The difficulties of returning to a peaceful life became complicated not only by the presence of huge human and material losses, which brought the war in our country, but also difficult tasks of economic recovery. After all, 1710 cities and urban-type settlements were destroyed, 7 thousand villages and villages were destroyed, 31,850 factories and factories, 1135 mines, 65 thousand km were dismissed. railway paths. Sowing areas decreased by 36.8 million hectares. The country has lost about a third of his wealth.

The war took almost 27 million human lives and this is the most tragic her result. 2.6 million people became disabled. The population decreased by 34.4 million people and amounted to the end of 1945. 162.4 million people. Reduced labor, the lack of full nutrition and housing led to a decrease in the level of labor productivity compared to the pre-war period.

The country has begun to restore the farm back during the war years. In 1943, a special party and government decree was adopted "On urgent measures to restore farms in areas liberated from German occupation". The colossal efforts of Soviet people by the end of the war managed to restore industrial production by one third of the 1940 level, however, as the central task of recovery, the country rose after the end of the war.

Economic discussions began 1945-1946.

The government gave the instruction of Mamurn to prepare the draft fourth five-year plan. Proposals were made on some mitigation of the pressure in the management of the economy, the reorganization of collective farms. A draft new constitution was prepared. He allowed the existence of small private farms of peasants and handicrafts based on personal labor and excluding other people's labor. During the discussion of this project, ideas sounded about the need to provide more rights to regions and addicts.

"Bottom" were increasingly a call for the elimination of collective farms. They spoke about their ineffectiveness, reminded that the relative weakening of state pressure on producers during the war years gave a positive result. Conducted direct analogies with the new economic policy introduced after civil WarWhen the revival of the economy began with the revival of the private sector, decentralization of the management and development of light industry.

However, in these discussions, Stalin's point of view, who said in early 1946, was defeated on the continuation of the course taken before the war on the completion of the construction of socialism and the construction of communism. It was about returning to a pre-war model of superchangealization in planning and management of the economy, and at the same time to those contradictions between the sectors of the economy, which were in the 30s.

The heroic page of the post-war history of our country was the struggle of the people for the revival of the economy. Western specialists believed that the restoration of the destroyed economic base would take at least 25 years. However, the recovery period in industry amounted to less than 5 years.

The revival of the industry took place in very difficult conditions. In the first postwar years, the work of Soviet people was not much different from labor in wartime. A constant shortage of products, the hardest working conditions and life, high level The incidence of mortality was explained to the population by the fact that the long-awaited world had only come and the life was about to work out.

Some military restrictions were removed: the 8-hour working day and annual leave were introduced, forced overtime works were canceled. In 1947, monetary reform was carried out and the card system was canceled, uniform food prices and industrial goods were established. They were higher than pre-war. As before the war, from one to one and a half months salaries per year went on the purchase of bonds of a compulsory loan. Many working families still lived in dugouts and barracks, and sometimes worked at the open air or in not heated premises, on the old equipment.

The restoration was held under conditions of a sharp increase in the movement of the population caused by the demobilization of the army, the repatriation of Soviet citizens, the return of refugees from the eastern regions. Considerable tools left for the support of allied states.

Huge losses in the war caused a lack of labor. Rose Framework: People were looking for more favorable working conditions.

As before, to solve the acute problems was to increase the pumping of funds from the village to the city and the development of the work activity of workers. One of the most famous cohesives of those years was the movement of "speeds", the initiator of which was the Leningrad Turner G. S. Bortkevich, who performed on the lathe in February 1948 for one shift of the 13-day production rate. The movement has become mass. At some enterprises attempts have been made to implement Hosrat. But for the consolidation of these new phenomena, measures of a material nature were not taken, on the contrary, the rates decreased with increased labor productivity.

There has been a tendency to wider use of scientific and technical development in production. However, it was manifested mainly at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex (military unit), where it was the process of developing nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, rocket systems, new samples of tank and aviation equipment.

In addition to the military unit, the advantage was also given to mechanical engineering, metallurgy, fuel energy industry, on the development of which left 88% of all investments in the industry. As before, the light and food industry did not satisfy the minimum needs of the population.

In total, over the years of the 4th five-year plan (1946-1950), 6200 were restored and again large enterprises. In 1950, industrial production exceeded pre-war indicators by 73% (and in the new Union Republics - Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Moldova - 2-3 times). True, reparations and products of joint Soviet-German enterprises were also included here.

The chief creator of these success was the people. Its incredible efforts and victims were achieved, it seemed impossible economic results. At the same time, the possibilities of a supercentralized economic model played their role, the traditional policy of the redistribution of funds from the light and food industry, agriculture and the social sphere in favor of the heavy industry. Reparations obtained from Germany (4.3 million dollars) were provided to considerable assistance (4,3 million dollars), providing up to half the volume of industrial equipment established during these years. The work of almost 9 million Soviet prisoners and about 2 million German and Japanese prisoners of war are also contributed to post-war recovery.

Agriculture of the country, whose products in 1945 did not exceed 60% of the pre-war level, was weakened.

