Is there a gypsy language. Writing and pronunciation
Contrasting the basis of the direct case with the basis of the indirect ones, the absence of accusative forms in inanimate nouns, the appearance of complex forms of the future tense, etc.
Writing
Gypsy alphabet of the Russian Gypsy dialect
| Ah | B b | In in | G g | Ґ ґ | D d | Her | Her |
| F f | Z z | And and | Th y | K k | L l | Mm | N n |
| Oh oh | N n | P p | With | T t | U u | F f | X x |
| C c | H h | W w | S | B b | Uh uh | Yu yu | I am |
Many publications in the Gypsy language using this alphabet were published in the USSR before World War II (see Romano Katalogo (list of publications in the Gypsy language of 1928-1938, stored in the Russian state library)). In the late 1930s, along with the curtailment of all Romani language programs, the alphabet fell out of use. Since the 1950s. it is used again in a few publications. In the Demeter-Charsky dictionary, the sign ґ is rendered as "g with an apostrophe" and is considered as a variant of the latter.
In 1990, an alternative gypsy alphabet of kelderar dialect; it differs from the previous one by another typographical sign for the aspirated "g", and the combinations "nx", "kx", etc., transmitting other aspirated consonants, as well as "pp" are considered as independent letters
| Ah | B b | In in | G g | Ғ ғ | D d | Her | Her | F f |
| Z z | And and | Th y | K k | Kx kx | L l | Mm | N n | Oh oh |
| N n | Px px | P p | Rr pp | With | T t | Tx tx | U u | F f |
| X x | C c | H h | W w | S | B b | Uh uh | Yu yu | I am |
The alphabet used in educational publications in dialects of Lovar, Kelderari, Chisinau (2009): A a, B b, C c, D g, Ґ ґ, D d, E e, E E, F g, F "g", Z z, I and , Y y, K k, Kx kx, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Px nx, R p, S s, T t, Tx tx, U y, F f, X x, Ts c, H h, H "h", W w, W "w", S s, b b, E e, Yu y, I am.
Latin based
Roma in Austria use German spelling, and Roma in Hungary use Hungarian; such a difference in spelling, despite the close relationship of their dialects, greatly complicates the mutual understanding of written texts.
Other
There are attempts to use a Devanagari-based writing system to write the Gypsy language. His supporters consider this letter to be the most appropriate to the phonemic composition and typology of Indian languages, including Gypsy. In particular, Devanagari was previously used as an alternative script in the Gypsy Wikipedia. At the same time, many native speakers consider the use of Devanagari artificial and practically inconvenient.
Grammar
Article
There is a definite article in the Romani language. In the North Russian dialect, it is optional, in others it is used widely. Differs in genders and numbers.
Noun
Romani nouns are declined in seven cases:
Nouns male singular nominative usually have shock ending"-O", "-ё", "-iben / yben", "-ipen / ypen" or zero. Feminine nouns in the nominative singular usually have a stressed ending "-ы", "-и" or zero.
The declension of a noun depends not only on gender and ending, but also on whether it denotes an animate or inanimate object and is native or borrowed.
Almost all abstract nouns are masculine.
Adjective
The declension of adjectives depends on whether they refer to a noun or are in a sentence by themselves.
Pronoun
Pronouns have only six cases (no vocative).
Verb
The infinitive is absent (replaced by the personal form of the verb, similar to other languages of the Balkan linguistic union). In most dialects, the verb has four tense forms (two past, one future and one for the present + future perfect tense).
Syntax
The word order in the sentence is relatively free, however SVO is preferred. The adjective usually precedes the noun.
Dialects
Modern dialects differ in terms of phonetic and grammatical innovation compared to the proto-language. In turn, within each of the major dialectal zones, there are numerous dialects, differing mainly in vocabulary (sometimes morphemes) borrowed from the languages of the living environment. Differences in borrowed vocabulary and grammatical innovations hinder mutual understanding even between Roma of the same dialect zone, but speaking different dialects, with the exception of simple conversations on everyday topics.
There are 4 major dialectal zones:
- northern (Sinti, Russian Roma, Scandinavian Gypsies, Finnish Gypsies, Baltic Gypsies)
- central (dialects of Austria and Czech Republic, some regions of Slovakia and Hungary)
- Vlash (Vlachs, Kelderars, Lovari)
- Balkan (Gypsies of Serbia, Bulgaria, Crimea)
- The Servic dialect is southern (Balkan) in origin, but has been strongly influenced by the northeastern dialects.
Due to the intensive migration of the Gypsies of the Vlash dialect group (primarily the Kelderars), their dialect zone overlaps with all the others across the territory, however, it finds the greatest commonality with the Balkan dialect zone. On the Kelderar dialects, the projects of the supra-dialect Koine - "common Romani language" are based.
Eastern Europe
Within the territory of of Eastern Europe(including Russia) the following dialects are most widespread:
- Vlach dialect - sometimes used as a designation for a variety of Vlach dialects inherent in the Vlach gypsies in Ukraine, Russia and the Czech Republic;
- Kotlyar (Kelderar) - rather conservative, in the vocabulary there is a high percentage of borrowings from Romanian, the influence of the Russian language is noticeable. A variety of Vlash dialects;
- Lovarian (Carpathian-Gypsy) - in the vocabulary there is an increased percentage of borrowings from Hungarian and Romanian. A variety of Vlash dialects;
- North Russian - the influence of the Russian language is very noticeable in the vocabulary, syntax and word formation - for example, the article is almost never used, prefixes and particles of Russian origin are often used. Many borrowings from Polish and German languages... It is related to dialects of Polish, Czech, Slovak, Lithuanian Gypsies, as well as Sinti Gypsies;
- Balkan dialects are a group of rather diverse dialects prevailing in the Balkan Peninsula south of Romania, a common feature of which is significant conservatism in phonetics and morphology, as well as the absence of a noticeable influence of the Romanian language. Typical representatives are Macedonian Arlian and Bulgarian Erlian dialects. Of the Russian and Eastern Slavic territories in general, they are found only in the Crimea and in the adjoining region to the north of the Crimea;
- Carpathian dialects are widely used in the Czech Republic, Slovakia (northern subgroup), and to some extent in Hungary and Austria (southern subgroup). In the northern subgroup, the influence of West Slavic languages is noticeable, which is reflected, for example, in the emergence of the infinitive.
Western Europe
Within the territory of Western Europe there are several dialects of the Romani language. Sinti gypsies speak a dialect related to dialects of Russian and Baltic gypsies, but with borrowings mainly from German and French. Various British Gypsies have their own dialects, in particular the language of the Welsh Gypsies. In connection with the active migrations of Roma from Romania, as well as catchers, the Kelderarian and related dialects, as well as the Lovar dialect, are actively used. Gypsies living in the Basque Country speak Errominchela Creole, based on Basque grammar and predominantly Gypsy (Calderarian) vocabulary. In Greece, a mixed Gypsy-Greek language has formed, which is on the verge of extinction.
Supra-dialectal norm
A generally accepted supra-dialectal norm of the Roma language does not yet exist. Fiction and educational and propaganda publications are usually written in local dialects such as Kelderar dialect, Lovar dialect, East Slovak Gypsy, Macedonian Gypsy "arli", Bulgarian Erlian and Sliven Gypsy, Russian Roma dialect, etc. However, Vladi, and especially Kelsh dialect, and especially the Kelsh dialect due to its prevalence around the world, it is used more often than others in publications of international Roma organizations. Therefore, he often has some influence on publications written in other dialects.
Some scholars have put forward projects for a gypsy supra-dialectic koine. So, the gypsy linguist Kokhanovsky proposed a norm, which he called khetani romani, "Common gypsy", and which, in his opinion, should have been based on his own Baltic dialect due to his conservatism. Linguist Marcel Courthiade (Marcel Courtiade) put forward a more eclectic norm, based primarily on the Balkan and to some extent on the Vlach dialects. None of them have yet been accepted by the majority of Roma.
Creole languages with gypsy vocabulary
In a number of ethnic groups of the Gypsies and other nomadic peoples of Europe, the Gypsy language has not survived, but Creole languages have emerged, using a significant layer of the Gypsy vocabulary.
- Western Europe
- Angloromani (England)
- Welsh-Gypsy (Wales)
- Shelta (the language of the Irish travelers)
- Scottish edging (the language of Scottish travelers).
