Word with expressive negative color examples. Subject: words with emotional color

They refer to the science section, which is engaged in learning the differentiated use of the language in communication, and also provides knowledge of the language itself and the relevant funds necessary for its use. It is called "stylistics", and its predecessor was rhetoric (the concept of speech skills), which was exclusively public speech style. Stylistics as science covers all speech systems. This is a kind of teaching to the most effective forms of expression of thoughts and feelings.

What is stylist painted words?

They are used exclusively in specific styles, in particular:

Scientific lexic It includes words that are used in the field of education, science and technology (for example, a range, laser, etc.).
Political vocabulary. This includes the words used in the public, political field (candidate, thesis, the Duma, etc.).
It is represented by words that are used mainly in domestic communication, orally (great, pictures, internet, etc.). As part of artistic works, it is used to characterize the main characters.

Summing up the foregoing, it is possible to formulate what stylistically painted words. These are words that have an additional meaning, more precisely, they call the subject and transmit it to the appropriate estimate (neglect, approval, irony, etc.), as well as certain emotions in relation to it.

A variety of stylistic coloring

It is represented by two components:

1. Functional target stylistic coloring (painting of separately taken units of the language), which, in turn, is divided into three main types:

conversational;
book;
neutral.

The first two types can be:

Grammatical forms (for example, contracts (neutral) - contracts (spoken);

Words (for example, place (neutral) is a location (book);

Phraseologisms (for example, to stretch their legs (spoken) - to tweaking the eternal sleep (book);

Offers (for example, due to bad weather conditions, the departure is delayed (neutral) - because of the fog, I did not fly off (spoken).

2. Expressive-estimated stylistic coloring (no binding to a specific style, is contained in the Word) Includes three types:

reduced;
increased;
neutral.

Example: Life (neutral) - Zhiduha (reduced) - Life (increased).

Neutral and stylistic painted words

Vocabulary in the literary language is customary to divide into two main components: stylistically painted and neutral vocabulary.

Neutral vocabulary - words that are not tied to any of the existing speech styles, that is, they can be used in any system of speech funds, because they are expressive and emotionally not painted. However, these words have stylistic synonyms (conversational, book, spurated).

According to the theory of M. V. Lomonosov ("Three Countries"), all other words belong to either a high system of speech funds (for example, to rest, depreciation, etc.), or to low (for example, frost, belly, etc. .).

In this regard, there is a vocabulary of colloquial (blue Merin, Ksyz, etc.) and the book, which, in turn, is divided into the following types:

Directions of linguistic stylistics

There are two of them, in particular:

stylistics language;
speech style (functional stylistics).

The first direction studies stylistic means of vocabulary, grammar and phraseology, as well as the stylistic structure of the language.

Second - different types Speech and their conditionedness of a variety of objectives.

Linguistic stylistics must contain the principle of sequence and functionality and reflect the relationship different species Speech with the purpose of saying, its subject, the terms of communication, copyright and speech addressee.

Styles are various combinations of language application in the communication process. Each voice resource system is characterized by the originality of the applicable language tools, as well as their unique combination of each other.

Thus, it is worth formulating the definition, what is linguistic stylistics. This is, first of all, a section of linguistics, which studies various styles (language, speech, genre, etc.). Also, the subject of its research is emotional, expressive and evaluative properties of language units both in paradigmatic terms (within the language system) and in a synthagmatic aspect (in various fields of communication).

Structure of the considered linguistics section

These include combinations having a steady nature (employment service, budget workers, international, etc.). They are widely used by journalists due to the fact that it is impossible to constantly invent fundamentally new means of expression.

Many words not only determine the concepts, but also express their attitude towards them, a special kind of evaluation. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow White, Belerek, Lily. These words are emotionally painted: a positive assessment distinguishes them from stylistic neutral definition white. The emotional color of the word can express and negative evaluation of the called understandable: whiteobry, whiten. Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called another estimated (emotional-valued).

At the same time, it should be noted that the concepts of emotionality and evaluation are not identical, although closely connected. Some emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain estimates; And there are words in which the assessment is the essence of their semantic structure, but they do not belong to the emotional vocabulary: good, bad, joy, angry, love, suffer.

A feature of the emotional-estimated vocabulary is that the emotional color "imposes" on lexical meaning Words, but not coming down to him: the dental value of the Word is complicated by connotative.

In the composition of emotional vocabulary, three groups can be distinguished.

1. Words with a bright connotative value, containing evaluation of facts, phenomena, signs that give the unambiguous characteristic of people: inspire, delightful, daring, unsurpassed, pioneer, to preventate, lines, self-sacrifice, irresponsible, struggling, two-handed room, delicacy, doppople, attack, defect, pointing, podkhalim, empty, ramp.Such words are usually unambiguous, expressive emotionism prevents the development of portable values.
2. Multivalued words neutral in the main value that receive a qualitative and emotional shade with a portable consumption. So, about a person of a certain nature can be said: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow, rooster, parrot;in the portable value, verbs are used: cut, hiss, sing, nibble, dig, yawning, blinkand etc.
3. Words with submitted assessment suffixes, transmitting various shades of feelings: son, daughter, granny, sunshine, neat, intact - positive emotions; borodes, Silent, Cake - Negative. Their estimated values \u200b\u200bare due to non-nominative properties, but in word formation, since the emotional pains of such forms give affixes.

The emotionality of speech is often transmitted by a particularly expressive expressive vocabulary. Expressiveness (expression) (LAT. expressio.) means expressiveness, the power of manifestation of feelings and experiences. In Russian, a lot of words in which the expression element is added to their nominative value. For example, instead of a word goodcoming to delight from anything we say beautiful, wonderful, delicious, wonderful; You can say i do not like, but it is easy to find and stronger, colorful words i hate, despise, I dare disgust. In all these cases, the semantic structure of the Word is complicated by connotation.

Often, one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in terms of emotional voltage; Wed: misfortune - grief, disaster, catastrophe; Washed - unrestrained, indomitable, frantic, fierce.Bright expression highlights the words solemn ( herald, accomplishment, unforgettable), rhetorical ( assistant, aspirations, tackle), poetic ( azure, invisible, unpleasant, sing). Expressively painted and swelling words ( blessed, new-made), ironic ( sawnaging, Donzhuan, praised), familiar (Valid, lubricant, dip, shushk) Expressive shades delimit the words of disapproving ( maine, pretentious, ambitious, pedant), neglecting ( blessed, crumbling), contemptuous ( head, podhalim.), derogatory (Skid, Hlypik), vulgar ( hapuga, Filat), shuffle ( ham, Fool). All these nuances expressive coloring words are reflected in stylistic litters to them in sensible dictionaries.

