Test methodology for determining the level of personality stress resistance. Holmes and rage stress test

When needed: the questionnaire diagnoses stress resistance and social adaptation.

Holmes and Rage questionnaire

Instructions

Read the entire list carefully in order to have general idea about what situations, events and life circumstances that cause stress are represented in it. Then read each paragraph again. Next, indicate in the appropriate column the number of times
the situation has taken place over the past two years.

Test

№	Life events	Answers Number of times per year
1	Death of a spouse
2	Divorce
3	Departure of spouses (without registration of divorce), breakup with a partner
4	Imprisonment
5	Death of a close family member
6	Injury or illness
7	Marriage, wedding
8	Dismissal from work
9	Reconciliation of spouses
10	Retirement
11	Change in the health status of family members
12	Pregnancy partner
13	Gender problems
14	The appearance of a new family member, the birth of a child
15	Reorganization at work
16	Change in financial situation
17	Death of a close friend
18	Change of professional orientation, change of place of work
19	Strengthening the conflict of relations with the spouse
20	Loan or loan for a large purchase (for example, a home)
21	End of loan or loan repayment term, growing debts
22	Change of position, increase of official responsibility
23	Son or daughter leaving home
24	Problems with relatives of the husband (wife)
25	Outstanding personal achievement, success
26	Spouse quits work (or starts work)
27	Start or end of education at an educational institution
28	Changing living conditions
29	Quitting some individual habits, changing stereotypes behavior
30	Problems with bosses, conflicts
31	Changing conditions or hours of work
32	Change of residence
33	Change of place of study
34	Changing leisure or vacation habits
36	Changing religious habits
36	Change in social activity
37	Loan or loan to buy smaller things (car, TV)
38	Change in individual sleep habits, sleep disturbance
39	Change in the number of family members living together, change in character and the frequency of meetings with other family members
40	Changing eating habits (the amount of food consumed food, diet, lack of appetite, etc.)
41	Vacation
42	Christmas, New Year, birthday
43	Minor violation of law and order (fine for violation of the rules traffic)

Thank you for your responses!

The key to the Holmes and Rage stress test

Description

The Holmes and Rage method diagnoses stress resistance and social adaptation in employees.

Resistance to stress should be understood as the ability to withstand certain psychophysical stress and endure stress without damage to the body and psyche. Difficult to adjust when it comes to stress response. But the stressor (source of stress) and / or post-stress behavior can be corrected.

Social adaptation is the process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the social environment. One of the types of social adaptation is socio-psychological adaptation, that is, such an interaction between the individual and the social environment, which leads to an optimal balance of goals and values of the individual and the group. This type of adaptation presupposes the search activity of the individual, her awareness of her social status and social role behavior, identification of the individual and the group in the process of performing joint activities, the acceptance of the norms, values and traditions of the social group by the individual.

Adaptive capacity - degree hidden opportunities the subject is optimally included in the new or changing conditions of the social environment surrounding him. It is associated with adaptive training - the accumulation of such potential by a person in the process in a special way organized activities on adaptation to social conditions. External difficulties, illness, a state of protracted extremeness, hunger, etc., reduce the adaptive potential of the individual, and when faced with a situation that threatens him life goals, maladjustment may occur.

Doctors Thomas Holmes and Richard Reich (or Holmes and Rage, USA) studied the dependence of diseases, including infectious diseases and trauma, on various stressful life events in more than 5,000 patients. They concluded that 151 mental and physical illnesses are usually preceded by certain major changes in a person's life. Based on their research, they compiled a scale in which each important life event corresponds to a certain number of points, depending on the degree of its stressfulness.

The key to the test

The person being assessed in the form with the situation notes the events that happened to him during last year... It is necessary to calculate the points in accordance with the table below. If any situation arose more often than once, then the number of points should be multiplied by the number of times indicated by the subject.

№	Points	№	Points
1.	100	23.	29
2.	73	24.	29
3.	65	25.	28
4.	63	26.	26
5.	63	27.	26
6.	53	28.	25
7.	50	29.	24
8.	47	30.	23
9.	45	31.	20
10.	45	32.	20
11.	44	33.	20
12.	40	34.	19
13.	39	35.	19
14.	39	36.	18
15.	39	37.	17
16.	38	38.	16
17.	37	39.	15
18.	36	40.	15
19.	35	41.	13
20.	31	42.	12
21.	30	43.	11
22.	29

Interpretation of the result

Greater resistance to stress.

The subject has a very high degree of stress resistance. It is characterized by a minimum degree of stress. Any activity of a person, regardless of its orientation and character, is the more effective, the higher the level of stress resistance. This makes it possible to talk about managerial activity as one that has a strong stressful character. An increase in the level of stress tolerance of an individual directly and directly leads to an extension of life.

High degree resistance to stress.

The subject has a high degree of stress resistance. His energy and resources are not wasted on the fight against negative psychological states that arise in the process of stress. Therefore, any activity of the assessed, regardless of its focus and nature, becomes more effective. This makes it possible to talk about management activities as stressful in nature.

Threshold (average) degree of resistance to stress.

The person being evaluated has an average degree of stress load. Its resistance to stress decreases with increasing stressful situations in life. This leads to the fact that the person is forced to spend the lion's share of their energy and resources in general on the fight against negative psychological states that arise in the process of stress. This makes it possible to talk about managerial activity as one that is to a small extent stressful in nature. A believer, as a rule, is more resistant to stress due to his inner capacity for spiritual self-restraint and humility.

Low degree of stress resistance.

The subject has a low degree of resistance to stress (vulnerability). This leads to the fact that the person is forced to spend the lion's share of their energy and resources in general on the fight against negative psychological states that arise in the process of stress.

A large number of points (more than 300) is an alarm signaling danger. Therefore, something urgently needs to be done to eliminate stress.

If the sum of points is over 300, then the assessed person is threatened with psychosomatic illness, since he is close to the phase of nervous exhaustion.

(Psychology of personality. Tests, questionnaires, methods / Compiled by I. V. Kirsheva, N. V. Ryabchikova. - M .: Helikon, 1995)

Conflicts, like a number of other negative factors in our life, create nervous states and often lead to stress.