- Northern Europe and Baltic
- Scandoromaniac (Scandinavia)
- Laiuse (Estonian-Gypsy, disappeared)
- Caucasus
- Lomavren (Armenia)
- Iberian Peninsula:
- Errominchela (Basque Country)
- Calo (Spain)
- Portuguese kahlo (Portugal)
- Southeast Europe
- Eastern Europe
Gypsy language in art
The Romani language is used primarily as a spoken language. However, there are a number of works written in the Romani language.
Mateo Maksimov, Papusha, Lexa Manush, Georgy Tsvetkov, Valdemar Kalinin, Dzhura Makhotin, Ilona Makhotina, Mikha Kozimirenko, Lilit Mazikina, Michal Mizhidar and a number of other, lesser-known authors have written (and are still writing) in Gypsy literature.
Literature in the Gypsy language is characterized by the predominance of poetry and small forms. The reason is, apparently, the fact that writing poetry is a familiar, traditional folk entertainment, while writing prose requires a certain literary preparation.
In drama in the Gypsy language, performances are performed at the Pralipe Theater. Also, in the first gypsy theater of Nikolai Shishkin, operettas were staged in gypsy.
In cinema, only two directors who shoot films in the Gypsy language gained fame: Tony Gatlif and Emir Kusturica. Some or all of these films were shot in the Gypsy language, such as "Time of the Gypsies", "Black Cat, White Cat", "Strange Stranger", "Good Way", "Lucky", "Exiles".
Study of the Gypsy Language (Gypsy Studies)
Russia, CIS, USSR
Despite the widespread use of the Gypsy language in the former USSR, there are few works devoted to this language (mainly the Northern Russian dialect).
At the beginning of the twentieth century, a detailed study of the North Russian dialect was published by P. S. Patkanov (Istomin). In the 1930s. a dictionary of the North Russian dialect was published, edited by M.V.Sergievsky and A.P. Barannikov.
As a result of the repressions of the 1930s. studies of the Roma language in the USSR were curtailed and resumed in the 1960s, when the policy of encouraging the transition of Roma to a sedentary lifestyle began. Studies on the dialectology of the Gypsy language in general and on the North Russian dialect in particular are published by T.V. Ventzel and L.N. Cherenkov.
In the 1980s. So far, the only dictionary in the USSR of the Kelderar dialect of PS Demeter and R.S. Demeter appears under the editorship of L.N. Cherenkov. A study by I. M. Andronikova "The Gypsy language is all in riddles" was published posthumously. In 2001, a dictionary of the Lovarian dialect was published, compiled by the Gypsy poet G.N. Tsvetkov.
Currently, works devoted to the Gypsy language are published by F.A. Tsvetkov and M. V. Smirnova-Seslavinskaya. The blog, a significant part of which is devoted to the Gypsy language and culture, is run by Moscow journalist L. M. Mazikina.
Other countries
Abroad, the study of the Gypsy language begins in the 16th century, when the first list of Gypsy words appears. The first origin of the Gypsy language from Old Indian was shown in 1782 by the German linguist Johann Rüdiger in his publication Von der Sprache und Herkunft der Zigeuner aus Indien("On the language and origin of the Gypsies from India"). In the field of describing, comparing and classifying the dialects of the Romani language, Franz Miklosich became a pioneer in 1872, and the English researcher of the Gypsies Bernard Gilliath-Smith in 1915 introduced a division into "Vlash" and "Nevlash" dialects, which to this day remains appropriate, although far from exhaustive. Currently, Norbert Boretsky and Birgit Igla are engaged in Roma dialectology in Germany, Yaron Matras in the UK, Viktor Elshik in the Czech Republic.
A significant contribution to the study of the Roma language was also made by the Czech linguist M. Hubschmannova (central dialects), Canadian writer and linguist Ronald Lee (Kelderarian dialects), British Ian Hancock (Vash dialects), Macedonian Krum Kepeski (Balkan dialects works) in Berlin) and Hristo Kuchukov, Pole Vania de Gila-Kokhanovski (works in France), Frenchman Marcel Courtiade.
Geographic distribution of language
Romani words in European languages
While Gypsies more or less actively borrow words from other languages, Gypsy words also penetrate the languages of their neighbors, especially street, restaurant, music and criminal jargons.
In russian language
lave- money, from gypsy. love(money)
steal- steal, from gypsy. te sharddes(pull off)
hawala- eat, eat, from gypsy. hava(eat)
to jab- play a musical instrument from gypsy. te dilabas(sing, sing a song)
dude- from gypsy. faq - "your boyfriend" [ ambiguous] .
In English
British version of English language about a thousand words have been recorded that have penetrated from the Gypsy language into the Anglo-Gypsy language, then into the dialects of the lower social classes (criminals, homeless, wandering day laborers), and then into the language of modern urban youth subcultures, for example:
- pal- buddy, cf. gypsy. phral(brother)
- chav- "kid", the guy "from the street", cf. gypsy. čavo(your own gypsy boyfriend)
Gypsy influence is especially noticeable in the subcultures of the north of England and the Scottish borderlands.
In Spanish
chingar- to commit (violent) sexual intercourse, to cheat, cf. gypsy. te čingires(whip, stab, whip; allegorically: to have sexual intercourse, deceive) and čingar(dispute, quarrel, fight)
gachó- man, cf. gypsy. gadžo(non-gypsy man)
chaval- boy, son, cf. gypsy. čavo(gypsy boy, son)
parné- money, cf. gypsy. parne(white, allegorically: silver coins)
pinreles- feet, cf. gypsy. pire(feet, legs)
camelar- to seduce, cf. gypsy. kamela(loves, wants, allegorically: has sex)
Dictionaries and links
- and on the website Liloro.ru
- , sections Language and Publications on the Romani language
- [Rada-nn.rf / images / docs / 694651_C5242_dobrovolskiy_v_n_kiselevskie_cygane_cyganskie_teksty_vypusk.pdf North Russian Gypsy folklore texts collected by V.N.Dobrovolskiy (1908)] (with a parallel Russian translation)
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Notes (edit)
- Sergievsky M.V., Barannikov A.P. The Gypsy-Russian Dictionary. Moscow, 1938.
- Demeter-Charskaya O.S. Gypsy-Russian and Russian-Gypsy dictionary. North Russian dialect. M. 2007.
- Demeter R.S., Demeter P.S. Gypsy-Russian and Russian-Gypsy Dictionary (Kelderar dialect). Moscow, 1990.
- Lee, Learn Romani. Das-dúma rromanes. University of Hertfordshire Press. 2009 (3rd ed.)
- lgi.osi.hu/publications/2003/248/ECMI-Vol-II.pdf, Hancock, Ian. Language corpus and language politics: the case of the standardization of Romani. page 277
- State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. 2001 All-Ukrainian Population Census.
- www.liloro.ru/romanes/shapoval14.htm Shapoval V.V. Where did the word labukh come from
- Henry Hitchings. The Secret Life of Words: How English Became English. - Macmillan, 2009. - P. 332. - ISBN 9781429941570.
- Yaron Matras. Romani in Britain: The Afterlife of a Language. - Edinburgh University Press, 2010. - P. 25. - ISBN 9780748639045.
Literature
- Wentzel T.V., Gypsy language, M., 1964;
- Wentzel T.V., Cherenkov L.N., Dialects of the Gypsy language, in the collection: Languages of Asia and Africa, Vol. 1, M., 1976;
- Demeter R.S., Demeter P.S. Gypsy-Russian and Russian-Gypsy dictionary (Kelderar dialect). 5300 words / Ed. Lev Nikolaevich Cherenkov. - M., 1990.
- Demeter-Charskaya O.S. Gypsy-Russian and Russian-Gypsy dictionary (North-Russian dialect). - M., 2007.
- Sexton M.T. Glottochronology of the Gypsy dialects of Europe and Asia // Siberian linguistic seminar. Novosibirsk, 2001, No. 1. - S. 31-42.
- Istomin (Patkanov) P. S. Gypsy language. M., 1990.
- Kepeski K. Romska grammar. Skopje, 1980.
- Makhotin Dzhura. Ajutipe pre romani chib (textbook on the Gypsy language). Tver, 1993.
- Sergievsky M.V., Barannikov A.P. The Gypsy-Russian Dictionary. Moscow, 1938
- Intercultural Russian-Gypsy communication (with detailed grammar of the Lovar and Kelderari Gypsies, based on the Lovar language). Teacher's guide educational institutions... M .: Federal Institute for Education Development, 2009. - P. 430.
- Gypsy dictionaries and school dialogues for groups: Lovar, Kelderari, Chisinau residents.
- History of the study of the Gypsy language in Russia // Gypsies. Sat. articles. M .: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after N.N. Miklukho-Maclay, 1999 .-- S. 16-26.