The difficult situation was not only in cities, in industry, but also in the village, in agriculture. The collective farm village, in addition to the material deprivation, was tested by a sharp disadvantage of people. A real disaster for the village was drought in 1946, which covered the most European territory of Russia. The collective farmers exples almost everything. Residents of the villages were doomed to hunger. In the hunger-covered areas of the RSFSR, Ukraine, Moldova, due to the flight to other places and growth in mortality, there has been a reduction in population by 5-6 million. The alarming signals about hunger, dystrophy, mortality went from the RSFSR, Ukraine, Moldova. Collective farmers demanded to dissolve collective farms. They motivated this question to "live so there is no strength further." In his letter to P. M. Malenkov, for example, a listener of the Smolensk Military Political School N. M. Menshikov wrote: "... really life in collective farms (Bryansk and Smolensk region) is unbearable bad. So, to the collective farm "New life (Bryansk region) Almost half of the collective farmers have no bread for 2-3 months, there are no potatoes from the part. Not the best position and half of other farms of the district ... "

The state, buying agricultural products by firm prices, compensated for collective farms only the fifth part of the production of milk production, 10th part - grains, 20-y meat. The collective farmers did not receive anything. Saved their utility farm. But and on him was the state a strike: in favor of collective farms in 1946-1949. Ciled 10.6 million hectares of land from peasant household plots, and taxes from sales revenues on the market were significantly improved. Moreover, it was allowed to trade on the market only peasants whose collective farms made public supplies. Each peasant economy is obliged to give the state as a tax for the land plot of meat, milk, eggs, wool. In 1948, the collective farmers were "recommended" to sell small cattle to the state (to keep which was resolved by the Charter), which caused a mass slaughter by the country of pigs, sheep, goats (up to 2 million heads).

The monetary reform of 1947 was most painfully hit by the peasantry that kept his savings at home.

Roma of pre-war time persisted, limited freedom of movement of collective farmers: they were actually devoid of passports, they were not paid for days when they did not work on illness, they did not pay pensions by age.

By the end of the 4th five-year plan, the plight economic situation of collective farms demanded their reform. However, the authorities saw it, not in material stimulation, but in the next structural restructuring. It was recommended instead of the link to develop a brigade form of work. It caused displeasure peasants and disorganization of agricultural work. The resulting enlargement of collective farms led to a further reduction in peasant posts.

However, with the help of forced measures and the cost of the huge efforts of the peasantry in the early 50s. It was possible to achieve the removal of the country's agriculture on the pre-war level of production. However, the deprivation of peasants still surrendered incentives to work led the country's agriculture to the crisis and made the government adopted emergency measures to supply cities and army food. A course was taken to "twist the nuts" in the economy. This step was received by theoretical substantiation in the work of Stalin "Economic problems of socialism in the USSR" (1952). In it, he defended the ideas of the preemptive development of the heavy industry, the acceleration of the full defense of property and the forms of labor organization in agriculture, opposed any attempts to revitalize market relations.

"It is necessary ... by gradual transitions ... raise collective farm property to the level of nationwide property, and commodity production ... Replace the system of product transfer to the central government ... could cover all the products of social production in the interests of society ... It is impossible to make a abundance of products that can cover all the needs of society or The transition to the formula "Each for the need", leaving such economic factors as a collective farm-group property, commodity treatment, etc. ".

It was stated in the article Stalin and that in socialism the growing needs of the population will always overtake production possibilities. This provision explained the population to the domination of the scarce economy and justified its existence.

Outstanding achievements in industry, in science and technology have become a reality due to the tireless work and dedication of millions of Soviet people. However, the refund of the USSR to the pre-war model of economic development caused the deterioration of a number of business indicators in the post-war period.

The war has changed the socially political atmosphere in the USSR in the 1930s; The "iron curtain" was broken, which the country was fencepred off from the rest, "hostile" to her peace. Participants in the European campaign of the Red Army (and there were almost 10 million people), numerous repatriates (up to 5.5 million) saw the world that they knew exclusively from propaganda materials that exposed his vices. The differences were so great that they could not not sow in many doubts in the correctness of the usual estimates. The victory in the war gave rise to hopes from the peasants to the dissolution of collective farms, at the intelligentsia - to weaken Dictate's policies, from the population of the Union republics (especially in the Baltic States, Western Ukraine and Belarus) - to change national politics. Even in the sphere of the nomenclature referred during the war years, the understanding of the inevitable and necessary changes.

How was our society after the end of the war, who was to solve very difficult tasks of restoring the national economy and the completion of the construction of socialism?

Post-war Soviet society was mainly feminine. This created serious problems not only by demographic, but also psychological, distinguished in the problem of personal uneliving, female loneliness. Post-war "non-trap" and generated by her children's carelessness and crime from the same source. Nevertheless, despite all the losses and deprivation, it was thanks to the women's start, the post-war society was surprisingly viable.

The society, which came out of the war, differs from society in the "normal" state, not only by its demographic structure, but also by the social composition. Its appearance determines not traditional categories of the population (urban and rural residents, workers of enterprises and employees, young people and pensioners, etc.), and societies born by military time.

The face of the post-war time was, above all, "man in a gymnaster". A total of 8.5 million people were demobilized from the army. The space of the transition from the war to the world to the greatest extent touched Frontovikov. Demobilization, which was so dreamed at the front, the joy of returning home, and at home they were waiting for the unpleasurities, material deprivation, additional difficulties of a psychological nature associated with switching to new tasks of a civil society. And although the war joined all generations, but it was especially difficult, first of all, the youngest (1924-1927 birthday), i.e. Those who went to the front with school bench, not having time to get a profession, gain sustainable status. Their only thing was the war, the only ability - the ability to keep the weapon and fight.