Below is a test that will allow you to get an estimate of your level of stress tolerance. The more sincere your answers are, the more objective you will get. Circle the appropriate option for each statement (if there are no forms on the papers, a point is given next to the question number).

Assertions	Seldom	Sometimes	Often
10. I can fight back my enemies
11. I am emotionally and painfully in trouble.
12. I don't have enough time to rest
13. I am having conflict situations
14. I lack the power to fulfill myself
15. I don't have enough time to do what I love.
16. I do everything quickly
17. I am afraid that I will not go to college (or lose my job)
18. I act in the heat of the moment, and then worry about my deeds and actions.

Total points	Your stress tolerance level
51-54	I - very low
53-50	2 - low
49-46	3 - below average
45-42	4 - slightly below average
41-38	5 - medium
37-34	6 - slightly above average
33-30	7 - above average
29-26	8 - high
18-22	9 - very high

The lower the number (total number) of points you scored, the higher your stress resistance, and vice versa. If you have the 1st and even the 2nd level of stress resistance, then you need to radically change your lifestyle!

Appendix 14

Relaxation techniques (relaxation, auto-training)

(Legal and illegal drugs: Russian-German training

allowance. A practical guide on prevention lessons

among adolescents / ed. V. A. Ananiev. -

SPb .: Imaton, 1996)

MUSCLE RELAXATION Relaxation while sitting

/ stage

Watch your breathing, inhalation and exhalation. When you inhale, the stomach sticks out, when you exhale, it retracts. Close your eyes, open your lips slightly. The whole process of further tension / relaxation is best combined with breathing: on inhalation - tension, on exhalation - relaxation. Now we focus our attention on the right hand (if you are left-handed, then on the left). Make a fist, firmly, but not convulsively. Feel the tension in each muscle in your arm (about 5 seconds), then relax the muscles. Unclench your fist. The relaxed arm rests on the front of the thigh. Each finger relaxes, becomes soft, lethargic.

Now focus on the forearm and shoulder: clench your fingers into a fist again, bend your elbow, tighten your muscles, feel how firm they are (5 sec), and relax them again. Place your hand on the top of your thigh. The hand and arm can be completely relaxed. You may feel muscle tremors. If so, tense them again for a moment and relax. Your hand, relaxed and heavy, rests on your hip. She relaxes more and more. Your breathing is even and calm.

Now let's focus on the other hand. Make a fist with your fingers. Feel some tension (5 sec), but do not squeeze your fingers and relax them again. The hand rests relaxed on the hip. It is pleasant for you, it is easy, you are relaxed.

Now - the shoulder and forearm: clench your fingers into a fist, bend your arm at the elbow, tighten all the muscles, focus on them (5 sec) and relax again. Place your hand on your thigh, each muscle relaxed. Breathing is calm and even. With each inhalation, the abdomen protrudes slightly, while exhaling, it easily retracts. Enjoy a pleasant feeling of relaxation throughout your body.

Now focus on the face: raise your eyebrows, wrinkle your forehead, clearly feel the tension (5 sec) and lower your eyebrows again. The tension is gone. Now bring your eyebrows to the bridge of the nose, close your eyes tightly (5 sec) and relax the muscles again. The muscles relax more and more, the relaxation increases.

Now clench your teeth, but no cramps. Feel the tension in the jaw (5 sec) and release the muscles again. Press your tongue firmly to the palate (5 sec) and release again. The whole face relaxes, it is easy and pleasant for you. The lips are slightly parted, the teeth do not press against each other, the tongue lies gently in the mouth. You enjoy facial relaxation. Relaxation builds up throughout the body. Breathe calmly and evenly. When breathing, the abdomen itself easily rises and falls.

Now focus on the neck and back of the head: pull your head forward, the chin is pressed against the chest. Feel the tension in your neck and back of your head

(5 sec) and lower your head with relief. Record this feeling of relaxation. Now throw your head back. Feel the tension consciously (5 sec), then relax, feel the tension go away. All the force of tension leaves the muscles. You sit pleasantly relaxed in a chair or in an armchair. You feel your belly rise and fall as you breathe. With each exhalation, the relaxation is deeper and deeper.

Now focus on the shoulders and abdomen: spread your shoulders, they almost touch each other, the muscles are very hard (5 sec), and relax again, lower your shoulders. Now pull your shoulders forward towards your chest, feel the tension distinctly (5 seconds) and relax again. Relaxation, relief, peace. Now raise your shoulders, they almost touch your ears, fix the tension in the muscles (5 sec) and relax again. Shoulders drop, hang. You breathe calmly and evenly.

Now lift your legs a little off the floor. The legs are slightly raised, the abdomen tenses, you feel the tension in the abdominal muscles (5 sec). Then lower your legs, the stomach relaxes. Breathing is calm, even. With each cycle of breathing, the abdomen rises and falls evenly. With each exhalation, the relaxation is deeper and deeper. It is easy and pleasant for you.

Now focus on your legs and feet: to tighten the front of your thigh, press your legs firmly against the floor. Lock the tension in the hips (5 sec) and relax the muscles again. The front of the thigh is relaxed.

Now unfold your toes as if you would like to grab a pencil with them. Feel the tension (8 sec), but do not bring it to convulsions, and release your fingers again. Pull the tips of your toes towards your body. Fix the tension (5 sec) and relax the muscles. Tension is pouring out of your feet. The relaxation is deeper and deeper. You breathe calmly and evenly. Your belly rises and falls with the rhythm of your breathing.

Now, mentally go over all the muscles again. If you feel tension somewhere, tell yourself: "Relax, release your muscles." Enjoy the feeling of relaxation. You sit quietly. Your body is heavy and relaxed. You breathe calmly and evenly. With each exhalation, you become more and more relaxed.

Now you are slowly coming out of relaxation. Avoid any sudden or abrupt movements. You will notice that relaxation gives you freshness and energy, and you will feel better and more pleasant.