- Toropov V.G. Crimean dialect of the Gypsy language. Ivanovo. 1994.
- Language and folklore of the Crimean Gypsies (the results of some research by the author). Science notes. T. 15. Thematic edition "Romi Ukraine: from the past in the Maybutne."
- Romané Vorby. Gypsy-Russian and Russian-Gypsy dictionary (Lovarian dialect). Moscow, Apostrophe: 2001.
- Functionality native language in the problems of integration of minorities (on the example of the language of the Roma) // Bulletin Russian University Friendship of Peoples, Linguistics series, 2011, No. 3. P. 18-29.
- Gypsy dialectology in Ukraine. History and current state. Science notes. T. 15. Thematic edition "Romi Ukraine: from the past in the Maybutne."
- Shapoval V.V. Self-study book of the Gypsy language (Russian Roma: Northern Russian dialect). M .: Astrel, 2007 .-- 447 p. - ISBN 978-5-17-043115-1.
- Shapoval V.V. Dictionary of Gypsies. Moscow, 2009 .-- 771 p.
- Kochanowski J., Gypsy studies, v. 1-2, New Delhi, 1963;
- Marangozis J. Lincom Europa, 2010
- Rishi W. R., Multilingual Romani dictionary, Chandigarh, 1974.
- Turner R. L., The position of Romani in Indo-Aryan, L., 1927;
- Wolf S. A., Grosses Wörtebuch der Zigeunersprache (Romani tšiw), Mannheim, 1960;
Links
- Kozhanov K.... PostNauka (30.12.2015).
An excerpt characterizing the Gypsy language
- Great, brother. - Well, here he is.“Hello, your Excellency,” he said to Anatol who was entering, and he also held out his hand.
- I tell you, Balaga, - Anatole said, putting his hands on his shoulders, - do you love me or not? BUT? Now co-serve the service ... On which one did you come? BUT?
- As the ambassador ordered, on your animals, - said Balaga.
- Well, do you hear, Balaga! Cut all three, and to arrive at three o'clock. BUT?
- How are you going to go on what? - said Balaga, winking.
- Well, I'll break your face, don't joke! - suddenly, rolling his eyes, shouted Anatole.
- Why joke, - the coachman said with a laugh. - Will I regret it for my masters? That urine will gallop horses, then we will go.
- BUT! - said Anatole. - Well, sit down.
- Well, sit down! - said Dolokhov.
- Wait, Fyodor Ivanovich.
- Sit down, you're lying, drink, - said Anatole and poured him a large glass of Madeira. The driver's eyes shone on the wine. Refusing for decency, he drank and wiped himself off with a red silk handkerchief in his hat.
- Well, when to go then, Your Excellency?
- Why ... (Anatole looked at his watch) now and go. Look, Balaga. BUT? Are you in time?
- But how is the departure - will he be happy, otherwise why not keep up? - said Balaga. - Delivered to Tver, at seven o'clock kept up. I suppose you remember, Your Excellency.
“You know, I went to Christmas from Tver once,” said Anatol with a smile of remembrance, addressing Makarin, who looked at Kuragin with all eyes with affection. - Do you believe, Makarka, that it was breathtaking as we flew. We drove into the wagon train, jumped over two carts. BUT?
- There were horses! - continued the story of Balaga. “I then banned the young people attached to the Kaur,” he turned to Dolokhov, “do you believe, Fyodor Ivanovich, the animals flew 60 miles; I couldn't hold it, my hands were numb, it was frosty. He threw the reins, hold, they say, Your Excellency, himself, so he fell into the sleigh. So after all, it's not like driving, you can't keep it up to the place. At three o'clock the devils reported. The left only died.
Anatole left the room and a few minutes later returned in a fur coat girded with a silver belt and a sable hat, dashingly worn on his back and very close to his handsome face. Looking in the mirror and in the very position that he took in front of the mirror, standing in front of Dolokhov, he took a glass of wine.
- Well, Fedya, goodbye, thanks for everything, goodbye, - said Anatole. - Well, comrades, friends ... he thought ... - my youth, goodbye, - he turned to Makarin and others.
Despite the fact that they all went with him, Anatole apparently wanted to make something touching and solemn out of this appeal to his comrades. He spoke in a slow, loud voice and swinging his chest with one leg. - Everyone, take glasses; and you, Balaga. Well, comrades, friends of my youth, we went for a drink, lived and took a drink. BUT? Now when will we meet? I will go abroad. Have lived, goodbye, guys. For health! Hurray! .. - he said, drank his glass and slammed it on the ground.
“Be healthy,” said Balaga, having also drunk his glass and wiped himself off with a handkerchief. Makarin hugged Anatol with tears in his eyes. “Eh, prince, how sad it is for me to part with you,” he said.
- Go, go! - shouted Anatole.
Balaga was about to leave the room.
- No, stop, - said Anatole. - Shut the doors, you have to sit down. Like this. - The doors were closed, and everyone sat down.
- Well, now march, guys! - said Anatole getting up.
Lackey Joseph handed Anatol a bag and a saber, and everyone went out into the hall.
- Where's the fur coat? - said Dolokhov. - Hey, Ignatka! Go to Matryona Matveyevna, ask for a fur coat, a sable cloak. I heard how they were being taken away, - said Dolokhov, winking. - After all, she will jump out neither alive nor dead, in what she sat at home; You hesitate a little, there are tears, and father, and mother, and now you are cold and back - and you take it in a fur coat right away and carry it in the sleigh.
A footman brought in a female fox cloak.
- Fool, I told you sable. Hey Matryoshka, sable! He shouted so that his voice rang out far across the rooms.
A beautiful, thin and pale gypsy woman, with shiny black eyes and black curly hair of a gray tint, in a red shawl, ran out with a sable cloak on her arm.
“Well, I'm not sorry, you take it,” she said, apparently shy in front of her master and feeling sorry for the cloak.
Dolokhov, without answering her, took a fur coat, threw it over Matryoshka and wrapped it up.
- That's it, - said Dolokhov. - And then like this, - he said, and raised the collar near her head, leaving it only slightly open in front of her face. - Then like this, see? - and he moved Anatole's head to the hole left by the collar, from which Matryosha's brilliant smile could be seen.
- Well, goodbye, Matryosha, - Anatole said, kissing her. - Eh, my fun here is over! Bow to Steshka. Well, goodbye! Goodbye Matryosh; you wish me happiness.
“Well, God grant you, prince, great happiness,” said Matryosha, with her gypsy accent.
There were two troikas at the porch, two fellow drivers were holding them. Balaga sat down on the front three, and, raising his elbows high, unhurriedly took apart the reins. Anatol and Dolokhov sat down with him. Makarin, Khvostikov and the footman sat down in the other three.
- Ready, eh? - asked Balaga.
- Let it go! - he shouted, wrapping the reins around his hands, and the troika carried off to beat down Nikitsky Boulevard.
- Whoa! Go, hey! ... Whoa, - just heard the shout of Balaga and the young man sitting on the box. On Arbat Square, the troika hit the carriage, something creaked, a shout was heard, and the troika flew down the Arbat.
Having given two ends along Podnovinsky, Balaga began to restrain and, returning back, stopped the horses at the intersection of Staraya Konyushennaya.
The good fellow jumped off to keep the horses by the bridle, Anatol and Dolokhov went along the sidewalk. Approaching the gate, Dolokhov whistled. The whistle answered him, and then the maid ran out.
“Enter the courtyard, otherwise it’s obvious that he’ll come out now,” she said.
Dolokhov remained at the gate. Anatole followed the maid into the courtyard, turned the corner and ran into the porch.
Gavrilo, Marya Dmitrievna's huge visiting lackey, met Anatol.
“Come to my lady,” said the footman in a bass voice, blocking the road from the door.
- Which lady? Who are you? - Anatole asked in a breathless whisper.
- Please, ordered to bring.
- Kuragin! back, - Dolokhov shouted. - Treason! Back!
Dolokhov at the gate, at which he stopped, fought with the janitor, who was trying to lock the gate behind Anatol, who had entered. Dolokhov with his last effort pushed the janitor away and grabbed the hand of the run out Anatole, pulled him out of the gate and ran with him back to the troika.
Marya Dmitrievna, finding the tear-stained Sonya in the corridor, forced her to confess everything. Having intercepted Natasha's note and having read it, Marya Dmitrievna, with the note in her hand, went up to Natasha.
“You bastard, shameless woman,” she told her. - I don’t want to hear anything! - Pushing aside Natasha, looking at her with astonished, but dry eyes, she locked her with a key and ordered the janitor to let through the gates those people who would come this evening, but not let them out, and ordered the footman to bring these people to her, sat down in the living room, waiting kidnappers.
