Competence approach in the organization of extracurricular activities of the teacher. Implementation of the competence approach in lessons and in extracurricular activities in elementary school
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Plan. 1. Who are Knights? 2. Knight's castle. 3. Education knight. 4. Equipment knight. 5. Knight's tournament.
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Who are Knights? Knight is a medieval noble honorable title in Europe. He could have only noblemen, not commoner. Not all people who called themselves knights treated them. Often, it was often possible to meet a nonetitular nobleman, who had an unreal title. The knighthood as a military and landowner estate arose in francs in connection with the transition in the VIII century from the national walking troops to the equestrian army of vassals. By exposing the church and poetry, it developed the moral and aesthetic ideal of the warrior.
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The castle is the fortified dwelling of the feudal. Early castles had a harsh appearance due to the deaf powerful walls designed for long defense. With the transition to the tactics of active defense on the walls and towers, machines appear for mounted shooting. In the XIII - XVI centuries. Castles are converted into complex complexes of defensive, residential, cult and economic structures that form holistic ensembles. Their appearance is enriched with arcade galleries (mainly in courtyards), erkers, diverse towers with elegant completions. With the development of artillery, the castle loses the value of the fortress, a palace building begins to play a major role in its composition. Signs of castle architecture are preserved, but the decoration of towers, gear walls with braces is becoming increasingly decorative. In the future, the castles are displaced by urban and country palace-park complexes.
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The armor of the knight consisted of a shell, a ringed shirt, helmet, metal gloves and the same stocking. A knightly helmet in the XI century was simple, without pick, the face remained open, and only the nose was protected by a metal plate. TO XIII century The helmet began to cover the entire face of the knight, there were only narrow gaps for eyes and small breathing holes. The Knight of the XIII century was all stacked in the armor, there was no one part of the body.
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1 - Swiss infantryman in trophy knight armor 2 - Italian armor 1450 3 - Italian armor 1480. 4 - German armor 1480
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Shield. I had every knight. Drop-shaped shields were spread, which closed the whole figure of the warrior. Shields were made of leather, outside were slightly convex ..
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Sword. In addition to the spear, the knight was armed with an iron sword. With the X century Swords are massive and long to meters. Swords with a semicircular embodied and straight cross. The swords were given nicknames (Rolanda - Durandal, and King Arthur - Escalibur). Handling swords decorated with precious stones. They were inherited, legends were about them. Flambert, two-handed sword of the Knights of the Middle Ages. The sword is medieval in the sheath, the 14th century.
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A spear. The main offensive arms of the knight was a long spear. Its long reached up to 4.5 meters. It consisted of an asholes and iron tip. Spear rarely experienced one battle.
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Bow and arrows. Onions did from Oshness, ash, white knight. Arrows from pine. The length of arrows reached 1 m, and the onions itself up to 2 meters. The shooting distance reached 200 steps. There were such arrows, the shooting distance reached up to 785 steps.
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Armor. The main defensive clothing of the knight was a ring, woven from steel rings, sometimes in two or three layers. She had a cut in front and rear (for convenience with horseback riding) and hung to the knees. The advantage of the mail was its mobility and durability. The era of Kolchug ended in Xiy. Lats come to the change of chain - armor of knights from steel plates that have become solid. These armor were not as movable as the mail and weighed a lot, but they guaranteed invulnerability in the hottest battle fight. And the armor began to cover even horses.
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Helmet. The full cover of the warrior completed - helmet. The head closed the hood, beaten by a soft matter, and the helmet was put on top of it. Initially, he was a dome-shaped iron headdress with a nicer and nashechniki. From the end of the XII century. Massive potted helmets appear, which covered their heads entirely and rest on the shoulders. The opponent's blow reached his goal well and at the same time allowed the warrior to breathe freely. 1 - Italian 2 - German 3 - French 4 - French 1310 G. 5 - German 1318 G. 6 - French 1340 g 7 - German 8, 9, 10 - French 1370 G. 11 - English 12 - Flemish 13 - French 1380 . 14 - Bishop Helmet 15 - French 1400 g.
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Education knight. The upbringing of the future knight began with childhood. For development in the child of the military spirit, even his games and fun were warlike in nature: towers and strengthening from the snow, which it was necessary to precipitate or defend, exercises with a cool depicted spear, etc. When the child reached the seven age, he passed from female hands In the men's and initial lessons received at home, under the parental sheep, but at ten years he was sent to raising the main knights, with whom the parents of the child were related or friendship. He constantly kept deep silence, talking only when he was treated with a question. The squire was first gave a sword in the hands, and on this occasion was made the corresponding religious rite. Already a fourteen-year-old Page could reach the title of a squire; They were allowed closer to senites, and young people were freer to participate in conversations and conversations of the knights.