4 - you move your hands, give work to your fingers, 3 - you move your arms and legs, shaking them slightly, 2 - you stretch your whole body in all directions, 1 - you open your eyes, slowly get up.

You feel pleasant and refreshed, as if you have just taken a refreshing shower.

// stage

Sit on a chair with your head resting on your chest. Place your hands on the front of your thighs and close your eyes.

Wrinkle your forehead and purse your lips as if you want to make an intimidating face. Tighten the entire facial muscles (5 sec), but without cramps. Now relax the muscles in your face and body. They become soft and loose again. Try to consciously evaluate the feeling of relaxation (10 sec).

The next area of the body that we will take on is the shoulders, arms and hands. Clench your fingers into a fist and contract each muscle. You will feel how all the muscles become firm and strong. And now you are returning to a state of relaxation again. All muscles weaken, tension goes away. You feel light, free (10 sec). Repeat this exercise as well: tighten your shoulders, arms and hands. All muscles become firm (5 sec), but not to cramps, then relax the muscles again. The shoulders drop, the arms hang freely, the hands relax (-10 s).

Now we will get down to the muscles of the chest and abdomen. Stretch your chest and abdominal muscles firmly. Hands remain relaxed (5 sec), relax them again, return to a state of rest, enjoy the feeling of peace that spreads throughout the body (10 sec). Now repeat the tension in your torso. Tighten your chest and abdominal muscles, hold the tension (5 sec). Relax again, the tension goes away. All muscles are relaxed. Muscles of the face, shoulders, chest, arms, abdomen. Breathe calmly and evenly (10 sec).

Now we move on to the legs and feet. Try to contract all the muscles in your legs and feet without moving. Feel the tension to your toes (10 sec).

Repeat also next exercise: Tighten the muscles of the thighs, muscles of the feet. Keep the tension (5 sec) and relax the muscles again, the muscles become loose. Now all your muscles are relaxed, relaxation spreads throughout the body ... You breathe calmly and evenly. Stay in this position for another minute. Now slowly come out of the state of relaxation. You move your fingers, lightly shake your hands, move your legs, stretch, open your eyes and come to your senses.

SHORT-TERM RELAXATION OF ALL MUSCULATION

If you manage to achieve relaxation of the muscles of the body during prolonged exercise, you can proceed to short-term relaxation, in which the whole body tenses at once, and then, in the sequence already mentioned, individual muscle groups are relaxed.

1. Phase voltage. Sit, arch your back like a cat, lower your head to your chest. Cross your arms in front of your chest at the same time. The shoulders are lifted high up, and the hands are resting on the forearms. Turn your legs at an angle, then the feet will easily come off the floor. Inhale, tighten your stomach and buttocks. Finally, tighten your facial muscles: close your eyes, wrinkle your nose and forehead. Increase the voltage in the sequence given above. At the end of the exercise, the body tenses again with concentration, and the breath is held.

2. Relaxation phase. Now relax all muscles, lie down and exhale deeply and freely. Relaxation takes longer than tension. Relax the muscles completely in the learned order.

RELAXATION OF INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE GROUPS

All muscle relaxation exercises can be done in isolation. You can strain and relax hands that are cramped (for example, as a result of prolonged writing for several hours); tense face after prolonged concentration, tense neck muscles after a long train ride.

"King Kong"

7. Phase voltage. The position of the hands in this exercise resembles the huge King Kong monkey. The arms are bent at the elbows and located in front of the load

Dew, hands do not touch, eyes are closed. Breathe calmly and evenly. Clench your fingers into a fist, tighten all the muscles of your hands - fists, forearms, shoulders. The fists are clenched so hard that all the muscles in the arms begin to tremble. Breathe calmly and evenly. Tighten your muscles until it hurts.

2. Relaxation phase. Relax all muscles. Hands fall freely down. All arm muscles are completely relaxed. Inhale and exhale slowly. Enjoy the feeling of heaviness and warmth in your hands for a while. Then open your eyes.

If you have long nails, then it is better to squeeze some object - a piece of wood, a stone, you do not need to sit in the "King Kong" position all the time, this exercise can be done unnoticed by others. You can do this exercise whenever and wherever you want. It is good to use it in case of internal tension - before control work, as well as in situations where quick and uncomplicated muscle relaxation is needed. It is also good to do this exercise when your hands are cold.

Instruction. Read the question and choose the most appropriate answer.

How often do unexpected troubles throw you off balance?

How often do you feel like the most important things in your life are spiraling out of your control?

Never - 0. Almost never - 1. Sometimes - 2. Quite often - 3. Very often - 4.

How often do you feel "nervous", depressed?

Never - 0. Almost never - 1. Sometimes - 2. Quite often - 3. Very often - 4.

How often do you feel confident in your ability to deal with your personal problems?

How often do you feel like things are going exactly the way you want them to? Never - 4. Almost never - 3. Sometimes - 2. Quite often - 1. Very often - 0.

How often can you control your irritation?

Never - 4. Almost never - 3. Sometimes - 2. Quite often - 1. Very often - 0.

How often do you get the feeling that you cannot cope with what is required of you?

Never - 0. Almost never - 1. Sometimes - 2. Quite often - 3. Very often - 4.

Do you often feel like you are successful?

Never - 4. Almost never - 3. Sometimes - 2. Quite often - 1. Very often - 0.

How often do you get angry about things that you cannot control?

Never - 0. Almost never - 1. Sometimes - 2. Quite often - 3. Very often - 4.

Do you often think that so many difficulties have accumulated that it is impossible to overcome them?

Never - 0. Almost never - 1. Sometimes - 2. Quite often - 3. Very often - 4.

Interpretation of test results. The processing of the results is carried out by calculating the sum of the points scored by the subjects on all questions of the test. Stress tolerance is determined by

Table 3.7. given below based on the number of points scored by the subject and his age.

Table 3.7. Assessment of stress resistance

stress resistance
stress resistance


Satisfactorily

Very bad

Test for determination of personality stress resistance28

Below is a test that allows you to get an assessment of your level of stress tolerance. The more sincere your answers are, the more objective you will get. Circle the appropriate option for each statement (if there are no forms on the pieces of paper, put a point next to the question number).

