A faithful way to learn a person mental. Municipal general education institution "Vatinsky

Overall texts are given with the preservation of spelling and punctuation. During the testing of the task, the following text was proposed.

Text

(1) Approaching his entrance, a young woman captured an armpit umbrella and began to look for keys in her handbag, but they did not want to be. (2) The woman stopped, I looked for a minute, and then approached the bench standing at the entrance and put a bag with a decisive intention to make it a complete inventory. (3) In the meantime, two had observed two. (4) Granny, sitting on the opposite bench, and a small dog, lying under the same bench.

(6) At this time, a dog got out from under the bench. (7) It turned out to be even less than the marina appeared at first. (8) It was a prudent creature of a slightly more cat with once thick and red, and now the brown, swallowed in a lump of wool and leaking brown eyes. (9) Woman pulled out a piece of "doctoral" left from the bag and stretched out the dog. (10) Animal looked incredulously on Marina, but sausage
Too well smelled to refuse it.
(11) Babulka sighed and, turning not to Marina, not that dog, said:
- (12) it became bad without Ivan Matveyevich. (13) He died three months ago. (14) There were no relatives from Matveyevich, and Zhulka (she pointed to a wrinkled hand on a dog, already dreamed donated sausage and again squeezed into a lump under the bench) remained outside. (15) He loved her very much, tent years ago, he picked up a blind puppy from the garbage, like a baby from the bottle ranch. (16) How much I remember him, Zhulya was always next to him, he did not have anyone in addition to her and Zhui besides him - no one.
(17) The dog, who became an involuntary witness to this conversation, remained lying under the bench, where she had to spend another night, which could become the last for her. (18) Zhulka lived his whole life with a man, she did not know how to take care of his food, did not know how to find loopholes in warm basements, like other dogs who had never had a home, and she had no single chance to survive this winter.

(19) Marina slept this night bad. (20) She dreamed of dogs. (21) Many, many dogs: white, red, black. (22) They were banging, they were whining, as if they wanted to say something, and in the eyes of each of them there were tears. (23) No, eyes did not get drunk, these were real tears ... (24) And why does a person think that only he is able to truly cry, feel, worry?
(25) In the evening after visiting the local animal, Marina went home. (26) But not with its usual route, but through a veterinary store. (27) In the store, Marina acquired a dog shampoo, comb, vitamins, medicines and another trifle, in a large assortment offered for four-legged pets, which marina did not have. (28) "Now it will be," she thought about himself.
- (29) Well, do not be afraid, come in, "Marina said and simply pushed the live lump of wool to the entrance door. - (30) Now you will live here, we will definitely appreciate. (31) I have never had a dog before, although I always dreamed of her. (32) I will try to be a good mistress. (33) Here sausage, here is a bun. (34) Eat. (35) Do you like buns? (36) I love. (37) And in the evening I will welcome you kaski. (38) I did not like special food for dogs. (39) But if you want, I will buy it. (40) Marina carefully touched the redhead rolling on the sides of the wool - the dog shuddered.
- (41) Nothing, Zhulka, I understand, - said Marina and moved away from the dog, sat on the floor at the other end of the corridor.
(42) This night, Marina slept sensitively. (43) No, no restless, namely, listening to sighs and snot in the corridor. (44) The night no longer seemed to be a bug and empty, the house became more comfortable, it became warmer on his heart, and all because there was a living creation for which she was responsible. (45) Julieu slept, convenient
Located on the litter in a spacious wicker basket. (46) What did she dream? (47) Maybe Matveevich? (48) Or maybe just kind people who feed will be squeezed behind the eye and never hit the boot wear.

(By S. Sergeyeva *)

* Svetlana Sergeeva - Economist, member of the Society for the Protection of Animal "Devotion", Chairman of the Audit Commission of the Charitable Foundation "Assistance to homeless animals".

Part 3.

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of saying D.S. Likhacheva: "The right way to learn a person, his moral appearance, his character - to listen to how he says." Arguing your answer, give 2 (two) examples from the read text.
Referring examples, specify numbers the necessary offers Or use quoting.
You can write work in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic on linguistic material. Start an essay you may words by D.S. Likhacheva.
The volume of essay should be at least 70 words.
Work written without support for read text (not in this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is retold or completely rewritten source, without any comments, then such work is estimated by zero points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Essay 1.

After reading the excerpt from the small story of S. Sergeyeva about the unfortunate Zhulke, who lost the owner, I didn't even understand how this story is consistent with the task to disclose the meaning of the saying by D.S. Likhacheva: "The right way to learn a person, his moral appearance, his character - to listen to how he says."
At first glance - in no way! However, with a deeper reflection, presenting himself at the site of an unfortunate animal that does not understand human speech, but a threat or kindness that felt at the level of natural instinct, I was able to formulate the thoughts that appeared.
From the mouth of Granki with "unexpectedly a sonorous voice", we learn that "a prudent creature of a little more than a cat with once thick and red, and now the brown, swallowed in a lump of wool and brown by brown eyes" Three months ago lost the only one in Mother's life (Ivan Matveyevich died). But no one from the neighbors came to the head to shelter the disadvantaged animal, and at least the same granny. But the "young woman", who first saw a little dog, who immediately fed by the "doctoral" sausage remaining after dinner. Moreover, acquired in veterinary
shop "Shampoo, Comb, Vitamins, Medicines and other little things." He led the Zhulka to her house with the words: "Now you will live here, we will definitely get used." And although from the first touch of a new mistress, the dog shuddered, for some reason there is a complete confidence that they will be very good for them! After all, it was not by chance that Marina slept this night especially sensible, "listening to sighs and snot in the corridor." And the Zhulke is finally possible to dream, "just kind people who feed will be squeezed behind the eye and never hit the boot wear.

The lack of comment and speech design of the "preamble" to the subsequent reasoning indicate that the student could not penetrate into the meaning of the statement of D.S. Likhacheva. The examination of the examiner cannot qualify as an illustration of the original thesis. Arguments are absent. The student's arguments do not contain the comments of the speech of the characters of the text.

Essay 2.