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Ritual dedication. Knights could be made for a long time. Each knight could devote to the knights, but most often it was the relatives of the dedication; Senoras, kings and emperors sought to approve this right exclusively.
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Code of honor. I, consciously and voluntarily entering the ranks of the sovereign knightly Order of Christ the Savior, realizing his responsibility to the guarantors and the knightly fraternity, I give the word of honor and solemnly I promise: 1. To be guided by the interests of the sovereign knightly Order of Christ the Savior, adhere to its charter and internal regulations. 2. Bear and multiply the glory and traditions of chivalry, to defend the interests of the knightly fraternity, compete for achieving the goal of the Order of the Honest, legal way. 3. It is insistently and harmoniously developing his identity, contribute to the Knights of the Order. 4. Highly carry the noble title of the knight, never stain his shameful act. 5. Always in any circumstances be a support and defender for poor, disadvantaged and patients.
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Cult Beautiful lady The flourishing of the knighthood is connected and the flourishing of the wonderful lady's cult, one of the most famous and sublime manifestations of the knighthood. The cult of an excellent lady was born from a special worship of the Virgin Mary. She was named the "meek lady of heaven", "Heavenly Queen." Such a worship of the Virgin Mary exalted in turn and the earthly woman. Surrounding by honoring any "lady of the heart", the knight, in essence, served not to her, and some distracted ideal of beauty and impurity, which he created in his soul. The same ministry was constantly wearing the colors of her coat of arms, battles in her honor in war or at the tournament, the glorification of her behalf and readiness to fulfill her whim.
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Knight Tournament Knight's Tournament - Military Competition Knights in Middle Ages Western Europe. Presumably, tournaments began to be held from the second half of the XI century. Motherland tournaments - France. The "father" of the tournament is called Joffroy de Prailie (mind in 1066). He wrote the rules for the first tournaments. Interestingly, Joffroi de Prailie was killed in the tournament, for which he himself wrote the rules. The purpose of the tournament is a demonstration of combat qualities of the knights who made up the main military power Middle Ages. Tournaments were usually arranged by the king or baroni, major senites at particularly solemn cases: in honor of the marriages of the kings, blood princes, in connection with the birth of the heirs, the conclusion of the world, etc. The tournaments gathered knights from all europs. The tournament occurred publicly, with a wide arrangement of feudal nobility and mortage for the tournament was elected appropriate place Near the big city, the so-called "ristar". The ristar had a quadrilateral form and was discouraged by a wooden barrier. Near the benches, lodges, tents for the audience. The course of the tournament was regulated by the Special Code, for whose observance was followed by Gerold, they called the names of the participants and the conditions of the tournament.
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The knight's knights fought until the enemy falls from the horse. The winner of the tournament chose the lady on which he marries
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They agreed in the duel although there were specially appointed judges at the tournaments, but the highest judges were beautiful ladies. Any complaint against any of the participants was considered precisely they, and the decision was not subject to appeal. Opening a knightly contest, Herolds loudly announced his rules and declared what the prize of the upcoming contest will be. In addition to the announced prizes, ladies and girls often sacrificed in the form of award for the knightly valor of their own gold or silver ornaments. And the main prize itself could be very valuable. In addition, each knight, who won the opponent, received his weapons and horse as a trophy. As a rule, the organizers of the tournaments showed a special courteousness in relation to foreign knights participating.
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Knights in the Middle Ages at the same time tournaments were carried out in the possession of the kings themselves or major barons. Unfortunately, in modern world Such spectacular knightly art has lost its own popularity. That is why many of us and do not dream of seeing similar fights with our own eyes. But, in fact, there is a corner in Spain, where you can enjoy this unforgettable spectacle. Each knightly tournament here begins with a meeting with a countess and a graph that take guests to a special room, where they will fight the knights. During the duel, dishes are served on all medieval traditions. And completes all this magnificent show of a real ball.
What is chivalry. (Pankov Valeria and Klyuev Pavel) Raising knights. (Duckin Dmitry) 7 knightly virtues. (Gurin Andrei) Dedication to the knights. (Basenitsyan Misak and Bryantseva Irina) Code of Knights. (Senashenko Maria and Bryantseva Irina, Klyuev Pasha) Knights in battle. (Winds Gennady) Knight's tournaments. (Kramarova Daria and Gurin Andrei) Middle Ages Castles. (Isaev Marina) Do you know ... (Ivanov Ilya) part first
Which of us did not dream about the distant times of valiant knights, noble and dedicated lanes of their flame hearts, about the weird heroes of Romans Walter Scott, about the noble crusaders headed by Richard Lion's heart, funny Hidalgo Don Quixote with his faithful Sancho Pansa. This period of the romantic past was far from so serene and glorious. We, students of 6 "a" class, decided to learn how more as possible and tell our friends and peers about this interesting time. Our 6A Class has prepared almanac "Knights of the Middle Ages" preparing for our Almana, we learned a lot of information about medieval knights. For information for the almanac, we treated additional reference literature: encyclopedias, reference books, dictionaries. Offering the material we asserted, designed in the form of Almanac, we hope that you will enjoy it and will open a lot of new pages in the history of the Middle Ages and the epoch, in which they lived ...
