The characteristic features of the student's personality list. Character traits, bad and good

Character (Greek - sign, distinctive feature, distinctive feature, feature, sign or printing) - Structure of persistent, relatively permanent mental properties that determine the features of relationships and behavior of the individual.

When they talk about the character, it is usually implied by such a set of properties and personal qualities, which impose a certain seal on all its manifestations and acts. Character traits make up the essential properties of a person who determine one or another image of behavior, lifestyle. Character statics determines the type nervous activity, and its dynamics - the environment.

Character is understood as:

• system of stable motives and methods of behavior forming behavioral type of personality;
• measure of equilibrium internal and external worlds, features of the adaptation of an individual to the surrounding reality;
• a distinct certainty of the typical behavior of each person.

In the system of personality relations, four groups of character traits are distinguished symptom complex:

• the attitude of a person to other people, a team, society (sociability, sensitivity and responsiveness, respect for other people, collectivism and the opposite features - closedness, worn, dear, rudeness, contempt for people, individualism);
• the features showing the attitude of a person to work, their work (hard work, a tendency to creativity, conscientiousness in work, responsible attitude to the case, initiative, perseverance and opposite features - laziness, a tendency to routine work, unscrupulousness, irresponsible attitude to business, passivity) ;
• the features showing how a person belongs to itself (a sense of self-esteem, properly understood pride and the self-critical, modesty and the opposite features - self-conceit, sometimes turning into arrogance, vanity, arrogance, susceptibility, shyness, egocentrism as a tendency to consider in Center of Events
• yourself and their experiences, egoism - a tendency to take care of her personal favor;
• the features characterizing the attitude of a person to things (accuracy or slope, careful or negligent handling of things).

One of the most famous theories of character is the theory proposed by the German psychologist E. Krechmera. According to this theory, the nature depends on the physique.

Krechmer described three types of physique and the corresponding three types of character:

ASTENIKI (from Greek. - weak) - Thought people, with an elongated face. long hands and legs, flat (ore cell and weak muscles. The appropriate type of character - schizotic - People are closed, serious, stubborn, difficult to adapt to new conditions. With psyche disorders are prone to schizophrenia;

Athletics (from Greek. - peculiar to fighters) - People are high, broadcaster, with a powerful chest, strong skeleton and developed muscles. Appropriate character type - xotimiki - People are calm, unprepaid, practical, power, restrained in gestures and facial expressions; Do not love change and adapt badly to them. In the disorders of the psyche prone to epilepsy;

Picnic (from Greek. - dense. fat) - People of medium height, complete or prone to obesity, with a short neck, a big head and a wide face with small features. Suitable TIN character - cyclotimics - People sociable, contact, emotional, easily adapted to new conditions. With psyche disorders are prone to manic-depressive psychosis.

The general concept of the nature and its manifestations

In the concept character (from Greek. Сharacter - "Print", "Chacking"), means a set of sustainable individual characteristics, developing and manifested in activities and communication, causeing common behavioral methods typical.

When the character of a person is determined, they say that such a person showed courage, truthfulness, frankness, that this is a brave person, truthful, frank, i.e. These qualities are the properties of this person, the features of its character, which can manifest themselves under the relevant circumstances. Knowledge of human character Allows you to foresee and thereby correct the expected actions and actions. About a person with character is not rarely spoken: "He had to do this, he could not do otherwise - he had such a character."

However, not all human features can be considered characteristic, but only significant and stable. If a person, for example, is not polite enough in a stressful situation, then this does not mean that rudeness and incontinence is the property of its character. Sometimes, even very funny people can feel the feeling of sadness, but they will not be whisimists and pessimists.

Speaking as a lifetime person the character is determined and formed throughout the human life. Lifestyle includes the image of thoughts, feelings, motivations, actions in their unity. Therefore, as a certain lifestyle is formed, a person himself is formed. Public conditions and specific life circumstances are played by a major role in which the human life path is based on its natural properties and as a result of his acts and deeds. However, directly formation of character occurs in various levels of group development (friendly company, class, sports team, etc.). Depending on which group is for the identity of the reference and what values \u200b\u200bsupports and cultivates in its environment, the corresponding character traits will develop from its members. Character features will also depend on the position of the individual in the group, from how integrates in it. The team as a high level of development team creates the most favorable opportunities for best damn character. This process is mutual, and thanks to the development of personality, the team itself develops.

Character contentreflecting social impacts, influence, is the vital orientation of the individual, i.e. Its material and spiritual needs, interests, beliefs, ideals, etc. The orientation of the individual determines the goals, the human life plan, the degree of its life activity. The character of a person involves the presence of something significant for him in the world, in life, something, from which the motives of his actions, the goal of his actions, the tasks that he puts himself.

Decisive for understanding of character is the relationship between socially and personally significant for humans. Each society has its most important and essential tasks. It is for them that the character of people is formed and checked. Therefore, the concept of "character" refers to a greater extent to the attitude of these objectively existing tasks. Therefore, character is not just any manifestation of hardness, perseverance, etc. (Formal perseverance can be just stubbornness), but the focus on socially significant activities. It is the focus of the individual underlies the unity, integrity, nature of character. Possessing the objectives of life is the main condition for education. The abattrate person is characteristic of the lack of or scattering goals. However, the nature and director of the individual is not the same thing. Good-natured and cheerful can be both a decent, highly moral person and a person with low, unclean thoughts. The direction of the individual imposes an imprint on all human behavior. And although the behavior is determined not by one prompting, but a holistic system of relations, in this system always put forward something to the fore, dominating in it, giving the character of a person a kind of flavor.

In the resulting character, the leading component is a conviction system. Conviction determines the long-term focus of human behavior, his inflexibility in achieving their goals, confidence in the justice and importance of the case he performs. Features of character are closely related to the interests of a person, provided that these interests are stable and deep. The superficiality and instability of interest are often conjugated with a large imitation, with a lack of independence and integrity of a person. And, on the contrary, the depth and content of interests indicate the focus, personality perseverance. The similarities of interest does not imply similar characteristics of character. So, among the rationalizers, people can find people of merry and sad, modest and obsessive, egoists and altruists.