Table 3.8.

Assertions	seldom	sometimes	often
1. I think that I am underestimated in the team
2. I try to work, study, even if I'm not quite healthy
3. I am worried about the quality of my work
4. I happen to be in an aggressive mood
5. I hate criticism
6. I can be irritable
7. I try to be a leader where possible
8. I am considered a persistent and assertive person
9. I suffer from insomnia
10. I can fight back my enemies
11. I am emotionally and painfully in trouble.
12. I don't have enough time to rest
13. I have conflict situations

28 Psychology of personality "Comp. N.V. Kirsheva, N.V. Ryabchikova. - M., Helikon, 1995

The end of the table. 3.8.

Assertions	seldom	sometimes	often
14. I lack the power to fulfill myself
15. I don't have enough time to do what I love.
16. I do everything quickly
17. I have a fear that I will not go to college
18. I act in the heat of the moment, and then worry about my deeds and actions.

Table 3.9.

Personality stress test

Total points	Level your resistance to stress and
	1 - very low
	2 - low
	3 - below average
	4 - slightly below average
	5 - medium
	6 - slightly above average
	7 - above average
	8 - high
	9 - very high

The less (total number) points you scored, the higher your stress resistance, and vice versa. If you have the 1st and even the 2nd level of stress resistance, then you need to radically change your lifestyle.

Resistance to stress is the ability to withstand certain psychophysical stress and endure stress without harming the body and psyche. Difficult to adjust when it comes to stress response. But the stressor (source of stress) and / or post-stress behavior can be corrected.

Social adaptation is the process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the social environment. One of the types of social adaptation is socio-psychological adaptation, i.e. such interaction between the individual and the social environment, which leads to the optimal balance of goals and values of the individual and the group. This type of adaptation presupposes the search activity of the individual, her awareness of her social status and social role behavior, identification of the individual and the group in the process of performing joint activities, the acceptance of the norms, values and traditions of the social group by the individual.

Adaptive potential - the degree of the subject's latent possibilities to optimally be included in new or changing conditions of the social environment surrounding him. It is associated with adaptive training - the accumulation of such potential by a person in the process of a specially organized activity to adapt to social conditions. External difficulties, illness, a state of protracted extremeness, hunger, etc., reduce the adaptive potential of an individual, and when faced with a situation that threatens his life goals, maladjustment may occur.

Doctors Thomas Holmes and Richard Reich (or Holmes and Rage, USA) studied the dependence of diseases (including infectious diseases and injuries) on various stressful life events in more than five thousand patients. They concluded that 151 mental and physical illnesses are usually preceded by certain serious changes in a person's life. Based on their research, they compiled a scale in which each important life event corresponds to a certain number of points, depending on the degree of its stressfulness.

Test questionnaire for stress resistance. Methodology for determining stress resistance and social adaptation of Holmes and Rage:

Instruction.

Try to remember all the events that happened to you during the last years, and calculate the total number of "earned" points. If any situation occurred to you more than once, then the result obtained should be multiplied by given quantity once.

Test material.

	Life events	Points
	Death of a spouse.

	Departure of spouses (without registration of divorce), break with a partner.
	Imprisonment.
	Death of a close family member.
	Injury or illness.
	Marriage, wedding.
	Dismissal from work.
	Reconciliation of spouses.
	Retirement.
	Change in the health status of family members.
	Partner's pregnancy.
	Gender problems.
	The emergence of a new family member, the birth of a child.
	Reorganization at work.
	Change in financial position.
	Death of a close friend.
	Change of professional orientation, change of place of work.
	Strengthening the conflict of relations with the spouse.
	A loan or loan for a large purchase (for example, a home).
	The end of the loan or loan repayment period, growing debts.
	Change of position, increase of official responsibility.
	The son or daughter leaves the house.
	Problems with relatives of the husband (wife).
	Outstanding personal achievement, success.
	The spouse quits work (or starts work).
	The beginning or end of training at an educational institution.
	Changing living conditions.
	Refusal of any individual habits, change of stereotypes of behavior.
	Problems with bosses, conflicts.
	Changes to conditions or hours of work.
	Change of residence.
	Change of place of study.
	Changing leisure or vacation habits.
	Changing religious habits.
	Change in social activity.
	Loan or loan for the purchase of smaller items (car, TV).
	Change in individual sleep habits, sleep disturbance.
	Changes in the number of family members living together, changes in the nature and frequency of meetings with other family members.
	Changing eating habits (amount of food consumed, diet, lack of appetite, etc.).

	Christmas, New Year, birthday.
	Minor violation of law and order (fine for violation of traffic rules).

Treatment is carried out in the form of adding up the scores of events that were present in the life of the test taker over the last year

Key.

Interpretation.

Greater resistance to stress.
You show a very high degree of resistance to stress.
You are characterized by a minimal degree of stress.
Any activity of a person, regardless of its orientation and character, is the more effective, the higher the level of stress resistance. This makes it possible to talk about managerial activity as one that has a strong stressful character.
An increase in the level of stress tolerance of an individual directly and directly leads to an extension of life.

High degree of resistance to stress
You show a high degree of stress tolerance.
You do not spend your energy and resources on fighting negative psychological states that arise during the process of stress. Therefore, any of your activities, regardless of its focus and nature, becomes more effective.
This makes it possible to talk about management activities as stressful in nature.

Threshold (average) degree of resistance to stress
You are characterized by an average degree of stress.
Your resistance to stress decreases with the increase in stressful situations in your life. This leads to the fact that the person is forced to spend the lion's share of their energy and resources in general on the fight against negative psychological states that arise in the process of stress.
This makes it possible to talk about managerial activity as one that is to a small extent stressful in nature.
A believer, as a rule, is more resistant to stress, due to his inner capacity for spiritual self-restraint and humility.

Low degree of stress resistance
You are characterized by a high degree of stress.
You bring out low degree stress resistance (vulnerability).
This leads to the fact that the person is forced to spend the lion's share of their energy and resources in general on the fight against negative psychological states that arise in the process of stress.