Knightness is a special privileged social layer of medieval society. Traditionally, this concept is associated with the history of the countries of Western and Central Europe, where during the dawn of the Middle Ages to chivalry, in fact, all secular feudals were the warriors. But more often this term is used in relation to medium and small feudal feudals in opposition to nobility.
IN latin The word "miles" meant "soldiers". IN early Middle Ages This word is already not a simple soldier, but those who have made private armies, or those who were considered the elite. These people could afford an expensive equipment. And "arms" for all the rules was not easy. Helmet, lats, the sword was expensive. A good horse cost more than a cow. Therefore, only vassals or free people could afford to engage in military affairs. Less often, land owners armed non-free servists, giving them money to acquire a horse and weapons. Now the idea of \u200b\u200b"mile" - warrior - already inextricably linked with horse riding. In all Western Europe from 7 to 9th century, an idea of \u200b\u200bthe professional warrior, who studied the ratal case for several years developed. Such people or had their own funds on horseback and weapons, or included in the retinue of a noble senory, who also paid him for the service. From the rest of the residents, the knights were also different and personal status. During the war, the knight was obliged to stand under the banner of his senory. However, the relationship with him in the knight was not built, like the peasants, according to the principle of "Mr. and servant". The word "Senor" meant only the "senior". In this word, it was reflected in the military fraternal attitude towards his commander. It testified to special - comrade - relationships. Number of knighthood
Knight's estate is a special caste of Middle Ages, a military class. The word "knight" means "rider", and it is no coincidence - knights always fought riding. Knights became the only real power that was needed to everyone. Kings - to use them in the fight against other kingdoms, dismissed vassals, peasants and churches. Feudals are labored - counts and dukes - against the king, neighbors and peasants. Peasants - against the knights who gave the vassal oath to neighboring lords. Such a disagreement is all against everyone - and it became the main reason The emergence of chivalry. It happened in 9-10 centuries. The knighthood experienced different times. By explosive There is a brilliant period of dawn of the knighthood, later replaced by decadent. In the 10th - early 11th century, the knights constituted a certain group of persons who united the main thing in their life - the war. Of course, there were knights and coacter among them, and the victory, but the lifestyle, and others were the same. They solely knew the military work well. It distinguished them from the peasants who had to work every day. And you can only imagine how I was afraid of a simple peasant of this huge warrior on horseback. In the 10th century, the knights played a huge role in the fight against the pagans, defending the western Christian world.
Raising knights began with 7 years. The young man was almost never at home, in the forests fought on sticks, swords and spears. Engaged in a swimming and horse riding. In 10 years, he went to the castle to his Signor and received the title of a group or currency. Page performed the responsibilities of servants .. He performed various orders of Señora and his family members. At 14, the young man received the title of squire. In the castle, he looked after horses and dogs, met guests.
The knights had their own traditions, the fulfillment of their debt. Traditions demanded from the knight to be knowledgeable in matters of religion, know "seven knightly virtues." In "Seven Knight's Virtues" included: 1. - Top ride; 2. -Frees; 3. - Speed \u200b\u200bhandling; 4. - Bloom; 5. -How; 6. -Hag in checkers; 7. - Poaming and singing of poems in honor of the ladies of the heart.
The knight was supposed to own not only these skills, but also a decent behavior at the table. In special teachings, it was said that the knight should not fill the mouth with both hands, wipe the nose with his hand, pick a knife in the teeth, to dissolve the belt.
Dedication to the knights is a symbolic ceremony of entry into the knighthood. Dedication to the knights marked the transition to maturity and independence. The ceremony consisted of several stages. On the eve, the future knight was supposed to redeem in the bath, then he put on a white shirt, Scarlet Surko, a brown hood, gold spurs, and one of the oldest knights (or father) washing his sword. On the french "Joining the sword" and meant to make a knight. Weapon walking - the main part of the ceremony. Then the dedication caused the young man's punch palm on the back of the head (neck, cheek) with a brief instruction: "Be brave." Podbitol was called "Kule". It was the only knight in the life of the knight (silent), which the knight could get without returning. The dedication ritual ended with the demonstration of the dexterity of the new knight. Most often, the dedication to the knights was made to religious holidays or made the on the eve of a large battle; He was preceding a long period Learning: The future knight as a group was trained at a notable, experienced knight or father. For example, Karl Great in 791 solemnly gone to the sword of his 13-year-old son of Louis, and Louis, in 838 of his 15-year-old Son Charles.