Indicative to understanding of the character may also be affection and interests of a person associated with its leisure. They reveal new features, the face of character: for example, L. N. Tolstoy was fond of playing chess, I. P. Pavlov - towns, D. I. Mendeleev - reading adventure novels. A person dominates spiritual and material needs and interests, they define not only the thoughts and senses of personality, but also the focus of its activities. No less important is the compliance of human actions to go to goals, since the personality is characterized not only by what it does, but also how it does. Integrity, it is possible to understand only as a certain unity of the direction and image of actions.

People with similar orientation can go completely different ways to achieve goals and using their own, special, techniques and methods for this. This nobility determines the specific characteristics of the personality. Character features, possessing a certain encouraging force, are clearly manifested in the situation of the choice of actions or ways of behavior. From this point of view, as a trait of nature, it is possible to consider the degree of severity in the Individuation of the Motivation of Achievement - its need to achieve success. Depending on this, some people are characterized by choosing actions that ensure success (manifestation of initiative, competitive activity, striving for risk, etc.), while for others more characteristic desire to simply avoid failures (deviation from risk and responsibility, avoiding manifestations of activity, initiatives, etc.).

Teaching about the character - character He has a long history of its development. The most important problems of characterology over the centuries was to establish the types of character and their definition on its manifestations in order to predict the behavior of a person in different situations. Since the character is a lifetime education of the individual, most of its existing classifications proceed from the grounds that are external, indirect identity factors.

One of the most ancient attempts to predict human behavior is an explanation of his birthday character. A variety of ways of predicting the fate and character of a person received the name of horoscopes.

At least, attempts are popular, to associate the character of a person, with his name.

Significant impact on the development of characterology physiognomy (From Greek. Physis - "Nature", Gnomon - "Knowing") - the doctrine of the connection between the external appearance of a person and his belonging to a certain type of personality, so that the psychological characteristics of this type can be established on the external signs.

No less famous and rich history than the physiognomic direction in characterology, has a chiromantia. Palmistry (from Greek. Cheir - "Hand" and Manteia - "Divination", "Prophecy") - a system of prediction of the character of a person and his fate in the skin of the palm.

Until recently, scientific psychology has invariably rejected the chiromantia, but the study embryonic development The finger patterns in connection with heredity gave the impetus to the emergence of the new industry of knowledge - dermatoglyphika.

More valuable, in the diagnostic relations compared, say, with physiognomy can be considered a graphology - science, which considers the hand writing as a kind of expressive movements reflecting the psychological properties of the writing.

At the same time, unity, the multi-faceted nature does not exclude the fact that in various situations the same person show various and even opposite properties. A person can be at the same time very gentle and very demanding, soft and compliant and at the same time solid to adamance. And the unity of his character can not only be maintained, despite this, but it is in this and manifest.

Relationship of character and temperament

Character It is often compared with, and in some cases and replace these concepts with each other.

In science among the dominant views on the relationship between the nature and temperament, you can highlight four main:

• identification of character and temperament (E. Krechmer, A. Ruzhitsky);
• opposition of character and temperament, underscores of antogonism between them (P. Viktorv, V. Vienius);
• recognition of temperament by element of character, its core, the unchanged part (S. L. Rubinstein, S. Gorodetsky);
• recognition of the temperature of the natural basis of character (L. S. Vygotsky, B. G. Ananeyev).

Based on the materialistic understanding of human phenomena, it should be noted that the relationship between the physiological characteristics of a person is common to the character and temperament, and above all on the type of nervous system. The formation of the character significantly depends on the properties of temperament, more closely associated with the properties of the nervous system. In addition, character traits occur when temperament is already enough. The nature is developing on the basis of temperament. The temperament determines in the nature such features as balanced or impassable behavior, ease or difficulty in entering a new situation, mobility or inertness of the reaction, etc. However, the temperament does not predetermine the character. People with the same temperament properties can be a completely different character. Features of temperament can contribute or counteract the formation of certain character traits. So, the melancholic is harder to form courage and determination than choler. Choleric is more difficult to develop restraint, phlegmatic; Phlegmatics need to spend more forces to become sociable than a sanguine, etc.

However, as B. G. Ananyyev believed, if the upbringing consisted only in improving and strengthening natural properties, it would lead to the monstrous homogeneity of development. The properties of temperament can to some extent even come in contradiction with character. At P. I. Tchaikovsky, the tendency to melancholyachy experiences was overcome by one of the main features of its character - its performance. "It's always necessary to work," he said, "and every honest artist can not sit, folded hands, under the pretext that he is not located .. If you wait for the location and do not try to go to meet him, you can easily go to laziness and apathy. . It rarely happen to me very rarely. I attribute it to what is gifted by patience, and teach myself to never succumb to reluctance. I learned to win myself. "

In a person with an formed character, temperament ceases to be an independent form of personality manifestation, but becomes its dynamic side, concluding in a certain speed of leakage mental processes and manifestations of the individual, a certain characteristic of expressive movements and actions of the personality. Here it should also be noted the influence on the formation of the nature of the dynamic stereotype, i.e. The system of conditional reflexes that form in response to a steadily repeated system of stimuli. The formation of dynamic stereotypes in a person in various repetitive situations affects its attitude towards the situation, as a result of which the excitation, braking, mobility of nerve processes may vary, and, consequently, the general functional state of the nervous system. It is also necessary to note the decisive role in the formation of dynamic stereotypes of the second signaling system through which social impact is carried out.

Ultimately, temperament features and character are organically connected and interact with each other in a single, holistic appearance of a person, forming an inseparable alloy - the integral characteristics of its individuality.

The character for a long time was identified with the Will of Man, the expression "man with character" was considered as a synonym for the expression "Volve Man". The will is connected, by the advantage, with a force of character, its hardness, determination, perseverance. When they say that a person has a strong character, then it would be like to emphasize his dedication, his volitional qualities. In this sense, the character of a person is best manifested in overcoming difficulties, in the struggle, i.e. In those conditions where the Will of Man is mostly manifested. But the character is not exhausted by force, it has content, determining how the will will function in different conditions. On the one hand, in the volitional actions, the character develops and in them it is manifested: the volitional deeds in the situation meaningful for the personality go to the character of a person, consolidating in it as relatively sustainable properties; These properties, in turn, determine the behavior of a person, his volitional deeds. The volitional character is characterized by certainty, constancy and independence, hardness in the implementation of the intended purpose. On the other hand, there are no cases when the weak man was called "inactive." From the point of view of psychology, this is not quite so - and in a haired person there are certain features of nature, such as childhood, indecision, etc. The use of the concept "inactive" means the unpredictability of human behavior, indicates the absence of its own or inner rod, which would define his behavior. Its actions are caused by external influences and do not depend on it.