It is no secret that the manner is communicated, as well as the words used to judge the character of a person. When a person leads a homeless dog to his home and says, "Now you will live here, we will definitely be friends," according to such words, you can judge kindness and sincerity, desire to help your neighbor. It feels that at this moment a lonely woman has gained a friend who will take care of, feed, care, divide with pet all joys and adversity.
According to an elderly woman facing the young stranger, "relatives from the deceased Matveyevich was not, and Zhulka (a dog) remained on the street," you can judge that the granny was sorry for the dog, but it was not possible to help her. She understood that the dog accustomed to his home life would not be able to survive on the street, and therefore he tried in every way to help the orphaned homeless creature to gain a new owner.

The student commented on the words D.S. Likhacheva, the interpretation of the thesis corresponds to the meaning of the initial statement. The condition assigned to the first criterion is fulfilled. But only one argument is given. In the second paragraph of writing a comment of phrases from the text: "Relatives from the deceased Matveyevich was not, and Zhulka (dog) remained on the street" does not correspond to the quoted fragment.

Essay 3.

The correct way to find out a person, his moral appearance, his character is to listen to
how he says, "said Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev. Really in speech
reflects the soul of man, all his thoughts and feelings.
Marina to the depths of the soul touched the words of an unfamiliar elderly woman who told the story of deep attachment to each other and dogs. This woman was able to pick up exactly those words coming from her depths good heartwho raveled the familiar world of Marina and forced her to make a human act.
Grandma can not stay indifferent and to the fate of the dog, remaining without a host. And in a short story about the relationship between the owner and the dog, she managed to allocate the main feature of the relationship of Ivan Matveyevich to his Pitomice - the perception of a saved puppy as a creature in need of care and caress is no less than a person: "like a baby, burned out of the bottle." And grandma speaks about a dog as a creature in need of care: more often calls her not familiar to small dogs with a nickname: "Zhulka", but gentle and respectful: "Zhul".
The author makes it possible to speak out to the character in just two replicas, but this is enough, so that in the eyes of the reader "Babulka" became a heart old woman who highly appreciates the ability to love and be devoted, carefully and respect and respects to people and to animals.
And about another character, showing participation to the fate of the dog, we get a presentation and in actions and speech. Marina talks with a dog, as with a man, turns to her, as a lot of surviving companion, asks her questions, talks about themselves.
Yes, it is very important to be able to listen to and to what the interlocutor says, and to how he says, because the human speech is a mirror, which reflects his inner world.

The interpretation of the thesis corresponds to the meaning of the initial statement. The condition assigned to the first criterion is fulfilled. The role of speech characteristic in understanding the character of the character characters is proved true with two selected examples to illustrate.

Essay 4.

How does a man say? What to understand the question "How"? What can be said about a person on his speech?
Two says in the text: the granny, which you can meet in our yards and a young woman. The speech of the old woman is simple, but filled with pity: "I was bad without Ivan Matvaleich ... Julieu was always next to him, he had no one in except for her and yui besides him." Women's speech Short: "Here is the sausage, here is a bun. Eat. Do you love buns? " They speak differently, they think in different ways, but very similar in compassion to the disadvantaged dog.
Here the voice of another person hears. This is the author of this story. With what pain, he describes a dog: "It was a prudent creature of a little more than a cat with once thick and red, and now the drone, swallowed in a lump of wool and leaking brown eyes." And with what joyful hope describes it, has already found his house: "What did she dream? ... just kind people who feed will be squeezed behind the eye and never hit the boot wear. "
So, we heard three people: a simple old woman, an educated woman and writer. What did their moral appearance revealed for us in their speech, their character? Everything. As these people say, how they belong to each other and dog. Everything passed their speech - pity and love to all unfortunate animals, devoid of the priest and support from a person. And we are friends, we are comrades to these people, in their feelings and good deeds.

The condition assigned to the first criterion is made (see the last paragraph). Highly interesting essay From the point of view of the examples. The student is characterized by another person - the author of the text. Thus, there are 3 arguments in the composition.

1. Meet the statements of Academician D.S. Likhacheva O.

language. Find answers to the following questions:

1) Why does D. S. Likhachev call a language of the greatest value of the people?

3) as, according to D.A. Likhachev, associated human language and his culture?

1) The greatest value of the people is the language on which he writes, says, thinks. Thinks! It must be understood thoroughly, in all the many-risk and meaningfulness of this fact. After all, this means that the whole of a person's conscious life passes through his native language. Emotions, sensations are only painted what we think, or pushing thoughts in some point, but our thoughts are formed by the language.

2) the most important way to learn a person, his mental developmentHis moral appearance, his character - listen to how he says. If we pay attention to the man's manner of themselves to hold, his gait, his behavior, on his face and judge them about a person, sometimes, however, the human language is a much more accurate indicator of his human qualities, his culture. But it happens that the person does not say, but "spits words." For each misfortune, he does not have common words, but justice expressions. When such a person with his "Plevkov's words" says, he wants to show that he is not going to him that he is higher, stronger than all the circumstances, smarter than everyone around him, laughs over everything, nothing is afraid.

And in fact, it is because he calls everyone with its cynical expressions and mocking nicknames, those or other items, people, actions that he is a coward and timid, insecure.

Human language is his worldview and his behavior. As he says, so, therefore, it thinks.

2. Read passages from the works of famous Russian linguists. Specify what is stated in them and express your attitude to what has been said.

1) The literary language we use is truly the precious heritage we received from previous generations, precious, for it gives us the opportunity to express your thoughts and feelings and understand them not only from our contemporaries. But both the great people have passed the time (L. V. Shcherba).

2) only one who achieved the relevant level of general cultural development can be impecorated. The one who knows what "Penates" is (from the grammar textbook it is impossible to find out), will never be mistaken in the use of this word. Schoolboy aurorain the text of the Pushkin poem, he understands as the name of the famous cruiser, is not a member of ignorance, but in ignorance and misunderstanding of history, in the absence of faithful ideas about life. Proper speech We teach to the extent that we learn from all that is the study of our culture (Yu. A. Belchikov).