Knights could be made for a long time. At first, the knighthood was given in the German tradition, at 13, 15, 19 years old, but in the XIII century, the desire to push him to the majority, that is, by the 21st year. Dedication is most often accomplished on Christmas holidays, Easter, Ascension, Pentecost; Hence the custom's custom "Night Guard" on the eve of the initiation. Each knight could devote to the knights, but most often it was the relatives of the dedication; Senoras, kings and emperors sought to approve this right exclusively. In the XI XII centuries. Only the rite of clogging of the Golden Spurs, the rings and helmets and helmets, the bathtub, were added to the German custom of the weapon. That is, the punch of the palm on the neck, went into use later. By the end of the rite, the knight jumped, not touching the stupid, on the horse, gallopped and the blow hit the dummy, approved on the pillars. Sometimes the knights themselves appealed to the consecration of weapons to the church; Thus, it began to penetrate the rite a Christian beginning.
The night of a young man-row spent in the temple. Here, under the dark villages, in full silence, he kneeling at one of the altars, where the candles flicker before the image of George Victorious, the patron of chivalry. The flashes dimly blended on the metal of heavy armor lying right in front of the altar. But through multicolored glasses of stained glass windows, the first sunny rays penetrated into the temple. The young man was patiently waiting. Finally, heavy drills of iron doors threatened. Now the squire was to be washing in the cooked bath - as a sign of the beginning of a new life. Then he returned to the temple again. The temple was already filled with a crowd of relatives and guests, gathered from all surrounding castles. Bishop began prayer. The squire was humbly confused, fell and sank in front of the bishop on his knees. He blessed his sword and handed the weapon to the future knight.
And then the most worrying, the most solemn moment. Knights, young ladies and girls have a young man in the armor. He kept his knees in front of his senory, and he touched his shoulder three times with the words: "In the name of God, in the name of St. Michael and St. George, I make you a knight, be brave and honest." Ahead a solemn feast in honor of the new knight, but before he still had to show all guests their military art. The exit of their temple was waiting for a battle horse; Do not touch sterefish, the young man jumped into the saddle and was joined in full support in front of the audience with a spear of the vingo. The tag, and the scarecrow, dressed in the knight armor, flew over the steps twenty to the side. Guests broke out with cries of delight ... thousands, tens of thousands of times repeated in medieval Europe such scenes. Yesterday's squire after a rite of initiation became a full member of a special caste - knightly class.
1.Reztsha Code of Honor is mandatory for all persons of noble origin named by knights. 2. In the case of the violation of the Code of the Code of the Knight, his fate will be entrusted to Susurena, whose vassal he is, when evasion, from the will of Susalena, this person is automatically deprived of the noble knightly title, all lands and all privileges. 3. Each knight should protect the life of his tiny. 4. Each knight must keep the word given to them, because only the cowardice is for a knight shame large than the oath. 5. Each knight must have a diploma confirming its noble origin. 6. Each knight should take part in tournaments, where to show the valor of rational, bravery and bravery. 7. The village does not dare to cause harm to man unarmed. 8. The village does not dare to cause harm to a person armed unequal weapons, otherwise both on the battlefield. Knight's Code of Chest
9. The village must be merciful and krotky to weak, and not to deny those who asks for help. 10.Rezard must be ruthless to the locijams, the enemies of him and his suzeraine, and to people offenders and evil injuries. 11.There must be Galanten in handling noble ladies. 12. If the arguments arose between the knights, or one of them was a word or actions offended by another, then the knight can demand satisfaction in an honest fight in the presence of seconds, or renunciation from their words and repentance in their actions. 13. On the knightly tournament, it is forbidden to use dishonest techniques. 14. No for the knight, things are more disgusting than betrayal. 15.Rezard can't hit the defeated opponent (in an honest match), as well as the enemy, which praises about mercy. 16. The village must mercilessly paint any insult of the honor of his suzerain, honor of the ladies (any), and their own honor. 17.Nesting the Knight's Code is not mitigating the circumstance for the treacherous people who have retreated from his rules.
It is interesting! The real knight was supposed to do with his prisoner as with an expensive guest, even if before that they were worst enemies not for life, but to death. After all, who knows, could come and such a day when today's prisoner captures his current Mr. In battle, the knight was supposed to attack the enemy in this order: 1. Favorite leader. 2. Looking opponents, enemy flags and standards. 3. Snot or elite enemy cavalry. 4. Trade cavalry. 5. Elite infantry. 6.Leller and headquarters. 7. Protection. 8. Sticky and recruits.