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Of great importance for the problem of self-esteem are the works of K. Levin and his students, who subjected to a special study motives, needs, the level of claims and their dynamic relationship, allowing us to understand some of the dynamic tendencies of the effective sphere, which are important for understanding the function of self-esteem.

R. Burns considers self-esteem to be one of the components of the “I - concept” of a person. “I am a concept” is not only a statement, a description of the traits of one's personality, but also the whole set of their evaluative characteristics and associated experiences. "Self-esteem is an affective assessment of an individual's self-image, which can have varying intensity, since specific features of the" self-image "can express more or less strong emotions associated with their acceptance or condemnation."

Self-esteem is often considered only as a component of the emotional-value attitude towards oneself. For example, W. James understands self-esteem as contentment or dissatisfaction with oneself. R. Wiley believes that the emotional-value relationship may be based on discrepancies between the self-esteem of the individual and the assessment of him by others. He considered this issue from the point of view of functional and adaptive learning and, trying to establish the cause of this phenomenon, believed that self-esteem is a very complex phenomenon, because many individuals have a simplified idea of themselves, which is required by the circumstance, therefore their self-esteem is primitive.

The problem of the emergence and development of self-esteem is one of the central ones in the development of personality. Self-esteem is a necessary component of self-awareness, i.e. a person's awareness of himself, his physical strength, mental abilities, actions, motives and goals of their behavior, attitude to the environment, to other people, to oneself. The knowledge of a person about himself is associated with the experience of his own psychological characteristics. They are mediated by the being of the individual and arise as a result of his concrete life activity in the stream of constant correlation of values, aspirations, attitudes with the requirements, norms of society and the immediate social environment in which this person is.

Self-esteem — it is a moral assessment of one's own actions, moral qualities, convictions, motives; one of the manifestations of the moral self-awareness and conscience of the individual.

In self-esteem, they see the projection of perceived qualities onto an internal standard, a comparison of their characteristics with value scales, a form of reflection of an attitude towards oneself, a personal judgment about one's own value, a positive or negative attitude towards oneself.

Self-esteem belongs to the central formations of the personality. Its formation takes place in the process of activity and interpersonal interaction.

The structure of self-esteem includes two interconnected components: emotional and cognitive, which reflect a person's knowledge of himself and his attitude towards himself.

The cognitive component reflects the subject's system of ideas about himself of varying degrees of differentiation, generalization and awareness. The emotional component, on the other hand, reflects a person's attitude to himself, it is an assessment of ideas about himself, with varying degrees of intensity. The qualitative uniqueness of these components gives their unity an internally differentiated character.

Self-assessment has a regulatory and protective function:

Regulatory-solving problems of personal choice;

Protective - provides stability and independence of the individual.

Self-esteem, performing these functions, affects the activities, behavior and development of the individual, her relationship with other people, creates the basis for the perception of his own success or failure, setting goals, i.e. the level of personality claims.

Overpriced — an idealized idea of one's personality, one's value to others. Such a person does not want to admit his own mistakes, laziness, lack of knowledge, wrong behavior, considers himself smarter than others, often becomes tough, aggressive, touchy, quarrelsome.

Adequate — provides an appropriate level of claims, a sober attitude to success and failure, approval and disapproval. Such a person is more energetic, active and optimistic. In a good emotional state, a person successfully overcomes various obstacles that life puts before him on a daily basis. Overcoming involves being aware of, managing, and expressing feelings appropriately.

Underestimated - inadequate, negative attitude towards oneself, a person underestimates himself in comparison with what he really is. Such people are unsure of themselves, shy, shy, cannot realize their inclinations and abilities, set themselves lower goals than those they could achieve, exaggerate the significance of failures, desperately need the support of others, are too critical of themselves.

Personal — how a person evaluates himself and his place among others.

Specific-situational — how a person evaluates himself and his actions in a specific situation, in relation to specific goals and objectives.

Multiple feelings emotional state, experienced at different times, in different life situations, constitute the "emotional" fund of self-awareness, in conjunction with the emotional - value attitude of a person to himself. They make up his self-esteem. Self-esteem influences the formation of a person's style of behavior and life activity, on resistance to stressful situations.

Stress resistance - a person's resistance to stress.

Stress tolerance is determined by the aggregate personal qualities allowing a person to endure significant intellectual, physical, volitional and emotional stress without any harmful consequences for activities, others and their health. Stress resistance as a personality trait is a unity of components: 1) motivational; 2) emotional; 3) volitional, which is expressed in the conscious self-regulation of actions, bringing them in line with the requirements of situations; 4) intellectual - assessing and determining the requirements of the situation, forecasting its possible change, making decisions about the methods of action. The property of resistance to stress at all levels of its regulation and manifestation means the stability of the functions of the body and psyche under the influence of stress factors, their resistance and endurance to extreme influences, functional adaptability to life and activities in extreme situations and the ability to compensate for excessive functional disorders when exposed to stressors.

Overcoming stressful situations will be more successful if the individual's response meets the requirements of the situation. One of the important parameters of the potential correspondence between coping and situational assessments is the perceived control over the situation. Control over the situation is possible with adequate self-esteem. Self-esteem affects a person's behavior in stressful situations.

A person with low self-esteem is more prone to stressful situations, as he constantly experiences fear and anxiety. Being insecure, a person constantly observes his every action and the actions of the people around him, becomes too sensitive to any remarks or comments made by other people, as a result, people with low self-esteem are unstable.

A person with high self-esteem considers himself to be better than others, but when his opinion of himself does not coincide with the opinion of others, he becomes touchy, distrustful, stubborn. This generates internal conflicts, contradictions and stress. As a result, people with high self-esteem have moderate resistance to stress.

A person with adequate self-esteem is self-confident, persistent and self-critical. Adequate self-esteem allows a person to "try on" their strengths to the tasks and requirements of the environment, and in accordance with this, independently set certain goals and objectives for themselves. Therefore, people with adequate self-esteem are highly stress-resistant.