The originality of the character affects the features of human feelings. K. D. Ushinsky pointed to this: "None, no words, nor thoughts, nor even actions are expressed so clearly and rightly us and our attitude to the world, like our feelings: in them is not a certain thought, not A separate decision, and the whole content of our soul and its building. " The relationship between the feelings and properties of the character of a person is also mutual. On the one hand, the level of development of moral, aesthetic, intellectual feelings depends on the nature of human activity and communication and from the character traits formed on this basis. On the other hand, these feelings themselves become characteristic, sustainable personality features, thus, in this way, the character of a person. The level of development of a sense of debt, sense of humor and other complex feelings is a rather indicative characteristic of a person.

Special great importance For characteristic manifestations, there is a relationship of intellectual features. Depth and sharpness of thought, the unusualness of the question and its decisions, the intellectual initiative, confidence and independence of thinking - all this is the originality of the mind as one of the parties. However, how a person uses his mental abilities will significantly depend on nature. Often there are people who have high intellectual data, but do not give anything valuable precisely because of their own character characteristics. An example of this is numerous literary images of superfluous people (Pechorin, Rudin, Lestes, etc.). As I. S. Turgenev said, the mouth of one of acting persons Roman about Rudine: "The genius in it, perhaps, is, but there is no nature." Thus, real achievements of a person do not depend on some abstract mental abilities, but from a specific combination of its characteristics and characteristic properties.

Character structure

In generality all character traits can be divided into basic leadingdefining the general focus of the development of the entire complex of its manifestations, and secondary, determined by the main. So, if you consider such features like indecision, fearness and altruism, then with the predominance of the first person, first of all, constantly fears, "no matter what happened" and all attempts to help the neighbor usually ends with internal experiences, and the search for justification. If the lead is the second line - altruism, then the man does not show oscillations outwardly by anything, immediately goes to the rescue, controlling his behavior of intelligence, but sometimes it may sometimes be doubted about the correctness of the actions taken.

Knowledge of leading traits Allows you to reflect the basic essence of character, show its main manifestations. Writers, artists, wanting an idea of \u200b\u200bthe character of the hero, first of all describe its leading, rod features. So, A. S. Pushkin invested in the mouth of Vorotnsky (in the tragedy "Boris Godunov") an exhaustive characteristic of the Shuisky - "Luchny Troadtorets". Some heroes literary works So deeply and correctly reflect certain typical features of the character that their names are becoming nominal (xles, bugs, manifes, etc.).

Although every trait of character reflects one of the manifestations of a person's attitude to reality, this does not mean that every attitude will be a character line. Only some relationships depending on the conditions become features. From the whole set of personality relations to the surrounding reality, the characteristics of the form of relations should be highlighted. The most important distinctive feature of such relationships is a decisive, paramount and general vitality of those objects to which a person belongs. This relationship simultaneously acts as the basis for the classification of the most important character traits.

The character of a person is manifested in the system of relations:

• In relation to other people (in this case, such traits of nature can be distinguished as sociability - closedness, truthfulness - falseness, tactfulness - rudeness, etc.).
• In relation to the case (responsibility - unscrupulousness, diligence - tape, etc.).
• In relation to yourself (modesty - narcissism, self-criticality - self-confidence, pride is governing, etc.).
• In relation to the property (generosity - greed, thrift - waste, accuracy - slope, etc.). It should be noted a certain conventionality of this classification and the close relationship, the interpenetration of the specified aspects of relations. So, for example, if a person exhibits rudeness, this concerns his relationship to people; But if he works as a teacher, here it is already necessary to talk about its attitude to business (unscrupiance), about the attitude towards himself (narcissism).

Despite the fact that these relationships are the most important in terms of the formation of a character, they are not at the same time not immediately become traits. There is a well-known sequence in the transition of these relationships in character properties, and in this sense can not be put in one row, admit, attitude to other people and attitudes towards property, since the content itself performs a different role in the real life of the person. A determining role in the formation of a character is played by the attitude of a person to society, to people. The character of a person cannot be disclosed and understood outside the team, without taking into account his attachments in the form of a partnership, friendship, love.

In the structure of the character, it is possible to distinguish features common to a specific group of people. Even at the most original person, you can find some kind of feature (for example, the unusualness, unpredictability of behavior), the possession of which allows him to attribute it to the group of people with similar behavior. In this case, it should be said about typical in character. N. D. Levites believes that the type of character is a specific expression in the individual character of the features common to some group of people. Indeed, as noted, the nature is not congenital, - it is formed in the life and activities of a person as a representative of a certain group, a certain society. Therefore, the character of a person is always a product of society than explains the similarity and difference in the characters of people belonging to various groups.

Individually reflects diverse typical features: national, professional, age. Thus, people of one nationality are in the living conditions of life for many generations, experience the specific features of national life; Develop the influence of the current national structure, language. Therefore, people of one nationality in terms of lifestyle, in habits, rights, character differ from the other people. These typical features are often fixed by the everyday consciousness in various installations and stereotypes. Most people have a formed image of a representative of a country: American, Scots, Italian, Chinese, etc.

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The nature of the personality is a high-quality individual characteristic that combines the steady and constant properties of psyche, which determine the behavior and features of the human attitude. Literally, translated from the Greek language, the character means signs, the trait. The character in the structure of the individual combines the totality of the various qualities and properties that impose an imprint on behavior, activity and individual manifestation. The combination of significant, and most importantly, sustainable properties and qualities determine the entire lifestyle of the person and its reaction methods in one situation or another.

The nature of the individual is formed, is determined and formed throughout its life path. The relationship of the character and personality is manifested in activities, communication, while determining typical behavioral methods.

Character character traits

Any feature is some stable and constant stereotype of behavior.