When Gavrilo came to report to Marya Dmitrievna that the people who were coming had run away, she got up with a frown and clasped her hands back, walked around the rooms for a long time, pondering what to do. At 12 o'clock in the morning she, feeling the key in her pocket, went to Natasha's room. Sonya was sitting sobbing in the corridor.
- Marya Dmitrievna, let me see her for God's sake! - she said. Marya Dmitrievna, without answering her, unlocked the door and entered. "Disgusting, disgusting ... In my house ... Bastard, girl ... Only I feel sorry for my father!" thought Marya Dmitrievna, trying to appease her anger. "No matter how difficult it may be, I tell everyone to be silent and I will hide it from the count." Marya Dmitrievna entered the room with decisive steps. Natasha was lying on the sofa, covering her head with her hands, and did not move. She was lying in the very position in which Marya Dmitrievna had left her.
- Good, very good! - said Marya Dmitrievna. - In my house to make dates for lovers! There is nothing to pretend. You listen when I speak to you. Marya Dmitrievna touched her hand. - You listen when I speak. You disgraced yourself, like the very last girl. I would have done that with you, but I feel sorry for your father. I'll hide it. - Natasha did not change her position, but only her whole body began to toss from the soundless, convulsive sobs that choked her. Marya Dmitrievna looked back at Sonya and sat down on the sofa beside Natasha.
- It's his happiness that he left me; yes, I will find him, ”she said in her rough voice; - do you hear what I say? - She put her big hand under Natasha's face and turned her to her. Both Marya Dmitrievna and Sonya were surprised to see Natasha's face. Her eyes were shining and dry, her lips were pursed, her cheeks drooped.
“Leave… those… that to me… I… die…” she said, with an evil effort she pulled herself away from Marya Dmitrievna and lay down in her previous position.
“Natalya!…” Said Marya Dmitrievna. - I wish you well. You lie, well, lie there, I will not touch you, and listen ... I will not say how guilty you are. You yourself know. Well, now your father is coming tomorrow, what shall I tell him? BUT?
Again Natasha's body shook with sobs.
- Well, he finds out, well, your brother, the groom!
“I have no fiancé, I refused,” Natasha shouted.
“All the same,” continued Marya Dmitrievna. - Well, they will find out, why will they leave like that? After all, he, your father, I know him, because if he challenges him to a duel, will it be good? BUT?
- Oh, leave me, why did you interfere with everything! What for? why? who asked you? Natasha shouted, sitting up on the sofa and looking angrily at Marya Dmitrievna.
- Yes, what did you want? - Marya Dmitrievna cried out, ardently again, - why did they lock you up? Well, who prevented him from going into the house? Why would you, as a gypsy woman, be taken away? ... Well, he would have taken you away, what do you think, he would not have been found? Your father or brother or fiancé. And he is a scoundrel, a scoundrel, that's what!
“He is better than all of you,” Natasha cried, getting up. - If you did not interfere ... Oh, my God, what is this, what is this! Sonya, why? Go away! ... - And she sobbed with such despair, with which people mourn only such grief, which they feel themselves to be the cause. Marya Dmitrievna began to speak again; but Natasha shouted: - Go away, go away, you all hate me, you despise me. - And again threw herself on the sofa.
Marya Dmitrievna continued for some more time to advise Natasha and persuade her that all this must be hidden from the count, that no one would know anything if only Natasha would take it upon herself to forget everything and not show anyone the appearance that something had happened. Natasha did not answer. She didn’t sob anymore, but she became chilled and shivering. Marya Dmitrievna put a pillow on her, covered her with two blankets and herself brought her a linden blossom, but Natasha did not answer her. “Well, let him sleep,” said Marya Dmitrievna, leaving the room, thinking that she was asleep. But Natasha did not sleep, and with her eyes still open, she looked straight ahead from her pale face. All that night Natasha did not sleep, and did not cry, and did not speak to Sonya, who got up several times and approached her.
The next day for breakfast, as promised by Count Ilya Andreich, he came from the Moscow Region. He was very cheerful: business with the buyer was going well and nothing any longer delayed him now in Moscow and in separation from the Countess, whom he missed. Marya Dmitrievna met him and announced to him that Natasha had become very unwell yesterday, that they had sent for a doctor, but that now she was better. Natasha did not leave her room that morning. With pursed, cracked lips and dry, fixed eyes, she sat by the window and gazed uneasily at those passing along the street and hurriedly looked around at those who entered the room. She was obviously waiting for news of him, waiting for him to come himself or write to her.
When the count ascended to her, she turned restlessly at the sound of his male footsteps, and her face assumed its former cold and even angry expression. She didn’t even come up to meet him.
- What's the matter with you, my angel, sick? The count asked. Natasha was silent.
“Yes, I’m sick,” she answered.
When the count was worried about why she was so murdered and whether something had happened to the groom, she assured him that it was nothing, and asked him not to worry. Marya Dmitrievna confirmed to the count Natasha's assurances that nothing had happened. The count, judging by the alleged illness, by the upset of his daughter, by the embarrassed faces of Sonya and Marya Dmitrievna, clearly saw that in his absence something was bound to happen: but he was so afraid to think that something shameful had happened to his beloved daughter, he He loved his cheerful calmness so much that he avoided questioning and kept trying to assure himself that there was nothing special and only grieved that, due to her ill health, their departure to the village was postponed.
From the day of his wife's arrival in Moscow, Pierre was planning to leave somewhere, just so as not to be with her. Soon after the Rostovs arrived in Moscow, the impression Natasha made on him made him hurry to fulfill his intention. He went to Tver to the widow of Joseph Alekseevich, who promised long ago to give him the papers of the deceased.
When Pierre returned to Moscow, he received a letter from Marya Dmitrievna, who called him to her on a very important matter concerning Andrei Bolkonsky and his bride. Pierre avoided Natasha. It seemed to him that he had a stronger feeling for her than a married man should have for his friend's bride. And some kind of fate constantly brought him to her.
"What happened? And what do they care about me? he thought as he dressed to go to Marya Dmitrievna's. Prince Andrew would come as soon as possible and marry her! " thought Pierre on the way to Akhrosimova.
On Tverskoy Boulevard, someone called out to him.
- Pierre! Have you arrived long ago? A familiar voice shouted at him. Pierre raised his head. In a pair of sleighs, on two gray trotters, throwing snow at the heads of the sleigh, Anatole flashed by with his ever-present comrade Makarin. Anatole was sitting upright, in the classic pose of military dandies, wrapping the bottom of his face in a beaver collar and bowing his head a little. His face was rosy and fresh, his hat with a white plume was worn on his side, revealing his curled hair, pomaded and strewn with fine snow.
“And really, here is a real sage! thought Pierre, he sees nothing beyond a real moment of pleasure, nothing disturbs him, and that is why he is always cheerful, contented and calm. What would I give to be like him! " thought Pierre with envy.
In Akhrosimova's hall, the footman, taking off Pierre's fur coat, said that Marya Dmitrievna was being asked to go to her bedroom.
Opening the door to the hall, Pierre saw Natasha sitting by the window with a thin, pale and angry face. She looked back at him, frowned and left the room with an expression of cold dignity.
- What happened? - asked Pierre, entering Marya Dmitrievna.
- Good deeds, - answered Marya Dmitrievna: - I've lived in the world for fifty-eight years, I've never seen such shame. - And having taken Pierre's word of honor to be silent about everything that he learns, Marya Dmitrievna told him that Natasha had refused her fiancé without the knowledge of her parents, that the reason for this refusal was Anatol Kuragin, with whom her wife Pierre had brought her, and with whom she wanted to run away in the absence of his father, in order to secretly get married.
Pierre, raising his shoulders and opening his mouth, listened to what Marya Dmitrievna was saying to him, not believing her ears. The bride of Prince Andrey, so much beloved, this formerly dear Natasha Rostova, exchange Bolkonsky for the fool Anatole, already married (Pierre knew the secret of his marriage), and fall in love with him so much to agree to run away with him! - This Pierre could not understand and could not imagine.
The sweet impression of Natasha, whom he had known since childhood, could not unite in his soul with a new idea of her baseness, stupidity and cruelty. He remembered his wife. "They are all the same," he said to himself, thinking that he was not alone in the sad fate of being associated with a nasty woman. But he still felt sorry for Prince Andrew to tears, he felt sorry for his pride. And the more he pitied his friend, the more contempt and even disgust he thought of this Natasha, with such an expression of cold dignity passing by him through the hall. He did not know that Natasha's soul was filled with despair, shame, humiliation, and that it was not her fault that her face inadvertently expressed calm dignity and severity.