The expression of the word often enjoyed on its emotional and assessment, and expression prevails in some words, from others - emotionality. Therefore, it is often possible to distinguish the emotional and expressive color, it is not possible, and then they talk about emotional-expressive vocabulary ( expressive-valued).

On the emotional and expressive color of the word affects its meaning. So, we received a sharply negative assessment such words as fascism, Stalinism, Repression. A positive assessment entrenched the words progressive, peace-loving, anti-war. Even various values The same word can noticeably disperse in the stylistic color: in one value, the word acts as a solemn, high: Post, Tsarevich. Finally, I hear not a boy, but muga (P.), in the other - as an ironic, mocking: G. Field proved that the respectable editor enjoys a gloom of scientist muga (P.).

Modern science of language highlights along with functional styles expressive styleswhich are classified depending on the expression linguistic elements. Expression - So expressiveness (from Lat. expressio.- expression), the power of manifestation of feelings and experiences. For these styles, the impact function is the most important.

To expressive styles belong solemn(high, rhetorical), official,familiar(reduced), as well as intimate-gentle,joking(ironic), mocking(satirical). These styles are opposed neutralthat is, devoid of expression.

The main means of achieving the desired expressive color of speech is evaluation vocabulary.

Many words not only determine the concepts, but also express their attitude towards them, a special kind of evaluation. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, it is possible to call it snow-white, beleh, lilyer. These words are emotionally painted: a positive assessment distinguishes them from stylistic neutral definition white. The emotional color of the word can express the negative assessment of the concept: whiteobry, whitish. Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called another estimated (emotional-valued).

A feature of emotional-appraisal vocabulary is that the emotional color is "superimposed" to the lexical meaning of the word, but does not boil to it: the dental value of the word is complicated by connotative.

As part of emotional vocabulary, you can allocate three groups.

Words with bright estimated meaningcomprising an assessment of facts, phenomena, signs that give an unambiguous characteristic of people: inspire, delightful, daring, unsurpassed, pioneer, to preventate, lines, self-sacrifice, irresponsible, struggling, two-handed room, delicacy, doppople, attack, defect, pointing, podkhalim, empty, ramp.Such words are usually unambiguous, expressive emotionism prevents the development of portable values.

Multivalued words, neutral in the main value that receive a qualitatively emotional shade with a portable consumption. So, about a certain character man can be said: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow, cock, parrot; In the portable value, verbs are used: sawing, hissing, singing, gnawing, digging, yawning, blinking, etc.

Words with suffixes of a subjective assessment, transmitting various shades of feelings: Son, daughter, granny, sunshine, neatly, intact - positive emotions; Borodes, kids, casins are negative. Their estimated values \u200b\u200bare due to non-nominative properties, but in word formation, since the emotional pains of such forms give affixes.

The emotionality of speech is often transmitted by a particularly expressive expressive vocabulary. In Russian, a lot of words in which the expression element is added to their nominative value. For example, instead of a word goodcoming to delight from anything we say beautiful, wonderful, delicious, wonderful, you can say i do not like, but it is not difficult to find and stronger, colorful words - i hate, despise, I dare disgust. In all these cases, the semantic structure of the Word is complicated by connotation.

Often, one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in terms of emotional voltage; Wed: misfortune - grief, disaster, catastrophe; Washed - unrestrained, indomitable, frantic, fierce. Bright expression highlights solemn words(herald, accomplishment, unforgettable), rhetorical(colleague, aspirations, tackle), poetic(azure, invisible, unpleasant, sing). Expressively painted and words joking(blessed, newly minted), ironic(Sawn out, Donzhuan, praised), familiar(Valid, lubricant, piqule, shushk). Expressive shades delimit words disapproving(mannered, pretentious, ambitious, pedant), disgusting(browse, crumbling), contempt(Head, Pokhalim), derogatory(Skull, Hlyupik), vulgar(Hapuga, acklain), branch(Ham, Fool). All these nuances expressive coloring words are reflected by stylistic litters to them in sensible dictionaries. The expression of the word often enjoyed on its emotional and assessment, and expression prevails in some words, from others - emotionality. Therefore, it is often distinted emotional and expressive color notit seems possible, and then they talk about emotional expressive vocabulary(expressive valuation).

Words close to the nature of the expressiveness are classified by: 1) the vocabulary expressing positive evaluation of the concepts called, and 2) vocabulary expressing negative Evaluation of called concepts. The first group will include words high, sweet, partly - joking; in the second - ironic, disapproving, collapsible, contemptuous, vulgar and under.On the emotional and expressive color of the word affects its meaning. So, we received a sharply negative assessment such words as fascism, Stalinism, Repression, Totalitarianism, Mafiosis, bribemer. Positive assessment entrenched in words progressive, law enforcement, publicity, honest, merciful.Even the various values \u200b\u200bof the same word can noticeably disperse in the stylistic color: in one value, the word acts as a solemn, high: Post, Tsarevich. Finally, I hear not a boy, butmuga (P.), in the other - as an ironic, mocking: G. Field proved that the venerable editor enjoys the glory of the scientistmuga (I.).

The development of expressive shades in the semantics of the Word contributes to its me-taforization. So, stylistically neutral words used as metaphors are obtained by bright expression: to burn at work, fall from fatigue, choking in the conditions of totalitarianism, flaming eyes, a blue dream, flying gait, etc.Finally shows an expressive color color context: in it is neutral in stylistic terms, the unit may become emotionally painted, high-sorticular, affectionate - ironic and even the parangular word (scounded, dourac) can sound approval.

The ratio of functional-style fixedness and emotional expressive word painting.

Emotional-expressive coloring of the word and its belonging to a specific functional style in the lexical system of the Russian language is usually interconnected. Neutral words in emotionally expressive terms are usually included in the formation of common vocabulary. The exceptions are the terms: they are always stylistically neutral, but they have clear functional consolidation.

Emotional-expressive words are distributed between the book and the colloquial (spaticral) vocabulary.