Characteristic features of the person in a general sense can be divided into those that set the general direction to the development of nature manifestations in the complex (presenters), and those that are determined by the main orientation (secondary). Leading features allow you to reflect the very essence of the character and show the main important manifestations. It should be understood that any trait of the character of a person will display the manifestation of his relationship to reality, but this does not mean that any of its attitude and will be directly a feature. Depending on the vital activity environment of the individual and certain conditions, only some manifestations of relations will become defining character traits. Those. A person can respond to one or another irritant of the inner or external environment aggressively, but this will not mean that the person is evil by nature.

In the structure of the nature of each person, 4 groups are distinguished. The first group includes features determining the basis of the personality, its rod. These include: honesty and insincerity, principle and faintness, courage and cowardice, and many others. To the second - features that show the attitude of the individual directly to other people. For example, respect and contempt, kindness and malice, and others. The third group characterizes the identity ratio to itself. It includes: pride, modesty, arrogance, vanity, self-critical and others. The fourth group is a relationship to work performed by activities or work. And is characterized by such features as hard work and taciousness, responsibility and irresponsibility, activity and passivity, and others.

Some scientists additionally allocate another group that characterizes the attitude of a person to things, for example, accuracy and increasingness.

Also allocate such typological properties of character traits as abnormal and normal. Normal features are inherent in people who have a healthy psyche, and the abnormal people belong to people who have a variety of mental illness. It should be noted that similar personality traits may relate simultaneously to anomalous and normal. It all depends on the degree of severity or whether it is an accentuation of character. An example of this may be healthy suspicion, but when it raises - it leads to.

The society and attitude of a person to him play a decisive role in the formation of the character of personality. You can not judge a person, without seeing how it interacts with the team, without taking into account his attachments, antipathy, comrade or friendly relations in society.

The attitude of the individual to any type of activity is determined by its relationship with other persons. Interaction with other people can encourage a person to activity and innovate or keep in suspense, generate its misinterpretation. The representation of the individual about himself determines its relationship with people and attitudes towards activities. The basis in the formation of personality consciousness is directly related to other individuals. A faithful assessment of the character of the identity of another person is a fundamental circumstance in the formation of self-assessment. Also, it should be noted that with a change of human activity, not only methods, methods and subject of this activity are changing, but also changes the attitude of a person to himself in the new role of the figure.

Features of the character of the personality

The main feature of the character in the personality structure is its certainty. But this does not mean the dominance of one feature. Missing in character can several traits contradictory or not contradictory. The character may lose its definiteness in the absence of his features clearly expressed. The system of moral values \u200b\u200band personality beliefs is also a leading and determining factor in the formation of characteristics of character. They establish a long-term focus of personality behavior.

The characteristics of the nature of the individual are inextricably linked with its sustainable and deep interests. The lack of integrity, self-sufficiency and independence of the personality is closely interrelated with the instability and the superficiation of the interests of the individual. And, on the contrary, the integrity and focus, the perseverance of a person directly depends on the meaning and depth of its interests. However, the similarities of interest does not imply and similarity characteristic features Personality. For example, among scientists you can meet both merry people and sad, both kind and evil.

To understand the characteristics of the nature of the personality, you should also pay attention to its attachment, leisure. This can reveal new faces and features in the bus. It is also important to pay attention to the compliance of a person's deeds to its established goals, because the individual is characterized not only by the action, but also how it produces them. The direction of activity and the action themselves form the dominant spiritual or material needs from the personality, interests. Therefore, the nature should only be understood as the unity of the image of acts and their focus. It is from the combination of the characteristics of the character of the personality and its properties, these achievements of a person depend on the presence of mental capabilities.

Temperament and personality character

The relationship of character and personality is also due to the temperament of individual, abilities and other parties. And the concepts of temperament and the nature of the personality form its structure. Character is a combination of the qualitative properties of an individual who determine its actions that are manifested in relation to other people, actions, things. Whereas the temperament is a combination of the properties of the individual's psyche that affect its behavioral reactions. The nervous system is responsible for the manifestation of temperament. The character is also inextricably linked to the psyche of the individual, but it is drawn throughout life under the influence of the external environment. And temperament is a congenital parameter that cannot be changed is only possible to restrain its negative manifestations.

Character prerequisite is temperament. Temperament and character in the personality structure are closely interrelated with each other, but at the same time different from each other.

The temperament contains mental incorrect between people. It differs in the depth and strength of the manifestations of emotions, the activity of actions, impressionability and other individual, sustainable, dynamic features of the psyche.

It can be concluded that temperament is a congenital foundation and basis, on which a person is formed as a member of society. Therefore, the most stable and permanent identity properties are temperament. It is equally manifested in any activity, regardless of its orientation or content. It remains unchanged and in adulthood.

So, temperament is the personal features of the individual, which determine the dynamism of the flow of its behavior and mental processes. Those. The concept of temperament characterizes the tempo, intensity, the duration of mental processes, the external behavioral reaction (activity, slowness), but not conviction in views and interests. It is also not a definition of the value of personality and does not cause its potential.

There are three important components of temperament, which are related to the overall mobility (activity) of a person, its emotionality and motor skills. In turn, each of the components owns a rather complicated structure and is distinguished by various forms of psychological manifestation.

The essence of activity lies in the desire of an individual for self-expression, transformation of the external component of reality. At the same time, the direction itself, the quality of these trends is determined just with the characteristic features of the individual and not only. The degree of such activity may be from lethargy and to the highest manifestation of mobility - constant lifting.

The emotional component of the identity temperament is a set of properties that characterize the characteristics of a variety of senses and moods. This component is the most complex in its structure in comparison with the rest. Its main characteristics are lability, impressionability and impulsivity. Emotional lability is the speed with which one emotional condition Replaced with another or stops. Not impressive understanding of the susceptibility of the subject to emotional impacts. The impulsivity is the speed with which emotion turns into a motivating cause and strength of actions and acts without their preliminary thinking and adopting a conscious decision to fulfill them.

The character and temperament of the personality is inextricably linked. Dominance of one type of temperament can help with the determination of the nature of the subjects in general.

Types of character character

Today in specific literature there are many criteria for which the types of personality character are determined.