- How to get married! - said Pierre to the words of Marya Dmitrievna. - He could not get married: he is married.
“Hour after hour is no easier,” said Marya Dmitrievna. - Good boy! That is a bastard! And she waits, she waits for the second day. At least stop waiting, I must tell her.
Having learned from Pierre the details of Anatole's marriage, pouring out her anger at him with swear words, Marya Dmitrievna told him what she had summoned him for. Marya Dmitrievna was afraid that the count or Bolkonsky, who could come at any moment, having learned the case that she intended to hide from them, would not challenge Kuragin to a duel, and therefore asked him to order his brother-in-law on her behalf to leave Moscow and not dare to show himself to her. on the eyes. Pierre promised her to fulfill her desire, only now understanding the danger that threatened the old count, and Nicholas, and Prince Andrew. Briefly and accurately setting out her demands to him, she let him into the living room. - Look, the count knows nothing. You act as if you don't know anything, ”she told him. - And I will go tell her that there is nothing to wait! Yes, stay to dinner if you want, ”Marya Dmitrievna shouted to Pierre.
Pierre met the old count. He was confused and upset. That morning Natasha told him that she refused Bolkonsky.
“Trouble, trouble, mon cher,” he said to Pierre, “trouble with these girls without a mother; I'm so sorry that I came. I will be frank with you. We heard that I refused to the groom, without asking anything. Suppose, I have never been very happy about this marriage. Let's put it good man, but well, against the will of her father, there would be no happiness, and Natasha would not be left without suitors. Yes, all the same, it went on like this for a long time, and how could it be without a father, without a mother, such a step! And now she is sick, and God knows what! It's bad, count, bad with daughters without a mother ... - Pierre saw that the count was very upset, tried to turn the conversation to another subject, but the count again returned to his grief.
Sonya, with an anxious face, entered the living room.
- Natasha is not entirely healthy; she is in her room and would like to see you. Marya Dmitrievna is asking you too.
“Why, you are very friendly with Bolkonsky, he really wants to convey something,” said the count. - Oh, my God, my God! How good it was! - And grabbing rare whiskey gray hair, the count left the room.
Marya Dmitrievna announced to Natasha that Anatole was married. Natasha did not want to believe her and demanded confirmation of this from Pierre himself. Sonya told Pierre this while she was escorting him through the corridor to Natasha's room.
Natasha, pale and stern, was sitting beside Marya Dmitrievna and from the very door met Pierre with a feverishly brilliant, questioning look. She did not smile, did not nod her head to him, she only stubbornly looked at him, and her gaze asked him only about whether he was a friend or the same enemy as everyone else in relation to Anatol. Pierre himself obviously did not exist for her.
“He knows everything,” said Marya Dmitrievna, pointing to Pierre and turning to Natasha. - Let him tell you if I was telling the truth.
Natasha, like a shot, driven animal, looks at the approaching dogs and hunters, looked first at one, then at the other.
“Natalya Ilyinichna,” Pierre began, lowering his eyes and feeling a feeling of pity for her and disgust for the operation he had to do, “is it true or not, it should be all the same for you, because ...
- So it's not true that he is married!
- No, its true.
- Was he married for a long time? She asked. "Honestly?"
Pierre gave her his word of honor.
"Is he still here?" She asked quickly.
- Yes, I just saw him.
She was obviously unable to speak and made signs with her hands to leave her.
Pierre did not stay for dinner, but immediately left the room and left. He went to look for Anatol Kuragin in the city, at the thought of which now all the blood in his heart rushed to his heart and he found it difficult to catch his breath. On the mountains, at the gypsies, at the Comoneno - it was not. Pierre went to the club.
In the club everything went on as usual: the guests who had gathered for dinner sat in groups and greeted Pierre and talked about the city news. The footman, having greeted him, reported to him, knowing his acquaintance and habits, that a place had been left for him in a small dining room, that Prince Mikhail Zakharych was in the library, and Pavel Timofeich had not yet arrived. One of Pierre's acquaintances, between talking about the weather, asked him if he had heard about Kuragin's abduction of Rostova, which they talk about in the city, is it true? Pierre, laughing, said that this was nonsense, because he was now only from the Rostovs. He asked everyone about Anatole; he was told by one that he had not come yet, the other that he would dine today. Pierre found it strange to look at this calm, indifferent crowd of people, who did not know what was going on in his soul. He walked around the hall, waited until everyone had gathered, and without waiting for Anatole, did not dine and went home.
Anatole, whom he was looking for, dined at Dolokhov's that day and consulted with him about how to fix the spoiled business. It seemed to him necessary to see Rostova. In the evening he went to his sister to talk to her about the means of arranging this date. When Pierre, having traveled all over Moscow in vain, returned home, the valet reported to him that Prince Anatol Vasilich was with the Countess. The Countess's drawing-room was full of guests.
Pierre, without greeting his wife, whom he had not seen since his arrival (she was more than ever hated by him at that moment), entered the living room and, seeing Anatole, approached him.
“Ah, Pierre,” said the Countess, going up to her husband. “You don’t know in what position our Anatole…” She stopped, seeing in her husband’s lowered head, in his shining eyes, in his determined gait, that terrible expression of fury and strength that she knew and experienced after the duel with Dolokhov.
- Where you are - there is debauchery, evil, - said Pierre to his wife. “Anatole, come on, I need to talk to you,” he said in French.
Anatole looked back at his sister and obediently got up, ready to follow Pierre.
Pierre, taking his hand, pulled him towards him and walked out of the room.
- Si vous vous permettez dans mon salon, [If you allow yourself in my living room,] - Helen said in a whisper; but Pierre left the room without answering her.
Anatole followed him with his usual, dashing gait. But there was concern on his face.
Entering his office, Pierre closed the door and turned to Anatol without looking at him.
- You promised Countess Rostova to marry her and wanted to take her away?
- My dear, - Anatole answered in French (as was the whole conversation), I do not consider myself obliged to answer interrogations done in such a tone.
Pierre's face, which was pale before, was contorted with fury. He grabbed Anatole by the collar of his uniform with his big hand and began to shake it from side to side until Anatole's face assumed a sufficient expression of fright.
- When I say that I need to talk to you ... - Pierre repeated.
- Well, that's stupid. BUT? - Anatole said, feeling the collar button torn off from the cloth.
“You are a scoundrel and a scoundrel, and I don’t know what is holding me back from the pleasure of crushing your head with this,” said Pierre, “speaking so artificially because he spoke French. He took the heavy press in his hand and lifted it menacingly, and at once hastily put it in its place.
- Did you promise to marry her?
- I, I, I didn't think; however, I never promised, because ...
Pierre interrupted him. - Do you have her letters? Do you have any letters? - Pierre repeated, moving towards Anatol.
Anatole glanced at him and immediately, thrusting his hand into his pocket, took out his wallet.
Pierre took the letter handed to him and, pushing away the table on the road, fell onto the sofa.
- Je ne serai pas violent, ne craignez rien, [Don't be afraid, I won't use violence,] - said Pierre, responding to Anatole's frightened gesture. - Letters - once, - said Pierre, as if repeating a lesson to himself. “Second,” he continued after a moment's silence, getting up again and starting to walk, “you must leave Moscow tomorrow.
- But how can I ...
“Third,” Pierre continued without listening to him, “you should never say a word about what happened between you and the countess. This, I know, I cannot forbid you, but if you have a spark of conscience ... - Pierre several times silently walked across the room. Anatole was sitting at the table and biting his lips with a frown.
- You cannot help but understand that besides your pleasure there is happiness, the peace of mind of other people, that you are ruining your whole life because you want to have fun. Have fun with women like my wife - with these you are in your right, they know what you want from them. They are armed against you with the same experience of debauchery; but to promise a girl to marry her ... to deceive, to steal ... How do you not understand that this is as despicable as nailing an old man or a child! ...
Pierre fell silent and looked at Anatole with a questioning, not angry look.
- I do not know this. BUT? - said Anatole, cheering up as Pierre overcame his anger. “I don’t know this, and I don’t want to know,” he said, without looking at Pierre and with a slight tremor of the lower jaw, “but you told me these words: mean and the like, which I comme un homme d" honneur [as an honest man ] I will not let anyone.
Pierre looked at him in surprise, unable to understand what he needed.
- Although it was face to face, - continued Anatole, - I cannot ...
- Well, do you need satisfaction? - Pierre said mockingly.
- At least you can take back your words. BUT? If you want me to fulfill your desires. BUT?
