigzags to confuse submarines. A few days later I began to have more and more seconds between these moans and guessed that we were going at a more direct course. I decided that Canada is no more than ten days and that the king and the state will certainly understand what a terrible mistake they made in my case. But soon I realized that I did not quite loyal conclusions. Comparing the time on the ship, which counted the bumps, and the time of sunrise and sunset, which I saw in that porthole in the place, I guessed that we were going south, and not east. Where do we go?

With my modest knowledge in spherical geometry (navigation basics), acquired under the guidance of our wonderful teacher Benson Herbert, taking a pencil, I scared the formula on a scrappy of the toilet paper. I came to the conclusion that we go to South Africa. Since the air became warmer, and the sea is calmer, my comrades began to consider me oracle. With the help of wristwatches, snapped with one of my comrades, pencil and paper, I calculated, and then announced to everyone that we will soon cross the equator. And of course, every other day we entered Freetown on the West Bank of Africa. Rumors went - yes, even in the lowest trim of the prison transport we went rumors - that we take water, fuel and food to go to Australia around the cape Good Hope.

My plan to escape from Canada in the United States, obviously broke.

When we left the water where the submarines were born, twice a week prisoners were displayed on the deck to give them ten minutes to breathe fresh air. We had barefoot to run along the deck under the protection of soldiers with machine guns at the ready. Sometimes they have fun in that they threw a broken beer bottle under our feet. Trying not to cut down, we have acquired the eagleproof and the rate of reaction. Somehow one internet jumped overboard. No one tried to save him.

Days and nights on the "Duncher" were monotonous for each other. Some of my comrades from those who have been averaged, we again experienced their sexual experiences before conclusion, telling us about them until we learned all the secret habits of their girlfriends, and the rest just stumbled in front of them. One high bearded person is that and the matter shot his belt with money, which he managed unnoticed to carry past the guard, and constantly recalculated money. He did not know, but we silently with him considered him thousands of pounds. It seemed that this ritual soothes him, but he was never enough for a long time.

At night, a hundred hammocks was drowned while the ship rumped on the waves. Some slept calmly, others mumbled in a dream. For several times during the night, someone called to the rescue, apparently caught a nightmare. It is strange that many shouted "Mom", but no one called Father. A day, which was different from the night mainly by the fact that the guards traveled us out of the truma, blunt indifference changed nausea and fear of submarines. There was nothing to do, plan, if only shy away from cleaning. There were ordinary rumors that they give Selitra as a sedative so that we were not drawn to sex. The day merged at night in our trumulus with his dull light bulbs, which complemented only weak light from the hatch to the upper deck.

Once a week we folded the scanty belongings in the hammocks to scream and overheat teak deck.

All first drone into the angle, and this angle was cleaned last. To see a brilliant, golden tick deck such a clean was for me a constant pleasure. Otherwise, I had a feeling that I was sitting in some underworld without start and end. I remember how men cried and prayed, and sometimes someone could not stand and shouted. But we survived.

When nothing happens, you gradually cease to be afraid, and this swimming should have ever come to an end. With each turn of the screw, I worn farther from the Nazis, and then was afraid more than the British.

In the south-western shore of Africa, I sick with a dysentery with fever and the yellowing of the skin that deprived me of strength. Earlier, we chose the elder, and he insisted that I was taken out of a crowd. To be in the ship climb, lying on the real bed was incredible pleasure, despite the disease. Hearing my story, the Irish doctor lasted me in a crowded climb longer. Perhaps, most of the time I slept. I got up only to go to the toilet - a real toilet on the "Duncher"! Then I was discharged from the Lazaret, but the good doctor arranged so that I spent a lot of time in his clean room, forcing me to wait for a daily spoon with a mixture and Tablet Janin.

From the Nazis, we were separated by a corridor from barbed wire on both sides. They stood at the wire and waited until someone appears to mock them. Somehow I got tired of their doctors, and I told them that, on arrival in Australia, they would make circumcision, and the officers are pulled by the David star on her hand. I told them to pray for Hitler to die by the time they would return with Germany, otherwise they will be sent to concentration camps. And then I took off my pants and let the gases immediately in the face. They began to shake the wire and call me a dirty Jew, and I called them stupid bastards. By the way, Hitler is actually a might by the time they returned to Germany after 1945, but neither they nor I could imagine it in the fortieth year.