The typology proposed by E. Krechmer is now the most popular. It is in the division of people into three groups depending on their physique.

Picnic people are people who are inclined to form an excess weight or slightly complete, small growth, but with a large head, a wide face and shortened neck. The type of character in them corresponds to cyclotimics. They are emotional, sociable, easily adapting to a variety of conditions.

Athletics people are high and widely used people, with well-developed muscles, hardy skeleton and a mighty chest. It corresponds to an xotymic type of character. These are humluic people and quite practical, calm and unprepaid. Ixotimics are kept in gestures and facial expressions, adapt well to change.

Asthenics people are people who are prone to thin, musculature is weakly developed, the chest is flat, hands and legs are long, possess an elongated face. Corresponds to the type of character of shizotic. Such people are very serious and prone to stubbornness, it is difficult to adapt to change. Characterized by closure.

K.G. Jung has developed another typology. It is based on the prevailing functions of the psyche (thinking, intuition). His classification shares subjects on introverts and extroverts depending on the dominance of the external or inner world.

Extravert is characterized by directness, openness. Such a person is extremely sociable, active and has many friends, comrades and just acquaintances. Extraverats love to travel and take everything from life. Extravert often becomes the initiator of parties, in companies he becomes their soul. IN ordinary life It is focused only on the circumstances, and not on the subjective opinion of others.

The introvert, on the contrary, is characterized by a closure, handling. Such a person is filled with ambient, carefully register all events. The introvert is hard to contact with people, so he has few friends and acquaintances. Introverts prefer loneliness to noisy companies. These people have an overwhelmed degree of anxiety.

There is also a typology based on the relationship between the character and temperament, which divides people to 4 psychotype.

Choleric is a rather impustiful, fast, passionate and along with this unbalanced person. Such people are subject to sharp change of mood and emotional flashes. Cholerics do not have the equilibrium of nervous processes, so they quickly deplete, thoughtlessly spending strength.

Phlegmatics are distinguished by calm, slowness, resistance of moods and aspirations. Externally, they practically do not show emotions and feelings. Such people are pretty persistent and persistent in work, while always remain balanced and calm. Flegmatic compensates for its slowness in the work.

Melancholic is a very vary, prone to a stable experience of various events. On any external factors or manifestations of Melancholic responds acutely. Such people are very impressionable.

Sanguine is a movable, an active person who has a character's abilities. It is subject to frequent shifts of impressions and is characterized by the speed of reactions to any events. Easy to follow with failures or troubles, comprehended by it. When the Sanguine is interesting to his work - it will be quite productive.

Also, K. Leongard allocated 12 types of frequencies that are often found in people with neurosis, accentuated characters. And E. Fromm described three social types of characters.

Psychological character of personality

Everyone has long been known that there are significant changes in the psychological nature of personality in the process of its development and livelihoods. Such changes are subject to typical (natural) and atypical (individual) trends.

Typical tendencies include changes derived from the psychological character in the process of growing human. It happens because the older the individual becomes, the faster it gets rid of children's manifestations in the character, which is distinguished by child behavior from an adult. Capriciousness, reflectivity, fears, irresponsibility include childlike traits of the personality character. To adult features that come with age can be tolerance, life experience, rationality, wisdom, calcality, etc.

As soon life path And the acquisition of life experience in the individual changes occur in views on the events, and their relationships are changed. That in the aggregate also affects the final formation of character. Therefore, there are certain differences between people of different age groups.

So, for example, people aged approximately from 30 to 40 years live mainly in the future, they live ideas and plans. All their thoughts, their activity is aimed at implementing the future. And people who have reached 50 years have approached the frontier, where they are found today's life at the same time with the last life and the future. And therefore, their character is modified in such a way as to fit the present. This is the age when people completely say goodbye to dreams, but are not yet ready to nostalgic in the past years. The people who have overcome the 60-year-old frontier are almost not thought about the future, they are much more concerned about the present, they appear memories of the past. Also, in connection with physical discomplication, the previously taken pace and rhythm of life has already been unavailable. This leads to the emergence of such character traits such as denuability, dimension, peace.

Nonypical, specific trends are associated directly with events, experienced by man, i.e. caused by last life.

As a rule, such features that are similar to the already existing appear are much faster and faster.

It should always be remembered that the character is not an unchanged value, it is formed throughout life cycle man.

Social character of personality

Individuals of any society, despite their individual personality features and differences, possess common in their psychological manifestations and properties, therefore act as ordinary representatives of this society.

The social character of the personality is a general way to adapt the personality to the influence of society. It is created by religion, culture, education and education in the family. It should also be borne in mind that even in the family, the child receives that upbringing, which is approved in this society and corresponds to culture, is considered normal, ordinary and natural.

According to E. Fromma Social character means the result of the person's adaptation to one or another image of the organization of society, to the culture in which he is brought up. He believes that none of the well-known developed societies in the world will give individuals to fully fully fully. From this it turns out that the identity from birth is in conflict with society. Therefore, it can be concluded that the social character of the personality is a kind of mechanism that allows the person to exist freely and unpunished in any society.

The process of adapting an individual in society occurs with the distortion of the nature of the individual himself and his personality, to the detriment of her. The Social Character of Fromma is a kind of defense, an individual's response to a situation that causes frustration on a social environment that does not allow personality to be freely and fully developing it is deliberately in the framework and limitations. In society, a person will not be able to fully develop the nature laid in it, deposit and opportunities. As ferry believed, social character is indulging in individual and is stabilizing. From the moment the individual began to have a social character, he becomes completely safe for society in which he lives. Froms allocated several options for this character.

Acceptance of personality character

The accentuation of the character of the personality is a pronounced feature of the character traits that are within the recognized norm. Depending on the gravity of the nature of the character, the accentuation is divided into hidden and obvious.

Under the influence of specific environmental factors or circumstances, some low-rise or not at all showing features can pronounce - this is called a hidden accentuation.

Under the explicit accentuation understands the extreme manifestation of the norm. This type is characterized by constancy of the features for a certain nature. Accentuations are dangerous in that they can contribute to the development of psyche disorders, situationally-certain pathological violations of behavior, neurosis, etc. However, one should not be confused and identify an accentuation of the nature of the personality with the concept of the pathology of the psyche.