- I take it, I take it back, - said Pierre and I ask you to excuse me. Pierre glanced involuntarily at the severed button. - And money if you need it for the road. - Anatole smiled.
This expression of a timid and vile smile, familiar to him from his wife, exploded Pierre.
- Oh, mean, heartless breed! - he said and left the room.
The next day, Anatol left for St. Petersburg.
Pierre went to Marya Dmitrievna to inform her about the fulfillment of her desire - about the expulsion of Kuragin from Moscow. The whole house was in fear and excitement. Natasha was very ill, and, as Marya Dmitrievna secretly told him, on the same night as it was announced to her that Anatole was married, she was poisoned with arsenic, which she quietly took out. After swallowing it a little, she was so scared that she woke Sonya and told her what she had done. In time, the necessary measures were taken against the poison, and now she was out of danger; but all the same she was so weak that it was impossible to think of taking her to the village and was sent for the countess. Pierre saw the confused count and the tear-stained Sonya, but he could not see Natasha.
Pierre dined at the club that day and from all sides heard talk about an attempt to kidnap Rostova and stubbornly refuted these conversations, assuring everyone that there was nothing else, as soon as his brother-in-law proposed to Rostova and was refused. It seemed to Pierre that it was his duty to hide the whole affair and restore Rostova's reputation.
He fearfully awaited the return of Prince Andrei, and every day he stopped by to visit the old prince about him.
Prince Nikolai Andreevich knew through m lle Bourienne all the rumors circulating in the city, and read that note to Princess Marya, which Natasha refused to her fiancé. He seemed more cheerful than usual and was looking forward to his son with great impatience.
A few days after Anatole's departure, Pierre received a note from Prince Andrei, who informed him of his arrival and asked Pierre to visit him.
Prince Andrey, having arrived in Moscow, at the very first minute of his arrival, received from his father a note from Natasha to Princess Marya, which she refused to the groom (she stole this note from Princess Marya and gave it to Prince m lle Bourienne) and heard from his father, with additions, stories about the abduction Natasha.
Prince Andrew arrived the evening before. Pierre came to him the next morning. Pierre expected to find Prince Andrei in almost the same position in which Natasha was, and therefore he was surprised when, entering the drawing room, he heard from the study the loud voice of Prince Andrei, who was talking animatedly about some kind of Petersburg intrigue. Old prince and someone else's voice occasionally interrupted him. Princess Marya went out to meet Pierre. She sighed, pointing with her eyes to the door where Prince Andrew was, evidently wishing to express her sympathy for his grief; but Pierre saw in Princess Marya's face that she was glad about what had happened and how her brother had received the news of the betrayal of the bride.
On the territory of Russia, Gypsies use the Cyrillic alphabet.
A a, B b, C c, D d, Ґ ґ, D d, E e, E ё, F g, Z z, I i, Y y, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o , P p, R p, S s, T t, U y, F f, X x, Ts c, H h, Sh w, s, b, E e, Yu y, I
As we can see, from the Russian alphabet, which served as the basis, the gypsy alphabet is distinguished by one letter: ґ ... It denotes a sound between G and NS as in the word ґiril(peas).
Aspiration after a consonant is indicated by the letter NS: pharo(heavy), thud(milk), kher(House).
Letters Ah, Her, Her, Oh oh, U u, NS, Uh uh, Yu yu, I am are vowels. They are easy to remember: each of them is easy to sing, stretch, hum.
Letters B b, In in, G g, Ґ ґ , D d, F f, Z z, K k, L l, Mm, N n, N n, P p, With, T t, F f, X x, C c, H h, W w are consonants.
Letter Th y also known as " whit"is a semi-vowel.
When writing, many Gypsies have difficulty in rendering jotated vowels at the beginning of a word or after vowels and consonants at the end of a word.
For example, some write yone, other yone, third yone... Correct, literary will use on " whit" + but, O, at and the letters I, e,Yu... If in your dialect the iotation is very noticeable, you can also write through " whit", but then it should not be followed by already iotated vowels (i, e, yu). The exceptions are combinations" whit"+e, and typical for some dialects: gaye(non-gypsies), yeiben(a life), yekh(one), yiv(snow).
In the middle of the word " whit" not used: lei(did), dust(drank), gyya(walked), etc.
The vowel at the end of a word is usually deafened, i.e. chib(language) sounds like [chip], thud(milk) like [thut]. However, what really letter you need to write can be determined by producing a diminutive form from the word: chibori(tongue), thudoro(milk).
Rule: you want to know what's at the end of a word? Say it kindly!
Several consolidation exercises.
1. Try to remember and write a few words beginning with a iotated vowel. So you will see if you have understood what a "jotated vowel" is, and you will get used to the fact that it is called that.
2. Write a few aspirated words after NS, To, T.
3. Insert the correct letter at the end of the word (instead of an ellipsis):
Bibach ... (grief)
bryshyn ... (rain)
bya ... (wedding)
you ... (hand)
ha ... (shirt)
glo ... (voice)
yes ... (father)
jo ... (oats)
dra ... (tea)
I ... (fire)
porridge ... (wood)
la ... (word, name)
ma ... (meat)
ra ... (night)
ru ... (wolf)
tha ... (thread)
Do not be surprised if some of the words are unfamiliar: I deliberately chose words of different dialects.
4. Exercise to get used to the order of letters in the Gypsy alphabet.
Arrange the words alphabetically.
Pans (water), bala (hair), yakh (eye), odi (soul), thuv (smoke), zholtiro (yolk), danda (teeth), lilo (book), angrusty (ring), vesh (forest), swarm (spoon), mursh (man), ґera (legs), nakh (nose), ublady (loop), felda (field), silt (heart), zor (strength), yiv (snow), holado (soldier), years (mind), kana (ears), shtar (four), herds (hat), chick (skin), chib (tongue)
An exercise for verification (if you suddenly want to) can be sent to me at [email protected] ... You can ask me the correct answers, especially if some words are unfamiliar :)
Gypsies have been living in Russia for several centuries. They can be found throughout the country - from the borders in the west to Of the Far East... Not a single horse market in the 19th century was complete without them active participation... Their well-deserved fame was brought to them by a special dance and musical art. And what language does this people speak, is there a single Gypsy language? After all, gypsies are different. There are Ukrainian serfs, Romanian Vlachs, German Sinti, Crimean and Moldovan gypsies. What does Gypsy linguistics say about this? Let's try to figure out what language the gypsies speak. What words are borrowed from it into our vocabulary?
Language formation process
Very often some people are called gypsies. What is the reason for this? Most likely, they cannot sit in one place, change their place of residence all the time or like to beg for something. Very interesting people- gypsies. The Europeans were of the opinion that they originally came from Egypt, therefore in many languages the word "gypsy" is a derivative of "Egypt".
In fact, a thousand years ago, several tribes from the north and west of India migrated to other countries. So they became gypsies. Some tribes ended up in Persia, others wandered near the lands of Turkey, some reached Syria, Egypt and North Africa... As immigrants from India, these people have preserved the Indian language for communication.
Later, the Gypsies migrated to the Balkans, to Russia, and Hungary. Then they appeared in European countries: Germany, England, France, Spain, Sweden and Finland.
Centuries of wandering led to the fact that the gypsy language borrowed words from other languages. After all, the gypsies had occupations that allowed them to roam. Some were engaged in woodcarving, others made dishes, others danced, sang, wrote poetry, and divined. They all loved horses and traded in them. In Spain, the gypsies danced beautifully flamenco.
So, the Gypsy language belongs to the Indo-Aryan group Indo-European languages... This language is still used by residents of Pakistan, India, Bangladesh. It is this dialect that is considered the only Balkan language of Indian origin. The Gypsy dialect has two close relatives - the Domari language (used by the inhabitants of Jerusalem) and Lomavren (previously used by the Armenians).
Since the gypsies traveled all over the world, the development of their dialect took place in the form of separate dialects. In each country where the Roma lived, some peculiarities of the dialect were formed.
Although the Gypsies separate themselves from other peoples, a single "Gypsy society" has never been formed. This leads to the extinction of the Gypsy dialects.
Countries where gypsies live
How common is the gypsy dialect today? The most a large number of representatives of this people live in Romania - about half a million people. The next country in terms of their number is Bulgaria - 370 thousand. There are about 300 thousand Roma in Turkey. There are over 250,000 people in Hungary. The next country is France, with about 215,000 Roma. The following list will show you the number of Romani users in other countries:
- in Russia - 129,000;
- Serbia - 108,000;
- Slovakia - 106,000;
- Albania - 90,000;
- Germany - 85,000;
- Republic of Macedonia - 54,000;
- Ukraine - 47,000;
- Italy - 42,000;
- Bosnia and Herzegovina - 40,000.