Often, especially in journalism, Frontovikov was called "non-necopabars", meaning the potential of freedom, which carried the winners. But in the early years after the war, not all of them were able to realize themselves as active strength of public changes. This largely depended on the specific conditions of post-war years.

First, the character of the War of Russian Liberation, just suggests the unity of society and power. In solving the general national task - confrontation between the enemy. But in a peaceful life, a complex of "deceived hopes" is formed.

Secondly, it is necessary to take into account the factor of psychological overvoltage of people, four years spent in the trenches and in need of psychological unloading. People tired of the war naturally sought to create, to the world.

After the war, the period of "healing wounds" and physical, and spiritual, is inevitable, a complex, painful period of returning to a peaceful life, in which even ordinary household problems (a house, family, many lost during the war) sometimes become unresolved in the category.

This is how one of the front-line V. Kondratyev spoke about sorely: "I somehow wanted to establish your life. After all, it was necessary to live. Someone married. Someone entered the party. It was necessary to adapt to this life. We did not know other options. "

Thirdly, the perception of the surrounding order as a given due to the generally loyal attitude to the regime itself does not mean that all the front-line, without exception, this procedure was considered as perfect or, in any case, fair.

"We did not take a lot in the system, but could not even submit any other," such unexpected recognition could be heard from front-line. It is a reflection of the characteristic contradiction of post-war years, splitting the consciousness of people by the feeling of injustice of what is happening and the hopelessness of attempts to change this order.

Such sentiments were characteristic not only for front-line (primarily for repatriates). The desire to isolate repatriated, despite the official statements of the authorities, took place.

Among the population escaped to the eastern regions of the country, the referee process began in wartime. With the end of the war, this desire was massive, however, not always fulfilled. Forced measures for the prohibition of departure caused discontent.

"The workers were given their forces on the defeat of the enemy and wanted to return to their native land," said in one of the letters, "and now it happened that they were deceived, taken out of Leningrad, but they want to leave in Siberia. If only it happens, then we, all workers, must say that our government has betrayed us and our work! "

So after the war, desires faced reality.

"In the spring of forty-fifth people - not without reason. - considered themselves giants, "the writer E. Kazakevich shared his impressions. With this mood, the front-line workers entered a peaceful life, leaving how they seemed to be behind the threshold of war the worst and heavy. However, the reality turned out to be more difficult, not at all as it seems to be from the trench.

"In the army, we often talked about what will happen after the war - I recalled a journalist B. Galin, - as we will live the next day after the victory - and the closer was the end of the war, the more we thought about it, and much Drew in the rainbow light. We did not always imagine the size of the destruction, the scale of the work that would have to hold to heal the wounds inflicted, Germans. " "Life after the war seemed to be a holiday, for the beginning of which only one thing is needed - the last shot," as it would continue this thought to K. Simonov.

"Normal Life", where you can "just live", without exposing every minute danger, in wartime seeing a gift of fate.

"Life is a holiday", life - a fairy tale "Frontoviki entered a peaceful life, leaving how they seemed to them the worst and heavy threshold. It was meant, - with the help of this image in the mass consciousness, a special concept of post-war life was simulated - without contradictions, without tension. There was hope. And such a life existed, but only in the cinema and in the books.

Hope for the best and fed by it optimism asked the rhythm to the beginning of the post-war life. The Spirit fell, the war was behind. There was a joy of labor, victory, the spirit of competition in the desire for the better. Despite the fact that it was often necessary to put up with severe material and domestic conditions, worked selflessly, restoring the destruction of the economy. So, after the end of the war, the front-line wars, but also survived the Soviet people in the rear in the rear lived with the hope of changing the socio-political atmosphere for the better. The special conditions of the war forced people to think creatively, act independently, to take responsibility. But hopes for changes in the socio-political situation were very far from reality.

In 1946, several noticeable events occurred, one way or another a raveled public atmosphere. Contrary to a fairly common judgment that in that period public opinion was exceptionally silent, real evidence suggests that this statement is far from fairly.

At the end of 1945 - early 1946, the company for elections to the Supreme Council of the USSR was held, which took place in February 1946. As expected, in official meetings, people mainly expressed "for" elections, supporting the policies of the party and its leaders. On ballots it was possible to meet toasts in honor of Stalin and other government members. But along with this there were judgments completely opposite.

People said: "I still will not be in our place, they will write, for the same voting"; "The essence is reduced to a simple" formality - registration of a pre-planned candidate "... etc. It was "sticky democracy", it was impossible to avoid election. The inability to express its point of view, without fear of sanctions of the authorities, gave birth to apathy, and at the same time subjective alienation from the authorities. People expressed doubts about expedient and timeliness of the elections to which large funds were spent, while thousands of people were on the verge of hunger.

A strong catalyst for increasing discontent was destabilization of the general economic situation. The scale of the speculation of bread has increased. In the queues for bread were more frank conversations: "We need to now need to steal more, otherwise you will not live," "the husbands and sons were killed, and we instead of facilitating prices"; "Now it has become more difficult to live than during the war years."