TO book vocabulary Own words high, giving speech solemnity, as well as emotional expressive, expressing both positive and negative assessment of the concepts called. Thus, in the book styles, the vocabulary is used in the book styles (the beautiful, the words of the Donkyottia), disapproving (pedantic, manneriness), contemptive (definition, contract), etc. Therefore, it is incorrectly considered that the bookmarks consists only of words of positive valuation, although Such in it, of course, prevail (the whole poetic, rhetorical, solemn vocabulary).

TO spoken vocabulary The words are caressing (Golubushka, Mommy), joking (butuz, mixture), as well as some units expressing a negative assessment of the concepts called (however, not too rude): Relive, giggle, befall, Mel Slag.

TO spacious vocabulary Believe sharply reduced words that are outside the literary norm. Among them, there may be forms containing a positive assessment of the concepts of the concepts (worker, Bashkin), but much more forms expressing the negative attitude of the indicative concepts (chaos, to scream, chlipky, reached and under.).

In the Word often, functional signs and emotional and expressive and other stylistic shades are intersecting. For example, words satellite, epigone, apotheosisperceived primarily as books. But at the same time word satelliteused in a figurative value, we associate with a journalistic style; in a word epigonouswe celebrate a negative assessment, and in the word apotheosis- Positive. In addition, the use of these words in speech is influenced by their foreign-speaking origin (the phonetic design that is not characteristic of the Russian language can lead to their inappropriate in a specific context). And gentle-ironic words slitoba, Motanya, Floating, Flowercombine a spoken and dialective coloring, a peopetic sound. The wealth of stylistic shades of Russian vocabulary requires a particularly attentive attitude to the Word.

Use in the speech of stylist painted vocabulary

Heroes of Tale combine common features - the struggle for social justice and freedom, moral purity. ... The ideological idea of \u200b\u200bthe writer determined the features of the composition and the plot of the story. Scene parallelism of the first and second-third parts, a peculiar repetition of a phabuline line is not accidental(L. A. Novikov). Scientific style does not exclude emotional speech, and this determines the use of estimated vocabulary, high and reduced words in it.

Even more open to the penetration of Iostlyl vocabulary, journalistic style. In the newspaper article it is often possible to meet the terms next to the conversational and even spaticral vocabulary:

The word "perestroika" entered many languages \u200b\u200bwithout translation, as in due time "satellite." However, a foreigner to learn this word is much easier than to implement everything behind him. I will show it on facts from the field of management ... Planning, as you know, relies on the standards. I have a hurry immediately and clearly make sure not to be accused of that I am in general against any regulations. No, of course! And in enterprises, I am sure they will not reach foolishness to re-deny their necessity. Just depends on what regulations. When it is established, let's say, the percentage of deductions from profits to the budget, or consumption fee natural resources, or the amount of payments to the bank for the resulting loan, who will be against? But when the entire inner life of enterprises is regulated by the standards: the structure and number, salaries and a bonus, deductions on all kinds of need (up to buying handles and pencils), is already, sorry, nonsense is incredible, which leads to the results often ridiculous, sometimes dramatic, And sometimes tragic.(L. Volin)

Here, the vocabulary scientific, the terminological is intertwined with expressively painted conversational, which, however, does not violate the stylistic norms of journalistic speech, but on the contrary, it helps to strengthen its effectiveness. Here, for example, description scientific experimentappeared on the newspaper strip: At the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry .... thirty-two laboratories. One of them studies the evolution of sleep. At the entrance to the laboratory of the table: "Do not enter: Experience!". But because of the door he comes a kudachnya chicken. She is not here to carry eggs. Here is a scientist takes Hochlytka. Turns up the paws ...Such an appeal to the identical vocabulary is quite justified, the conversational vocabulary revitalizes speech, makes it more accessible to the reader.

From book styles only official-business impermeal for spoken vocabulary, for emotional expressive words. Although in the special genres of this style it is possible to use journalistic elements, and therefore I am estimated vocabulary (but from a group of book words). For example, in diplomatic documents (statements, notes of the government), such a vocabulary can express attitude towards

25. Lexical compatibility: limited and unlimited

The lexical combination is determined by the semantic features of the word. Depending on the lexical value of the word, two main types are varied - free and non-free, limited to a fairly strict list of words. In the first case, there is a combination of words with a direct, nominative value. It is due to the objective logical nature of words, it is based on the semantic incompatibility of the lexeme. For example, the verb is combined with words denoting items that can be "taken in hand, grab their hands, teeth, any devices": take a stick, handle, spoon, knife, glass, lamp, branch, etc. Such lexical Communications correspond to real, logical bonds and relations of objects, concepts expressed by combined words.

The boundaries of the lexical combination of words with nominative, or direct, meaning are determined primarily by the subject-logical relations in the real validity of the denotates of the respective words.

The connection of words, semantically uncompatible with each other, leads to alogouts (ringing silence, ordinary miracle, smart fool, quickly drag it, etc.).

Unbound combinability is due to internal speakers, semantic relationships and relationships. It is characteristic of words with phraseologically related values. The combination in this case is selective, the lexemes are connected far from all semantically compatible. For example, adjective is inevitable combined with existing deaths, death, failure, but does not combine with noun victory, life, success, etc. and the case of polisia phraseologically related words can be separate words. So, the lexeme is a deep such meaning is' attained the limit in the development, the flow. The circle of its lexical ties in this meaning is limited: it can be combined with the words old age, night, autumn, winter, but not combined with the words youth, day, spring, summer, the semantics of which does not contradict her own.

The rules of lexical combativity are vocabulary, they are individual for each word and are not yet enough successively and fully codified. Therefore, one of the most common mistakes in speech is the violation of the norms of lexical compatibility: sustainable departure (instead of an unexpected), increase the level (the level can only increase or decrease), strengthen the pace, etc. It is quite often (especially in colloquial speech) errors arise in The result of contamination (from Lat. Contaminatio - bringing into contact; mixing) - crossing, combining two combinations, interconnected by any associations. Usually contamination - the result of improper formation of phrases in speech. For example, an incorrect combination is reflected - the result of the contamination of phrases to take place and find a reflection, to have harm - to assist and harm. More often than other contamination is subject to phrase to have a value, play a role, to devote (pay) attention. Violation of the structure of normalized phrases makes it difficult to perceive speech.

