South Korea is a highly developed industrial-agrarian country that occupies one of the leading places in the world. For the past decades, the Korea industry developed a rapid pace and showed good growth dynamics. The state is a major manufacturer, as well as exported vessels (container ships, tankers), electronics (TVs, computers and components, information systems, optical instruments, electronic equipment), motor vehicles.

Basic economic trends

The modern industry of South Korea is developing relatively stable. This provided in 2015 the growth of the GDP of the Korean economy. According to the Ministry of Planning and Finance (Ministry of Strategy and Finance, MOSF), GDP was equal to 1585.51 trillion. Korean Won (1.38 trillion dollars) and in comparison with 2014 it rose by 2.6%. GDP growth rates in the quarterly dynamics were: in the first quarter - 2.5%, in the second - 2.2%, in the third - 2.7%, in the fourth quarter - 3.0%.

The last crisis years affected RK, as in other countries of the world. GDP indicator in terms of per capita in dollar equivalent is equal to $ 27340.5 US $ 27963.6 in 2014 (-2.2%). According to Bank of Korea (Bank of Korea, Bok) in 2015 and 2014, GDP growth amounted to:

As statistics show, mining and processing decreased, the scope of construction and services increased. Gross national income amounted to 1565.82 trillion. Korean Won (1.41 trillion dollars), showing an increase of 4.6%. The export volume was equal to $ 526.9 billion and dropped by 8% compared to 2014 and the volume of imports fell by 16.9% to $ 436.5 billion. The surplus of the foreign trade balance amounted to 90.4 billion dollars. Foreign trade turnover for the first time in 5 years did not exceed 1 trillion. US dollars, dropping to $ 963.4 billion. In 2016, GDP increased by 2.8%, instead of planned 3%, so you can summarize that the crisis has not passed.

Positively affected the economy of the Korean Peninsula government programs aimed at stimulating exports, internal consumption, as well as investing in construction and production. The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan adopted a number of stimulating measures, the total amount of which amounted to $ 17 billion. Most of these funds released to an increase in jobs, they were created 300 thousand, whereas in 2015 - 340 thousand.

The negative impact on the Korea industry in 2015-2016 had a decline in consumption in countries that are the main trading partners. A significant decrease in the demand of China and other Asian countries led to a reduction in production.

Level of industry

The South Korean industry shows an ambiguous dynamics - the growth of some industries and a decline in other areas. According to Korea Bank, in 2015, the industrial production index was equal to 107.8 points, demonstrating the decline in comparison from 2014 by 0.5 points.

In 2015, the most best result Growth was in the IT industry. This was conducive to the measures taken by the Korean government to invest in this direction and the creation of a system of cooperation with non-governmental organizations. Profile institutions were also created, the purpose of which is oriented scientific research in the IT industry in the format of close interaction of private and public institutionsPreparation of highly qualified personnel.

As a result, the country in 2015 ranked third in the world in terms of exporting information and communication technologies, products, it amounted to $ 170 billion (107.2% of the 2014 level). Electronics represents the lion's share of revenues to the budget. This category of products serves essential support during the economic downturn. Koreans in the global market strengthened their positions for the production of the following goods:

• Mobile devices (sales increased by 1.4%),
• Semiconductor memory (by 7.9%),
• Liquid crystal displays (0.7%).

Despite the incident with Samsung products (Galaxy Note 7), annealed record financial damage both the company itself and the general indicators of economic growth, mainly the dynamics positive

It should be noted the rise of production facilities in the aerospace industry (an increase of 13.1%), in petrochemistry (by 3.3%), despite the fall in world oil prices in 2015, in the automotive industry (by 0.7%).

Growth rates in certain industries showed a negative dynamics. Thus, in the field of metallurgy, it was added 2.6% less than in 2014, which is caused by a reduction in production in shipbuilding (-7.1%) and mechanical engineering (-2.0%).

State of agriculture

In general, there is a difficult situation in agriculture. There is still a tendency to reduce the population engaged in the population by 0.6%. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Mafra) in 2015 decreased areas of rice sowing by 0.7%, which is the most important agricultural culture.

