Interesting information about King Bell. King - Bell and his bad karma - Interesting Facts

Moscow has a huge number of curious and fun monuments of different eras, whose history causes irrepressible curiosity of both adults and children.

It may be sculptures dedicated to fairy tales, heroes of books and films, real people, societies of society and even such "ordinary" things, like stool, fly or students of students.

Some of these monuments have quite long and curious history. This should include 2 famous monuments Tsar-gun and tsar-bell, which are located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin.

Unfortunately, the latter is notable not to its main purpose (ringing), but exclusively external species and mass. It is about him that this article will be a story from which you will learn in which year he was cast and how much weighs.

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Appearance

This is not just a huge design that stands in the Kremlin, but one of the main attractions of Russia. It is also considered a monument of art casting XVIII century.

"Tsarsky" instance. View from Ivanovo Square

It is high in the mark of 6 meters, in diameter is more than 6.5 meters. The weight of the entire design is more than 200 tons. The authors became famous at the time of the founders Father Ivan and son Mikhail Motorina. The design was originally created for the Ivan Great bell tower, but was not used for some reasons.

Outside, the royal people, the Virgin, Christ and other saints, is standing a memorable entry with the description of the creation, the names of the creators and the date "1733", although the specimen was cast only after 24 months.

From above and below it envelopes the pattern, at the top there is a large gilded cross. However, many researchers note differences in reality chasing and in images of past centuries. Information and photos of this can be additionally found on the Internet.

Interesting fact: Inside the design there is no language: on the reasons below, it was not cast at all, the tongue from someone else was put inside.

According to the analysis conducted in the Soviet Union, the tsarist exhemplar consists of a mixture of several metals. Almost 85% occupies copper, another 13% is tin, a little more than 1% had to be sulfur. Less than 0.5% occupy silver and gold. However, the share of gold accounts for more than 70 kg, on silver more than 500 kg.

It is interesting: According to Wikipedia during Civil War Denikin, being in the position of General, decided to print his own currency, choosing this monument as an image - because of this, after the depreciation, they received the nickname "bells".

You can see the monument in the Moscow Kremlin: it stands on Ivanovo Square near Ivan the Great. This place he never left in his life.

"Ancestors"

The first Russian "tsar-bell", which was cast in beginning of XVII in.

Today, this is not the only "sovereign" that existed in Russia. Such a title has appeared long before the current one - each possessed a massive mass and dimensions for a certain moment:

For the first time, such a nickname got an melted copy at the beginning of the seventeenth century, which weighed 40 tons, but his fate turned out to be unenviable: in the middle of the century he broke.
Immediately the next - weighing already in 130 tons. But he lived even less: already in 1654 fell and crashed during the Christmas ringing.
The next was the bell weighing 160 tons, made by Mounty Grigoriev. In order to dig it, it was required about hundreds of risks. He lived until the beginning of the XVIII century. And fell when a strong fire began.

It's important to know: The material of the Grigorievsky bell went on the present.

After that, the bells for 30 years left alone, but Empress Anna Ioannovna decided to try again to beat the record and ordered the biggest option - the one that stands in the Kremlin today. However, his fate turned out to be bad better than the "ancestors".

How work happened

Preliminary works took several years. At first, four years have spent on the preparation of forms. To do this, in Ivanovo Square, a hole was pulled out a depth of 10 meters, in which placed a mold for casting.

The distance between the walls of the pit and forms was filled with the rammed land, the form itself was strengthened with the help of broken bricks and oak inserts. On the bottom laid the iron grille on which there was a form.

The chasonka on the foundry monument of the Bogatira belongs to the hands of the sculptor Fyodor Medvedev: he cut patterns and images from the tree, and after the impression was made on the inside of the casing. Several masters were also involved in the work, who, by order of Peter I, passed courses of the molding and pedestal case abroad.

The chasonka made by the hands of the sculptor Fyodor Medvedev

Do you know that: At first, work on the injection was offered to the French royal mechanics in the name Germene, but he decided that this joke was difficult to even imagine the product of the required parameters and weights.

The casting was started in 1733 and took more twelve months. In 1734, an accident occurred before the very beginning of work in the melts: loose copper not only spoiled the sample, but also led to a major fire in the city. His consequences were removed only in a year. During this period, the project manager was changed: Ivan Motorin died, and his son passed.