Special attention requires the use of phraseological combinations. Using the phraseological units, their semantics should be taken into account, a figurative character, a lexic-grammatical structure, an emotional-expressive and functional-style color, as well as the combinability of phrases with other words in the proposal. Unmotivated retreat from these requirements leads to speech bugssimilar to those observed in the use of individual words. In addition, the speech is common to the unmotivated change in the composition of the phrase (its abbreviation or expansion, replacement of one of the components without expanding the composition of the phraseology, or with its expansion simultaneously) or structural-grammatical changes, as well as distortion of the formal value of the phraseological combination.

Stylistically unmotivated, unintentional violations of lexical compatibility lead to the inaccuracy of speech, and sometimes to an unjustified comiability. For example: At the meeting with sharp criticism, the disadvantages were subjected to (a lexeme lack semantically does not combine with the lexable achieved).

The boundaries of lexical compatibility over time may vary (expand or narrow). In the 30s, for example, with atomic lexems were possible were the combinations of only a terminological nature (type atomic weight), and at present, it is combined with war leks, bomb, weapons, threat, blackmail, politics, century, etc. Words agencies in modern use is limited by words denoting negative phenomena (infection, banditry, infection, etc.). Gorky freely used the combination of seatingman of the Enlightenment.

The rules of lexical combination caused by intra-language laws are specific to each language, national. This creates certain difficulties when translating from one language to another, forcing the equivalents not to certain words, but to whole phrases. For example, to the Russian phrase to inform the equivalent to the Belarusian phrases of the water davitsi yes the knowledge; To turn to flight - Jumping Utsanyaki or Pimmutsu Dae ў Tsёukaў, is an uneven hour - Chago of Dovinda or Chago is not there.

One of the main reasons for the violation of the norms of lexical combination in the context of the Russian-Belarusian bilingualism is the transfer of models of the Belarusian language, but Russian. As a result of the interference, the following phrases can be viewed: get (instead to win) victory (equivalent to this phrase in the Belarusian language is an atranti peramogue, ATRIMATSA translated into Russian - get, from here - get a victory); To take (instead of accepting) into account - Bratsy (piping) Pad Uva, to look at (instead of considering) the question is - Vychsydsy torture.

26. Stylistic differentiation of Russian language vocabulary

Words are not only called the phenomena of reality, but also transmit the attitude of the speaker to them, its assessment. For example, you can say child, and you can babe, kids.Sheen can be called white, Can i snow-white. Can man to expel, Can i exhibit. Examples show that synonyms contain different estimates of the same phenomenon. And such examples in the language of a huge quantity: neakkurat - sloppy - pig; hit - move - go on fire; Hands - Paws - Rake. Words expressing the speaker's assessment emotional expressive vocabulary. Such words are always stylistically marked. Their consumption is due to both the speech situation and the sphere of communication. However, emotional-expressive painting is clearly noticeable against the background of vocabulary neutral, devoid of emotionality. Thus, all the words of the Russian language can be divided into 2 groups - (1) the vocabulary of neutral and (2) vocabulary stylistically painted. It is clear that the words of the first group make up a kind of center of the language system. They are used in any functional style, they are appropriate in any communicative situation. The words of the second group are used in different spheres of communication. In addition, they possess they possess or reduced stylistic color - hark, poke, go on anyone, kick, put on, poke, throw off, shovel; or book supplies - the above, face, coming.

The words of the second group have strictly fixedness for any particular style and sphere of communication. It is believed that the words of the second group, that is, the emotional-expressive vocabulary is distributed between the book and spoken vocabulary.

Schematically, the stylistic bundle of the vocabulary of the modern Russian language can be represented as:

Vocabulary of literary language

Especially it should be said about the terms. These words do not have emotional expressive color, are stylistically neutral, but they relate to the scientific style of speech. Although many terms become interstile, it usually concerns computer terminology.

An interstile vocabulary is the basis of the Word Foundation. It is freely used in all functional styles. It is deprived of an emotional-estimated component, therefore it is called neutral. For example, a house, a knife, wooden, red, talk, reply, have, round. The following features of neutral vocabulary are distinguished:

1. Calls by the everyday concepts of the everyday life of society: the objects of life, the realities of human life, indicate the temporary and spatial characteristics, natural phenomena forest, bread, water, weather, minute, negative;

2. devoid of terminological names;

3. Does not transmit speaker estimates.

The interworking vocabulary includes words that call specific items table, chair, notebook; Abstract concepts of cold, heat, frost, blow; Signs, actions, states, quantity. Neutral vocabulary ensures the unity of the Russian literary language. Thanks to it, the publicity is created. It should be remembered that multivalued words in some values \u200b\u200bcan act as neutral, and in others - as attached to a certain style. Compare: to go to the pillar 'come across anything' and go to the subordinate 'offend, wrap. Last value has a reduced emotional expressive color and is used in a colloquial style. The word of the Duma in the meaning 'thinking' is stylistically fixed for the book style of the Duma about the Motherland, and in the meaning of the authority 'name' is stylistically neutral and refers to the interstitial vocabulary.

Similarly, the words of a dumina, a pig, donkey, a goat, a ram in the literal value are stylistically neutral, in portable - emotionally colored, blurred, roughly spacious.

From the point of view of the style bundle, vocabulary is neutral, book and colloquial.

Bookmarks serves primarily the sphere of literary, written speech. It is used in formal business, scientific and journalistic styles. By character and degrees of emotional coloring books of unequal. Scientific lexic and vocabulary of official-business style is neutral. These words in the context are implemented direct value. The scientific vocabulary, in addition to terms, are distracted words to analyze, relevant, identical. Regarding, argument, argument, hypothesis, version.

The most closed is the vocabulary of official-business style. It is divided into several thematic groups:

1) names of business papers: statement, appeal, instruction, certificate;

2) Document names: passport, diploma, certificate, charter, decree;

3) Nomenclature names: Directorate, Ministry, Administration, Inspector.

A special group of book words is a lexemes with a shade of solemnity. They constitute a group of high vocabulary: good, build, coming, inspiration, eyes, mouth, accomplishment, in order. Usually these words are used in poetry or in journalism. Publicistic vocabulary is always emotionally painted, as it is designed to influence the reader. It always contains an estimated component, as it forms public opinion. Compare:

Kursk roads for a long time were subject acute critics Both from the residents of the region and coming guests. This year our roadmakers They proved to work. Never before you have managed to go out on such serious volume of work.