However, the effective introduction of informational and biotechnologies, the active use of solar energy and robotics in the agricultural sector made it possible to collect rice harvest more than 4.33 million tons, which in turn 2.0% more than 2014 indicator.

The general tendency to reduce the sowing areas of vegetable crops are traced: potatoes, the sowing area of \u200b\u200bwhich is equal to 37.3 thousand hectares (-11.2%), Chinese cabbage 12.7 thousand hectares (-60.3%), radish 5, 8 thousand hectares (-72.6%), red pepper 34.5 thousand hectares (-15.3%), apples 31.6 thousand hectares (+ 3.0%), pears 12.7 thousand hectares (-3.5%). As a result, in the country collected in 2015, the crop on average decreased by 15%.

According to the profile ministry in 2015, the livestock population decreased by 3.1% and equal to 3.09 million heads, of which 2.68 million goals of meat breeds (97.0% of the 2014 level) and 0, 41 million dairy breeds (95.5%). The rise in pork prices contributed to an increase in the number of these animals to 10.19 million (101.0% since 2014).

The number of ducks has significantly increased in the country - up to 9.77 million (29.8%). The number of chickens amounted to 164.13 million heads (104.9% of the 2014 level). According to the Korean Organization of International Trade (Korea International Trade Association, Kita), the amount of pork imports in 2015 was $ 1.3 billion (114.0% of the 2014 level), CRS meat - 1.8 billion. US dollars.

In 2016, Korea was in fifth place from all the countries of the world for the development of C / x, yielding only the United States, Japan, the EU and Canada. In the category of "high-quality C / x Product", the level of the Republic of Kazakhstan amounted to more than 90% of the United States. In the field of innovation in the village of South Koreans in 4th place in the world. In 2015, 534 patents were registered (+ 12% of 2014). By 2020, according to the technologicality in this area will be 88.5% of the level of the United States.

Retail trafficking

According to information portal KOSIS (KOREAN STATISTICAL INFORMATION SERVICE) The scope of services and retail sales in 2015 was equal to $ 335.15 billion, which is 2.2% more than the level of the previous year. The objects of the road service accounted for 24.6% of all retail sales, and specialized stores that trade in goods of a particular range - 27.6%.

Store availability stores play a large role in trade activities (an increase in sales revolutions by 29.0% compared to 2014) and reorientation of retail sales on online stores (an increase of 10.5%). This is due to the desire of buyers to acquire all the necessary goods without leaving the house in one place, and more low prices such shops.

Indicators of Commodity Production

According to the Korean information resource KOSIS, in 2015, from 266 species produced in the Republic of Korea products 119 had a positive tendency to increase compared with 2014 indicators among goods, the production of which in 2015 increased significantly in comparison with the previous period, it is worth highlighting :

• gravel: 26.4 million square meters. m. (126.0% Sent 2014 level);
• reinforced concrete supports: 7.7 million tons (121.6%);
• herbicides: 52.1 thousand tons (120.2%);
• epoxy resins: 436.0 thousand tons (117.7%);
• career sand: 30.6 million cubic meters. m. (117.3%);
• sesame oil: 13.7 million liters. (115.8%);
• asphalt: 6.1 billion liters (115.4%);
• elevators: 36.6 thousand units. (115.0%);
• whiskey: 4.2 million liters (114.8%);
• soybean oil: 503.1 million liters. (114.3%);
• solidol: 35.6 thousand tons (113.6%);
• kerosene Aviation: 24.7 billion liters (113.3%);
• salt: 342.8 thousand tons (113.0%);
• concrete formworks: 883.3 thousand cubic meters. m. (112.2%).

To the goods, the release of which has decreased significantly, belongs:

• kraft paper: 161.9 thousand tons (87.3% of the 2014 level);
• lightning fasteners: 124.8 thousand km. (84.6%);
• cDs: 91.9 thousand pcs. (82.7%);
• quartzite: 1.3 million tons (79.8%);
• vending machines: 58.3 thousand units. (77.7%);
• loading cranes: 620.2 thousand tons. (77.4%);
• tarpaulin: 137.7 thousand tons. (76.4%);
• ferrite cores: 3234.5 million pcs. (75.9%);
• pipes made of steel: 4.6 million tons (74.4%);
• house vacuum cleaners: 2.5 million pcs. (62.4%).