Everything was ready only after two years. In four melting furnaces in 36 hours, the required amount of metal was melted, after which it was flooded in forms.

The process took a little more than an hour, and all this time about 400 people firefighters were on duty. A pit with a huge design was covered with wooden floors and left to cool. Then, without pulling out, began to make a chasing, as the image on the walls came uneven and lubricated.

Note: Since the manufacturer, apparently, occurred in old forms, then on this copy there is an incorrect date of casting - "1733".

How to split a piece

But the adventures did not end: in 1737, a major fire was happening. Wooden overlaps flashed at the top, and then the bell fused. It was decided to pull him out of the pit.

Pre-metal cooled cold waterBut due to the huge temperature difference, several through cracks appeared. It became the main reason why, when picked up, he splits, committing a fall. The fenced piece weighed more than 11 tons.

However, some researchers believe that the fire served just a pretext, and the guilt should be imposed on Halurbally performed work, for example, on violations that occurred during casting.

The confirmation is often called the price paid by the Motorina Latterman: he received a thousand rubles for his work and shopmaster rank. However, the following orders already have been estimated almost eight times more expensive: 8 thousand for work.

This was how to raise in Moscow in 1836 pictures

The first projects to extract the "king" from the forms ended in failure. It was possible to do it only after a hundred years: the project of pulling out the architect Mironovsky made.

Note: When the huge Mahina was pulled out, several ropes burst, and that was dangerous. The case saved an unknown worker: having entered under the fragile subject, he installed the backups that kept the design while the ropes changed.

In mid-August 1836, the King still managed to pull out of the pit and put on a specially built bronze pedestal. The entire process was led by the architect of St. Isaac Cathedral of Auguste (August) Monferran: he had already had experience in lifting weights to significant heights. It was also created a copper cross, then covered the gilding the design itself.

Today there is a memorable plate on the pedestal. It specified short story, Creation period and pulling time from the form.

Further fate

A piece of 11.5 tons weighing from the main construction during the Trinity Fire

Of course, I didn't want to lose such a huge and long-suffering Mahine, and therefore I raised the question about the spike of a sloping piece. But all this were only conversations: Spike would completely distort the sound, and therefore it would be meaningless.

During World War II, this attraction has turned into a communications assembly: the relationship between the Kremlin regiment was hiding inside her. In order for enemy bombers to notice him, the design was painted, and after the victory, got out again.

Curious legend

Despite the fact that the fate of the monument of foundry art is interesting in itself, it seemed not enough for many.

Peter-I. last king All Russia (from 1682) and the first emperor of the All-Russian (from 1721)

Among people went incredible rumors about him. Many believed that the bell was cast much earlier, even before the substrol of Peter I, and even successfully raised to the bell tower.

When after the victory over the Swedes under Poltavaya, all the bells of the country began the ringing, "king" could not even move off the place.

Campering, the king sent the company's soldiers, but they only snatched his tongue without achieving a single sound. The people gathered on the square began to laugh, the cries were heard that the king of Peter would have to give the stubborn.

Perth I standing on the bell tower was furious and struck with a battle on this sight. Because of the strike, the piece bounced off and fell to the ground, even went deep into it, from where it was delivered only in a few decades.

Good to know: Among the Old Believers, it was the opinion that when a terrible court comes, a monument to the casting art would fly into the air in itself, and his ringing will be heard, even though he will be without a language.

Not only Muscovites, but many tourists know about this attraction. Huge and completely useless, he lived interesting lifeThough never rang, and even could help his country during the war, although not the most common way.

Watch the video in which the historian briefly tells the history of creation and about further fate Tsar Bells:

1. "Silent" king bell. His casting ended in 1735, after which one of the symbols of Russia remained in the pit, since there was no appropriate construction that would endure his weight. And in 1737, during a large-scale Moscow fire from the bell, a piece of 11 tons weighing a piece of 11 tons. Another hundred years "Gigant" remained in the foundry pit, after which it was established for the pedestal in the Kremlin.

2. The Big Assumption Bell did not call and will not. Several times the question was raised to solder the king bell and use it in direct appointment. However, experts claim to get pure sound after the spike will not work. By the way, the language was not made for the king-bell, and the one that lies on the pedestal, took from another, unknown bell.