The modesty of the desires of people requiring just the establishment of the subsistence minimum is drawn attention. The dreams of the war years that after the war "everything will be a lot" will come happy life, started pretty quickly devalued. All the difficulties of the post-war years were explained by the consequences of the war. People have already begun to think that the end of a peaceful life has come, war again comes. In the minds of people, there will be a war for a long time to be perceived as the cause of all post-war deprivation. People saw the reason for raising prices in the fall of 1946 in the approximation new war.

However, despite the presence of highly decisive sentiments, for that period of time they did not prevail: too strong was the thrust for peaceful life, too serious fatigue from the struggle, in whatever form. In addition, most people continued to trust the country's management, believe that it acts in the name of the people's own good. It can be said that the policies of the first post-war years was built exclusively on the credit of confidence from the people.

In 1946, the Commission on the preparation of the draft New Constitution of the USSR has completed the work. In accordance with the new Constitution, direct and secret elections of folk judges and assessors were first conducted. But all the fullness of the authorities remained in the hands of the party leadership. In October 1952: The XIX Congress of WCP (b) took place, which decided to renaming the party to the CPSU. The political regime has tightened, a new wave of repression has grown.

The system of Gulag reached its apogee in the post-war years. To the prisoners of the mid-30-gg. Millions of new enemies of the people were added. One of the first blows came along prisoners of war, many of whom after the liberation from the fascist captivity were directed to the camps. There were also exiled "alien elements" from the Baltic republics, Western Ukraine and Western Belarus.

In 1948, the special regime camps were created for the "anti-Soviet activities" and "counter-revolutionary acts", which used particularly sophisticated methods of impact on prisoners. Not wanting to put up with his position, political prisoners in a number of camps raised uprisings; Sometimes under political slogans.

The possibilities of transforming the regime towards any liberalization were very limited due to the extreme conservatism of ideological principles, due to the stability of which the protective line had unconditional priority. Theoretical basis The "hard" course in the field of ideology can be considered by the decision of the CSP (b) "on the magazines" Star "and" Leningrad ", which, although the area of \u200b\u200bartistic creativity concerned, was actually directed against public dissent as such. However, it was not limited to one theory of the "theory". In March 1947, at the proposal, A. A. Zhdanov adopted a decision of the Central Committee of the CBP (b) "on the courts of honor in the ministries of the USSR and the central departments", according to which special election bodies were created to combat misconducts, the honor and dignity of the Soviet worker " One of the most high-profile affairs through the "court of honor" was the case of professors Keeva N. G. and Roskina G. I. (June 1947), the authors of the scientific work "The path of biotherapy of cancer", which were accused of antipatriotic and cooperation With foreign firms. For such a "lack of" in 1947. There were still a public reprimand, but already in this preventive company, the main approaches of the future struggle against cosmopolitanism were guessed.

However, all these measures at that time had not had time to take free into another company against the "enemies of the people." The leadership "hesitated" supporters of the most extreme measures, "hawks", as a rule, did not receive support.

Since the path of progressive changes in a political nature was blocked, the most constructive post-war ideas related not to policies, but the spheres of the economy.

D. Volkogonov in his work "I. V. Stalin. " Political portrait writes about the last years I. V. Stalin:

"All life Stalin is shrouded in an almost impenetrable veil, similar to Savan. He constantly watched all his associates. It was impossible to make a word or a word that "the leader" knew about this comrades.

Beria regularly reported on the results of observations of the observation of the dictator. Stalin, in turn, watched Beria, but this information was not complete. The content of the reports was oral, and hence the secret.

In Arsenal, Stalin and Beria have always been ready version of a possible "conspiracy", "attempt", "Terrorist".

The closeness of society begins with the leadership. "The light of publicity was distinguished only by the smallest Tolik of his personal life. There were thousands in the country, millions, portraits, busts of a mysterious man, whom the people idolized, adored, but did not know at all. Stalin knew how to keep the power of his power and his personality secretly, betraying the folk review of only what was intended for babysitting and admiration. Everything else was covered by invisible Savan. "

Thousands of "miners" (convicts) worked on hundreds, thousands of enterprises of the country under the guard of the convoy. Stalin believed that all the unworthy titles of the "new man" should have undergone a long re-education in camps. As Stalin appears from the documents, it was Stalin that was the initiator of the transformation of prisoners into a constant source of powerless and cheap labor. This is confirmed by the official documents.

On February 21, 1948, when the new round of repression has already begun, "Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR" was published, which sounded "the orders of the authorities:

"one. To oblige the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR of all serving sentences in special camps and prisons of spies, saboteurs, terrorists, trotskyists, right, left-wing, Mensheviks, Socialists, Anarchists, Nationalists, Beloamigrants and other persons who are dangerous in their anti-Soviet relations and hostile activities, after The deadlines to send to the appointment of the Ministry of State Security to a reference to settlements under the supervision of the bodies of the Ministry of State Security to the Kolyma areas in the Far East, to the districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Novosibirsk Region, located 50 kilometers of the North of the Trans-Siberian Railway Railway, in the Kazakh SSR ... "

The draft Constitution, held in general, as part of the pre-war political doctrine, at the same time, a number of positive provisions were kept: ideas sounded about the need to decentralize economic life, providing large business rights in places and directly to drug addicts. There were assumptions about the elimination of special vessels of wartime (first of all, the so-called "linear vessels" on transport), as well as military tribunals. And although such proposals were attributed to the editorial commission to the category of inappropriate (reason: excessive project detail), their extension can be considered quite symptomatic.