However, contrary to great achievements, the modern industry of South Korea is experiencing a crisis. In the way of the development of the economy, strict economic planning, state support of Chebolay (large financial and industrial groups) with damage for medium and small business, tight control over all business areas, foreign trade protectionism.

The republic has an urgent need for a structural restructuring of all areas of the economy. The priority direction of the further prosperity of the state is the creation of such an economic model, which will be focused on supporting the interests of secondary and small business, as well as the implementation of reforms in the industrial and financial sector, agriculture.

According to the published results of the World Bank, in 2017, the GDP of South Korea amounted to 1.53 trillion dollars, which allowed her to take 11 place in the world ranking. Russia, in turn, took only the 12th place in the world, its GDP amounted to 1.46 trillion dollars. Little South Korea surpasses vast Russia and economic power, and on income per capita. So why are Russia's influence in the international arena much more than South Korea? Why is it still considered one of the leading countries of the world?

State power is a comprehensive concept that includes: the number of population, the country area, the economic power, industrial structure, military potential, and so on. The power of the state is not enough to compare only with the help of dollars. Russia area exceeds Pluto's area, Russia also has a powerful military power and rich nuclear arsenal. Russia is a permanent member of the UN Security Council, can impose a veto to any resolution Sat. If comparing S. South Koreath, then Russia, beyond any doubt, is a world power, it has a huge impact in the world in areas such as culture, economics, military affairs, politics, as well as in the scientific and technical sphere.

IN last years Russia is very active on the world arena. It seems that Russia is equally considered to be a global power. Why are they so strong?

First, the economy Russia develops very quickly. From 1991 to 1999, there was a period of serious economic downturn in Russia, but at all subsequent years there was preserved quite high growth rates of the economy. In 1999, Russia's GDP was negligible (less than Malaysia) and made up only 196 billion dollars. After Putin came to power in 2000, the period of rapid development came in Russia. On the one hand, international energy prices continued to grow and brought a huge profit of Russia. On the other hand, Putin managed to win over the Russian oligarchy and nationalize the economy. Revenues from the sale of energy carriers have already replenished the state budget, and not the pockets of the oligarchs.

In 2013, Russian GDP exceeded 2.1 trillion dollars, which is 11 times more than in 1999. The level of income per capita exceeded 10 thousand US dollars and entered the ranks of developed countries with a high level of income. In 2014, oil production in Russia amounted to 520 million tons, an increase of 0.7% over the year, and the daily oil mining was 10.57 million barrels, which became a new record after decay Soviet Union.

In addition to the rapid development of the energy sector, Russia also achieved success in the production of grain crops. In 2014, Russia produced about 90 million tons of grain, and 2017 achieved the production of record 134 million tons, and exports amounted to 47 million tons. The active production of grain allowed Russia to cope with Western sanctions and gain sufficient confidence. Grain crops not only satisfy domestic demand, but also sold abroad.

There are two main reasons why Russian armed forces occupy advanced positions in the world. First, Russia is a traditional military power, its army has one million soldiers. Sladden, sea and air military forces are sufficiently balanced. Armed forces - This is the legacy of the Soviet Union. Russia is a military-industrial power, which is why it is considered to be a world leader in military affairs.

Secondly, Russia has considerable strategic forces. The number of intercontinental missiles and nuclear warheads on submarines is the same as the United States. Nuclear weapon - the most important means providing national Security. In addition, in this area, Russia does not experience any difficulties - projects for the production of intercontinental missiles and nuclear submarines of strategic appointments are constantly supported by the government.

Following the increase in oil prices, the Russian economy began to develop rapidly, and military spending increased twice. In 2014, military expenses amounted to 80 billion dollars. Russia conducts decisive reforms in the army and in the defense industry. The number of Russia's army is two times less than the People's Liberation Army, so in recent years, Russia has rapidly restores military power. In 2017, the level of modernization of the main armed systems of Russia reached 60%. Under the level of modernization of the Armed Forces, all innovations are implied in the army, which occurred since the collapse of the Soviet Union. But still about 40% military equipment - These are the old developments of the USSR. Russia's greatest difficulty is experiencing in the production of military sea courts, since the USSR, they have not changed in any way. Russia is not yet possible to establish the production of engines for warships, so new types of aircraft carriers and cruisers remain only on paper.