Self-esteem - the ability to evaluate oneself, one's capabilities and abilities - plays an important role in the life of each of us. After all, the behavior, mood, many important decisions in life depend on how you feel. A correct attitude towards oneself, a realistic assessment of one's data helps to rationally distribute one's strength, set solvable tasks for oneself, and maintain peace of mind.

List of used literature and other sources:

Bodrov V.A.Psychological stress: development and overcoming. Tutorial. - M .: "Progress", 2006.

Selye G. Stress without distress. - M .: "Progress", 2009.

E.A. Tarasov How to beat stress. - M .: Iris-press, 2002

K.V. Sudakov Systemic mechanisms of emotional stress. - M .: Nauka, 1981.

Frankenhauser M. Emotional stress. - M .: Nauka, 1972

Stress resistance test

Resistance to stress is a set of personality traits that help to endure intellectual, volitional, emotional and any other stresses without harmful consequences for normal activities or well-being. At the same time, a high indicator of stress resistance usually speaks of callousness, which does not in the best way affect a person's life. If you do not know how high this indicator is in your case, it is worth taking a stress resistance test, which will allow you to understand how strong your psyche is.

Stress resistance test

The methodology for determining stress resistance allows you to understand. How ready you are for stress-related activities, and whether you need to take steps to develop it (this is achieved by attending trainings, etc.). In our time, the assessment of stress resistance is often carried out when hiring, since many specialties require a high degree of nervous tension.

We offer a simple stress tolerance diagnostic that will reveal your level of irritability and self-control ability. In this case, you are offered three identical answer options for any question:

At the end of the answers, add up the points. The main thing is to be honest with yourself, because this is a self-assessment test of resistance to stress, and your sincerity in this case is very important.

Are you annoyed by a crumpled page in a newspaper that contains an article of interest to you?
Does a woman “in years” who is dressed like a young girl arouse dislike?
Do you dislike being too close to your interlocutor during a conversation?
Is a woman who smokes in public place or on the street? Does a person coughing in your direction irritate you?
Do you dislike the sight of a man biting his nails?
Do you get annoyed if someone laughs out of place?
Are you gripping a wave of discontent when someone teaches you about life?
Do you get annoyed if your other half is constantly late?
Are you annoyed by people in the theater who are constantly spinning and commenting on the film?
Do you get extremely annoyed when someone tells you the plot of a book you plan to read?
Are you internally indignant when you are presented with unnecessary things?
Are you annoyed by a loud conversation or a conversation on the phone on public transport?
Do you dislike the strong smell of perfume in someone?
Are you annoyed by a person actively gesturing during a conversation?
Are you indignant when people insert foreign words into their speech?

The test is over, calculate the total of the points obtained before checking the stress resistance results on the test.

more than 36 points. Your level of stress resistance is low, any, sometimes even innocent detail can knock you out of the rut. A lot around you can easily ruin your mood, and sometimes it can be difficult to get it back. You are encouraged to complete any stress management training to improve your quality of life.
from 13 to 36. Your level of stress tolerance is medium. You are a person who generally copes well with stressful situations, but if something serious happens, it can lead to a nervous breakdown.
less than 13. Your level of stress tolerance is high. In order to get you out, you need a really serious event. You easily endure adversity and are loyal to those around you. The main thing is not to get too carried away with such a detached attitude: your loved ones may take it personally.

Development of a modified psychological relief room for a subdivision of the 3rd company of the State Fire Service Academy of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia

2002 (1 course of study)

2003 (2nd year of study)

The following results were obtained for manifestations of forms of aggression:

Conclusion: Based on the results of the survey and comparative analysis of the data, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. Indicators of the level of aggressiveness and hostility in the 2nd year increased.

2. The ratio of the prevailing forms of manifestations of aggression has changed, if in the first year of study the dominant form was verbal aggression, then in the second year of study it is physical aggression.

Self-assessment of personality stress tolerance

Testing was carried out in the investigated unit among the personnel of the 3rd company. The test consists of eighteen questions that had to be answered:

“Sometimes”, “Rarely”, “Often”.

Table 3.14. Self-assessment of stress tolerance

% of the number of respondents

Slightly below average

Slightly above average

In order to analyze the test results, we will divide the table data into two groups:

The first group - average level stress resistance;

· The second group has a high level of stress resistance.

Thus, it was revealed that 56% of cadets have an average level of stress resistance. This level is not enough to carry out successful combat work when extinguishing fires. And only 44% of cadets have a high level of stress resistance. Based on the foregoing, we conclude that it is necessary to create a psychological relief room in the division of the state fire service.

The professional activity of firefighters, unlike a number of other professions, can take place in extreme conditions of natural disasters and catastrophes. Tense (extreme) situations complicate the conditions of activity and their immediate consequences are often manifested in the form of production-related negative mental states.

Thus, the announcement of the "Alarm" signal has a strong effect on the functional state of the cadets. In the first 25-30 s. after raising on alarm, the heart rate increases by an average of 47 beats per minute, and when serving on guard of a training fire department, when following a fire, it can reach 150-180 beats / min. The firefighter cannot perform work if, when doing it, the heart rate reaches 180 bpm after 5 minutes. and more.

Emotional stress arising from the moment of receiving the signal to leave does not disappear for a long time even after the end of work. Research shows that firefighters experience changes in memory during work when the employee is unable to describe the sequence of their actions. More than 70% of firefighters with less than 4 years of work experience experience neuro-emotional discomfort when receiving an “alarm” signal, and more than 50% of their heart rate shifts are associated with the emotional component of the cardinal reaction. The dependence of the response to the “alarm” signal on training is noted: the response of the heart rate in persons undergoing initial training is clearly differentiated depending on the response of experienced firefighters. In experienced firefighters, the recovery of the heart rate level to the initial values begins 3-5 seconds after getting into the car. For firefighters who have not completed the initial training period, the heart rate level after the announcement of the "alarm" signal and boarding the fire engine continues to increase until the car leaves the garage or until the "alarm" signal is canceled for almost 30-40 seconds. The preliminary notification that the alarm will be a training one significantly reduces the level of the heart rate response in comparison with the action of the signal under conditions of uncertainty. Analysis of the research results indicates a very high emotiogenic effect of an alarm signal under conditions of uncertainty, on the one hand, and on the other, about a good training of psychophysiological mechanisms to such a signal.