Similar in the direction of the idea were expressed and during the discussion of the project program project, the work on which ended in 1947. These ideas were concentrated in the proposals to expand in-party democracy, the liberation of the party from the functions of economic management, the development of the principles of rotation of personnel and others. Since neither the Constitution project, Neither the project of the WCP (b) program was not published and their discussion was conducted in a relatively narrow circle of responsible workers, the appearance in this environment sufficiently liberal for that time ideas testifies to the new sentiments of the part of the Soviet leaders. In many ways, these were really new people who came to their posts in front of the war during the war or a year or two later after the victory.

The situation was aggravated by the open armed resistances of the "twist of nuts", the Soviet power in the republics attached on the eve of the war and the Western regions of Ukraine and Belarus. The anti-government partisan movement retracted tens of thousands of fighters as convinced nationalists who were supported by the support of Western special services and ordinary people who have undergone a lot from the new regime that lost home, property, relatives. With rebusts in these areas, it was finished only in the early 50s.

Stalin's policy during the second half of the 40s, since 1948, was based on the elimination of the symptoms of political instability, a growing public stress. Stalin's leadership took action in two directions. One of them included measures to one degree or another adequate expectations of the people and aimed at the activation of social and political life in the country, the development of science and culture.

In September 1945, a state of emergency was canceled and the State Defense Committee was abolished. In March 1946, the Council of Ministers. Stalin said that the victory in the war means essentially the completion of the transition state and therefore with the concepts of the "People's Commissar", and the "Commissioner is time to donate. At the same time, the number of ministries and departments grew, the number of their apparatus grew. In 1946, elections were held in local councils, the Supreme Councils of the Republics Supreme Council of the USSR, as a result of which the deputy corps was updated, which did not change during the war years. At the beginning of the 50s began to convene the sessions of the Soviets, the number of permanent commissions increased. In accordance with the Constitution, direct and secret elections of folk judges and assessors were first conducted. But all the fullness of the authorities remained in the hands of the party leadership. Stalin reflects, as the Volkogonov D. A.: "People live poorly. Here are the organs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs report that in a number of areas especially in the east, people are still starving, poorly with clothing. " But according to the deep conviction of Stalin, according to Volkogonov, "the provision of people above a certain minimum only corrupts them. Yes, and there is no possibility to give more; It is necessary to strengthen the defense, develop a heavy industry. Countries should be strong. And for this, the belt will have to be delayed. "

People did not see that in the conditions of the strictest deficit of the goods, the price reduction policy played a very limited role in improving well-being at an extremely low wage. By the beginning of the 50s, the standard of living, the real wage barely exceeded the level of 1913.

"Long experiments, cool" implicated "on the terrible war, is not enough that they gave the people from the point of view of real lifting of the living stand."

But despite the skepticism of some people, the majority continued to trust the leadership of the country. Therefore, difficulties, even the food crisis of 1946, were most often perceived as inevitable and ever overcome. It can be definitely asserted that the policy of the first post-war years was built on a credit of confidence from the people, who after the war was quite high. But if the use of this loan allowed the leadership to stabilize the post-war situation and, in general, ensure the country's transfer from the state of the war to the state of the world, then, on the other hand, the confidence of the people to the highest leadership gave the opportunity to Stalin and his leadership to delay the solution of vital reforms, and Subsequently, actually block the tendency of the democratic update of the Company.

The possibilities of transforming the regime towards any liberalization were very limited due to the extreme conservatism of ideological principles, due to the stability of which the protective line had unconditional priority. Theoretical basis of the "cruel" course in the field of ideology can be considered adopted in August 1946. Resolution of the Central Committee of the CSP (b) "On the magazines" Star and Leningrad ", which, although the region concerned the region is directed against public dissent as such. The "theory" was not limited to. In March 1947, at the proposal of A. A. Zhdanov, a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPP (b) "On the courts of honor in the ministries of the USSR and the central departments", which was discussed earlier. These were the prerequisites of the approaching mass repression of 1948.

As you know, the beginning of the repression collapsed primarily on those who served their punishment for the "crime" of the military and the first post-war years.

The path of progressive changes in a political nature was already blocked by this time, narrowing up to possible liberalization amendments. The most constructive ideas that appeared in the first postwar years concerned the spheres of the economy of the Central Committee of the CSP (b) received not one letter with interesting, sometimes innovative thoughts on this. Among them are a remarkable document of 1946 - the manuscript "Post-war domestic economy" S. D. Alexander (non-partisan worked by an accountant at one of the enterprises of the Moscow Region. The essence of his proposals was reduced to the basics of a new economic model built on the principles of the market and partial expansion of the economy. . The ideas of S. D. Alexander I had to divide the fate of other radical projects: they were attributed to the category of "harmful" and written off in the "Archive". The center maintained a persistent commitment to the same course.

The ideas about some "dark forces", which "deceive Stalin" created a special psychological background, which arising from the contradictions of the Stalinist regime, in fact of its denial, at the same time was used to strengthen this regime, to stabilize it. The removal of Stalin for the brackets of criticism saved not just the name of the leader, but also the mode itself, this name is an animate. Such was the reality: for millions of contemporaries, Stalin performed in the role of the last hope, the most reliable support. It seemed not to Stalin, life would collapse. And the harder the situation was becoming within the country, the more the special role of the leader was strengthened. Attention is drawn to the fact that among issues given by people at lectures during 1948-1950, on one of the first places those associated with the concern for the health of the "Comrade Stalin" (in 1949 he turned 70 years).