Dunner made a new stop in Taradii, also on the West Bank of Africa to do and go to Cape Town. There in the porthole in Lazaret, I saw the dining room and the city. The spirit of adventure in me still has nothing to go. And here I am a boy from the boring, far from the sea of \u200b\u200bGardenagen, I am in Africa, at least a few hundred meters, on the ship, which is about to go through good hope and go on the Indian Ocean to Australia. I saw the world, even if the porthole of the prison transport!

I predicted with my incharpasses in navigation that we will land on the West Bank of Australia over the next day, and made a mistake of three hundred kilometers. We stayed at the port of Perth Fremantle. There, the Australian officers rose on board and they were horrified by what he saw and heard. Their reports on the conditions on the Duncher were forced to make the Australian and British parliaments to make a request, in which everything was documented by everything that I told here, and more than one of the books were written about the Dunner.

Dunner has made a stop in Melbourne to plant the Nazis. They had to lead the carefree life of prisoners of war, avoiding the catastrophe of the defeat, which heded them to fought counterparts. The only thing, because of what they had to be worn, is my warning that they will make circumcision and tattoos in the form of the star David and will be too early to return to their homeland to the Nazis.

Intermented landed with Dunners in Sydney. In a ladder, accomplishing us, stood Johnny, the most terrible sadist from the guards. Even at the time of swimming, Johnny, the long-role, slightly squint, in the rank of chief sergeant, with the emblem of counterintelligence on the form, sneezal everywhere, Vorosha, with his stick, pathetic bugs of the belonged weers and barely audible, mumble. Once a few days, he grabbed someone from the interned and sazed him into the "hole" - a single camera in a gaptwathera intended for deserters and rebels. Johnny was a natural sadist. And now he was standing at the top of the ladder. He had a saddeal, because - I was sure about that - he lost power over defenseless prisoners. Passing by, I told him: "I hope you will drown on the way to England."

I almost lost feelings when we went to the sun after a long week in a dark shippower. Our Australian guards lost the gift of speech, learning that we are Jews, refugees from Nazi Germany. We were dissolved on several doptop railway cars, and the train went to Australian Geremad. He is a kilometer for a kilometer, an hour in an hour, loud on the curve rails, and we became all the chumased from the soot and sand, taking the train. When he serves a snake in Australian Bush, along railway jumped kangaroo. We drove in anyone the famous town of Hay. The guards began to peel his nose, and one of them released a rifle from the hands. I raised her and noticed that she was not charged.

Hay is a point on the map of the Hay River, which dried at our arrival. From there we were lucky on the camp. The first thing that rushed into my eyes is that it was almost no barbed wire. The commander explained to us: "We will not watch you very much, because the nearest source of water is from here a hundred and thirty with more than kilometers. Water tanks are protected, and you will be given only one water flap at a time. If you want to run and die from the thirst, you are pleased with the mercy. "

Every evening at sunset, the wind raised dust, such a thin, that she sewed at all the pores and holes of the body, to the dressing facilities issued to us, in everything. In the afternoon there was a heat, and at night it was cool, and the stars shone incredibly brightly. I admired, looking at the southern cross.

They fed us well, and soon we have already become accustomed to new orders, and "Dwuner" with her dangers of bells in memories. And of course, now we did not threaten the Nazis. As if we were hanging in time. Standing mid August 1940.

For the fifth day in hee, I was asked to talk to the commandant. He reminded me of a hefty major from Maidston. But he listened to me. I explained how stupidly acted the British (he called them "lemimples"), when they sent me in Hay, because I myself wanted to fight with the Germans. I told him that I would gladly join the Australian army. When I finished, the commandant said:

Son, I can neither enroll you into the army, nor release from here, but from that day you are my runner.

What does it mean? - I asked.

Come here tomorrow morning at seven hours, and you will find out, "he said.

The next morning he said:

So we went to hunt the kangaroo and killed several snakes and birds from his rifle. And returned to eleven, before you managed to die from the heat.

I stayed in Hee just ten days when the loudspeaker suddenly announced that I had to appear in the camp office, where I ordered to immediately collect things. I am sent back to England and have been released on arrival. I asked:

Why not right now?