3. The current king bell was two "ancestors" with the same names. "Grandfather" was cast for the Kremlin Bell Tower at the beginning of the XVII century by order of Boris Godunov. His weight was 35 tons. And during one of the numerous Moscow fires, he broke, after which the bell was overflowed by increasing his weight to 128 tons. To bring his language in motion, the efforts of a hundred people were required! "Died" this bell in 1701, after the once again split.

4. There is a bell that calls almost constantly. If the king of the bell never called, then in Oxford University there is a bell tip, which rings, almost without ceasing (with the exception of short breaks caused by high humidity in the room) for about 170 years. So, with the help of volt columns (devices for the production of electricity used on zareelectrotechnics), the language is swinging between two bells.

5. The ringing of the bell can serve as a variety of targets. So, for example, in Turin (Italy) there was a "bread bell", which called at the moment when it is time to knead the dough for bread to be ready for a dinner. In Gdansk (Poland), a beer bell existed for a long time, who reported on the opening of the Peteing establishments. And the "bell of purity" in Bonn (Germany) urged the residents to sweep the streets.

6. The bell was a pagan symbol. Today, the bell ringing is associated with Orthodoxy, but at the dawn of Christianity the bells considered the pagan symbols. There is a legend that the oldest bell of Germany called "Saufang" ("Pork Mining") of the pigs dug out of the mud. Even after it washed and hung on the bell tower, he refused to call. This lasted until the bishop sanctified him, thereby clearing from the pagan.

7. Roll ring appeared due to Peter I. The phrase "Mechelen (raspberry) ringing" appeared after Peter I ordered the first Carillon for Russia (musical instrument with a number of bells) in the Belgian city of Mechelen, which in French is called Malines (Malin). It was there that in the Middle Ages developed a successful alloy for casting bells, which gives a mild and very pleasant ringing, called "Malinov" today.

8. Some bells in Russia referred and even tortured. In 1591, the Uglich bell was dropped from Spasskaya Bell Tower, they pulled his tongue, cut off the ear, punished with the Square 12 blowing blows and as a result "referred" to Siberia. The cause of such a cruel treatment with the bell, which was then about 300 years, was "incitement" to Bunta (he collected the townspeople on the square) on the occasion of the death of Tsarevich Dmitry. There is also a legend that in 1681 "Nabataya" the bell of the Moscow Kremlin was "Slary" in the Korean Nikolaev Male Monastery (Nikolo-Korean Monastery): His provinity was that he was awakened by the Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich at night.

9. Bells are not only on Earth, but also in space. So, the bell is on the international space station. It is called when the captain of the crew is replaced.

10. Big Ben is only a bell in the clock in the northern part of the Westminster Palace. But often this name applies to the clock, and on the tower as well. Nevertheless, since September 2012, the tower is officially called "Elizabeth Tower." She was renamed in honor of the 60th anniversary of the rule of Queen Elizabeth II.

Kremlin: Mini-guide to the territory

To do this, 10 meters deep downstairs were pulled out, and placed there. Nearby workers built 4 casting furnaces. For the best sound of the bell, 525 kg of silver and 72 kg of gold were added from copper and tin alloy. Decorated the king bell ornament and bas-relief portraits of the king Alexei Mikhailovich and Anna John.

According to the official version, during the fire of 1737, wooden beams burned down on which the bell was held. So that he did not melt, began to pour water. Due to the temperature difference from the bell, a piece broke, weighing 11.5 tons.

But the history with a fire could come up with guidebooks, and cracks probably appeared due to improper cooling - a technological error of the founder. Perhaps, so Motorin asked for the work of only 1,000 rubles, whereas for the casting of simpler bells for the Novodevichy Monastery and the Trinity-Sergiye Lavra, he received 6,000 rubles for each.

In 1836, Architect Auguste Monferran raised the king bell to the pedestal and placed on his top the ball and a gilded cross - a symbol of power. So in Moscow, a monument of foundry art appeared.

But the King Bell was "Praded", "Grandfather" and "Father".

In 1600, Andrei Chokhov was cast by order of Boris Godunov a huge bell "King". He weighed about 40 tons and was in a specially constructed crate. But during the fire at the beginning of the XVII century, he fell and crashed.