3. Get acquainted with the passage from the book K.I. Chukovsky "Live as life. Talk about Russian ", indicate what trends in the development of the language speaks in it?

The vocabulary of each era of the volatile, and it is impossible to impose later generations. (And who will require the word kavardakcurrently perceived as a "lack-out dish" or as "abdominal pain"). The former semantic meaning of words disappear without a trace, the language moves forward without regardless - depending on the change in social system, from the conquests of science and technology and other extremely diverse reasons. Every live language, if he really is alive, always moves, always grows.

But at the same time, the other tendency of the opposite property is extremely powerful in the life of the language, it is equally useful, it consists in a stubborn and decisive impedance of innovations, in creating all sorts of dams and barriers that greatly impede too fast and disorderly renewal of speech ... Without these dams and Barriers would not stand the language, would turn into chaos, would have lost its holistic, monolithic character. Only this graceful feature of our language development explains the fact that no matter how much the language has changed, no matter how new it is in words, its nationwide laws and norms are based on its sustainable, unchanged, unshakable.

4. Read the excerpt from the Roman MA. Sholokhov " Silent Don."Gregoria's conversation with his father is given. Find dialect words, specify, for what purpose they are used.

Gregory, Praiseing, pulled away from the suspension of everyday sharovar, imagined them into white wool stockings and had a long chirk put on, right-minded rear.

And the truth of Mamanya cooked? - He asked Siplo, leaving his father to the Senets.

Cook. Go to Barcasi, I am contractions.

The old man was hushed into a cube sparkling smell of life, she dreamed on the palm of the fallen grains and, falling on his left leg, roamed to the descent. Grigory, happly, sitting in a barcase.

Where to edit?

To the Black Yar. We discuss near this carish, where I sat down.

Barcas, chimplen feeding to the ground, ass in the water, pulled away from the shore. The stirrup suffered it, shaking, knocking down to turn sideways. Gregory, not grating, ruled in the oars.

There will be no, do not, things ... a month for the damage.

Server captured?

Give fire.

The old man was lit, glancing in the sun, stuck on the other side of the squiggle.

5. In the proposals taken from newspapers, find the jargonisms.

It hurts to see how humiliated, the general and decent person are lowered.

The fact of aggression is obvious, it will not be quicted.

We threw them twenty billion dollars.

Two years in the army are divided into four parts. And in each for a soldier his nickname. Those who serve the first six months - "perfumes", who are the second - "Craques". They can command "spirits". The one who has passed the service for the second year, "Pheasants". Well, by those who have to go to the reserve of 5-6 months - "grandfathers" or "demobs" - everything is allowed - from Mordoboy to sexual violence.

If the rich and enterprising people want to suddenly "unwind the star", we inform the necessary information.

He has an apartment - an outpad. We often hang out there, because parents live in the country.

The main feature It became that with domestic reconnaissance an extra class, i.e. "Racks", measured by representatives of the elite special forces of the Army of Slovakia and the United States.

6. Read the passage from the story of V. Baldaev, which gives a description of the life of the prisoner. The letter of the prisoner is written using the Zagonny vocabulary of the thieves world. Indicate what makes it difficult to understand the meaning of the written. What is the purpose of the author coming to the use of Zhargon?

After living the mantulu in the coil flushing. My companion, a man, Kiryukh, was thrown for Malahavka. He moved a scoop on a shake alone with a fornica, who he had an anthracite from his scarked.

To understand the meaning of what is said, the translation of the "secret" language is required. The letter is about the following:

After the hospital, I work in a kochegar. My partner, prisoner, not belonging to the thieves of the world, was planted for a fight to the Cake. He moved a sympto shovel on the head by a fraudster who stole bread from his jacket.

Bochkareva Vlad Igorevna

The most important way to learn a person is to listen to how he speaks the language of a person is his worldview and his behavior, as he says, so, therefore, and thinks. D.S. Likhachev The fate of the Russian language is the topic that can not leave indifferent modern man. Are we listening to how we say? We see how the language varies significantly right on the eyes of one generation. The processes occurring in it today require reflection not only by language specialists. Rejoice in this or disappear? Fight amend or take them?

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Multidisciplinary lyceum -

Municipal budgetary educational institution

Cities Dimitrovgrad Ulyanovsk Region

Nuo "Eureka"

Research project
in Russian

Ecolinguistics.

Some questions of the ecology of the Russian language

Humanitarian Section

Dimitrovgrad 2014.

Introduction .................................................................................... ... 3

I. Theoretical part ............................................................ ... ...... ..5

1. Equalinguistics as a new direction in the XXI century linguistics ............ ..5

2. Borrowed words in Russian .................................. .................. 7

2.1 The reasons for the borrowing of words .................................................................... ..6

2.2 Signs of borrowed words ................................................. ... .7

2.3. For or against? Turn to classics ......................................... ..11

2.4 The problem of loosening the structure of the language, through the expansion of influence

various social dialects ................................. ... ...............................................................

3.1. Culture of speech I. literary language…………..…………………………..14

3.2. Trends in the development of non-Literary Russian ...... .. ............... 15

3.3. Dialects and spaciousness in modern Russian ...... ... ............ 16

3.4. Argo: Causes of existence and area of \u200b\u200bfunctioning ............ .17

3.5. Abnormative vocabulary ............................................................ 18

II. Practical part ............................................................... ... ... 20

Conclusion ............................................................................... ... 23

Bibliographic list .............................................................. …………..25

Introduction

The most important way to find out a person is to listen to how he says

Human language is his worldview and his behavior, as he says, so, therefore, and thinks.

D.S. Likhachev

The fate of the Russian language is the topic that can not leave a single modern person indifferent. Are we listening to how we say? We see how the language varies significantly right on the eyes of one generation. The processes occurring in it today require reflection not only by language specialists. Rejoice in this or disappear? Fight amend or take them?