Knights before the start of combat usually built up in line and less often in the deep battle order - "Wedge". For the attack in the line, they were built by "Palkelokol" - in one open line at a distance of 5-10 meters from each other. The intervals existed in order for the knights to freely act long spears and maneuver on the horses. The squirrels were standing behind the knights, and behind them - equestrian and hiking archers and spearkers. The attack "Pillars" was used most often in knightly battles, that is, when a collision of the knightly troops. The attack of the "Wedge" is mainly against the enemy's troops, as part of which infantry acted. Sometimes knights entered the battle of not one column, but a few. The columns for the attack were lined up next to certain intervals.
Knights mostly attacked the enemy in the horseman. Knight's cavalry has long been the main force of medieval troops. If there were two knightly troops on the battlefield, the battle turned into a series of fights. Before the battle, the knight should have given a fresh horse and a new weapon. Each knight tried to choose the enemy more carefully, victory over which could bring more than fame.
Knight's tournament Military knights in medieval Western Europe. Presumably, tournaments began to be held from the second half of the XI century. The Motherland of Tournaments France "Father" is called Joffroi de Prailie (first half of the XI century). The appointment of the tournament demonstration of combat qualities of the knights who made up the main military power of the Middle Ages. Tournaments were usually arranged by the king or baronia, major senites for particularly solemn cases: in honor of the marriages of kings, blood princes, in connection with the birth of the heirs, the conclusion of the world, etc.
Knights were gathered at the tournaments from all europs. It occurred in public, with a wide stake of feudal nobility and common. For the tournament, a suitable place was elected near the Big City, the so-called "ristar". The ristar had a quadrilateral form and was discouraged by a wooden barrier. Near the benches, lodges, tents for the audience. The course of the tournament was regulated by the Special Code, for whose observance was followed by Gerold, they called the names of the participants and the conditions of the tournament. Conditions (rules) were different. In the XIII century. The knight had no right to participate in the tournament, if he could not prove that four generations of his ancestors were free people. Over time, the coat of arms began to check the coat of arms in the tournament, introduced special tournament books and tournament lists. Typically, the tournament began with the fight of the knights, as a rule, just dedicated to the knightly title, the so-called "Zhete".
Such a fight was called the Tyost in the duel on the spears. The main competition was satisfied with the imitation of the battle of two detachments that were formed by "nations" or regions. The winners took opponents captured, took the weapons and horses, forced the defeated payments to the ransom. From the XIII century. The tournament was often accompanied by severe wounds and even the death of participants. The church forbade tournaments and the burial of the dead, but the custom turned out to be inexperienced. At the end of the tournament, the names of the winners were called, awards were heard. The winner of the tournament had the right to choose the queen of the tournament. The tournaments stopped in the XVI century, when the Knight's cavalry lost its value and was supplanted by the infantry of the shooters, recruiting from citizens and peasants.
The appearance of castles, fortified housing of the feudalists, refers to the times of the Board of Caroling, the royal franc dynasty. The most famous representative of the dynasty was the legendary Karl the Great. The most ancient castles were the fortified dwelling of the feudal veins on the top of the cliff, gicked up the high and thick wall, isolated from stone blocks. Built from the same stone blocks the house was a well-fortified fortress. Now I will tell you that is inside the castle. The huge hall, the dark and dark, illuminated the fire of the fireplace - also huge, from one window to another. In the middle of a big table. Golden flame flames glue on gold and silver vessels and dishes. On the stone floor - herbs, and the room smells like a summer meadow. Such was the main room of the castle.
Here you can get from the top floor of the stone staircase, passing the extensive corridor, which stretches along the facade of the building. This is a bright gallery, there are many windows. Amenities in the hall a little. However, the desire for appropriateness did not cancel the desire to decorate their home: the floor in the hall although the stone, but multicolored. The plates alternately alternate and make up a kind of pattern. Softe the gloomy of the room and whitewashed walls, in places painted with paints hung with deer horns, shields, spears. There are frescoes, paints on them are monotonous, but even they revive the walls.
1. The knights had a special disgrace considered a murder of an unarmed opponent. Lancelot, Knight without fear and reproach, could not forgive one "lack": somehow in the heat of the battle, he killed two unarmed knights and noticed it when, alas, to correct something was already late. He felt that he did not ask for such a serious sin, and a promise made a walking pilgrimage in the shirt alone to squeeze his sin. 2. The horse armor included the "brass muzzle" on the head of the horse, the "bib" or breastplant lats, and the "lats on the croup" to protect the animal's sides. The rider armor consists of several parts. The light helmet was wary with a high protective device for chin or throat and bottom of the face. Such a complete set of armor had knights of Central and Western Europe at the end of the XV century. Horses knights were covered by the backup. They had a rider weapon, but perhaps a leather or chopped fabric protected the horse from no weather.