Publicistic vocabulary is deprived of stylistic closetness. It is characterized by the use of words in a figurative value

In colloquial vocabulary, 2 groups are traditionally allocated: (1) literary and conversational vocabulary, used in different areas of oral communication - stupid, torture, fall into ambitions, launcher, it is important; (2) The conspicing household vocabulary used in everyday communication - Beddocci, pour, hooligan, brainless, grind, daughter. The following features are inherent in spoken vocabulary:

1) the widespread use of the indicative words he, this, here, won;

2) reduced emotional and expressive coloring to taitorish, flashes, grind, flaw;

3) The use of excavation noun balabolic, started, sang.

To spoken vocabulary, the words are burning ballobs, a mummy; Joking. These are words that are used in casual, unofficial communication. They allow us to judge the nature of the relationship between people. Spoken vocabulary is widely registered in dictionaries with litters of Bran., Slot., Ironich., Lask., R. For example: to sharpen (talk), drain (break), curved (talk.). Recently, colloquial vocabulary is introduced into official speeches, reports, interviews.

The spacious vocabulary differs from the colloquial majority of expression. This is a socially determined, non-model variety of Russian vocabulary. The spacious does not have a territorial assault in contrast to dialect words. From the vocabulary of literary, the following features may be distinguished:

1) shift accent aboutrTFEL, D. aboutcent.

2) Changes in morphological indicators Famine, statues.

It testifies to the familiar relations between the interlocutors. The in the dictionary has plants., Spacious. For example: to catch 'catch at the scene of the crime', Slave, mod e.rzyu, roll 'quickly write'.

For spaticrous words, it is characterized by the presence of its own dimensional suffix baboons, brother, Konyachishko, Papan, Mordulenation.

Many spaticrous words have a rough shade, so the sphere of their use is limited by such speech acts as a quarrel, a pass, clarifying relationships. Let me remind you some words: Ryg, Morda, Murlo, Psycho, Trepach, climb.

The periphery of the surprise makes the sword words. They will be called vulgarisms of a bitch, creature, a sun. Sometimes they are found in artwork. Remember how the story ends K. Vorobyeva "killed near Moscow".

27. Synonym as property of lexical units

2.3. Synonymy of phraseological and lexical units.This section describes the synonymium of phraseological and lexical units, their properties, functions and system connections.

As is well known, phraseologists make up the bulk of the wealth of the lexical stock of the language. Frameological units express the values \u200b\u200bthat can be conveyed in one word:

Luќmae Chand Az Sari Ischtiњo Tanovole Card Va Dama Zand about the gift Sarash Oshomid, then devie darunash bioromid Bihuft (11,260-261). He swallowed a few pieces with greed and after that he drank a few sips of water, so that the Demon of His Nutra calmed down, and he fell asleep (11,141).

Many words not only call the concepts, but also reflect the attitude towards them. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow white, belery, lilyer. These adjectives are emotionally painted: a positive assessment has distinguished them from a stylistically neutral word. white. Emotional coloring of the word can express the negative assessment of the concept ( belobrymy). Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called estimated (emotional-valued). However, it should be noted that the concepts of emotionality and evaluation are not identical, although closely connected. Some emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain estimates; At the same time, words in which the score is their lexical importance itself (and the assessment is not emotional, but intellectual) are not related to emotional vocabulary ( bad, good, angry, joy, love, approve).

A feature of emotional-estimated vocabulary is that the emotional color is "superimposed" to the lexical meaning of the word, but does not boil down to it, the function purely nominative is complicated here by the evaluation, the attitude of the speaker-talking phenomenon.

As part of emotional vocabulary, the following three varieties can be distinguished. 1. Words with a bright estimate value are usually unambiguous; "The assessment enclosed in their meaning is so bright and definitely expressed that it does not allow you to use the word in other values." They belong to the words "Characteristics" ( forerunner, Prosvestor, Ground, Puzzle, Podkhalim, Ripple et al.), as well as words comprising an assessment of a fact, phenomena, feature, actions ( purpose, presenlation, Dealerity, Temperament, Warranty, Independent, irresponsible, Updated, Hold, Inspiration, Lay, Attack). 2. Multivalued words, usually neutral in the main meaning, but receiving bright emotional color in metaphorical use. So, about the person they say: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow; In portable values \u200b\u200buse verbs: sing, hiss, saw, nibble, dig, yawning, blink et al. 3. Words with submitted evaluation suffixes, transmitting various shades of feeling: entering positive emotions ( son, Sunny, Granny, Neatty, Nogrechonko), Negative ( borodes, Silent, Cake) and so on. Since the emotional painting of these words create affixes, estimated values \u200b\u200bin such cases are due not to nominative properties of the word, but in word formation.

An image of feeling in speech requires special expressive paints. Expressiveness (from lat. expressio. - expression) - means expressiveness, expressive - containing special expression. At the lexical level, this linguistic category receives its embodiment in the "increment" to the nominal value of the words of special stylistic shades, special expression. For example, instead of a word goodwe are talking beautiful, wonderful, delicious, wonderful;you can say i do not like, But you can find more strong words: i hate, despise, I feed disgust. In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression. Often, one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional voltage Ser.: misfortune - gore - disaster - catastrophe, violent - rampant - indomitable - furious - furious). Bright expression highlights the words solemn (Unforgettable, herald, accomplishment), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations, erect), poetic (azure, invisible, chant, unprecedented). Special expression distinguishes the words joking (blessed, newly minted), ironic (Sawn out, Donzhuan, praised),familiar (Valid, lubricant, piqule, shushk).Expressive shades delimit the words of disapproving (pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant), dismissive (smoke, crumbling), contempt (Head, Hours, Pokhalim), derogatory (Skull, Hlyupik), Vulgar (Hapuga, acklain), Branch (Ham, Fool).

Expressive coloring in the Word Looks at its emotional value, and expression prevails in some words, from others - emotional color. Therefore, it is not possible to delimit emotional and expressive vocabulary. The situation is complicated by the fact that "the typology of expressiveness so far, unfortunately, is absent." This is associated with difficulties in the development of single terminology.