Self-assessment test of stress tolerance (S. Cohen and G. Williamson) 26

Instruction. Read the question and choose the most appropriate answer.

How often do unexpected troubles throw you off balance?

How often do you feel like the most important things in your life are spiraling out of your control?

How often do you feel "nervous", depressed?

Never - 0. Almost never - 1. Sometimes - 2. Quite often - 3. Very often - 4.

How often do you feel confident in your ability to deal with your personal problems?

Never - 4. Almost never - 3. Sometimes - 2. Quite often - 1. Very often - 0.

How often do you feel like things are going exactly the way you want them to? Never - 4. Almost never - 3. Sometimes - 2. Quite often - 1. Very often - 0.

How often can you control your irritation?

How often do you get the feeling that you cannot cope with what is required of you?

Do you often feel like you are successful?

How often do you get angry about things that you cannot control?

Do you often think that so many difficulties have accumulated that it is impossible to overcome them?

Table 3.7. given below based on the number of points scored by the subject and his age.

Table 3.7. Assessment of stress resistance

Stress tolerance Is a system of personal qualities that help a person to endure the impact of stressors with calmness, without harmful results for the individual, his body, personality, environment. The concept of stress was introduced by G. Selye, and he designated the state of internal tension, which is due to the activity of the individual in difficult conditions. Depending on the degree of severity, stress can affect the activity of an individual in a positive or negative way.

What is stress tolerance? This is the ability to withstand psychological stress and not obey negative feelings that would be reflected on others. Psychological resistance to stress is understood as the ability to restrain a negative reaction to stress, and calmly endure stress loads. In a stress-resistant individual, stress ends naturally, by restoring the body's resources.

The body of an unstress-resistant individual reacts to psychological problems psychosomatics, and often people misinterpret diseases of the body, considering them organic. If a person is ill for a long time and is incurably ill, it is worth applying psychological intervention.

Stress resistance of the body high level provides an individual with the ability to maintain a state of inner calmness in a critical situation, helps to maintain optimism, joy, promotes the adoption of correct, adequate decisions and effective behavior, not allowing to violate the boundaries of the personality and maintain personal psychological emotional integrity.

The body's resistance to stress of a low degree makes a person vulnerable, leads to the rupture of his personal boundaries, destruction psycho-emotional state and various diseases. An individual with weak stress resistance cannot control himself entirely, he weakens energetically, his behavior is ineffective. The formation of stress resistance can occur regardless of the current age, so everyone should direct their energies to the development of stress resistance.

Personality resistance to stress

To define this concept, you must first understand what stress is. The body's resistance to stress determines a person's ability to withstand stressful situations without bad consequences for his activities and those around him. Often, a person is determined whether he is stress-resistant, taking into account external indicators. So, they believe that if he demonstrates all his experiences, throwing out negative emotions on others, it means that he is not stress-resistant, and succumbs to stress. If a person is restrained, calm, cheerful, then he is stress-resistant.

Such an observation classification of stress tolerance is very erroneous. The fact that an individual does not express his negativity in front of others at the moment of exposure to a stress factor does not indicate that internally he does not experience depression or a feeling of depression at all. It communicates the ability to be tactful while playing the role well. However, this person harms his own psyche, since he closes stress, does not give out and runs the risk of being exposed to internal destructive factors. Emotions must find a way out, but only in the right way.

According to modern research psychological resistance to stress is a characteristic of a person, which consists of several components:

- psychophysiological (characteristic nervous system),

- strong-willed (conscious self-regulation of actions, relative to the situation),

- motivational (the strength of motives determines emotional stability),

- emotional (personal experience gained from experiences negative influences situations),

- intellectual (analysis of the situation and adoption of the correct course of action).

Psychological resistance to stress is determined by subjective characteristics and the motivational system of the individual. People show different reactions to critical situations: anxiety, fear, excitement or stupor. However, there are people who are stable and able to control their emotions. Such individuals can mobilize internal reserves and overcome the situation, without negative consequences for them, but these people are very few.

In the world of stress-resistant people, there are about 30%. If not everyone possesses stress resistance, then people of such professions as firefighters, policemen or the military must work to increase stress resistance, their lives and the lives of others directly depend on it.

The development of stress resistance should be carried out by each person in order to make the body hardy and not allow external negative factors to weaken it.

Increasing stress tolerance helps a person:

- at work, to perform the assigned task under stressful conditions; with external distractions (poor lighting, noise, cold); with the psychological pressure of the people around (threats from the authorities, distraction by colleagues, supervisory control);

- to stand out from others as a balanced and thoughtful person;

- not respond to criticism, insults, provocations or gossip of others;

- it is easy to find a way out in an acute situation.

How to increase stress resistance

The development of stress resistance is necessary for every individual, since negative stresses act in a destructive way on the psyche. Increasing stress resistance allows you to be a more confident person, to maintain physical health. Chronic diseases very often begin from chronic stress. Endurance and composure help to make the right and swift decisions in tense situations. Stress-resistant workers are highly valued by employers. Individual employers even test their employees for stress tolerance levels.

The formation of stress resistance consists of several factors.

Improving the professional level will increase a person's confidence, strengthen his knowledge, and accordingly provide psychological stamina in the workplace. In an incomprehensible situation, you need to weigh every word, this helps not to react harshly to everything at once and to remain patient. Outdoor walks, field trips, sports activities contribute to the development of this quality. Also, to form stress resistance, you need to master breathing techniques and meditation lessons, attend massage, and relax in correct and healthy ways. Self-organization should be done, ordering things helps to order wandering thoughts. When doing things, you need to concentrate on doing it. It is important to study the relevant psychological literature for the development of stress resistance.

Creative activities will help you relax. Active rest should be alternated with passive. To know how to behave correctly in a stressful situation, you need to observe the behavior of others, see how they express their resistance to stress and learn from their experience. It is also worth analyzing all stressful circumstances and soberly analyzing each case, listening to your own inner voice.