1948 put an end to the post-war fluctuations in the leadership regarding the choice of a "soft" or "hard" course. The political regime has tightened. And a new round of repression began.

The system of Gulag reached its apogee in the post-war years. In 1948, the camps of a special regime were created for the "anti-Soviet activities" and "counter-revolutionary acts". Along with the political prisoners in the camps after the war, there were many other people. Thus, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 2, 1948, the local authorities were granted the right to evict to remote areas of individuals, "maliciously avidious activities in agriculture." Fearing the popularity of the military in the course of the war, Stalin authorized Arrest A. A. Novikova, - Marshal Aviation, Generals P. N. Pedelin, N. Kirillova, a number of sealing Marshal G. K. Zhukov. The commander himself was charged with the localization of the group of displeased generals and officers, in ungratefulness and disrespect for Stalin.

The repression was affected and part of the party functionaries, especially those who sought independence and greater independence from the central government. Many party and government figures were arrested, nominated in 1948 by a member of the Politburo and the secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) A. A. Zhdanov from among the leadership workers of Leningrad. The total number of arrested in the "Leningrad case" amounted to about 2 thousand people. After some time, 200 of them were sent to court and shot 200 of them, including the Chairman of the Council of Russia, M. Rodionov, a member of the Politburo and Chairman of the USSR N. A. Voznesensky, secretary of the Central Committee of the CPP (b) A. A. Kuznetsov.

The "Leningrad business", which reflected the struggle within the senior leadership, should have become a harsh warning to everyone who even thought about something other than the "leader of peoples".

The last of the preparing processes was the "case of doctors" (1953), accused of improper treatment of senior leadership, entailed the death of a poison of prominent figures. In total victims of repression in 1948-1953 Steel 6.5 million people.

So, I. V. Stalin became the Gensen still under Lenin. During the period of the 20-30-40s, he sought to achieve complete one-chisty and thanks to a number of circumstances within the socio-political life of the USSR, he achieved success. But the domination of Stalinskins, i.e. Vsevladia of one personality - Stalin I. V. was not inevitable. The deep mutual interlacing of objective and subjective factors in the activities of the CPSU has led to the emergence, approval and the most harmful manifestations of the All-Russia and the crimes of Stalinism. Under objective reality refers to the multipliness of pre-revolutionary Russia, the enclavement of its development, the bizarre interlacing of the remnants of feudalism and capitalism, weakness and fragility of democratic traditions, and the impact paths of movement to socialism.

The subjective moments are associated not only with the personality of Stalin himself, but also with the factor of the social composition of the ruling party, which included the so-called thin layer of the old Bolshevik Guard in the beginning of the 20s, largely exterminated by Stalin, the remaining part of it for the most part Moved to the position of Stalinism. There is no doubt that the subjective factor includes the environment of Stalin, whose members became accomplices of his actions.

Despite the fact that the USSR suffered very large losses during the war years, he was not only not weakened on the international arena, but became even stronger than before. In 1946-1948 in states of Eastern Europe And Asia to power came the Communist Governments, which took the course for the construction of socialism-ma on the Soviet model.

However, the leading Western powers conducted force poly-tick in relation to the USSR and socialist states. One of the main means of deterring was atomic weapons , monopoly on the possession of which the United States used. Therefore, the creation atomic bombs It became one of the main goals of the USSR. These works headed the physicist I. V. Kurchatov. Institute of Atomic Energy and Institute for Nuclear Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1948, the first atomic reactor was launched, and in 1949, a test of the first atomic bomb was held at the Polygon under Semipalatinsky. In the work on it, the USSR secretly helped separate Western scientists. So, the second nuclear power appeared in the world, the US monopoly on nuclear weapons ended. Since that time, the opposition of the United States and the USSR largely determined the internal situation.

Restoration of the economy.

War material losses were very high. The USSR lost a third of his national wealth in the war. Agriculture was in a deep crisis. Most of the population was in a distinguished position, it was supplied with a card system.

In 1946, a law on the five-year plan of restoration and development of the national economy was adopted. It was necessary to speed up technical progress, strengthen the defense power of the country. Post-war five-year planit was noted by large construction sites (HPP, GRES) and the development of road-building. The technical re-equipment of the Soviet Union industry facilitated the export of equipment from German and Japanese enterprises. The highest rates of development managed to achieve in such industries as ferrous metallurgy, oil and coal mining, construction of machines and machines.

After the war, the village was in a more severe position than the city. In the collective farms, strict events were held on the bunch of bread. If earlier the collective farmers gave "to the overall barn" only part of the grain, now they were often forced to give all the grain. Dissatisfaction on the village grew. Sowing solved solved. Due to the worn out of the equipment and lack of working hands, field work was carried out late, which exposed to the harvest.

The main features of the post-war life.

A significant part of the Liberty Foundation was destroyed. The problem of labor resources was acute: Immediately after the war, a lot of demobilized, but in enterprises still lacked Ra-Bochich. I had to recruit workers in the village, among the students of Proftechilishi.

Even before the war, they were adopted, and after, they continued to act the decrees in which the workers were prohibited under the country of criminal punishment to leave the enterprise.