© Reuters, Sergei Karpukhin Tanks T-14 "Armat" on a military parade

Compared with the decline of the Navy, the development of the Air Force in Russia has reached excellent results. In 2013, the Border Air Force of Russia received 67 new aircraft, 18 improved aircraft and 100 helicopters. In 2014 russian troops Received 120 aircraft and 90 helicopters. Over the past three years, Russia has annually supplied more than 100 combat aircraft into the army, by 2020 it is planned to purchase a total of 1591 aircraft and helicopter.

Russia was able to enrich due to the increase in energy prices, which began in 2000. At the end of 2000, Putin came to power in Russia and then the 10-year period of the crisis was completed, the revenues to the federal budget increased significantly, the balance of payment balance was obviously observed. By 2008, the Russian economy achieved great success. Thanks to the currency reserve of 450 billion dollars accumulated as a result of oil and gas sales, Russia has gained sufficient confidence and attacked Georgia (this is about armed conflict In South Ossetia in August 2008 - approx. Transl.).

Context

GDP of Russia - at the level of the Chinese province

Muscles Putin? And GDP at the ITALY level ...

Ukraine rolls in the abyss of poverty

In 2013, world oil prices exceeded $ 100 per barrel, at the same time military spending of Russia rapidly soared up and accounted for 4% of the country's GNP, which is equal to the United States. At this time, Russian investments in the army and the military industry reached their peak over the past 15 years. In 2014, compared with 2013, military spending exceeded 4%, which at that time had a great pressure on NATO. In the same year, the political crisis broke out in Ukraine, Russia did not remain aside and took part in the section of Ukraine - in early 2014, she returned to the Crimea.

Whenever Russia interferes in the affairs of foreign states, this is certainly associated with oil prices. Despite the fact that since 2014, the economic recession has been observed in Russia, the state still identifies considerable funds for the content of the army. The growth in stability in the economy in the next ten years will give a certain degree of confidence in Vladimir Putin to promote his own interests in political, economic and military plan in Ukraine, while he will act on equal european countries and USA. "Georgia's lesson", the accession of the Crimea, active interference with the affairs of Ukraine and Syria, the full re-equipment and modernization of the army on a modern model, as well as successful military operations abroad, contributed to the change in the deplorable situation in which Russia was held after the Cold War.

Insurance materials contain estimates of exclusively foreign media and do not reflect the position of the EOSMI's editorial office.

Economic Development of South Korea

I.V. Novikov, student V.A. Utkin, student

Far Eastern federal University (Russia, Vladivostok)

Annotation. The paper has been analyzed the rate of economic growth in South Korea, as the most successful example Effective state and economic policies among developing countries. The author describes the main factors that have influenced the growth of the country's GDP in the period from 1962 to the present. Keywords: South Korea, economy, GDP, development, consumption.

Korea is currently a visual example of the successful economic development of the country. State that has no significant natural resourcesThe war-destroyed war, which had per capita income, not exceeding $ 100 in 1962, reached a figure of $ 10,000 by 1995, and the average annual increase in GDP was 10%. Currently, Korea takes the 13th place in the production of goods and services, is the 8th largest trader in the world, and the income per capita reaches more than $ 25,000 per year. This is one of the 60 countries whose in 1960 per capita income was less than $ 300, but Korea could increase this figure to $ 10,000 by 1995. Also, Korea became the second after Singapore, which during the Asian financial crisis came out of the lending program during the Asian financial crisis World Bank.

Currently, studies are continuing the causes of such a significant economic growth in South Korea. For example, scientists point to the accumulation of human capital as a source of growth, but its contribution to the development of the economy was less than 10%. At the same time, the role of education, training and dissemination of knowledge, which undoubtedly played an important role in the development of Korea. However, they cannot be considered the main factors, as it is known that in the period from 1962 to 1994 the government did not spend funds for education more than other developing countries, with the same level of income per capita. According to the majority

researchers, such impressive growth rates of the Korean economy are the result of annually growing investments that exceed 30% of the country's GDP, while there are significant part of them for official foreign financial assistance.