3. A two-handed sword at sunset of knightly times (in the XIV century) besides ordinary sword and spears, other types of weapons appeared, for example, a huge sword - a length of up to 2 m. It was possible to keep it only with two hands, so it was called - two-handed. There was a sword and "in one and a half hands." Fingers, secrets, beirds, which were intended for washing metal armor and helmets were spread. However, these types of weapons were used mainly not knights, but by hired regular troops, infantry. 4. Kolchuga is already by the middle of the XII century. All the knights dressed in the challenges. On engravings of that time, you can see that steel chain challenges closed the warrior from head to the legs: from them details and trains, and gloves, and hoods. This flexible steel clothing was worn onto a leather or quilted approach, protecting from bruises, and they could be very sensitive, even if the sword or battle ax and did not break the steel rings. On top of the mail, the linen tunic was worn, protecting it from the effects of moisture and sun rays. They sewed it from expensive fabric, decorated with embroidery - usually by images of the generic knight's coat of arms. Contemporaries claimed that it was just as easy to move in it, as in ordinary clothes.
Richard Lion Heart (1157 - 1199). The English King Richard first got a nickname lion heart for his heartless courage. He especially became famous during the 3rd crusade. Getting to Palestine on ships, Richard captured the island of Cyprus. In 1191, moving on Jerusalem at the chapter of 100 thousand crusaders, he broke the two thousandth of Saladin's army. Richard appeared on the battlefield everywhere, where it was difficult, and climbed into the ranks of enemies. The Saladin's army ran, but the Crusaders were slow and missed the opportunity to take Jerusalem. When the 1st crusade began not a sword nor hunger, no plague stopped the Crusaders. In 1099, they took Jerusalem, destroying its inhabitants. In Palestine, the Jerusalem Kingdom of the Crusaders appeared. But it was not a hundred years old, as Jerusalem, Sultan Salah-Ad-Dean (Saladine) mastered. In response to the loss of Jerusalem, the 3rd campaign began, in which Richard was famous. Richard 1-wow in France belonged to considerable lands. The king of France Philip II (associate Cross campaign) I took part of these lands. In response, Richard 1st began a war with Philip II. During the siege of one of the castles in Richard came the arrow, and he died
King Arthur is represented as one of the nine decent heroes of the Middle Ages. The young Arthur, according to legend, became the king after the Magic Sword Escalibur was mined - the sword of the wonderful lake. King Arthur became famous for wisdom, courage, honor. Arthur finished with civil strides, united the English lands and expelled the Saxon conquerors. Together with his wife Giniev, he rules, being in beautiful city with the name Camelot. In his yard in Camelot, he collected the best knights so that everyone felt equal, the king and his knights squeezed for round table (It was from these depths of time that the expression "at the round table" came when everyone is equally worthy of attention). After the death of Arthur from the water of the lake, a mysterious hand rose and took the sword of Escalibur.
The cult of excellent ladies originated in Southern France, in the County Provence, and from there spread throughout Western Europe. Provence was rich, enlightened, trade and crafts flourished here, literature developed. And the position of the lady in Provence was also incomparably higher than any other counties, dukes and kingdoms. She could manage his property herself, was absolutely equal to all rights with a man. The cult of an excellent lady infamped from a special worship of the Virgin Mary. She was named the meek lady of Heaven, the Heavenly Queen, her images on icons began to enjoy the precious clothes, crowned with the crown. Such a worship of the Virgin Mary exalted in turn and the earthly woman. The perfect knight is now honest, clever, modest, generous, bold, polite.
The ministry of an excellent lady has become universal, none of the knightly classes could evade him. Each after the initiation in the knights should have chosen a lady, noble or downtry, married or not, and she would have to serve her to serve her. To achieve the location of the chosen lady, as a rule, is not easy. It was necessary to make a number of exploits to the glory of the chosen, to win the loud victories in tournaments, and only when the feats in her opinion were gained enough, the time of a special rite came: the lady took the wanders into his knights. If the lady allows him to service himself, the knight becomes heard.
The cult of the beautiful lady in fine art In the Middle Age. In addition to poetry, the image of an excellent lady was reflected in medieval visual art, in such as tapestries. Tapestry or tapestry is a woven fabric with a pattern that hung on the walls in rich, noble houses. Goben is most often a wedding gift. One of the most common plot in the middle eyelid was an image of a beautiful garden. In the center of the composition, as a rule, an image of an excellent lady and a unicorn was placed. At the edges there were images of birds, animals. Organ or fountain could also be depicted. The field of tapestry ripped herbs and flowers. For modern people This picture is not quite clear. But for the man of the Middle Ages, each detail of the tapestry had its obvious meaning.