K. Leongrad allocated the main types and combinations of accentuations.

A feature of the exteroid type is egocentrism, excessive thirst for attention, recognition of individual abilities, the need for approval and reverence.

High degree Combatiness, mobility, a tendency to mischief, excessive independence prone people with a hypertension type.

Asthenonevironment - characterized by high fatigue, irritability, anxiety.

Psychosenic - manifests itself to indecisive, love for demagogue, self-confidence and analysis, diminity.

A distinctive feature of a schizoid type is a closure, detachment, inability.

Sensitive type is manifested by increased disappliability, sensitivity, shyness.

The excitable is characterized by a tendency to regularly repeated periods of dreary mood, to accumulate irritation.

Emotional-labile - characterized by a very volatile mood.

Infantile-dependent - is observed in people who have warmed in children who avoid taking responsibility for themselves for their actions.

Unstable type - manifests itself in a constant thrust to various kinds of entertainment, pleasures, idleness, idleness.

Speaker of the Medical and Psychological Center "Plyomed"

Studying the characteristics of a certain person's character, you can identify what qualities characterize the person. The basis of their manifestation is the impact of individual experience, knowledge, abilities and capabilities of people. The list of biological features includes congenital human characteristics. The remaining quality of personality acquired as a result of vital activity:

• Sociality

Means incorruptibility to the individual, biological characteristics of people, saturation of socio-cultural content.

• Uniqueness

The uniqueness and originality of the inner world of a separate individual, its independence and the impossibility of attributing to one or another social or psychological type.

• Transcendence

The willingness to go beyond your "limits", constant self-improvement as a way of being, faith in the possibility of developing and overcoming foreign and internal obstacles to its goal and, as a result, incompleteness, inconsistency and problemability.

• Integrity and subjectivity

Internal unity and identity (equality itself) in any life situations.

• Activity and subjectivity

The ability to change itself and the conditions of its existence, independence from the surrounding conditions, the ability to be a source of own activity, the cause of actions and recognition of responsibility for the affected things.

• Moral

The basis of interaction with the surrounding world, willingness to relate to other people as a higher value, equivalent to their own, and not as a means of achieving goals.

List of qualities

The personality structure includes temperament, volitional qualities, ability, character, emotions, social installations and motivation. As well as the following qualities:

• Independence;
• Intellectual self-improvement;
• Communication;
• Kindness;
• Hardworking;
• Honesty;
• Dedication;
• A responsibility;
• Respect;
• Confidence;
• Discipline;
• Humanity;
• Mercy;
• Curiosity;
• Objectivity.

Personal qualities of a person make up internal perception and external manifestations. External manifestation includes a list of indicators:

• congenital or acquired artistry;
• attractive external data and style sense;
• abilities and distinct speech pronunciation;
• competent and sophisticated approach to.

The main qualities of the person (its inner world) can be classified for a number of signs:

• a comprehensive assessment of the situation and the lack of conflicting information perception;
• inherent love for people;
• unbiased thinking;
• positive form of perception;
• wise judgment.

The level of these indicators determines the individual features of the studied.

Structure of individual qualities

To more accurately determine the quality of the personality of a person, its biological structure should be highlighted. It consists of 4 levels:

1. Temperament including the characteristics of the genetic predisposition (nervous system).
2. The degree of unique mental processes allowing to identify personal qualities of a person. The level of individual perception, imagination, manifestations of volitional signs, feelings and attention affects the level of individual perception.
3. The experience of people characterized by knowledge, abilities, opportunities and habits.
4. Public orientation indicators, including the attitude of the subject to the external habitat. The development of personal qualities is the guide and regulatory factor of behavior - interests and views, beliefs and attitudes (a state of consciousness based on the previous experience, regulating relations and), moral norms.

The features of people characterizing their temperament

Congenital quality of personality form him as social creature. The behavioral factors, the type of activity and the circle of communication are taken into account. The category shared 4 concepts: Sanguine, melancholic, choleric and phlegmatic.

• Sanguine -, easily adjusted under a new habitat and overcoming obstacles. Persistence, responsiveness, openness, cheerfulness and leadership are the main features of the person.
• Melancholic is weak and low-luminous. Under the influence of strong stimuli, there are violations in the behavior, manifested by a passive attitude to any activity. The closure, pessimism, anxiety, a tendency to reasoning and physiciability - characteristic features of melancholic.
• Cholerics are strong, unbalanced, energetic identity quality. They are hot-tempered and unrestrained. Sensibility, impulsiveness, emotionality and instability - explicit indicators of restless temperament.
• Phlegmatic - balanced, inert and slow person, not prone to change. Personal indicators Perfect in easy overcoming negative factors. Reliability, goodwill, peacefulness and prudence - distinctive features of calm people.

Individual character traits

The character is a set of features of the individual, which manifest themselves in different types of activities, communication and relations with people. The development of personal qualities is formed against the background of the vital processes and the kind of people's activities. For a more accurate assessment of the nature of people, behavioral factors should be studied in detail in specific circumstances.

Varieties of character:

• cycloid - change of mood;
• the hypertension of the accentuation lies in high activity, the university of affairs to the end;
• asthenic - capricious and depressive personal qualities;
• sensitive - timid person;
• exteroid - leadership and vanity deposit;
• distitute - focused on the negative side of current events.

Individual people's abilities

Individual psychological qualities of the individual contribute to the achievement of success and perfection in certain activities. They are determined by public and historical personality practices, the results of the interactions of biologically mental indicators.

There are different levels of abilities:

1. ottoman;
2. talent;
3. genius.

The development of the algorithm of personal qualities and the abilities of people is characterized by the ability to learn new in the mental sphere. Special features are manifested in a specific form of activity (musical, artistic, pedagogical, etc.).

Voloy traits of people

Adjustment of behavioral factors associated with overcoming internal and external discomfort allows identifying personal qualities: the level of effort and plans to perform actions, concentration in the specified direction. The will manifests itself in the following properties:

• - level of effort to achieve the desired result;
• perseverance is the possibility of mobilization to overcome trouble;
• exposure - the ability to limit feelings, thinking and action.