Official foreign support for Korea.

Scale and types of official foreign aid.

During the social and economic development of South Korea in the period from 1945 under the 1999 years, the total volume of official foreign financial assistance It is about 44 billion US dollars at current prices. This amount includes government grants for the development of about $ 7 billion and public development loans in the amount of $ 37 billion. Thus, the total loan amount is divided into "official development assistance" in the amount of 6 billion dollars (grants make up more than 25%) and on "other official assistance" at $ 25 billion (grants are less than 25%). At the time when the amount of financial assistance received received by Korea from 1965 to 1995 was comparable to other 59 developing countries, with a per capita income of less than $ 300 in the 1960s, Korea has reached the average annual GDP growth of 2% . Nevertheless, the other 15 developing countries have reached an increase in GDP in the amount of 10%, so it cannot be said that the rapid growth of the Korea economy is due only to foreign investments.

The main "donors" of financial assistance was the United States, Japan and Germany. The main multilateral donors were the United Nations, the UN Reconstruction Agency in Korea, as well as an international development bank.

Distribution of financial assistance

Since most of grants and loans have been guided mainly on food and emergency needs, and public development loans accounted for 84% of the total official investment, the use of these funds actually reflects the government's strategy in the development of the country, so, despite the financial crisis 51% of investments were sent to the development of infrastructure, on the modernization of the production sector 24%, in the sector of social infrastructure about 12%. This distribution model differed from those used in other developing countries for the better, therefore, the rational sectoral distribution of financial assistance can be added to the number of economic growth factors.

Modern economic situation: general economic activity.

As of today, economic growth continues with a moderate pace. Height for 2017 is predicted in the amount of 2-2.8%, and by 2018 this figure should reach the mark of 3%. This is due to the fact that the development in the service sector remains at a sufficient level, but the level of growth of industrial production and the corresponding share of production capacity use remains at a low level. It is expected that the country's economy growth will be carried out due to the moderate restoration of demand in the domestic market and export growth. But all these perspectives are based on the assumption that the global economy will also increase its growth rates. Also, together with a decrease in interest rates on loans, their number has increased dramatically, which significantly affected the current situation of the country's economy.

Internal consumption decreased by 3.5% last year, and this indicator continues to slow down. This is due to a decrease in the growth rate of the global economy, a decrease in private consumption and investments related to the construction, in connection with this, GDP growth was 2.3% compared with 2.7% planned. The level of internal consumption plays a significant role in the Korean economy, since its share in the formation of the country's GDP is 46.5%.

In 2014, investments in fixed assets were 7%, and strongly affected the growth rate of the economy, victims during the economic crisis. But some reductions in investment in the electrical industry and electronic technologies Defended by growing competition in the electrical engineering market, therefore the demand for this category of products has decreased. But more positive forecasts are aimed at investing in the construction industry, which was in the staging stage after the global financial crisis, up to the deficit of funds in 2013. But after that, the investment in construction increased sharply, and by the end of 2013 amounted to 6.7% and every year this figure continues to increase by an average of 1.9%. At the same time, the number of real estate transactions increased, despite the fact that prices continue to grow. According to forecasts for 2017, investments in real estate should grow at least 4.5% compared with last year.

According to today's forecasts, Korea's economy will continue its growth in a moderate pace, if the internal and external conditions will remain favorable, but at the same time there are concerns about consumer loans, which significantly affect the country's economy. At the same time, given the weakening of domestic consumption and low inflation in the conditions of international economic uncertainty, the need to maintain expansive macroeconomic policies, in which a significant role is given to foreign investment, and together with

this tax and budget policy high levelTo maintain high-need to continue to support both the growth rate of Korea's economy. Mullating economic activity on