Virgo and unicorn personified purity and innocence. The unicorn was also a symbol of Christ - the only Son of God. The authority was the attribute of one of the seven divine arts - music. The fountain was a symbol of Christianity - the source of faith. The tree with the fruits was a symbol of the Tree of Life - the Paradise Tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Lion is a symbol of power and power. Peacock reflected the theme of paradise, as he was considered a paradise bird. The dog is a symbol of loyalty. Rabbits symbolized confusion. Deer - a symbol of nobility. Even a simple dandelion had a hidden symbolism, his bitter juice symbolized the bitterness of the sufferings of Christ, and forget-me-not, according to the legend, grown on the place where the tears of the Mother of God were falling.
Cervantes, Miguel de Saoveoverov () - the famous Spanish writer. In his youth, he served in Rome, then participated in the marine battle with the Turks at Lepanto; Later, he was captured to the Corsaras and was sold to slavery to Algeria, where he stayed for 5 years. Subsequently, Servantes received the position of the collector of the filings, and then became a private attorney, paying most of his time literature. Literary activities Cervantes began the shepherd novel "Galatia". Later he passes to dramatic works and writes a number of comedy and tragedies. In 1605, Cervantes published the Don Quixote Roman, which gave him world fame.
Cervantes, Spanish writer, in the novel Don Quixote described how a noble nobleman, reading the knightly novels, decided to become a wandering knight. Perform the feats, protect the weak, cautious villains. Don Quixote accompanies the cheerful peasant Sancho Pansa. Alas, in the 16th century, knightly virtues, sneeze in old novels, no one needs anyone. Having like is the main thing for people. But Don Quixote does not understand this. And after the feats, there are ridicule on it, or even beatings. And evil giants, the crowd of which he clearly sees and bravely attacks, turn out to be windmills. However, Don Quixote again and again raises the sword on evil forces. Roman Cervantes is a book about the book, literature that continues in life, and life that becomes literature. What is the riddle of Don Quixote, where is the secret of his unstasive relevance, which wins the space and time? I think, Cervantes, paradoxically, it was possible to grab and capture the initial duality of human culture in this image, which is based on the contradiction between the real and ideal, between sleep and the reality, meanwhile, he wants to do, and what he is forced to do. The fictional world of literature in which Don Quixote lives, often does not coincide with real life And at the same time, an incredible way clarifies its essence. It turns out a peculiar game of life with a culture, in which the action implies the plot, and the plot leads to action.
Knight I feel the knight on a white horse and sparkling lat. Copying with glory in battle and in fire, a look glows fearlessly. And his entire appearance of courage burns, in it hardness and strength and honor of age-old. Treason and fear Our knight does not know, the enemy will destroy, protecting the country. Neither who stops the knee, except for his beloved lady's lady. I want our men to do your own worthwhile! Isaeva Marina and Kramarova Dasha * * * Knights brave, brave heroes and important. Knights everything on the shoulders, they defeat and there and there! Lemeshko Maria * * * Knight will always win, will achieve his. The knight is the most brave. Better not it! Pankov Valeria * * * Knight loves to fight, help and protect. Knight, he is beautiful, smart! Just the most is the best! Senashenko Maria Poems
The knight - a brave hero, good brave protects, defeats Pakhomyov Ksenia Knight - defender brave, brave, clever protects, wins, conquers the hearts of the ladies. Gennady's winds and basheyan Misak Knight - courageous, brave, brave, brave, fights protects children and women Duckin Dmitry Knight - Victory Valorous, brave, brave wins, fighting a brave knight went out on the field won and remained satisfied. Klyuev Pavel Sincweights
Gerold - Judge in the tournament. Vassal - Feodal, who received land from a larger landowner, Mr., who brought this Mr. Outwill of loyalty. Lats - iron or steel armor, worn to protect against cold weapons. Ristasha - the venue of the tournament is usually rectangular shape. Knight - (Him. Ritter, initial value - rider), in Western and Central Europe in the Middle Ages, a heavyweight equestrian warrior. In the knightly environment, idealizing the knighthood of the concept of nobility, honor, and debt were developed. The title is an honorary title (for example, a graph, duke), hereditary or assigned to individuals to emphasize their special, privileged position and requiring appropriate title (for example, a bencestation, highness).
Tournament - Knights contest. Suzensen is a king, a large feudal, any higher feudal in relation to the lower, the owner of the Earth. Trubadur - the teller, singer, musician in France. Fresco - water painting on fresh, raw plaster. Paints are bred clean or lime water. When drying, the plaster forms a film making a durable fresco.