In 1652, Alexey Mikhailovich instructed to make a new king bell Danil and Emelyan Danilov. "Grandfather" weighed 130 tons, but did not differ in durability: at the Christmas stars of 1654 he broke. Aleksey Mikhailovich confessed Alexander Grigoriev to overcome the bell. The weight of the new bell reached 160 tons. His bass ringing sounded over Moscow more than thirty years, but at the fire of 1701 "Father" fell and crashed. From the fragments on the orders of Empress Anna, the new bell was cast.

In 1747, the Masters of Slizov offered to pour a king of the bell, and the Architect Forstenberg wanted to even hit the messy edge and assured that the sound would not suffer.

Alexander III I even wanted to put a giant king bell in the Kremlin. But from an expensive idea I had to refuse. More gigantic bells in Russia were not cast.

They say that... ... King Bell repainted for disguise during the Great Patriotic War.
... Initially, the casting king bells offered the royal gold deeds to the master by the Frenchman with a french. In response, he laughed: "No one in the world can do, gentlemen," and refused to work.
... King Bell broke the heavy hand Peter the Great. When the king returned to Moscow after the Poltava battle, he ordered in honor of the victory to call all the bells. But the king of the bell did not call, no matter how hard the rhodari rid of his heavy language. Peter was angry and sent to help the head of the guardsmen. The tongue of the bell was broken, but he did not call. Peter in rabies hit the bell with a battle, and a piece broke off from him, and the bell himself went down and went to the ground.

On November 28, 1734, a prenentary event happened in Moscow - during the casting "Tsar-Bell", two casting furnaces left at once. As a result, the bell was still cast, but his fate turned out to be unclean, however, as many other Russian bells. In Russia, the bells not only raised the bell tower and listened to the "raspberry" ringing. They were referred, subjected to torture, and in the fug in the ugar, they dumped from the bells, broke and sent to the smelter. So, the most interesting facts about Russian bells.

The first bells-thousand people suffered from fires

"Thousands" in Russia called the bells whose weight was reached by thousands of pounds (16 tons or more). The first such bell was cast in 1522 with Ivan III Master Nikolai German and installed on a wooden belfry of the Moscow Kremlin.
In 1599, already in the kingdom of Boris Godunov, the Big Assumption Bell was cast, whose weight exceeded 3 thousand pounds. The bell was killed in 1812, when the French who captured Moscow blew up a great bell tower attached to the bell tower. In 1819, Zakov Zakyolov loyake managed to recreate this bell. And today, a giant bell weighing 64 tons and a diameter of 4 meters 20 cm can be seen on the Assumption Callon of the Moscow Kremlin. The tongue of the bell weighs 1 ton of 700 kg, and its scope - 3 meters 40 cm. The Big Assumption Bell in the Light Sadmitsa announces the Easter Blagovest to all Moscow monasteries.
Big Assumption Bell. Assumption belfry. Kremlin

Big Assumption Bell. Kremlin

The largest bell in the world is cast in Russia

In the XVII century, Russian masters of bellows were distinguished again: in 1655, Alexander Grigoriev cast a bell weighing 8 thousand pounds (128 tons). In 1668, the bell, which even foreigners called the only and unique in the world, was raised to the belfry. According to the earliest eyewitness testimonies, for the rinch of the bell language, which weighed more than 4 thousand kilograms, at least 40 people were required. The bell rang in the Kremlin until 1701, when during one of the fires fell and crashed.

Recreate the largest bell in the world, increasing his weight up to 9 tons, decided by Empress Anna Ioannovna. Foreign masters stated that it was impossible. Take on this godly business was decided by the bellows of the Master of Motorins. He began his father. But something went wrong, and at once two casting furnaces failed. The master from the excitement was so long and soon died, but his son successfully completed the started.

Tsar-bell. Antiology

Ready Bell was in 1735. 6.6 meters in diameter, 6.1 meters high and about 200 tons weight (12327 pounds) It was called "King Bell". But after 2 years, during the next fire, the shed over the bell jama caught fire, the bell was fused, and when water got into the pit, he gave a crack. Eated all the fact that a piece of 11.5 tons split a piece of 11.5 tons. Only after 100 years, the King Bell was established on the pedestal near the bell tower of Ivan the Great in the Kremlin. Where can I see it today.

During the Civil War, the king of the bell was portrayed on 1000-ruble dollars, which General Denikin produced in Crimea. In the people, this money was called "bells."