Back in 2013, working on the project "Language Viruses", I faced the fact that today the ecology of the Russian language is the most urgent topic for thinking and experienced people for the fate of their tongue. The ecology of the Russian language is an obscene vocabulary, reduction of words by the type of SMS, borrowed words, etc. For your scientific and practical work, I chose the topic "Ecolinguistics. Some questions of the ecology of the Russian language. " Is it scary the state of the Russian language in modern world? Wrong by this question, I decided to consider what the Russian language litters, and allocated two problems in my work:

1. External research factor - how to influence borrowing - whether they are needed or only litter Russian?

2. The problem of loosening the structure of the language from the inside, through the expansion of the influence of various jargues, social dialects, the media on a literary speech.

Relevance

"Ecolinguistics. Some questions of the ecology of the Russian language "is topical topicSince the violation of the ecology of the Russian language is constantly. We are increasingly feeling the emergence of new concepts and foreign words-Sinonyms that are replaced by our Russian words. We feel a tight of the truly Russian concepts, mechanically replace them with foreign. Understanding the importance and relevance of the problem of improving the speech culture of a person, I decided to conduct a study study "the use of obscene woods, borrowed and abbreviated words with modern schoolchildren" and called their work "Ecolinguistics. Some questions of the ecology of the Russian language. "

Problem question:will the environment will be able to preserve the traditions of the Russian language.

Hypothesis: if we specifically attract the attention of schoolchildren to the study of the ecolingestics, then perhaps students will be more attentive to preserving the traditions of the Russian language.

Objectives Research:find ways to preserve the Russian language as the great language of the Great People.

Tasks:

• to analyze the "damage" of the Russian language of modern society.

• Attract the attention of schoolchildren to the study of the ecolingestics, as the science capable of preserving the language.
• Create a volunteer movement "for the preservation of the Russian language".

Object of study - People speech.

Research methods:

1. search (choose the material according to the topic of the study,

Using scientific literature and Internet resources);

1. visual (observation of the speech of schoolchildren and other people);
2. research;
3. practical (conducting a volunteer event);
4. adjustable.

I. Theoretical part

1. Ecolingestics as a new direction in the Linguistics of the XXI century

The ecology of the language (Ecolinguistics) is such a direction of linguistic theory and practice, which, on the one hand, is associated with the study of factors negatively affecting the development and use of the language, and on the other hand, with the existence of ways and ways to enrich the language. The ecology of the language, in theory, should underlie, the so-called state language policy, primarily in the fields of education, jurisprudence and, of course, in the activities of mass communication. The concept of the language of the ecology of the language is considered to be an American linguistEinar Haagen. In 1970, in his report, explained that "the ecology of the language can be defined as a science on the relationship between the language and its surroundings."

The problem of loosening the structure of the language from the inside, through the expansion of the influence of various jargues, social dialects, the media on a literary speech In Russia, outstanding scientists were engaged in: Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov - Russian Linguist and Literary Arms,Ozhegov Sergey Ivanovich - Russian Language, Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba - Professor, Academician, Linguist and D.R.

2. Borrowed words in Russian

Borrowing - This is copying a word or expression from one language to another. The borrowed word is a lexical unit, taken by us or our ancestors from any other language.

Russian speech has recently recently and continues to be replenished with many foreign words. I was interested in what place the borrowed words in Russian are occupied, in which the cause of borrowing is not littered with foreign words native language.

Every people live among other nations. Usually it supports diverse connections with them: industrial and economic, cultural. The languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples also experience mutual influence: after all, they are the main means of communication! Main form language influence One people to another - borrowing of foreign language words.

2.1. Causes of borrowing words

The issues of the correctness, wealth and purity of the native language are directly related to the problems of borrowing, with the fate of foreign-speaking words, with the nature of the interaction of "their" and "other people's" elements in the language system at different stages of its development.

In no country in the world there is a language that would not use borrowed words. Together with the development of culture and life of the nation, the language adopts foreign words. This is due to the following reasons that are commonly divided into linguistic and non-language.

Firstly, it is the historical contacts of peoples, such as war, mass immigration, the creation of international corporations - all these conditions create very favorable soil so that the national language is diluted with the words of inoculture.

Secondly, significantly contributes to mixing languages \u200b\u200bof any country in certain areas of science and, as a result, the need to use terminology by other countries. Languages \u200b\u200bresearchers call such reasons not linguistic.

This happens because a person is constantly growing the need for any new, in particular in new words. Why is the state and public institutions, to the number of which belong to the media, should be careful in taking care? The fact is that normal condition national Language, especially - the language of state, what is Russian, high level Speech culture - indicators of the prosperous state of society.

2.2. Signs of borrowed words

Borrowed words can be distinguished from the original Russian words for a number of signs.

A. Phonetic signs:

1. The presence of an initial letter "A":lampshade, april, scarlet, army, pharmacy. Russian words with initial "A", except for the words formed on the basis of borrowing, are rare. These are mainly interjections, sound resistance and words formed based on them:yeah, a, ai, ah, agreed, ay, kill etc.

2. The presence of the letter "E" is rooted:mayor, Aloe, Emotions, Phaeton. In the original Russian words, the letter "E" is found in the words of an inter-domete and location -hey, eh, this, so, as well as in words formed in Russian based borrowing (ensky, Ensky, Ether).

3. Availability in the word letter "f":defense, Spa TDR, February. The exception is interjections, sound resistance -fu, UV, Fi, as well as the word Filin.

4. Availability of combinations of two or more vowels in the root of words:diet, duel, halo, poem, guard.

5. Availability of combinations of consonant "CD", "KZ", "GB", "kg" in the root of words:joke, station, barrier, warehouse.

6. The presence of combinations "GE", "KE", "HE" is rooted:legend, sneakers, trachea. In Russian words, such combinations are usually at the junction of the foundation and end:on the way, to Snow, in the sand.

7. The presence of a combination"Buy," Vu "," Kyu "," MJ " In the root of words: bureau, Engraving, Kuvette, Communich.

8. The presence of double consonants in the root of words:villa, Progress, Profession, Session, Bath. In the original Russian words, double consonants are found only at the junction of morpheme.

9. The pronunciation of solid consonant sound before the vowel [E] (letter "E"):model [DE], test [TE].

10. The initial "E" distinguishes primarily the Grecisms and Latinami:epoch, Era, Ethics, Exam, Execution, Effect, Floor.