1. Dictionary of young historian: Universal history. - M.: "Pedagogy - Press", Lucanebine M. Knights. - M.: "AST", Miklet P. Knights and castles. - M.: "Alma - Press", Encyclopedia for children: T.1 -m.: "Avanta +", Encyclopedia for children A and F. - M.: "A and F - Children", everything about everything. Knights. Tournaments. Weapons. - M.: "Astrel", everything about everything. Famous people. - M.: "Planet of childhood", 2001.
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Tasks: Find out who is a knight? What is its armament? How did the knights fought? Where did the knights live?
The purpose of the work: to study the lifestyle of the Knights of the Middle Ages.
Slide 3.
Introduction
The knight is a professional warrior. But not just a warrior. Knight, Reuters, Chevalé, etc. In all languages, it means "rider". But not just a rider, but a rider in a helmet, shell, with a shield, a spear and a sword. The knight is the most real fearless warrior, who gave rise to culture, called the knighthood.
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All the knightly was quite expensive, a knight could become anyone who had enough money to buy a fighting horse, weapons and armor. The full set of the most simple knightly armament was very expensive - for him it was necessary to give at least 45 cows or 15 kobylits. And this is the magnitude of herd or herd of the whole village. It was only the son of a knight and be sure to become a knight and be sure to go a rite of initiation.
History of the arms of chivalry
Slide 5.
Ritual Dedication to Knights
The future knight hit the head of the back of the head or cheek (or the sword on the back). It was the only blow that the knight could get without returning
Slide 7.
Slide 8.
Armor knight
To protect the knight wore a shield. The main weapon of the knights were sword and spear. The shell was mounted: gloves and metal pants, bib and chin, as well as details that defended her face.
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On the head, the knight put on a chain hood or an adhesive iron helmet of a pool form with plates to protect the cheeks and nose. The helmet is the most responsible and important element of the reservation: losing your hand, you can still stop in the saddle, but losing your head ...
1 - Italian 2 - German 3 - French 4 - French 1310 G. 5 - German 1318 G. 6 - French 1340 g 7 - German 8, 9, 10 - French 1370 G. 11 - English 12 - Flemish 13 - French 1380 . 14 - Bishop Helmet 15 - French 1400 g.
Slide 10.
Leather armor
Panciri of the first European knights were leather. Positive features Leather shell is its availability and ease. But in general, he often did not justify himself - the protection level given to them did not pay the reduction of mobility. They have little helped from arrows and blows a spear, but, being solid, effectively prevented the destructiveness of the armor.
Slide 11.
Kolchuga
Ring with sleeves and a hood came to replace latims, equipped with additional chain stockings. The armor completely covered the body, weighed about 10 kg of movements almost did not stop. However, the defense gave a very dubious. Rolling armor was easily cut with a saber, sneaked with a spear and cramped with an ax.
Slide 12.
Standard, transferred in hand to the warrior protection means from various enemy weapons was the shield. The initial shields were made of light wood and sometimes worked out the fur usually wolf.
Slide 13.
Plate Latvies
Full articulated lats not only provided high level Protection in hand-to-hand combat. The main thing, they performed the function of a kind of exoskeleton, and thus sharply increased the survivability of the warrior.
Slide 14.
Well, how did the knights fought? Before the battle, the knight collected the army from the squires and infantrymen. When the army turned out to be on the battlefield, the knights began to build, there were about 5 knights in the first row, then 7 knights rose next next and with each number of their number increased. After building the knights, the connion occurred. The battle himself consisted of hundreds, and even thousands of contractions and could last for hours, without a break.
Slide 15.
Knight Tournament
Military skills were honed at the competitions of knights in force and dexterity. Thanks to the Knights tournaments, in peacetime, they could conquer high authority in the eyes of representatives of their estate.
Slide 17.
Knight's Code of Chest
Knight's Code of honor - certain rules of behavior in their estate. The knight is the hope of weak and humiliated. The knight had to be generous. The knight was supposed to be alien trick. The knight was to be Galanten with the ladies, about the lady of the heart was supposed to be faithful until the end of his days.
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Slide 22.
If the knight was bold with his feats, and in fact did not do anything, then such a boast was punished as follows: on his shield, the right side of the head of the coat of arms was shortened. If some knight dared to kill the prisoner of war, then for it also shocked the head of the coat of arms on the shield, rounding it from the bottom. If the knight lied, flattered and made false reports to draw his sovereign in the war, then the head of the coat of arms on his shield was covered in red, erasing there were signs there. If the knight was laid in a perjury or drunkenness, then on both sides, his coat of arms painted two black mosses. If the knight was triggered in cowardice, then his coat of arms was lane on the left side.
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