In all other European countries, their number is less than 20,000. There are only 1000 representatives in Great Britain, Spain and Estonia.
A little of the grammar of the gypsy dialect
The Gypsy dialect is characterized by a definite article of distinction by gender and number. The presence of seven cases is highlighted: nominative, accusative, dative, deferral, possessive, instrumental, vocative. All nouns have abstract masculine concepts. Pronouns have only six cases, no vocative. The infinitive of the verb does not exist. Adjectives are declined if they refer to a noun.
Dialects
Sometimes speakers of different dialects of the Roma language do not understand each other well. Only conversations on everyday topics are generally understandable. Modern language Roma has three mega-groups:
- Romani.
- Lomavren.
- Domari.
Each major dialectal zone is further subdivided into smaller groups that include phonetic and grammatical innovations. Borrowing depends on the environment. The existence of the following largest dialect zones is noted:
- North. This includes Scandinavian, Finnish, Baltic gypsies, Sinti, Russian Roma.
- Central. Austrian, Czech, Hungarian, Slovak dialects.
- Vlashskaya. Dialects Lovari, Vlahi, Kelderar.
- Balkan. Serbian, Bulgarian, Crimean gypsies.
- Servitskaya. Received a strong influence of northeastern dialects.
In Russia, the Vlash dialect, borrowed from the language of the Romanian Gypsies, is considered the most widespread. The local North Russian dialect originated from him. It is similar to the Polish, Czech, Slovak, Lithuanian dialects. It is important to note that on the basis of the Kelderar dialect, a draft of the supra-dialect Koine, a common Gypsy language, was drawn up.
Moldovan and Romanian Gypsies
In 2002, it was first celebrated in Moldova. For the first time, the Moldovan Gypsies were mentioned in 1428. Representatives of this people in Moldova, as well as in Romania, are subordinate to their baron. For many years, Moldovan Roma have been harassed. Indeed, in the nineteenth century it was still possible to buy a whole family of gypsies and use them as slaves.
The Baron of the Gypsies of Moldova today is Artur Cerare. Here, these people are mainly engaged in handicrafts. The houses of the Roma can be recognized from afar, just like their clothes. They colorfully decorate them, put whole pictures on the walls. Most often, the owners have enough skills for landscapes and flowers. There are also rich representatives of this people. Their homes are like mansions, churches or temples.
Features of dialects of Russian gypsies
The ancestors of Russian Gypsies came to the country from Poland. They were engaged in horse trade, fortune telling, music and were Orthodox Christians. Now they can be found throughout the territory. Russian Federation... People especially like their songs and dances. With coming October revolution the gypsy merchants were completely destroyed, and the horse markets were closed. The Nazis also inflicted it.
The dialect of Russian Roma is filled with tracing copies from Polish, German, Russian. Suffixes and prefixes were borrowed. The most important feature of the Russian dialect is the use of the ending -ы. It is used in feminine nouns and adjectives and is similar to the ending -i. Examples: Romny (gypsy), parny (white), lola (red). But with the ending -i: khurmi (porridge), churi (knife).
Here are examples of words that have common Roman roots: dad (father), dai (mother), gray (horse), vast (ruka), yakh (eye), yag (fire), pan (water). We will also give examples of words with borrowings from the Russian language: reka (river), rodo (clan), vesna (spring), bida (trouble), tsveto (color). The words are taken from the Polish language: sendo (court), indaraka (skirt), skempo (stingy). The following borrowings were taken from the Germans: felda (field), fenchtra (window), stuba (apartment).
Gypsy words in Russian
Borrowings not only penetrate into the Gypsy dialect, but also come out of it. Especially they fill the street, criminal, restaurant and music vocabulary. Everyone knows that the word "lave" means money, because many gypsies often ask for it for fortune telling. "Shaving" also comes from the Gypsy dialect and means "to steal". Often, instead of "eat and eat", the slang "hawala" is used. To play a musical instrument, they sometimes use "lab". And very often young people use the word "dude" meaning "your boyfriend".
The most common gypsy phrases
If you want to learn the most popular phrases of the nomadic people, you can refer to the Gypsy dictionary. The very phrase "Gypsy language" is written in it as "Romano Rakirebe". Here are the most commonly used greeting phrases:
- bakhtales - hello;
- dubridin - hello;
- mishto yavyan - welcome;
- deves lacho - good afternoon.
In addition to greetings, you may be interested in other standard phrases:
- yaven saste - be healthy;
- nais - thank you;
- lachi ryat - good night;
- cheese here kharen - what is your name;
- sorry - sorry;
- me here kamam - I love you;
- me here mangawa - I ask you;
- me sukar - I am fine;
- miro dev - my God!
In literature and art
The Gypsy dialect is often used as a colloquial one. Nevertheless, some books are written in this particular dialect. The following writers used it to write works: Lexa Manush, Papusha, Mateo Maksimov. It is also worth noting Georgy Tsvetkov, Valdemar Kalinin, Janush Panchenko, Dzhura Makhotin, Ilona Makhotina. There are a number of other writers who used the gypsy dialect in their works.
Mostly small prose forms and poems were written in it. Poetry has always been a traditional entertainment for this people. But a prose work cannot be written without some preparation.
There is the Pralipe Theater, where performances are performed in the Gypsy dialect. The first operetta by Nikolai Shishkin also puts on performances in the Roma language.
The two filmmakers in this language are well known. This is Tony Gatliff. The Roma language was used in the films "Strange Stranger", "Lucky", "Exiles", "Time of the Gypsies".
Gypsies in the USA
You can also find rum in Canada and the USA, but there are very few of them here. They are represented by all three branches of European gypsies: kale, sinti, and rum. How did the representatives come to America? They came there in different years. These were mainly Roma artists from the countries of the former USSR, as well as from the Czech Republic and Romania.
For the American Roma, there is no single way of life and a single culture; they have dissolved among the most diverse segments of the population. Some have become marginalized, others - big businessmen. IN North America famous guitar virtuoso Vadim Kolpakov, professor Ronald Lee, writer Emil Demeter, musician Eugene Gudz.
Most Americans have a vague idea of this people. Gypsy culture seems distant and exotic to them. It is estimated that there are about a million Roma in the United States. Some of them have to suffer from stereotypes in the field of employment.
Extinction threat of gypsy dialects
Some European gypsies still roam, but most are accustomed to a sedentary lifestyle. The speech of this people was strongly influenced by Slavic and other languages. Therefore, there is a high probability of losing it. There are about 3-4 million Roma speakers across Europe. The main obstacle to its spread is considered to be the low literacy rate of the Roma. Although Kosovo, Macedonia, Croatia, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Germany, Finland, Hungary recognize it as the language of national minorities.
The big disadvantage of the Gypsy dialect is neglect. Grammar and vocabulary are in a fairly primitive state. It is even easier for this people to preserve identity at the level of everyday life, but at the level of speech it is very bad. There are very few gypsy prefixes and particles, so the language is littered with Russian elements. However, groups are currently working in some countries to standardize the Roma language. Romania even has a unified system for teaching the Romani language. In Serbia, some channels and radio broadcasts are broadcast on it.
Stumbled on by chance.
Gypsy language (romano rakirebe).
Greetings
Hello - bakhtales
Hello - dubrIdin
Welcome! - Mishto yavYan!
Happy stay! (to many people) - te yavEn bakhtalE!
Happy stay! (to the man) - te yavEs bakhtalO!
Good afternoon (everyone) - devEs lachO (sarenge)
Standard phrases
Thank you - Nais
Good luck - yavEn saste
Good night - lachi ryat
How are you? - Cheese tere business?
How are you? - Cheese of tu dzhivEsa?
Everything is going well! - Sa avEla mishto!
What is your name? - cheese is kharen here?
My name is ... - man kharen ...
You have a beautiful name - tUte gojo laf
Sorry - sorry
What you said? - So tu phengyang?
Can you hear me? - Tu man shunEsa?
Understood)? - PolyYan?
How do you feel? - Do you feel the cheese?
What should I do? - So mange te kira?
What do you want? - From that KAMES?
I love you - me here kamam / kamav
I hate you - me here nakamam / nakamav
I give you my word - dava tukE mirO laf
It hurts me ... - man about dukhal ...
I beg you - mae here mangAv
You know? - that jin?
Let's go home - yavEn Khare
I will come - me avav
I won't tell you anything - none
Wait! (Stop!) - tyrdёv!