To stabilize the financial system in 1947, the Soviet practices conducted a monetary reform. Old money on new changes in the ratio of 10: 1. After sharing the amount of money in the population decreased dramatically. At the same time, the government reduced prices for mass consumption products many times. The card system, food and industrial goods appeared in open sale at retail prices. In most cases, these prices were above wrapping, but significantly lower than commercial. Cancellation of cards improved the position of the urban population.

One of the main features of the post-war life was the legalization of the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. In July 1948, the church celebrated the 500th anniversary of self-government, and a meeting of representatives of local law-glorious churches was held in honor of this in Moscow.

Power after the war.

With the transition to peaceful construction, structural changes occurred in the government. In September 1945, GKO was abolished. On March 15, 1946, the Council of Ministers and the Ministerial Council and the Ministry of Justice and the People's Commissariat.

In March 1946, the Bureau of the Council of Ministers was created, the preparation of which became L. P. Beria . He was also entrusted to control the work of the internal affairs and state security bodies. Uply strong position in the leadership held A.A. Zhdanov,combined the duties of a member of the Politburo, the Organizing Bureau and the Secretary of the Party, but in 1948 he died. At the same time, the positions were strengthened G.M. Malenkov,which before that occupied a very modest position in the governing bodies.

Changes in party structures were reflected in the program-ME XIX Party Congress. At this congress, the party received a new on-Sha and Ie - instead of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) began to be called Communist Party Council and Wow Union (CPSU).

USSR in the 50s - Propy of the 60s. XX century

Changes after the death of Stalin and XX Congress CPSU.

Stalin Skon-tagged on March 5, 1953. The nearest colleagues of the leader proclaimed a course on the establishment of collective leadership, but in fact, the struggle for leadership began between them. Minister of Internal Affairs Marshal L.P. Beria initiated an amnesty to prisoners whose time was not more than five years. At the head of several republics, he set his supporters. Beria also proposed to mitigate a policy towards collective farms and made the discharge of international tensions, an improvement in relations with Western countries.

However, in the summer of 1953, other members of the highest party manual, with the support of the military, organized a conspiracy and overthrow Beria. He was shot. The struggle did not end. Post-Peno, Malenkov, Kaganovich and Molo-Tov were removed from power, from the post of the Minister of Defense, G. Khukov was removed. Almost all this was done on the initiative N.S. Khrushchev Since 1958 began combining party and state posts.

In February 1956, the XX Congress of the CPSU took place, on the agenda of which were an analysis of the international and internal position, summing up the fifth five-year plan. At the congress, the question was raised about the exposure of the cult of the personality of Stalin. With a report "On the cult of personality and his consequences", N.S. Khrushchev. He spoke of numerous violations of Stalin Leninist politics, about the "illegal methods of the investigation" and the cleaning, which wanted many innocent people. Stated about Stalin errors as state Worker (For example, seeks to determine the date of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War). The report of Khrushchev after the congress was read throughout the country on party and Komsomol meetings. Its content shocked Soviet people, many began to doubt the correctness of the path that the country was going from October revolution .

The process of detonation of society passed gradually. At the initiative of Khrushchev, cultural figures were able to create their own works without total control of censorship and rigid party dictates. This policy has received the NEIMA "thaw" by the name of the popular I. Erenburg novel.

In the period of "thaw" in culture there were significant due to. The works of literature and art became more degrees and sincere.

Reforms in the field of economics. The development of the national economy.

The reforms held in the 50s - early 60s. XX century, they were controversial. At one time, Stalin outlined the economical frontiers to which the country had to go out in our time. When Khrushchev, the USSR came out on these frontiers, but in measuring conditions, their achievement did not give such a significant effect.

Strengthening the national economy of the USSR began with changes in both the rainstream sector. It was decided to establish acceptable prices for agricultural products, change the tax policy so that the collective farmers were financially interested in marketing products. In the per caption, an increase in cash income of collective farms, pension, mitigation of the passport regime was scheduled.

In 1954, on the initiative of Khrushchev began the development of virgin lands.Later, they began to reorganize the economic instrument-yes collective farmers. Khrushchev offered to build for rural residents of a city type building and conduct other measures to improve their life. Passport mode discovery opened gateways for the migration of the rural population to the city. The various programs of increasing agricultural efficiency were taken, and Khrushchev often saw a panacea in the cultivation of any one culture. The greatest fame received him in torture to turn into the "Queen of the fields" corn. The desire to grow-make it, regardless of climate, caused damage to agriculture, in the people of Khrushchev received the nickname "Caviar".

50s. XX century Characterized by great successes in industrial. Especially increased products of heavy industry. Much attention was paid to the sectors that provide the development of technology. The program of continuous electrification of the country had of paramount importance. New HPP and GRES introduced into operation.

The impressive success of the economy was caused by the leadership led by Khrushchev confidence in the possibility of even greater wearing the pace of the country's development. The thesis was put forward on the full and final construction of socialism in the USSR, and at the beginning of the 60s. XX century Course on building communism , i.e. societies where every person can satisfy all its needs. Co-Glasno adopted in 1962. The XXII Congress of the CPSU A new program of the party was supposed to complete the construction of communism by 1980. However, the serious difficulties in the economy began at the same time.