Such an order, "answered me.

Loving me stolen. I never learned why the British authorities decided to free me and five more among thousands of people from our number. Now I had to return to England, while most of my comrades should have been to stay in the Australian camp. I was glad to be on freedom again, but at the same time I understood well that we would again have to sail on the sea, having a German submarine.

I was told that I immediately go to Melbourne. They issued a new working form of the Australian soldier and black shoes from Kangarovy skin, which I adored. The train on which we drove was better than those who delivered us in Hay, but still the road took twenty-three hours. Although we were guarded, Australian soldiers, apparently, considered us some important person.

To my annoyance, in Melbourne we were taken to a city prison, because we should have been kept in "security". Since we were placed in the wing with harmonious criminals, I filed a complaint. Our jailers were very fun to have been moved when it was then transferred to the wing for prostitutes, where we were promised good entertainment. So it turned out, be sure. Girls from the streets adored the society of men and arranged a strip-show us. There was nothing secret for me! They were witty, talented, relaxed and shameless. My knowledge in women's anatomy grew immensely. The ladies have offered free to us through the lattice what they were sold on the streets for money, for which we raised in the government house. If the fear of Syphilis had not been inspired by the parents, it could become a turning point of my youth. Alas, the pleasure of their company lasted only two days.

From the very departure from England, I did not have the opportunity to write a single letter. The jailer promised to bring me paper, a pen and envelope, but before he managed to fulfill the promise, we, six "returnees", suddenly put on a truck and - no matter how strikingly - they took the Dune.

What shock!

There were Johnny and all the other guards. Although we were no longer prisoners, we knew that we would get freedom only on arrival in England. We were still under the rule of the commander of the ship, but fortunately, not the same tormentover who commanded on the road from England. We were allowed to move freely on the ship, but we had to clean and clean: pots, pots, plates, decks, tables and shops. How to anyone military serviceEven if something is already clean, you clean it again, because the idleness is considered harmful to the martial spirit and a soldier. I became an excellent cleaner with a six-hour working day, even if the second and third cleaning could no longer improve anything.

Every day I asked myself, why we have rescue boats and teachings on the leave of the ship. Is it too too much? Dunner bypassed Australia and headed in Indian Ocean. Then one day the alarm rang out. It was not a doctrine. A four-year-old feed gun "Dunners" shot with a crash. I accidentally saw Johnny near the boat and noticed that he was scary. He looked at me, and I showed him his nose. He failed to even speed the grimace in response. After that, he didn't even approach me anymore.

Near the water exploded several shells. Then I was told that Dunner distracted German and Italian raiders - re-equipped ocean liners, high-speed and armed, which attacked trade vessels. Soon a British cruiser appeared. I never learned who shot.

After that, for some reason we turned in Bombay. There, our small group of the interneeds, who were to be released in England, landed on the Pier and handed over to the Indian police inspector. Soon, a welcome committee appeared from the Bombay Association for Helping Jews, led by a thick Jew from South Germany with khaki color shorts and a cork helmet. He spoke English with a strong emphasis, but told us that he was a citizen of Britain. Hearing our story, he instructed us to the police inspector.

Fingerprints were removed from us and gave us the certifying documents. In the police, we were warned that we could not have weapons, cameras, binoculars and radio transmitters (very funny, I thought, yes, I don't even have a second pair of panties), and then our patron taking us to Habib-Chembers, the house owned by the Association in Native Quarter Bombay. He said goodbye and handed us the Matrona, which was there hostess.

The next day I went outside. I did not pass ten steps, as I came across Mr. and Mrs. Helms, German Jews from the town near Gardenhene. There, they were unsuccessful tried to conceive a child until my mother helped them. Their daughter, which now lay in a wheelchair on Bikulla Road, was born in the room of our house, converted to his male. I was always awkward in their presence - they felt like a false fake in them - but they stood in front of me, and I exclaimed: "Like, Mr. Helms, Ms. Helms, what are you doing here?" They had some funds, and they escaped in Bombay from Nazi Germany.