Combining close to expression words in lexical groups, It is possible to allocate: 1) words expressing a positive assessment of the concepts called, 2) words expressing their negative assessment. The first group will include high, affectionative words, humorous; In the second - ironic, disapproval, faded, etc. Emotional-expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when synonyms comparison:

stylistic-neutral

reduced

high

face

let

cry

be afraid

drink

muzzle

personal

roar

block

rive

brush

exhibit

fear

exit

On the emotional and expressive color of the word affects its meaning. We received a sharply negative assessment of us such words as fascism, separatism, corruption, payed assassin, mafia. For the words progressive, law enforcement, power, publicity etc. Positive color is fixed. Even the various values \u200b\u200bof the same word can noticeably diverge in the stylistic color: in one case the use of the word can be solemn ( Post, Tsarevich. Finally, I hear the speech is not a boy, but my husband. - P.), in the other - the same word gets an ironic color (G. Field proved that the venerable editor enjoys the glory of the scientist husband, so to speak, on a honest word. - P.).

The development of emotional expressive shades in the word contributes to its metaphorization. So, stylistically neutral words used as trails are obtained by bright expression: burn(at work), fall (from fatigue) dust (in adverse conditions) flaming (gaze), blue (dream), flying (gait), etc. Finally determines the expressive color context: neutral words can be perceived as high and solemn; High vocabulary in other conditions acquires mockery-ironic color; Sometimes even a parangious word can sound affectionately, but gentle - contemptuously. The appearance of the word, depending on the context of additional expressive shades, significantly expands the visual possibilities of vocabulary.

Expressive coloring words in artwork differs from the expression of the same words in a non-shaped speech. In the conditions of the artistic context, the vocabulary receives additional, side semantic shades that enrich it expressive painting. Modern science attaches great importance The expansion of the semantic volume of words in artistic speech, connecting with this appearance from the words of the new expressive color.

The study of emotional-estimated and expressive vocabulary makes it possible to allocate various types of speech depending on the nature of the impact of the speaker on the listeners, the situations of their communication, relations to each other and a number of other factors. "It is enough to imagine," I wrote A. N. Rvozhev, - that the speaker wants to laugh or touched, cause the arrangement of listeners or their negative attitude towards the subject of speech to become clear how different language funds will be selected, mainly creating different expressive paintings. " With this approach to the selection of language means, several types of speech can be outlined: solemn (rhetorical), official (cold), intimate-affectionate, joking. They are opposed to the speech is neutral, using language products, deprived of any kind of stylistic color. This classification of speech types, ascending to the "poetics" of ancient antiquity, is not rejected by modern stylists.

The doctrine of functional styles does not exclude the possibility of using a variety of emotional expressive means at the discretion of the author. In such cases, "methods for selecting speech funds ... are not universal, they are private." Solemn painting, for example, can receive a journalistic speech; "Rhetorical, expressively saturated and impressive can be something in the field of everyday communication (anniversary speeches, ceremonial speeches associated with a act of a ritual, etc.)."

At the same time, there should be noted an insufficient study of expressive types of speech, lack of clarity in their classification. In this regard, the well-known difficulties cause and determining the ratio of functional and emotional and expressive coloring of vocabulary. Let us dwell on this issue.

Emotional-expressive coloring of the word, layering on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristic. Neutral words in emotionally expressive ratios are usually related to general-purpose vocabulary (although it is not necessary: \u200b\u200bTerms, for example, in emotional expressive terms are usually neutral, but have clear functional consolidation). Emotional-expressive words are distributed between the book, spoken and spacious vocabulary.

Kkni vocabulary belongs to high words that give speeches solemnity, as well as emotional-expressive words, expressing both positive and negative assessment of the concepts called. In book styles used vocabulary ironic

FROM beautiful, Slides, Done), disapproving ( pedantic., Maintenance), contemptuous ( lyinghary, corrupt).

By collaborative vocabulary belongs to the words caressing ( daughter, Bulb), joking ( butuz, swinging), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of called concepts ( melnoga, Rule, giggle, befall).

There are reduced words that are located outside literary vocabulary. Among them, there may be words containing a positive assessment of the founding concept ( hard worker, bachec, awesome), and words expressing the negative attitude of the concepts of the designated them ( cut, chlipky, reached).

In the Word, functional, emotional, expressive and other stylistic shades can be intersect. For example, words satellite, epigone, apotheosis Perceived primarily as books. But at the same time word satellite, Used in a figurative meaning, we associate with a journalistic style in the word epigonous We celebrate a negative assessment, and in the word apotheosis - Positive. In addition, the use of these words in speech is influenced by their foreign-language origin. Such gentle-ironic words like gaznoba, Motanya, Floating, Drilling, see: Shcherba L. V. The experiments of the linguistic interpretation of poems. 1. "Memory" Pushkin. - Film. Works in the Russian language. - M., 1957; Larin B. A. On the varieties of artistic speech // Aesthetics of the Word and the language of the writer. - L., 1974.

See Vasilyeva A. N. Artistic speech. Course of lectures on stylistics for philologists. - M., 1983; Odintsov V.V. Text Stylistics. - M., 1980.

Gvozdev A. N. Essays on the style of the Russian language. - M., 1955. - P. 34.

Kozhin A. N., Krylova O. A., Odintsov V. V. Functional types of Russian speech. -M., 1982. - P. 49.

Ibid.

Many words not only determine the concepts, but also express their attitude towards them, a special kind of evaluation. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, it is possible to call it snow-white, beleh, lilyer. These words are emotionally painted: a positive assessment distinguishes them from stylistic neutral definition white. The emotional color of the word can express and negative evaluation of the called understandable: whiteobry, whiten. Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called another estimated (emotional-valued).

A feature of emotional-evaluated vocabulary is that the emotional color "imposes" on the lexical meaning of the word, but does not boil to it: the dental value of the Word is complicated by connotative.

In the composition of emotional vocabulary, three groups can be distinguished.

1. Words with a vivid connotative value containing evaluation of facts, phenomena, signs that give a unique characteristic of people: inspire, delightful, daring, unsurpassed, pioneer, to preserve, lines, self-sacrifice, irresponsible, struggling, two-handed room, defense, dough, attack, deflex , odoring, podkhalim, empty, ramp. Such words are usually unambiguous, expressive emotionism prevents the development of portable values.
2. Multivalued words neutral in the main value that receive a qualitative and emotional shade with a portable consumption. So, about a certain character man can be said: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow, cock, parrot; In the portable value, verbs are used: sawing, hissing, singing, gnawing, digging, yawning, blinking, etc.
3. Words with suffixes of a subjective assessment, transmitting various shades of feelings: Son, daughter, granny, sun, neatly, intact - positive emotions; Borodes, kids, casins are negative. Their estimated values \u200b\u200bare due to non-nominative properties, but in word formation, since the emotional pains of such forms give affixes.