B. Morphological signs:

1. Nonificent closures:coffee, jury, depot, hummingbird, kangaroo.

2. Morphological intimacy of the number and kind of nouns:coat, taxi.

B. Formation Signs:

1. Initial consoles:interval, deduction, individualism, regression, archimandrite, counter-admiral, antichrist.

2. Initiate suffixes:dean, student, technical school, editor.3. The presence of some of the roots of the typeaqua, Marin, Geo-, graph etc.

In addition to the "interethnic" signs, there are also signs that help determine what language the word was borrowed from which language.

1. To Greek borrowing (Gasism) include, for example:

words from the field of religion:anathema, Angel, Archbishop, Demon, Metropolitan;

scientific terms: Mathematics, philosophy, history, grammar;

household terms:bath, Lantern, Bed, Notebook, grades, sail, ribbon;

name of plants and animals:kiparis, Cedar, Sveonla, Crocodile;

own names:George, Elena, Sophia;

terms from the field of art and science:jorey, comedy, idea, logic, physics.

2. Borrowing from latin language (Latinami):

words associated with learning:school, Dean, Office, Vacation;

political and philosophical terms:evolution, dictatorship, constitution;

scientific concepts:tangent, Sinus, Herbarium,radius, proportion, meridian;

words associated with art:literature, Arena, Oktawa, Circus;

names of months:january, July, August;

administrative names:republic, Office, Deputy;

own names:Julia, Marina, Victor, Roman.

3. Among the Turkic borrowing (Turkis), the most words from the Tatar language, which is explained by historical conditions (many years of tatar-Mongol yoke): Words from military, trading and household speech:caravan, Cobburg, Kurgan, Quoll, Karakul, Treasury, Altyn, Bazaar, Raisin, Watermelon;

The sign of the words of Turkic origin is the harmony of vowels (sinormonism) - natural use in one word vowels only one row: rear [A], [y] or front [e], [and]:ataman, Caravan, Pencil, Shoe, Arkan, Chest, Sarafan, Baraban, Heel, Kushak, Ulus.

4. Scandinavian borrowing (Swedish, Norwegian) in Russian is relatively few. The words of trading vocabulary, maritime terms, domestic words, and also penetrated: own names Igor, Oleg, Rurik;

separate words likeherring, chest, powder, hook, anchor, jabed, whip, mast;

nature phenomena names: blizzard ;

geographical names:Volga.

5. The German borrowing (Germanism) includes:

military terms: Attack, Mundir, Officer, Efreitor, Camp, Headquarters;

names of household goods, clothes:decanter, mattress, hat;

trade terms:accountant, price list;

names of plants, animals:spinach, onions, potatoes, poodle;

vocabulary from the field of art:molbert, Dance, Kappelmester;

tool names: Lobzik, jack, workbench, chisel, fuganok.

Features of Germanism:

combination Thu, pc, Ht, SP, FT:mail, penalty, watch, sprat, landscape;

initial C: workshop, zinc;

sophisticated words without connecting vowels:sandwich, grandmaster.

6. Dutch are some seaworthy terms borrowed in the Petra Epoch:shipyard, pennant, harbor, drift, sailor, flag, fleet, cruiser.

7. Is of English language (Anglicizms) entered, for example:

some Sea Terms:michman, Bot, Brig, schooner, yacht ; Words associated with the development of public life, technology, sports, etc.:boycott, leader, rally; Tunnel, Trolleybus, Basketball, Football, Sport; Borrowing the end of the XX century. Taped different spheres of life:

technical ( computer, display, file, byte), sports ( bobsley, overtime, fayer), financial and commercial (barter, Broker, Dealer, Distributor, Leasing), art ( rimek, Talk Show, Underground, Thriller),

social and political (briefing, rating, impeachment, lobby) and etc.

Phonetic features of British: Combined TC, J:match, jazz;

combinations of wa, vi, ve:watman, whiskey, velveteen; Finite-ing, -man, -er:briefing, businessman, timer.

8. The French borrowing (gallicism) includes:

terminology of social and political nature:bourgeois, Mode, Parliament; words from the field of art:conductor, Poster, Actor, Piece, Director, Ballet; Military vocabulary:artillery, Battalion, Garnisuse, Cannonade, Pistol; Names of food, clothing, decorations, objects:jelly, Blouse, Bracelet, Bracelet, Boura, Wardrobe, Vest, Coat, Triko, Broth, Marmalade, Cutlet, Toilet.

Phonetic features of gallicalism:

emphasis on the last syllable:marmalade, Pavilion;

finite -o, -I, in unchangeable words:puree, manto;

the combination of UA: veil, operation;

combine BU, Ryu, Nu, Nu, Fu:truma, Music, Engraving;

combination He, An, En, am:control, anxt;

finite -er, -Ag, -Ans, -ant:landscape, Director, Renaissance, Debutant.

9. From Italian borrowings allocated: Music terminology:aria, Allegro, Libretto, Tenor, Bravo, Series, Buffonade, Sonata, Carnival, Cavatina; Some domestic words:vermichel, Pasta(came through French),gondola ; vocabulary of financial relations:credit, debit, currency.

10. An insignificant amount of words came from spanish (lexica associated with art):serenade, Castanets, Guitar, Mantilla, Karavella, Caramel, Cigar, Tomato and etc.

11. Few borrowings are available from Finnish language:morzha, Pelmeni, Purga; From Hungarian:bekesha, Farmers and other languages.

2.3. For or against? Turn to the classics ...

Back in the XIX century. Writers and linguists worried the question of foreign language words in Russian literary language. The question that interests many scientists, linguists, lovers of the Russian language. Are foreign words of the Russian language clog? How do writers, poets relate to borrowing?

A positive role in the protection of the Russian language from excessive use in it of foreign language words was played: N.I. Grech, N.A. Field, V.G. Belinsky, A.I.Grenz, V.I. Dal.