Difficulties in the development of industry were largely connected with ill-conceived reorganizations recent years The right of Khrushchev. So, most of the central industrial ministries was eliminated, and the economy's management went into hand sovvarkhozov,created in certain regions of the country. This innovation led to the rupture of links between the regions, Tor-Mozilo introduction of new technologies.

Social sphere.

The government conducted a number of activities to improve the welfare of the people. The law on state pensions was introduced. In medium and higher educational institutions, Otni-Lee fee for training. The workers of the heavy industry were transferred to a shortened working day without reducing the salary. The population received various cash benefits. Material revenues of workers rose. Simultaneously with the increase in the salary, it was reduced to lower prices for goods of mass consumption: separate types of tissue, clothing, goods for children, clock, medicine, etc.

It was also created a lot public foundationswho paid various preferential benefits. Due to these funds, many were able to study at school or university. Working day declined to 6-7 hours, and in pre-holiday and holidays The working day lasted even less. Work week I became shorter for 2 hours. From October 1, 1962, all taxes from the salaries of workers and employees were canceled. From the late 50s. XX century The sale of long-term goods on credit began.

Undoubted success B. social sphere At the beginning of the 60s. XX century Especially accompanied by negative phenomena, especially painful for the population: the products of the stores were disappeared from the stores of stores, right up to bread. There were several youths of the workers, the most famous of which was the de-monster in Novocherkassk, when the troops were suppressed by the arms, which led to many victims.

Foreign policy of the USSR in 1953-1964.

Foreign policy was characterized by the struggle for strengthening the position of the USSR and international security.

Important international importance was the settlement of the Aust-Riy issue. In 1955, on the initiative of the USSR, the State Treaty with Austria was sub-written in Vienna. Diplomatic relations with Germany, Japan were also installed.

Soviet diplomacy actively sought the establishment of a wide variety of ties with all states. Sigor test was the Hungarian uprising of 1956, which was suppressed soviet troops. Almost simultaneously with Hungarian events in 1956 arose Suez crisis .

On August 5, 1963, a treaty between the USSR, the United States and the United Kingdom was concluded in Moscow about the ban on nuclear testing on Earth, in air and water.

Relationships with most socialist countries were already ordered - those clearly obeyed the instructions of Moscow. In May 1953, the USSR restored relations with Yugoslavi-her. The Soviet-Yugoslav Declaration was signed, in which the principle of indivisibility of the world, non-interference in the volatroery affairs, etc. was proclaimed.

The main foreign policy theses of the CPSU were criticized by Chinese communists. They also challenged the political assessment of Stalin's activities. In 1963-1965 The PRC presented claims to a number of border areas of the USSR, and an open struggle unfolded between the two powers.

The USSR actively collaborated with the countries of Asia and Africa, who won independence. Moscow helped developing countries to create a national economy. In February 1955, the Soviet-Indian construction agreement was signed in India with the help of the USSR of the Metallurgical Combine. The USSR assisted the assistance of the United Arab Republic, Afghani, Indonesia, Cambodia, Syria and other countries of Asia and Africa.

USSR in the second half of the 60s - early 80s. XX century

The overthrow of N. S. Khrushchev and the search for a political course.

Development of science, technology and education.

The number of scientific institutions and scientists has increased in the USSR. In each Soyuz, the Republic was its own Academy of Sciences, in subordination of which was a whole system of scientific institutions. In the development of science, significant successes were achieved. October 4, 1957 was the launch of the first in the world artificial satellite Earth, then spacecraft reached the moon. On April 12, 1961, the first person in the history of a person in space took place. CSM CSM pioneer has become Yu.L. Gagarin.

Built new more and more powerful power plants. Successfully developed aircraft construction, nuclear physics, astrophysics and other sciences. In many cities, scientific centers were created. For an example, in 1957, Akademgorodok was built near Novosibirsk.

After the war, the number of schools was disastrously decreased, one of the tasks of the government was to create new environments educational institutions. The increase in the number of graduates of secondary schools led to an increase in the number of university students.

1954 in schools a joint training of boys and girls was restored. The fee for the training of high school students, students was also canceled. Students began to pay Sipen-Dia. In 1958, an obligatory eight-year-old education was introduced, and the ten-year school was translated into 11 years of study. Soon, labor in production was included in school curriculum.

The spiritual life and culture of "Developed Socialism".

CPSS ideologists sought as soon as possible to forget the idea of \u200b\u200bKhrushchev to build communism by 1980. This idea was replaced by the slogan about the "Developed Socializ-Me". It was believed that with the "developed socialism" nation and nation come closer, a single community has developed - soviet people.It was stated on the rapid development of the country's productive forces, about erasing the faces between the city and the village, about the distribution of wealth on the principles "from each of his abilities, each of his work". Finally, the transformation of the state dictatorship of the proletariat in the nationwide state of Ra-Bochich, peasants and the folk intelligentsia, between which the faces are also continuously erased.

In the 60-70s. XX century Culture has ceased to be synonymous with ideology-gia, it has lost its uniformity. The ideological component of culture retreated to the background, giving way to simplicity and sincerity. The popularity has acquired works created in the province - in Irkutsk, Kursk, Voronezh, Omsk, etc. A special status was recognized for the culture.

Nevertheless, ideological trends in culture were still very strong. A negative role was played by militant atheism. Increased persecution to Russian orthodox church. The churches were closed in the country, the priests shifted and deprived Sana. Warring boys created special organizations for the preaching of atheism.