The emotionality of speech is often transmitted by a particularly expressive expressive vocabulary. Expressiveness (expression) (lat. Expressio) means expressiveness, the power of manifestation of feelings and experiences. In Russian, a lot of words in which the expression element is added to their nominative value. For example, instead of a word, coming to delight from anything, we say beautiful, wonderful, delicious, wonderful; I can not say I do not like, but it is not difficult to find and stronger, colorful words I hate, despise, I feed disgust. In all these cases, the semantic structure of the Word is complicated by connotation.

Often, one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in terms of emotional voltage; Wed: misfortune - grief, disaster, catastrophe; Washed - unrestrained, indomitable, frantic, fierce. Bright expression distinguishes the words solemn (herald, accomplishment, unforgettable), rhetorical (colleague, aspirations, construct), poetic (azure, invisible, unpleasant, sing). Expressively painted and the words are joking (boss, new-minted), ironic (seductive, donzhuan, praised), familiar (charming, lubricant, pussy, shushkuchny) Expressive shades delimit the words of disapproving (mannered, pretentious, ambitious, pedant), dismissive ), contemptuous (head, fed), derogatory (skull, lipik), vulgar (Hapuga, aprov), paranglass (Ham, fool). All these nuances expressive coloring words are reflected in stylistic litters to them in sensible dictionaries.

The expression of the word often enjoyed on its emotional and assessment, and expression prevails in some words, from others - emotionality. Therefore, it is often possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive color, it is not possible, and then they are talking about emotional expressive vocabulary (expressive-valued).

Words close to the nature of the expressiveness are classified by: 1) a vocabulary expressing a positive assessment of the concepts called the concepts, and 2) a vocabulary expressing a negative assessment of the concepts called. In the first group, the words will include high, affectionative, partly - joking; In the second - ironic, disapproving, collapsible, contemptuous, vulgar and under.

On the emotional and expressive color of the word affects its meaning. So, we received some words such as fascism, Stalinism, repression, we received a sharply negative assessment. A positive assessment entrenched the words progressive, peace-loving, anti-war. Even the various meanings of the same word can noticeably diverge in the stylistic color: in one value, the word acts as a solemn, high: post, Tsarevich. Finally, I hear a story not a boy, but a husband (P.), in the other - as an ironic, mocking: G. Field proved that the respectable editor enjoys the glorus of the scholar husband (P.).

The development of expressive shades in the semantics of the Word contributes to its metaphorization. So, stylistically neutral words used as metaphors are obtained by bright expression: burn at work, fall from fatigue, to fall in conditions of totalitarianism, flaming eyes, a blue dream, a flying gait and T d. Finally shows an expressive color color context: in it neutral in a stylistic attitude of the unit can become emotionally painted, high-contemptuous, affectionate - ironic and even a parangious word (scounded, doury) can sound approval

The ratio of functional-style fixedness and emotional expressive word painting

Emotional-expressive The color of the word and its belonging to a certain functional style in the lexical system of the Russian language is usually interconnected. Neutral words in emotionally expressive terms are usually included in the formation of common vocabulary. The exceptions are the terms: they are always stylistically neutral, but they have clear functional consolidation.

Emotional-expressive words are distributed between the book and the colloquial (spaticral) vocabulary.

Book vocabulary belongs to the words high, giving speeches solemnity, as well as emotional-expressive, expressing both positive and negative assessment of the concepts called. Thus, in book styles, the vocabulary is used in book styles (beautiful, words, contamination), disapproving (pedantry, manners), contemptive (subject, contract), etc. Therefore, it is not possible that the book vocabulary consists only of words of positive valuation, Although these in it, of course, prevail (the whole poetic, rhetorical, solemn vocabulary).

Speaking vocabulary includes words stabs (Golubushka, mommy), joking (butuz, mixture), as well as some units that express a negative assessment of the concepts called (however, not too coarse): Relive, giggle, befall, Mel Slag.

The spacious vocabulary belongs to sharply reduced words that are outside the literary norm. Among them, there may be forms containing a positive assessment of the concepts of the concepts (workers, Bashchoven), but much more forms expressing the negative attitude of the indicative concepts (to impact, crush, chlipky, reached and under.).

In the Word often, functional signs and emotional and expressive and other stylistic shades are intersecting. For example, the words satellite epigone, apotheosis is perceived primarily as books. But at the same time, the word satellite, used in the portable meaning, we associate with a journalistic style; In the word epigal, we note a negative assessment, and in the word apotheosis is positive. In addition, the use of these words in speech is influenced by their foreign-speaking origin (the phonetic design that is not characteristic of the Russian language can lead to their inappropriate in a specific context). And the gentle-ironic words of the gap, winding, the bloody, drong combine spoken and dialectic color, the people's sound. The wealth of stylistic shades of Russian vocabulary requires a particularly attentive attitude to the Word.

Use in the speech of stylist painted vocabulary

The stylistic color of the word indicates the possibility of using it in one or another functional style (in combination with commonly used, neutral vocabulary). However, this does not mean that the functional consolidation of words at a certain style eliminates their use in other styles. For the modern development of the Russian language, the mutual influence and interpenetration of styles is characteristic, and this contributes to moving lexical means (Simultaneously with other language elements) from one style to another. Thus, in scientific works, a journalistic vocabulary is often adjacent to the terminological. This can be observed on the example of literary work: the publication of "Northern Tale" K.G. Paustovsky dates back to 1939. This is a romantic story about people of different generations and nationalities, whose fate is closely and sometimes intricate intertwined. Heroes of Tale combine common features - the struggle for social justice and freedom, moral purity. ... The ideological idea of \u200b\u200bthe writer determined the features of the composition and the plot of the story. Scene parallelism of the first and second-third parts, a peculiar repetition of a phanant line is not accidental (L.A. Novikov). Scientific style does not exclude emotional speech, and this determines the use of estimated vocabulary, high and reduced words in it.