I took (and then returned) they have money so that I would have enough to send a telegram to parents who were then in the US and did not hear anything from June when I was sent from England. They thought I was killed. Already September came, and I was in India. Already when my father died, I found my telegram sent from Bombay on his table. It said: "I was released into Bombay, send money to Cook." I, of course, decided that they would understand that I mean the Agency for Delivery and Travel Cook.

Association of help provided me with nutrition and housing. The heat was unbearable, and on the first night I went out on the porch. Soon I noticed big birds that circled around and dive to me. Every time I moved, they flew out. I returned to the stuffed bedroom. The next day I learned that these birds are padals who usually circled around the tower of silence located nearby, where the deceased pets were buried. There, even the ducks crushed meat with bones, and then the bones burned. At night, a motionless boy on the porch was for vultures of possible food.

In the room I heard the noise, as if the soldiers marched in the distance. I turned on the light, and the army of huge cockroaches began to hastily climb the stone table and climb into the first dark gap. I was taught to shaken shoes before you shook to make sure there no scorpions there. High boots were preferable, in case you have come on Cobra. It passed me.

Parents, rejoicing that I was alive, and in complete bewilderment because I found himself in Bombay, somehow scraped and sent me fifty dollars - they earned twenty dollars a month for two. But in 1940, it was enough to buy underwear in Bombay, to buy a cotton costume of the khaki color, buy cigarettes and, most importantly, a helmet from the sun - a found, which etiquette prescribed every white man. I still wore my favorite Australian kenguric leather boots.

There were several families of Jewish refugees in Bombay. In one of these families, a daughter grew, and either she, whether her parents were attached to me. In any case, I was invited to visit them more often than I could take it. Teens feel great and dislike, and this girl was not for me. In the end, she married another person from Habib-Chembers.

Meanwhile, I corresponded with my parents. Through friends, they made me with American quakers who came to India with the Mission of Mercy. They, in turn, introduced me to a pair of Switzerland. They accepted me very friendly. He was a banker, and his wife is an adorable young Jew who saved from Nazi Germany. I spent a lot of pleasant hours in their apartment and on the beach, where monkeys threw us coconuts with palm trees.

Soon I met the pairs, Hindus and members of the Indian National Congress, Nehru. I learned a little Urdu, enough to talk to Dhobi (men's laundries) and Hhari (taxi drivers) and to ask "Kidna Badj High?" ("What time is it?") And something else. To my surprise, these helpful people treated me with respectful respect, with which they treated their gentlemen from the British Empire.

In the native quarters, you, consider, lucky if you did not come in bright red splashes with a boilel juice, which people spoiled right into open windows on dirty sidewalks. Homeless hundreds slept on the street. I have seen people who have syphilis or leprosy ate noses. In the crowded streets wandered cows with superficial tails, fantastically grafted on the sides. No one interfered with these sacred animals eat vegetables with open counters in the central market, while people are starving. During the monsoon, I saw that the sewage was clogged with rats that drowned in wastewater streams due to heavy rains.

Habib-Chembers was on Biculla Road, the main urban artery with trams and buses. I freely walked around the district, never seeing violence and not afraid for my security. Not far from us there was a big area of \u200b\u200bred lanterns, where the open windows sat lush Indian beauties and openly demonstrated their goods. If we were not stopped by moral principles, the fear of the Asian syphilis, the exhaustive and disfiguring disease, which was rarely treated by local, would definitely beat the hunt for physical contact. It was enough for me to look, talking and seeing with whatever pleasure women were met customers.

Everywhere there were tea and hashish, and their smell filled the air in the evenings. In them, I often participated in hot discussions about colonialism on this not similar to other English with an Indian accent. I also learned that people in the position of oppressed appear feeling that their suffering surround them with a certain halo of holiness and give them moral superiority. Like my interlocutors, I believed that the end of colonialism would put the end of poverty and other troubles of this exotic country.

I also began to understand some fundamental difference between the culture of the East and mine. When I grew up, I was taught to bring me to perfection. Application in the practice of moral values, and I tried to do everything as best as possible. I saw in Western culture, even in the disgusting morality of the Nazis, the culture of action in which a person acts to live, but lives to act. In the culture of Hinduism, or what I considered Hinduism, I, on the contrary, opened the culture of being. If in this life you were good kouli, then in the next, maybe you will become a taxi owner.