Courage, composure, commitment - personal qualities of volitional people. They are classified for simple and complex acts. In a simple case, the motivation to action is flowed in its execution automatically. Complex acts are carried out on the basis of the preparation of the plan and accounting of consequences.

Human feelings

The resistant attitude of people to real or imaginary objects occur and form on the basis of cultural and historical levels. Only the methods of their manifestation are changing, based on historical eras. Individual.

Personal motivation

Motives and motives that contribute to activation of actions are formed from. Stimulating identity qualities are conscious and unconscious.

They manifest themselves in the form:

• striving for success;
• avoiding troubles;
• obtaining power and others.

How to manifest themselves and how to recognize personality properties

Personal qualities of the individual are determined by analyzing behavioral factors:

• self-esteem. Manifest themselves in relation to yourself: modest or confident, arrogant and self-critical, decisive and brave, people with high levels self-catering or bravery;
• evaluation of the relationship of an individual to society. There are different degrees of the relationship between the subject with representatives of the Company: honest and fair, sociable and polite, tactful, rough, etc.;
• a unique personality is determined by the level of interest in the employment, educational, sports or creative sphere;
• finding out the position of the personality in society occurs in the close relationship of the opinion of it;
• when studying psychological factors, special attention is paid to memory, thinking and attention characterizing the development of personal qualities;
• observations for the emotional perception of situations allows us to evaluate the reaction of the individual when solving problems or its absence;
• measuring the level of responsibility. The main qualities of a serious personality are manifested in work in the form of a creative approach, enterprise, initiatives and bringing things to the desired result.

An overview of the individual properties of people helps to create a common picture of behavior in the professional and social sphere. Under the notion of "personality", a person is opposed to individual properties caused by the public environment. These include personal features: intelligence, emotions and will.

Grouping of signs that contribute to identity recognition:

• subjects that are aware of the availability of social traits inherent;
• people participating in the social and cultural life of society;
• personal qualities and character of a person are easy to determine in social relationships through communication and labor;
• personality, clearly aware of their peculiarity and significance in the public.

Personal I. professional quality The person is manifested in the formation of worldview and internal perception. The individual is always asked by philosophical issues of life, its significance in the public. He has his ideas, views and life positions affecting

Each person has certain features that are expressed in emotional manifestations, selection of specific actions and reactions. All this happens automatically and is determined by people like character traits. There are many types of personality character for quick definition, with which person is happening.

Everyone knows what character is. This is a set of qualities that are inherent in a specific person. The character is produced throughout life. In childhood, he is flexible and rapidly changing. Over the years, it acquires greater stability and is fixed at the end .. what it is and what features there are from this phenomenon will tell the article.

What is the nature of the person?

With the character of another person, every person faces. What it is? This is the characteristic of the psyche, which combines constant and sustainable qualities that determine the behavior and attitude of the individual. Translated from Greek character indicates the "feat", "sign". This is a steady characteristic that affects the behavior, reacting methods, activities and individual manifestations of a person.

It can be said that the nature of the person determines the whole life of a person, his fate. It is suggested that fate is predetermined. In fact, a person who does not subordinate to specific rules and strategies, himself creates his fate, which then lives.

Changing the character, you can change the fate, since the character determines the reaction, behavior, the decision of the person, which it takes in a particular situation. If you look closely, you can see that people resemble in nature live the same life. Only parts are distinguished, but their ways and behavior coincide.

Character is formed throughout the human life. At any moment it can be changed that in adult age is possible only under the influence of his own desire and the power of will. If a person cannot change his character, then his life does not change and its development is predictable.

Character character traits

Character varies depending on the type of activity, society, the circle of communication, the relationship to itself and the world as a whole. If something from these aspects changes, it may affect the change of character of character. If everything remains in a person's life unchanged, then the character traits remain unchanged.

Features of the character of the personality

The nature of the person is also formed under the influence of values \u200b\u200band moral beliefs, which man uses. Than they are stable more man Enchanting in its behavior and manifestations. The main feature Personal character is its certainty where you can note the leading features that are always allocated by several. The characteristic of the nature disappears if there are no sustainable qualities.

The basis of the nature is also the interests that have a person. What they are stable and constant, the greater the person becomes targeted, persistent and solid in their manifestations.

It is possible to determine the characteristics of the nature of another person in its actions and their orientation. Important both actions and the results he reaches at the end of their commission. They are the character of a person.

Temperament and personality character

There is a relationship between the relationship and character of the personality. These characteristics are determined by the human psyche, however, are different values. The temperament is determined by the structure of the nervous system, which makes it congenital quality, the manifestations of which cannot be changed, but you can simply do something.

Character is a flexible aspect that is formed throughout life. A person can change it, which is determined by his vital activity.

The nature is formed on the basis of the temperament with which a person was born. The temperament can be called the basis on which the entire branch of its character qualities is built. At the same time, temperament does not change from external circumstances and activities.

Temperament is characterized by three orientations, each of which has its own complex structure:

1. Mobility (activity). It manifests itself in active activities, self-expression, manifestation of yourself, which can be both sluggish and overly active.
2. Emotionality. There is a variety of sentiments and feelings of feelings. Determined:

• Lability is a change rate of one mood to another.
• Impressiveness - the depth of perception of external emotional stimuli.
• The impulsivity is the rate of transition of emotions to the motivating force of performing actions without its thinking and decision making.

1. Motorick.

Types of character character

Psychologists of different times tried to highlight the types of personality characteristics to determine specific groups of people. E. Krechmer highlighted 3 groups of people by type of physique:

1. People-picnics, prone to a set of excess weight, low growth, with a large face, neck, continued. They are easily adapted to the conditions of the world, communicable and emotional.
2. Athletics people characterized by developed muscles, high and widespread, hardy and with a large chest. They are not impressionable, powerful, calm and practical, restrained in gestures and facial expressions, do not adapt well.
3. Asthenics people characterized by hook and underdeveloped muscles, narrow face, long arms and legs, a flat thoracic. They are stubborn and serious, closed and poorly adaptable to change.

K. Jung proposed another typology that shares people like thinking:

• Extravents. Very sociable and active people who tend to make a lot of dating. They are straight and open. Love to travel, raise parties, to be a soul of the company. They are focused on objective circumstances, and not on the subjective opinions of people.
• Introverts. Very closed and felling off the world people. They have few friends, since it is difficult to establish contacts. There are constantly analysis of all that is happening. They are very disturbing and prefer loneliness.