V.G. Belinsky believed that "... to use a foreign language word when there is equivalent to him russian word- it means to insult and common sense, and common taste. "

Excessiveness, the unreasonableness of use of foreign language words leads to the formation of ridiculous fluid phrases. For example: "We delegated a student of our group to buy textbooks." When using borrowed words, tautology is possible. These may be the repeats of words with the same meaning:open vacancy(The vacancy is a free position),first debut (Debut is the first performance). Unreasonable introduction to the text of borrowed words causes great damage artistic speech. It is discolored, if a variety of and bright Russian synonyms are preferred by books, inexpressive words. For example, they write: "I remembered the modulation of her voice" (and why not say "overflows" or "how her voice sounded").

K. Pouustovsky considered: "There is a great set for everything in Russian good words" And from time to time, some people made attempts to "clear" the Russian language from the foresking influence. So, Shishkov offered to replace borrowing to the equivalents created using the funds of the Russian language, for example, the word hash should be replaced by mocomatic. However, these attempts did not give significant results. Therefore, many borrowed words firmly entered Russian. On the other hand, reasonable borrowing enriches speech, give it great accuracy. Imagine that we are talking about the life of some distant country, such as Japan. You can, of course, instead of a samurai, talk the nobleman, and instead of Sakura - Cherry, but after all the samurai is not exactly the one we used to call the nobleman, but the Japanese cherry - Sakura unlike our. In addition, Japanese words familiar to us askamikaze, Kimono, Harakiri, Iquaban, JudoIn general, perhaps, it is impossible to translate into Russian in one word. Of course, many foreign words, losing their foreign accent (shape, meaning), have replenished the composition of the Russian language, and their use does not cause objections.. At the same time, there are many such borrowed words in Russian, which are used in everyday life, and without which we also cannot live: how to call in a different way Cinema, taxi, cologne, chandelierFinally, Bifstex, mayonnaise, orange.

Russian media, especially television, also contributes to the "English" of the Russian language. Such words assummit briefing, Talk Show, Dog Show Thanks to the media gained widespread.

In general, in foreign words in Russian, there is a positive and negative side in Russian. On the one hand, the appearance of new words expands vocabulary The carriers of the Russian language, and on the other, it is lost its originality and unique beauty.

3. The problem of loosening the structure of the language, through the expansion of the influence of various social dialects

3.1. Culture of speech and literary language

Speech culture - the concept of multi-valued. One of the main tasks of a speech culture is the protection of a literary language, its norms. It should be emphasized that such protection is a matter of national importance, since the literary language is exactly the fact that in the language plan unites the nation. Creating a literary language is not a simple matter. He can not appear by itself. The leading role in this process at a certain historical stage of the country is usually played by the most advanced, cultural part of society. The formation of the norms of the modern Russian literary language is inextricably linked with the name A. S. Pushkin, but also serves as a language of interethnic communication. The normative aspect of speech culture is one of the most important. The main sign of the literary language is its normalization. Through the ratio to the norm, through the awareness of its members of society is the attitude towards their language at all. Owning the language as one of its inalienable characteristics and its movement stimulating his movement, society exhibits high sensitivity to the language norm as the indicator of its culture and its collective intelligence. Like the language itself, the norm undergoes historical changes. Another sign of the literary language is the wealth of his expressive means, first of all - vocabulary. On the Argo, dialects, the spacious can be communicated almost exclusively on household topics. At the same time, the literary language is constantly evolving. In order to understand the development trends of non-leaturated Russian language, it is necessary to know the reasons for the intensification of its use in people's communication.

3.2. Trends in the development of non-Lenture Russian

"Changes in the literary language are due not so much by the democratization of the contingent owners of the literary, how much to enter into public life Such groups of people who are in their habits are associated with various kinds of jargons and other forms of non-leafy speech. " In addition, the departure in the social life of society from the canons and the norms of the totalitarian state, the proclamation of freedom both in the socio-political and economic sphere and in human relations They affect the fact that it was previously considered to be an affiliation of a socially disaster medium (criminal, mafia), begins to acquire "citizenship rights" along with traditional means of literary language. It is obvious that both the language changes themselves, and their speed in this case are not caused by internal reasons, but by external, namely, social, changes in the life of a Russian-speaking society. IN soviet time There was a curious, but not a unique situation, which in linguistics is called Diglosie (Greek. bilingualism), that is, the coexistence of two languages \u200b\u200bor two forms of one language distributed according to various sectors of use. Next to the ordinary Russian language arose (or was created) another variety. It is called differently: soviet tongue, wooden language. Gorbachev Perestroika changed not Russian itself, it changed its consumption conditions. The boundaries between different forms of the tongue and between the spheres of their use were disappeared. This testifies to, among other things, also that the modern Russian literary language, although it can be considered as a language from Pushkin to the present day, does not remain unchanged. He constantly needs normalization. "If you follow once and forever established standards, that is, the danger that society will simply cease to reckon with them and will spontaneously establish its norms. Thus, it can be said that the history of the language is always the history of the nation, and the reasons for such an active use in modern speech The elements of the non-leature language should be sought, above all, in the socio-economic, political and general cultural aspects of the country's development and the entire nation.

3.3. Dialects and spaciousness in modern Russian

Diality is called language systemwhich serves as a means of communicating a small geographically closed group of people, usually residents of one or several settlements of rural type. In this meaning, the term "dialect" is synonymized by the Russian term "talk". So, the peculiarity of some northern dialects is the coincidence of the endings of the cooling and dutiful case multiple number Nouns. For example: "work with the hands" instead of the communional "work with hands." But, of course, most differences in the field of vocabulary. So, in the North-Russian dialects, instead of the communional "good" say "Bas", instead of the "Neighbor" - "Shabur"; In the Siberian villages, the gooseberry is called the word "Argus", the hut - the word "Buda", and instead of the communional "branch" say "Gilka". Dialecty differences in Russian are generally very small. Siberian easily understands Ryazan, and a resident of Stavropol - Northworthurs. Modern spacious - "It is also a special functional type of Russian language, a specific sphere of everyday, oral-conversational, non-leaturated, in the advantage of expressive and often vulgar communication involving a deliberate, register use of units with certain communicative settings."