At that time, the Caste Banya, Roshovshchikov, who had to have had the money of the poorest of the poorest existed in India. The debts were inherited, and the sons had to pay interest on the loans of fathers who were taken to pay for the traditional wedding daughters. It was said that none of the Indians were able to escape from the Roshovshchik, changing the name or place of residence. These Banya led Gandhi to rage. I somehow met with one of them, who was educated in Oxford, and asked him how he with his Western values \u200b\u200bjustifies the exploitation of the poorest. He replied: "Providence sent the poor in this world to suffer from poverty, and I chose me to be a good realmist. I'm not going to interfere with world order, on the contrary, I am here to serve it. " He spoke sincerely and calmly slept at night.

Like my familiar Banya, the whole city of Bombay on the surface seemed to be western, with the exception of signs at stores and clothes of residents. Buses, trams and cars outpashed wagons. But the wandering sacred cows gave him a unique color.

In Bombay, I met a few pairs. This is a separate people, they are always rich, thoughtfully and are committed to their ancient fault of Zoroastrianism. A philosophical harmony was established between me and a young woman named Ears, very unusual for the German jewish origin, sympathetic to the British, and women originating from ancient Persians. We were young and thought equally. We believed in the fraternity of people, hated prejudice, loved prophets, but did not endure an organized religion and had disgust for colonialism. We were like-minded, emotionally, but not physically close. Sexual relations before marriage would destroy all further life Ears.

At about the time I received a long letter from Helmut, who told me that the school moved from the zone of a possible invasion of the Shorpshire Weem, and everyone was terribly delighted when I learned that I was alive. He also mentioned that my girlfriend is experiencing that I don't write her. I have not written so. Oh, how cruel we are when you pass people's hobbies! I also received a charming letter from Betty, which I did not want to remember, although now we were separated by the oceans, and I thought, let it remain forever.

I decided to find a job. But as a representative of the White race, Mr., I was ordered the way to unskilled workers, but I did not have enough qualifications for ordinary practitioners. How to be?

In England, I studied the "Admiralty Directory for Wireless Telegraph", the Official Guide for Learning British Naval Radiers. Then I found an instance of the directory in the Bombay library. I reread it until I learned almost literally. I wanted to get a job with a radio transmitter.

By that time I made friends with the company of four bachelors, German Jews, who divided a large apartment and used the services of the butler, cooks and cleaners. When I told them that I wanted to find a job, they did not believe the ears, but then one of them introduced me to the Indian Mother, who ruled the workshop on the manufacture of simple radio receivers - a good business, because imported radio receivers were not enough. He took me to him for a trial period without payment, but soon I was already led by a dozen Indians who were collecting simple twolycap receivers. I learned to play the role that fate threw me: now I carried the burden of a white man in Bombay and gained decent money for it. I knew that this embodiment would also be temporary. As then, I thought.

I was seventeen years old, neither parents did not look after me, nor someone else, I had adult friends, work and housing in an interesting city, distant from the Nazis and British jailers. I could come, leave and act, how I think. This delightful freedom and the ability to take care of themselves compensated for uncertainty in the future and lost connection with the family. But still I lacked the constant girlfriend and friends-peers.

Once I went to the American Consulate. Entering the building, I noticed what a pleasant coolness there. And the sign: "Carrier's air conditioners." I have never been brought to the air-conditioned building. Among the bombier heat, I first tried America, and she was wonderful and cool taste. "This is for me," I thought.

Vice-Consul Wallace Lari was a tall and thin man with a short haircut. It was perfectly sitting a brown suit, which I have not seen - then I learned that such wearing Palm Beach. He asked what I needed, and I said, "I want to go to America." He asked my documents. I had only an identity card issued by the Police Commissioner to Bombay, but Mr. Laru required a birth certificate so that he could bring me in the quota from Germany. Then he asked why I want to be in America, and I said that my parents in Baltimore.

Do you know anyone in Baltimore? - he asked.

I only knew Mr. Lansbury, who made the guarantor for my parents to receive a visa. Mr. Laru jumped.

Did you say - Lansbury? What do you play me?

We will contact you.