Even more open to the penetration of Iostlyl vocabulary, journalistic style. In the newspaper article, it is often possible to meet the terms next to the conversational and even spaticral vocabulary: the word "restructuring" entered many languages \u200b\u200bwithout translation, as in due time "satellite". However, a foreigner to learn this word is much easier than to implement everything behind him. I will show it on facts from the field of management ... Planning, as you know, relies on the standards. I have a hurry immediately and clearly make sure not to be accused of that I am in general against any regulations. No, of course! And in enterprises, I am sure they will not reach foolishness to re-deny their necessity. Just depends on what regulations. When it is established, let's say, the percentage of deductions from profit into the budget, or the fee for the consumption of natural resources or the amount of payments to the bank for the loan received, who will be against? But when the entire inner life of enterprises is regulated by the standards: the structure and number, salaries and a bonus, deductions on all kinds of need (up to buying handles and pencils), is already, sorry, nonsense is incredible, which leads to the results often ridiculous, sometimes dramatic, And sometimes tragicomic (P. Volin). Here, the vocabulary scientific, the terminological is intertwined with expressively painted conversational, which, however, does not violate the stylistic norms of journalistic speech, but on the contrary, it helps to strengthen its effectiveness. Here, for example, a description of the scientific experiment, which appeared on the newspaper strip: at the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry ... Thirty-two laboratories. One of them studies the evolution of sleep. At the entrance to the laboratory of the table: "Do not enter: experience!" But because of the door he comes a kudachnya chicken. She is not here to carry eggs. Here is a researcher, takes Hochlytka. Turns up with my paws ... Such an appeal to the identical vocabulary is fully justified, the conversational vocabulary revitalizes it, makes it more accessible to the reader.

From book styles only official-business impermeal for spoken vocabulary, for emotional expressive words. Although in the special genres of this style it is possible to use journalistic elements, and consequently, the estimated vocabulary (but from the book word group). For example, in diplomatic documents (statements, notes of the government), such a vocabulary may express attitude towards the foundations of international life: to find an outlet of a dead end, look with optimism, a giant evolution in relations.

The time was used outside the scientific style of the terminological vocabulary in a figurative value: the next round of negotiations, the virus of indifference, the new turns of endless disputes, the coefficient of sincerity, the euphoria passed (it became clear that there will be no light solutions), etc. In this case, it is observed Not only metaphorical transfer of value, resulting in determination, but also the transfer of the stylistic: the word goes beyond the limits of its thermosystems and becomes commonplace.

However, it is not always attracted by the Inostile vocabulary stacked in the stylistic norm. Significant damage to the culture of speech is inflicted inappropriate use: 1) high book vocabulary ("Zhuravlev performed as a champion of saving construction materials"); 2) Fine, artificial terms, creating pseudoscience of speech ("One head of cattle female [t. e. Cow!] must be used, first of all for the subsequent reproduction of the offspring "); 3) publicistic vocabulary in the neutral text that gives false pathos to the statement (" The team of store No. 3, like all progressive humanity, got up for a labor watch in honor ").

The violation of the stylistic standards becomes: 1) the unreasonable mixing of the difference vocabulary, as a result of which an inappropriate comism arises ("to obtain good evidence of the abuse of power, grabbed with them and photoorpondant"; "The management of the enterprise cling to the rationalization sentence"); 2) Introduction of conversational elements in the book speech ("Resurrection marked the beginning of the landscaping of the district center, but in this case we still have a bad edge"; "Cereal cleaning in the region was filled, referring to bad weather conditions").

The comic effect of mixing language means of different styles use humorists, consciously using contrasting words according to stylistic color: A few days later, a young medic walking with a girl at a very rough terrain on the seashore (I. and P.); In the forgot side, in the Zabotskaya volost, oh, you liked the whole and completely. As it came - I do not know myself - this is a passion, we walked through the forests of local significance (Isak.).

The bureaucracy of all forms of life of our society in a stagnant period led to the fact that in Russian, the influence of official-business style has increased overly. Elements of this style, unreasonably used beyond, are called offselerances. These include characteristic words and expressions (the presence, in the absence, in order to avoid, due, the above, at the moment, the length of time, today and under.), Many exclusive nouns (taking, inflatability, accommodation, finding, seizure, , walking, subcomplete, etc.); References (in the case, in part, in order, by line, at the expense, etc.). The wording, abundant by the headsuelisms and speech stamps, helped leave the direct conversation on sharp topics, to call things with their own names: individual deficiencies in the development of public animal husbandry were noted; Negative side In the business of the enterprise lies in cases of issuing defective products.

Office alerts penetrate not only in the book, but also in a conversational speech, in which it can be noted sometimes ridiculous combinations of stylistically incompatible words: [in contacting the child] on what question is crying? (example of K.I. Chukovsky); [In the household setting] If you have a wife, I will not wash the dishes! The absurdity of the saturation of colloquial speech by the stationeryism becomes apparent when we meet with their parody use: "We will imagine that the husband asks his wife for lunch, what she was doing today. In response, he hears: in the first half of the day I accelerated the pace ensured the restoration of proper order on residential pace Square, as well as in a designed to prepare a utility room. In the subsequent period, I was organized by a traffic point to acquire the necessary food products ... "(example of V.G. Kostomarov).

Other a distinctive feature The colloquial speech of our time was the saturation of it with diminutive-smear forms without stylistic motivation. Researchers note the "stylistic patrimony" of this group of estimated vocabulary, which is often perceived by speaking as a peculiar sign of easeless speech: Hello!; The factory prepared?; Let reference; Pour flooring a soup; The columns are picked and so on. In such cases, we are not about the size of the items, it is also not expressed by a particularly gentle attitude towards them, in other words, the evaluation of expressive painted words is lost. Appeal to such forms is due or a false representation of a "polite-style", or a printed position of the petitioner, who fearful to get a refusal of a person to whom it is forced to contact. Similar use of expressive-emotional vocabulary often reflects the distribution social roles in society.

In writers, journalists, the diminutive forms of estimated words become the source of ironic, satirical color of speech (at the same time when mixing styles): Well, about what we are all good! What are beautiful and pleasant! And the one that the old woman pushed the buttermill, and he himself sat on his bus instead! And there is the one that the lanes have been sweeping up for three days ... (from gas.).

Notes also high degree The consumption in the conversational speech of reduced words, losing the shades of negligence in this case, rudeness (girls, boys, grandmother, aunt, etc.): My grandmother is good; My boyfriend from the army returns; Girl with him was beautiful.

The trend towards the stylistic care of the estimated vocabulary does not give us, however, the right not to take into account the emotional-expressive color of words in their use.