Some bells in Russia referred and even tortured

The bells in Russia not only admired, some of them were cruelly punished. So for "incitement" to BunTu in 1591, when Tsarevich Dmitry died, a Uglich bell was punished. He was first dropped from the Spasskaya Bell Tower, then the executioners applied torture - they cut off the ear, pulled out the tongue and punished with 12 blowing blows. This seemed a little, and the bell, which at that time turned 300 years, sent to Siberia to Siberia.

It is known for the fact that in 1681 "Nabatnaya" the bell, which was in the Moscow Kremlin, "Soclaned" the Nikolo-Korean monastery in Nikolaev for the fact that he was woken by Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich at night.

The most famous Russian rhodes differed 1701 sound

Konstantin Konstantinovich Sarajev

Konstantin Konstantinovich Sarajev - Armenian by origin and the most famous of the Russian risks. This is a person with absolute hearing, and some argued that he had a "color" rumor. Sarajev clearly distinguished 1701 sound within one octave. He could hear how every thing he sounds, stone and man, even if he was silent. The same unique hearing was, if you believe legends, Pythagora. In any case, so approved his students.

Sarajev belongs to a notice record of 317 sound spectra of the largest bells of Moscow churches, cathedrals and monasteries. Today, this manuscript is kept in the Danil Monastery.
Konstantin Konstantinovich Sarajev - the most famous Russian ringer

Konstantin Konstantinovich Sarajev - the most famous Russian ringer

The sound of the bells of Sarajeva was more like music, and not to the stons. The rhodes constantly improved the methods of the ring, dreamed that someday the bells would sound not only in church acoustics and that a concert belfry will appear in Russia. But in 1930, in the USSR, church ringing was banned at all, and Sarajev's dreams were not destined to come true.

The power of the councils for several years destroyed almost all the bells of Orthodox Russia

At the beginning of the 20th century in Russian Empire There were 39 bells, "thousands", and in the 1990s there were only 5. The small and medium bells were destroyed almost completely.
Soviet authority The church was very negative and the bells including. All temples were transferred to the local councils that could "use them in their intended purpose on the basis of public and state needs." In 1933, the WTCIK established a plan for the harvesting of bell bronze for republics and regions, and almost all the bells were destroyed for just a few years. How much exactly - say no one can.

Some bells died with temples, some destroyed intentionally, to others walked to the "industrialization needs". The sad fate has not yet passed the bells that were cast for the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Ivan the Great, St. Isaac Cathedral, Valaam, Solovetsky, Savvino-Storozhevsky and Simonov monasteries and many more temples throughout Russia. In 1929, a bell was removed from the Kostroma Assumption Cathedral weighing 1200 pounds. As a result, not a single bell remained in Moscow.
Destruction

Destruction

Destruction

It is known that part of the bells was sent to such major construction sites as Dneprostroy and Volkhovstroy for technical needs. Of them produced boilers for dining rooms. In 1932, Moscow's power from 100 tone of church bells cast burners for the new library building. Lenin.

Return of bells

Experts say that the bell cannot be restored, but you can cast it a copy of sound and weight. Recently, the famous "thousands" began to return in Russia. So, in Trinity-Sergiev Lavra, the Trinity Blagovets was already returned - the bells "Tsar", "Godunov" and "Kornouchi", which in 1930 were reset with bell tongs. The largest bell, cast in Russia in our time - recreated in the 1990s of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow. His weight is 27 tons.

The first bells-thousand people suffered from fires

The largest bell in the world is cast in Russia

During the Civil War, the king of the bell was portrayed on 1000-ruble dollars, which General Denikin produced in Crimea. In the people, this money was called "bells."

Some bells in Russia referred and even tortured

The most famous Russian rhodes differed 1701 sound

Sarajev belongs to a notice record of 317 sound spectra of the largest bells of Moscow churches, cathedrals and monasteries. Today, this manuscript is kept in the Danil Monastery.

The power of the councils for several years destroyed almost all the bells of Orthodox Russia

At the beginning of the 20th century, there were 39 bellovers in the Russian Empire, and in the 1990s there were only 5. The small and middle bells were destroyed almost completely.
Soviet power to the church was very negative and to bells including. All temples were transferred to the local councils that could "use them in their intended purpose on the basis of public and state needs." In 1933, the WTCIK established a plan for the harvesting of bell bronze for republics and regions, and almost all the bells were destroyed for just a few years. How much exactly - say no one can.

Return of bells

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