As I learned during the week, Mr. Larya made sure that I was addressed for a visa in Berlin back in 1937, and received confirmation of my story. He said he could give me a visa. But I did not have a passport. "No problem," he said. He will give me a certificate. But I have to show him a ticket to the United States before he can give a visa.

Who could believe in such a turn! I'm going to America! My brother was still in the boarding school in the deposited England, and because of the underwater war, passenger vessels stopped walking from there from Nazi Europe through Atlantic Ocean. My comrades in conclusion in Bombay, at that time had the official status of citizens of the state, which was in a state of war with the British authorities of India, was nowhere to go. Hundreds of other internized, with whom I sailed to Australia still sat in Bush. Why did it happen that I got the American visa alone?

On the way from Bombay to America, it was necessary to go through Ceylon and Indonesia to Japanese Yokohama, and from there to the Western coast of the United States. Almost the entire globe and arrive in New York - it quite consistent with my tendency to adventure, but I was afraid that Japan would soon enter the war with the United States. The opportunity to find me in the Japanese military prison did not attract me.

Another path lay through South Africa to South America and Caribbean. The vessels of the company "Amerikhen President Line" walked along this route, but only expensive first-class tickets were offered. Their "President Wilson" had to sail from Bombay on March 21, 1941 and presumably arrived in New York on April 26. The first class ticket cost 660 dollars, at that time it was a huge amount for me.

Parents managed to collect part of the amount. I managed to save several hundred dollars from my salary and took the last twenty dollars from those the same bachelors ready to come to the rescue. For the last rupees, I bought a third shirt and several inexpensive souvenirs. Friends staged a farewell banquet for me. In the morning of departure, I took a taxi and rose on board "President Wilson" with a black metal drawer instead of a suitcase. There was a gray linen suit, filtered and ironed, and a cork helmet of khaki. Now I was a first class passenger. The cabin shared the Turk with me, which never spoke to me. A few pretty American girls sailed on the liner, which left the military threat to Asia and the Middle East.

Since the US still retained the neutrality, the letters "USA" glowed brightly on board the ship to protect it from the attacks of German submarines. This flight was so safe as possible in 1941.

A few days after we went out into the sea, I struck a ship radio lard with my knowledge of wireless. He agreed with me that we would keep it in the strictest secrecy, and a few hours every day I was sitting at the radio in his logging, and he dreamed immediately to be nearby. He decently paid for me, but I managed to spend money on whiskey, cigarettes, new clothes and some more things in the ports of the right. I played a lot to Bridge with a British baronet and his wife. It was an extremely pleasant journey in a length of five weeks, and how it was different from my previous navigation!

By the end of the way I had enough money to give away debts, and there were still three dollars left not to disappear in the United States. Several missionaries sailed with us, and they did not approve my lifestyle. However, I perfectly revealed with all the others who did not try to re-educate me. I remember that tasty ate and premium spent time from Sally Simms in secluded corners on the boat deck. She was very cleverly managed to share the attention between me and a pretty young steward. I began to better understand the radio, as the electronics and marine laws were called. Barbed wire, "Dunner" and bombier tattleship quickly went to the past. In the cabin liner, the American cinema was twisted, and I looked at some movies several times. Sally, who spoke with a cute Texas emphasis, made me train Hollywood reprimand and later assured me that I was saying like a real Yankee.

After visiting Cape Town, Trinidad and Havana, New York was no longer around the corner, and I thought that I was approaching the goal that I set myself when voluntarily agreed to deportation from England. It seemed incredible that from that morning, when I, an interned, left Bansa Court, passed less than a year.

Why did I get so lucky, while others were drowned on Andorra Star in just a couple of days before the sails of "Dunners"? Why did I get one of six people among the three thousand who were released on freedom in Australia? And why did I get the only visa in Bombay and got a ticket? My brother Helmut and thousands of people are stuck in England and other countries. Isn't it strange that me, having left from England in such circumstances that have not foreshadowed anything good, now I'm going to the USA? It seemed to me that compared to the past, the future could only be pale.

Then it seemed to me that I would lose freedom, if I again return to a normal family life. I didn't want it. Before sunrise in the last morning on the liner, I definitely understood one thing: I will no longer be a schoolboy in the care of my parents. I'm not going to give up independence. When I get to America, I will live yourself!

From the book of the author

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