So it is - day sy
It's true - ada chachipe
Who's there? (when they knock) - good?
Don't go away! - on ujA!
Come here - jav darik
Get out of here - jadad kher / jav durik
I'm asking you - mae here manga ava
I see - mae dukhav
I thought - mae dumindem
I don't know how to say it - for ginOm, hell pyeong cheese
Look! - Duc!
Do not be angry - at holias
Do not smoke - for tyrdY; are you going to smoke? - avesa tyrdEs?
It's my fault? - mee bango li?
I remember everything - mae sa rapier ava
They bought me - mange kimle
What are you going to eat? - So tu lese tekhAs?
Will I sit here? - Did you talk about Me date?
Do you know where to go? - Tu jinEs, karik te jyas?
Where are you ball? - Kai tu sanAs?
We are leaving - ame karadasa
I'm fine - mae shukar
I went (we went) - me geOm (ame geom)
Done - gata
My God! - mirO devEl!
Closed - closed
Open - utkYerdo
Pronouns
I am me
From me - mander
Me - mange / mange
With me - manza
Without me - bi world
I have man o / mande
To me - ke mae
My (my, my) - the world
We are ame
Nam - amEnge
Our (our, our) - amorO (amorI, amore)
To us - ke yame
You are that
You are here
You have - tute
To you - tUke
Your (yours, yours, yours) - te / teraO (ty / teraI, tereE, tyro / tero)
To you - ki tu
Without you - bi terO
You are tumE
Your (your, your) - tumarO (tumarI, tumarE)
He is yov
Him - laskey
His (in the genitive) - les
Its (as an adjective) - laskO
She is her / yune
Her - la
They are Ana
Im - lenge
Their (in the genitive case) - Len
Himself - Kokuro
Own - pEngo
To myself - peske
Myself - ps
This is hell
This is how
Everything is sa (sarO)
All - savor
All - sarEn
SareEnge to everyone
Absolutely - sareesa
Who is the con
Nobody is a nickname
With whom - kAsa
So - kadYake
Together - khetane
Because - dulEski
What - with
Questions
What? - Co?
Where? - Kai?
Where to? - KARIK?
How? - cheese?
What for? - PalsO?
Why? - nipples? (but more often - the same as in Russian)
When? - sneakers?
Who? - con?
How many? - booth?
Which? - SavO?
Answers
Yes Yes; no - nat
No - nane
Good - shukar / mishto
Bad - nAshuka
Nothing - Nothing
Nobody is a nickname
Everything is ready - sa gata
A lot - but
A little - nabutka
I give you my word - dava tukE mirO lav
Description
Handsome - gojo
Ugly - Bank
You are my (my) dear (ah) - that world
Dear - DRAGO
Favorite (s) - kamlo (kamly)
Good (pretty) - lachO (lachinko)
Fool (fool) - hole (hole)
Small - small
Big - barO
Poor - charOro
Rich - barvAlo
Gypsy - rum / rum
Not a gypsy - gAjo
"Devil with Horns" - Beng Rog
New - new
Sly / cunning (sly) - uzhYanglo (uzhYangle)
Smart - godeavir
Happy (happy, happy) - bakhtalO (bakhtalY, bakhtalE)
Dashing man (man) - mursh
Gypsy - rum
Gold (gold, gold, gold) - sanakuno (sanakuns, sanakuno, sanakuno)
There are no more such in the world - nane ada vavir pre sveto
Status description
I feel bad (I feel good) - mange nashuka (mange shukar)
I'm tired - mae hrani
I slept - me popAsio
I got sick - mae zanasvaluYo
I'm over it! - Enough of MandEr!
New - new
Happy (happy) - bahtalO (bahtal)
I want to sleep - kamElpe tesov
People (monush)
People - Lumya
Good people are lache monush
Girl / girl - chAyuri; "Docha" - tea
Girls / girls - chaYale
Woman - RUMny
Boy / guy - chavoro; "Son" - chavoraAle
Boys / boys - chavAle
Man - rum
Fortune Teller - Drabarovkina
Witch - shuvani
Little Boy - Tychnenko Chavoro
Friend (girlfriend, friends) - vortAko (vortAka, vortAchya)
He (she) ... years old - laskE (lakE) ... bersh
Two brothers - dui pshala
Relatives
Mom - yes
With mom - yes sa
Daddy - dado / dad
Son - chYAVO
Daughter - tea
Sister - phrEn
With my sister - phrani with
Brother - pshal
With brother - pe pshalEse
Brother - pshalEske
Grandpa - papo
Granny - mami
With grandmother - babA so
Daughter-in-law - bori
Husband - rum
Wife - Romanes
Uncle - how
With uncle - kakE se
Aunt - bee
With aunt - bibI with
Time
Year - Bersh
Month - shyong
Day - devEs / des
Night - rhyat; at night - ryate
Morning - Dediminians
Evening - dekusare
In the morning - dodesara
Today - dadyves
Tomorrow - tasYa
The day after tomorrow - haltas
Now - the same as in Russian
A place
House - khr (you can - kher)
There - dute
Here - date
Road - DROM; on the way - pe dromA
Here - darik
There is a fool
Hence the dates
Forward - pale
Back - ANGEL
Body parts
Eye (a) - yakh (A)
Nose - nakh
Lips - out
Teeth - danda
Face - mui
Hand - Vast
Head - shero / shuru
Hair - ball
Belly - pER
Leg - punrro
On my feet - about hera
Products
Cooking food - tekarelEs khaben
Woman cooks - rromni caravel
What do you eat? - from that has?
Eat - tekhAs
Drink - piesa
Boiled - kerado
Apple - phabai
Pear - ambrol
Watermelon - lubenytsa
Melon - harbuzo
Apricot - ratska
Potatoes - kolompiri
Cabbage - shah
Rice - razo
Meat - mas
Sugar - prakhU
Water - PanI
Milk - thud
Coffee - kava
Vodka - bravinta
Creatures and animals
God is devEl
Damn - bang
Dog - dzhukEl
Horse - gray
Bird - teal
Clothes, jewelry
Pants - haluyo
Handkerchief - Dukhlo
Skirt - the same as in Russian
Gold - sumnakay
Golden ring - sanakuno angrusty
Silver - rupe
Miscellaneous
Conversation - rakirebe
Truth - chacho / chachipe
Lies - hokhAype
Rain - brischind
Wind - balval
Heart / Soul - Ilo
Moon - shyono
The star is chergOni; stars - chirgin (i); asterisk - chirgenor
Sun - kham
Money - LOVE
No money - no love
Fire - yag
Water - PanI
Blood is rath
Table - scamInd
Bed - chibe
Door - blow
Song - gil
Love - kamam
Knife - churI
Light is a yak
Leaflet / passport - lilOro
Wedding - byJav
Stone - bar
Road / path - drome
Wood - chestnut
"Winged"
May God punish you! - Tae skarIn man devEl!
The dog will not bite the dog - djukel jukles on chala
Reclining stone - pAShlo bar
Sings like a bird - bagala cheese
Your eyes are like stars - tera yakha chirgin cheese
Miscellaneous phrases and actions
Come / come to me - jav ke mee
He knows everything - yov sarO jinEl
It's raining - brishind jala
Where should I go? / Do you know where to go? - Karik tejav? / JinEs, KARIK TEJYAS?
Who is coming? - con avEla?
We walk together - ame jyasa khatane
Do not be afraid - on dArpe
Give your hand - de vast
I heard it - mae ada shundem
I beg you - mae here mangAv
I'm not asking you for anything - no one mae tUter on manga
I'll tell you - mae here phengava
I won't tell you anything - nichi mae tutter na phengava
Do you hear? - shunEsa?
Let's go (home) - yavEn (khare)
What should I do? / What do we do? - with mange te kira? / From the KirAs?
I thought (a) - me dumindYom
It burns, but does not warm up - hachen, ne na tatkirEla
Kisses - chamudEv
I remember the song - rapierAva me gil
I am looking for - kind; found - lakhtem
You got angry - that bachelor
Do you see it too? - Tu chi dukhEs hell?
Okay, I'll come - Mishto, mae java
You are lying, I know - tu hohavesa, mee jinOm
I don't know anything - Mae nichi on the jinOm
Me lived in ... - ame jindYam de ...
We visited ... - ame samAs de ...
We go to the dance - ame gay at the disco
We are leaving - ame karadasa
I want to see you - kamam / kamav ki tu
Come on! - mishto akana bre!
Have you gone (come)? - that so, ugeYa (yavdYa)?
I want to know - kamElpe zhyanav
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