3.4. Argo: Causes of existence and area of \u200b\u200bfunctioning

Jargon (Slang, Argo) is a social language. Jargon is called a language of any more or less closed social group. There is a youth jargon, student jargon, sailor of sailors, criminal jargon, etc. The jargon differs from the nationwide language exclusively by vocabulary. There are no special jargon phonetics or grammar. Slang, according to many researchers, is a secondary formation compared to jargons and argo, adapting to their needs borrowed units. So, the words, the use of which is characteristic of people who form separate social groups, constitute a crystal vaga. In addition, the vocabulary of the youth - school and student - Zhargon remains and is constantly updated. For contemporary state Characteristic, for example, numerous agencies often intentionally distorted. Youth jargon are divided into industrial and household. Production vocabulary of students is closely related to the process of study, soldiers - with military service. A common dictionary is much wider than production, it includes words not related to the process of study, work or service.

3.5. Undormatically vocabulary

Abnormative vocabulary (obscene expressions, unprintingbrang ) or obscent vocabulary (fromenglish Obscene - obscene, dirty, shameless) - vocabulary, including gross marginal expressions, often expressing a speech response to an unexpected (usually unpleasant) situation.
Modern man, expressing his thoughts with obscene expressions, pollutes its energy space. Russian people are the most unfinished mothers on all white light. It sounds like an axiom of life. Of course, in all traditions and languages \u200b\u200bof the world there are obscene words, which, as a rule, carry out their specific function everywhere. Communion is a speech filled with bad and obscene words. The theme of obscene words and expressions is devoted to many works. In his youth, a teenager much more often expresses his thoughts with the help of obscene words than in adulthood. What is this: knowledge of the surrounding world with the help of other words unknown to him or strengthen their emotional feelings? Or maybe he does not know other expressions, since his parents, close people, friends who were near him, communicated only on this type of language and did not suggest, did not teach him that there are completely different words and expressions? It is unlikely, since life in society is so diverse that it is quite difficult to distinguish something and ineffective. Whatever it was, but obscene words and expressions are, first of all, attracting "dirty, destructive" energy and forces that have a bad word in their energy field. The foul language refers to the devastating energy, since the folded letters in an obspeal word have a rather effective and implanting force. "Forbidden fruit is always sweet" - such an expression is often used by people when they want to justify their words and actions that they do not always give an honest answer, first of all themselves. It is the foul language that many "honest" people give out for their prohibitive fruit. It is the opinion that the Russian Mat is the most powerful and most punitive talk among other languages, which, even without understanding its meaning, people of other nationalities feel it. As an example, we can bring the conversation of our tourists in some foreign state, in the shop, especially when they know the language of the aborigines quite poorly, but, nevertheless, they are trying to reasonably, for themselves naturally, relieve the price of goods. Or you can also lead as an example of foreigners, who studied in Russia and know Russian well. When two countrywood, for example, German or Hindu talk to their native language, in their emotional conversation, Russian obscene words and expressions pop up. You ask why when you talk in your native language, jump out obscene words in Russian? They are quite simple that we have in our tongue, there are no such powerful words. And if you become accurate, then there is no such destructive energy and the punishable strength of words, especially the address of your interlocutor. The person himself, sometimes consciously, attracts energy for himself in his field. It is a choice of every person, and make it so immediately, one fell, to give up this "pleasure" - a rather difficult lesson. Often, the person's impossibility of expressing thoughts, his inexpensive person "stabbles" with obscent words, believing that it will be so better for other people or he is more committed and intelligently expresses their unspoken thoughts by using obscene vocabulary. My conclusion is pretty simple - you want to chatter - my own health, just do it consciously, knowing what is happening at this moment inside you and next to you. Invisibleness of your thoughts, or inability to build their expressions with a normal and understandable language, we must realize, and not try to experiment with the poultization of obscene words. But it is better to do at least something that does not do anything at all!

II. Practical part

In this work, as already mentionedsubject of research The features of the active lexicon of schoolchildren from the point of view of the sphere of its use, manifested in the process of informal communication.
In the course of the study, about three hundred schoolchildren's word consumption I allocated a group independent parts Speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives), which amounted to the subject of the study of this project. In total, I counted 297, eliminating repeating words from the list. Among themcommonly used Were in girls - 240, boys - 220 words. Dialectizms and special words-terms in the active lexicon of six schools are not found. The second word group isjargonism , or the so-called school slang. Only 56 words. Girls -23 word, for boys - 33.
Many in the speech of our classmates is found andspacious , rough vocabulary. In girls - 28, in boys -26. For example: Shut up, eat, idiot, idiot, plumbing, dug. Unfortunately, consuming students andabnormative vocabulary. In girls, 6 such words were found, the boys - 18. Very often there were emotional interjections, which are allocated to a special group, but not taken into account with a general count.
Damn - it is often the opposite feelings (from joy to disappointment) and is used especially often. Wow, Yo - expresses admiration. OK - consent. Observations during this project showed that more sociable girls, so in counting the number of words they exceed the number of boys words.
Greatw. the part of the active lexicon is a jargon and abnormative vocabulary, as well as the spaticral, coarse. 56% - common words, 44% - words of a limited sector of use and abnormative vocabulary.
Comparing the lexicone of girls and boys, it can be seen that although boys communicate less, but their active lexicon includes more slang, integral and abnormative vocabulary than girls.

Chart №1 "Active lexicon girls"
Chart №2 "Active lexicon boys"

The second stage of work on the practical part of the project was the event "Volunteer movement for the ecology of the Russian language!". In the lyceum on change with his classmates, I organized a campaign "for the ecology of the Russian language." We prepared templates in the form of a deployed palm and asked our liceists of different ages to leave wishes and slogans in defense of the Russian language. Then, the prepared palms on the branches of the Russian tree were symbolically stuck - birch. The result of the action was to attract the attention of schoolchildren to the preservation of the Russian language, to destroy from the lexicon of borrowed words, words of non-nucleation vocabulary, words by type SMS and the other.