Another classification shares people to 4 psychotype depending on their combination of character and temperament:

1. Choleric - unbalanced, fast, gusty, passionate people. Quickly depleted due to the meaningless spending of forces. Proposed to emotional flashes and mood shifts.
2. Flegmatic - Sustainable in their manifestations, emotions and views, unhurried, unperturbable people. They are prone calm and equilibrium, perseverance in work. Externally do not show emotions.
3. Melancholics - wounded people prone to constant experience of emotions. Very impressionable, sharply react to external manifestations.
4. Sanguines are alive, mobile and active people. Quickly react to external circumstances and tend to receive many impressions. In work is productive. Easily tolerate failures and trouble.

Psychological character of personality

Changes that occur in the psychological nature of the individual are divided into natural (typical) and individual (atypical).

Passenger changes occur as a person grows and passes through certain changes in its body. Children's features disappear, replacing adults. Children's features include capriciousness, irresponsibility, fears, plasticity. To adults - wisdom, life experience, tolerance, rationality, calcality, etc.

Much here is determined by those situations with which a person often faces. Communication with people, various circumstances, good luck and failure, tragedy determine the change of views and values \u200b\u200bin humans. That is why people of one age group differ in each other, since everyone had their own life experience. Individual features are formed here, which depend on life circumstances, through which each person passes.

The features are faster to others, if they are similar to previous or include them.

Social character of personality

Under the social character of the personality is understood as the qualities that should be characteristic of absolutely all people of one or another society. Going to society, a person must show not only individual traits, but also the qualities that are considered acceptable, approved, normal. Such a set is formed by society, media, culture, upbringing, general education institutions, religion, etc. It should be noted that parents raise their children, depending on the framework and norms that are adopted in society.

According to E. Fromma, the social character of the personality is a way to adapt a person to this society in which it is located. This is an unposted and free way of existence in a particular society. He believed that no society allows a person to self-realize in full force, because he always dictates its rules and norms that should be above individual characteristics and desires. That is why a person is always in conflict with society, when he must obey to be accepted, or tries to protest what can be punishable.

Society will never allow a person to manifest itself in full force, which prevents it from implementing his deposits and harms the individual itself. There should be a distortion of character when everyone drives itself under certain frameworks and norms adopted in society. Only by the development of a society in a person society makes it safe for himself. It is important not a personality, but its safe manifestations that will be acceptable in society. Otherwise, it will be punished for any individual self-expression, which does not fit into the framework.

Acceptance of personality character

Under the accentuation of the character of the personality means a set of qualities that are pronounced by an individual within the normal range. She is divided into:

• Hidden - features that are unclean either never. However, under certain conditions, they can manifest.
• Explicit - features that manifest themselves to extremely the norm and are characterized by constancy.

K. Leongrad allocated the types of accentuation:

1. Estheroid - thirst for attention, egocentrism, the need for reverence and approval, recognizing individual characteristics.
2. Hypertension - sociability, mobility, tendency to mischief, excessive independence.
3. Asthenonevrotic - anxiety, high fatigue.
4. Psychospace is indecision, a tendency to demagogue, analysis and self-confidence, constancy.
5. Schizoid - detachment, closedness, not possible.
6. Excitable - periodical dreary moods, the accumulation of irritation.
7. Sensitive - increased syntitude, sensitivity, shyness.
8. Infantile-dependent - delay in childhoodWhen a person does not take responsibility.
9. Emotional-labile - mood variability.
10. Unstable - a tendency to idleness, pleasures, entertainment, idleness.

Outcome

The nature of the personality often helps in understanding the very personality, as everything spins around her inner world, which has manifestations in the form of reactions, emotions, behavior, actions, and even achievements that are currently available. Consideration of various types of character can lead to the next result - a rapid and easy understanding of people.

Character is a flexible characteristic that can be changed at any time. It can vary both unconsciously and under the influence of the force of the will of the person who controls the manifestation of a particular quality. The longer a person shows concrete quality, the more it is fixed and becomes one of its characteristics affecting the future development of life.

As Viktor Hugo used to say, a person has three characters: one attributes to him the environment, the other he attributes himself, and the third is a real, objective.

The character of a person has more than five hundred, and not all of them are definitely positive or negative, much depends on the context.

Therefore, any identity gathered in itself certain qualities in individual proportions is unique.

The character of a person is a concrete, inherent combination of personal, ordered psychological traits, features, nuances. It is formed, meanwhile, a lifetime and manifests itself during labor and social interaction.

Soberly appreciate and describe the character of the selected person - the task is not simple. After all, not all of its properties are demonstrated by the surrounding: some features (good and bad) remain in the shade. Yes, and we seem somewhat different ourselves than seen in the mirror.

Is it possible? Yes, there is a version that is possible. By long effort and training, you are able to assign a loved quality, becoming a little better.

The character of a person is manifested in actions in public behavior. He is visible in relation to the personality to work, to things, to other people and its self-esteem.

In addition, the quality of character is divided into groups - "Vololovaya", "emotional", "intellectual" and "social".

We are not born with concrete features, but we purchase them in the process of upbringing, education, surroundings and so on. The formation of character affects, of course, the genotype: the apple often falls extremely close to the apple tree.

In essence, the character is close to temperament, but this is not the same thing.

To relatively soberly assess yourself and its role in society, psychologists advise to write their positive, neutral and negative traits on leaflets and analyze.

Try to do it and you, examples of character qualities you will find below.

Positive traits of character (list)

Negative character qualities (list)

At the same time, some qualities are difficult to attribute to good or bad, and they can't call them neutral. So, any mother wants her daughter to be shy, silent and easy, but is it useful for a girl?

Again, a dreamy person can be pretty, but completely neat due to the fact that he always hovers in the clouds. An assertive individual for someone looks stubborn, for someone - unscanitive and soaked.

Isar and carefree bad? Does the trick come from wisdom and resourcefulness? Ambitiousness, ambition, purposefulness lead to success or to loneliness? Probably, everything will depend on the situation and context.

And how to be you, you decide!