Bibliographic list

1. Zubyschenko L. Foreign investment. 2012. P. 182-186.

2. Sharma R. Breakthrough Economy. In search of the next economic miracle. 2013. P. 350-352.

3. Bulatova A.S. Countries and regions of the world: an economic and political reference book. 2010. P. 700-704.

4. Lomakin V.K. World Economy: Textbook for universities. - M.: Finance. 2002. P. 730735.

5. Republic of Korea - economic development continues // Beacies No. 106. 2005.c.16;

6. On the development of the South Korean economy // Beach No. 40. 2005. p.16;

7. Krupko I. Geopolitics East Asia today and tomorrow. 2006. P. 48-60.

Economic Development Of South Korea

I.V. Novikov, Student V.A. Utkina, Student Far Eastern Federal University (Russia, Vladivostok)

ABSTRACT. The paper analyzes South Korea "s economic growth rate as the most successful example of effective state and economic policy among developing countries The author describes the main factors that influenced GDP growth in the period from 1962 to the present Keywords:.. South Korea, economy , GDP, Development, Consumption.

Recently I look a lot of videos and read a lot of materials about South Korea. I came across me to look at this view of several Korean doors and admiring them with young cinema I decided to get acquainted with the country that was able to relieve such high-quality serials. At first, my thought flashed to compare South Korea with Ukraine or cooled Korea, but then I changed my mind. Maybe I will do it in the following articles. After reading South Korea, I decided that it was worthy to compare even with the United States, the EU and Russia. Actually, with the last, I compare this ascending country.

First we give naked numbers.

Russia:

Area / Area of \u200b\u200bthe European Part of the Russian Federation - 17 125 407 km2 / 3 960 000 km2
Population - 146 267 288 people
Population density - 8.39 people / km2
Population density of the European part of the Russian Federation - 27 people / km2
GDP (nominal) / per capita - 1,176 billion $ US / $ 884 (2015)
GDP (PPS) / per capita - $ 3,458 billion / $ 24,067 (2015)

South Korea

Area of \u200b\u200bterritory - 100 210 km2
Population - 51,302,044 people
Population density - 512 people / km2
GDP (nominal) / per capita - $ 1,435 billion US / 2883 $ (2015)
GDP (PPS) / per capita - $ 1,854 billion / $ 36,601 (2015)

The population of South Korea (hereinafter referred to as Yuk) is 2.85 times less than Russia (hereinafter the RF), while the territory of the South Africa is 171 times less than in the Russian Federation, and the territory of the European part of the Russian Federation is 40 times more than the territory of the Yuk. Koreans richer Russians in nominal calculus 3.5 times, and at a purchasing power parity of 1.52 times. If we compare GDP on the scale of the country, then Yuk is 1.22 times the richer of the Russian Federation nominally and in 1.86 poor RF PPP.

Turning to the economy is difficult to find accurate data, but the overall analysis makes it clear that the Yuk is a pronounced industrial country with a highly developed industry, the rapidly developing IT sector and the developed sector in particular financial services. Yuk, unlike Russia, has few natural resources and is forced to import them at high prices, but it stimulates the development of other sectors of the economy.

Koreans are a very hardworking people, although relatively recently they switched from 6 day working week and a ten-hour working day on a 5-day scheme in a week and 8-hour working day. Nevertheless, a lot of private business works in old. Koreans learn a lot and start their career somewhere in 24-28 years. They simply do not have time for such nonsense, how to drink a beer with friends or sit for 10 hours a day for a computer game. OK when the Korean child plays a day for 1 hour, and learn 10-12 hours a day. They have a strongly developed competition - exams pass through the whole life of the student and student, and after that the competitive struggle begins in the workplace. About how people learn and work in Russia, I think to tell unnecessary, you are watching it every day.

Korea is the country to rule the corporation. The state apparatus in Korea serves to serve the population and business, and not vice versa as in Russia. And indeed it is. Police in Korea is not the most respected part of society, this is due to the occupation period of Japan - then the police officers personified the Japanese arbitrariness in Korea, but at the same time they deliberately fulfill their duties and do not feel the kings by receiving power in their hands. Compare this as a policeman behaves in Russia.

Korea Country with an developed IT services and communications market, already in 2001 in South Korea Wibro 4-18.4 Mbit / s network was deployed and covering almost the entire country. Here comments are superfluous, away from Moscow for 50 km and try to find somewhere somewhere.

In conclusion, I would like to say that it is necessary to carefully examine the South Korean experience, which brought it out for 20-30 years to the top of the rating of developed countries and take the best of it by introducing.

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