Conclusion

The fate of the Russian language is the topic that can not leave a single modern person indifferent. We see how the language varies significantly right on the eyes of one generation. The processes occurring in it today require reflection not only by language specialists. The Russian language in the process of its history had a variety of ties with the peoples of the whole world. The result was numerous foreign language words borrowed by the Russian language from other languages. Borrowing of foreign language words - the basis of communication of countries and peoples. Countries and peoples in the process of their communication adopt each other's words and rebuild them according to the internal rules of their language.

The study material is built on materials of intelligent and etymological dictionaries, on the works dedicated to linguistics. Practical value: collected materials And the results obtained can be used in the lessons of the Russian language, as well as all interested linguistics to expand their horizons.This work i specifically attracted the attention of schoolchildren to the study of the ecolingestics, held an event "Promotion for the Ecology of the Russian Language", so students will be more attentive to preserving the traditions of the Russian language. Schoolchildren's survey showed that a truly this problem is relevant and advanced young people of Russia seeks to strengthen Russian traditions. Thus, the hypothesis is proved.

D.S. Likhachev

The greatest value of the people is the language, the language in which he writes, says, thinks. Thinks! It must be understood thoroughly, in all the many-risk and meaningfulness of this fact. After all, this means that the whole of a person's conscious life passes through his native language. Emotions, feelings - only paint what we think, or pushing the thought in some point, but our thoughts are all formulated by the language.

A faithful way to learn a person is his mental development, his moral appearance, his character - listen to how he says.

If we notice the Man's Manor to keep himself, his gait, his behavior and judgment on them about a person, sometimes, however, the human language is a much more accurate figure of his human qualities, his culture.

So, there is a language of the people, as an indicator of its culture, and the language of a separate person, as an indicator of his personal qualities, the qualities of a person who enjoys the language of the people.

I want to write not about Russian in general, but about how one or another person enjoys this language.

About Russian as a lot of people wrote about the people. This is one of perfect languages The world, language that developed for more than millennia, giving literature and poetry in the XIX century. Turgenev spoke about Russian - "... It is impossible to believe that such a language is not given to the Great People!".

But it happens that the person does not say, but "spits words." For each misfortune, he does not have common words, but justice expressions. When such a person with his splek words says, he reveals his cynic essence.

Russian from the very beginning turned out to be in a happy position - from the moment of its existence in the depths of one east Slavic language, Language Ancient Russia.

1. Ancient Russian nationality, from which Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians stand out in the future, inhabited huge spaces with various natural conditions, different farm, different cultural Heritage and various degrees of social advantage. And since communication even in these ancient centuries was very intense, then, by virtue of this diversity of life conditions, the language was rich - vocabulary in the first place.
2. already old Russian language (the language of Ancient Russia) joined the wealth of other languages \u200b\u200b- primarily the literary Stroobrol district, then Greek (through Stroobrolgar and in direct relationships), Scandinavian, Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Western Slavic, etc. He not only enriched in lexically and grammatically, he became Flexible and susceptible as such.

3. Due to the fact that the literary language was created from the conjunction of Stolkoligarsky with a popular conversational, business, legal, "literary" tongue of folklore (folklore language, too, not only spoken), it created many synonyms with their shades of value and emotional expressiveness.

4. The language affected the "domestic strength" of the people - his tendency to emotionality, a variety of characters and types of attitudes towards peace. If it is true that in the language of the people it affects his national character (and this is definitely true), the national character of the Russian people is extremely diverse, rich, contradictory. And all this should have reflected in the language.

5. Already from the previous one, it is clear that the language does not develop one, but it possesses and language memory. It promotes the existence of thousand-year literature, writing. And here are such a variety of genres, types of literary language, a variety of literary experience: the chronicles (not united in nature), "the word about Igor's regiment", "Daniel Charple", sermons Kirill Torovsky, "Kiev-Pechersky Candan" with his beauty "Simplicity and fiction", and then - the writings of Ivan the Terrible, a variety of works about Smoot, the first records of the folklore and ... Simeon Polotsk, and at the opposite end of Simeon - Protopop Avvakum. In the XVIII century Lomonosov, Derzhavin, Fonvizin, - Next, the wings, Karamzin, Zhukovsky and ... Pushkin. I will not list all the Writers of the XIX and the beginning of the 20th century, pay attention only on such virtuosos of the language, like fishing rods and bunin. All of them are extremely different. Exactly they write on different languages. But most develops the language of poetry. From this so significant prose of poets.<...>

What was the Church Slavonic language in Russia? It was not universal literary language for our writing. Language is very many literary works It's just far from Church Slavonic: the language of the chronicle, the amazing language of the Russian truth, "the words about the regiment of Igor", "the praying of Daniel Sharpener", not to mention the language of Avvakum. The Church Slavonic language, transferred to Russia from Bulgaria not only through the books, but also orally-followed worship, immediately became a peculiar indicator of the spiritual value of what was mentioned and wrote. Bulgaria Dala eastern Slavanym The highest layer of language, the "Spirituality Pole", an extremely enriched in our language, which gave our own moral strength, the ability to exalt thought, concepts, ideas. This is a language that trusted the highest thoughts on which they prayed on which solemn words wrote. He was "nearby" all the time with the Russian people, enriched him spiritually.
Then prayers replaced poetry. After the prayer past of our poetry, it should be kept her tongue and its "high mood".

The text is reduced by the book: Likhachev D. "Notes and Observations: from record books of different years," - L.: Sov. Writer, 1989, p. 410-436.

About upbringing and family

	The dependence of the family's life makes a person more moral. A.S. Pushkin
	Family is a primary environment where a person should learn to create good. V.A. Sukhomlinsky Over the years, emptiness and disappointment for young people, childhood and adolescence of which was mindlessly satisfying their needs. V.A. Sukhomlinsky
	In ancient Russian marriage, no couples were chosen on ready-made feelings and characters, and the characters and feelings were developed by selected couples. IN. Klyuchevsky
	The world exists not so that we know him, and in order for us to raise themselves in it. Lichtenberg We understand under education that Since childhood leads to virtue. PLATO
	Old age is strong thanks to the basics laid down in youth. CICERO
	Education is upbringing for vast. V.A. Zhukovsky