A positive attitude will help to increase stress resistance, it forms positive thinking. Everyone's life is filled with many problems, but no difficulties should prevent a fulfilling life and the ability to enjoy her. It is required to throw out unnecessary and insignificant problems from thoughts, think more about joyful moments of life and solve difficulties as they come. Sometimes people mistakenly believe that if they think about difficulties all the time, they will be solved faster, but they really will not decide themselves, but they will undermine their health.

To increase resistance to stress, you need to try to change the attitude towards everything that happens. For example, if a person really cannot influence the current situation, then it is worth trying to look at certain things in a different way, much easier.

It is necessary to learn to let go of unnecessary emotions, from holding them in oneself, the individual does not become stronger, on the contrary, it exhausts him. It is important to regularly release emotions in an appropriate way. In a good way for splashing out emotions and increasing stress resistance, physical activity, long walks, dances, climbing mountains, etc. are used. Thus, negative emotions are released with negative experiences, transformed into positive ones, and this will also provide pleasure.

A person should periodically fully rest. If the rhythm of life is tense, and a person sleeps a little, and does not even allow himself to relax a little, then his body will function for wear and tear, this cannot be allowed, otherwise the body's resistance to stress will become minimal, and its protective function will cease to function altogether. So that it doesn't come to this, you should give the body a rest. It is necessary to go to bed earlier than usual, before taking a fragrant bath and drinking tea with lemon balm. So, a person will be able to sleep well, the body will resume a little, stress resistance will increase.

Since stress resistance is associated with the activity of the nervous system, it means that you need to maintain it by taking vitamins D and B, and getting a full amount of potassium and magnesium. In order not to have to take multivitamin preparations, it is best to balance the diet, which will contain all the beneficial substances.

Classical music helps many people to relax, but on the contrary, it annoys some people, then you can listen to the sounds of nature and practice yoga or meditation under them in a room filled with fresh air, hidden from extraneous noise.

To increase your resilience to stress, it is advisable to set aside time for enjoyable activities, even when they are not directly beneficial. If the life of an individual is mainly composed of work responsibilities, then the body is difficult to withstand stress. Doing your favorite activities one day a week can help relieve accumulated stress.

You don't always need to think about what others will say, how they look at you, what they think. You can't please everyone, the main thing is to like yourself and surround yourself with people who love you, that's enough. And thinking about what others think is an unnecessary stress factor, which a person creates for himself. It is worth acting in accordance with your own convictions and conscience, adhering to moral ethics, then thoughts, how everyone around you will perceive it, will not worry.

The key to good stress resistance is the correct prioritization. The most urgent and urgent matters must be done initially, minor and less significant, can wait. You need to rely on personal strength and take on the amount of work that you can do. When a person starts several things at once, and does not have time to finish a single one, he panics, of course the stress resistance of such a person tends to zero.

Children can inherit stress tolerance from their parents during upbringing. Such children will be able to stand up for themselves, respond with surrender in disassembly, not fuss when trying to provoke them. Such children then grow up and become successful leaders whom no one can frighten with their intrigues or threats.

The sense of their own worth and confidence of such people is so high that they do not even take threats seriously, do not succumb to provocations. There is no place for fear in the thoughts of a stress-resistant person, he will not be able to spoil the mood or distract from the main business. A stress-resistant person confidently and cheerfully goes to the goal, this is his lifestyle.

If an individual needs to immediately protect himself from a negative stimulus, he can use breathing practice. For self-control and stress resistance in situations where physical activity is limited, special breathing is suitable. In a stressful situation, a person's breathing becomes confused and shallow, as the muscles of the abdomen and chest are tense. It is necessary to control your breathing, take deep and conscious breaths and slow exhalations, so as to relax your stomach as much as possible, repeat this several times until the pulse is restored and breathing calmly.

Modern views on the problem of stress resistance The text of the scientific article in the specialty " Psychology»

Abstract of a scientific article on psychology, the author of the scientific work is Tserkovsky A.L.

The purpose of the review article is to actualize the problem of stress resistance in the higher education system by considering its most relevant aspects. The socio-psychological and medical significance of stress resistance is determined by its direct connection with well-being, mental and physical health of a person, the effectiveness of his activities and behavior. The article examines the main aspects of the problem of stress resistance: phenomenology, individual (personality type A; strength, inertia-mobility, balance of nervous processes; temperament; anxiety; gender, motivation and attitudes; self-esteem) and subjective (individual style of activity and styles of coping behavior) determinants of stress resistance. The article also reflects such topical aspects of the problem as the impact of stress resistance on human health, on the learning process at a university and on pedagogical activity.

The aim of this review article is to focus on the problem of stress resistance in the system of higher education by dint of its most urgent aspects consideration. Sociopsychological and medical significance of stress resistance is determined by its direct connection with the well-being, individuals mental and physical health, the effectiveness of his or her activity and behavior. The article deals with the main aspects of stress tolerance problem: phenomenology, individuality, personality (type A personality; power, inactivity-lability, steadiness of nerve processes; temperament; anxiety; gender; motivation and purposes; self-appraisal) and subjective ( personal style and the styles of coping behavior) determinative factors of stress resistance. The article also concerns such important aspects as the influence of stress resistance on human health, educational process at the university, as well as the teaching activity.

Text of the scientific work on the topic "Modern views on the problem of stress resistance"

? © Tserkovsky A.L., 2011

MODERN VIEWS ON THE PROBLEM OF STRESS RESILIENCE

EE "Vitebsk State Order of Friendship of Peoples Medical University"

Department of Psychology and Pedagogy

Summary. The purpose of the review article is to actualize the problem of stress tolerance in the higher education system by considering its most relevant aspects.

The socio-psychological and medical significance of stress resistance is determined by its direct connection with well-being, mental and physical health of a person, the effectiveness of his activities and behavior.

The article examines the main aspects of the problem of stress resistance: phenomenology, individual (personality type A; strength, inertia-mobility, balance of nervous processes; temperament; anxiety; gender, motivation and attitudes; self-esteem) and subjective (individual style of activity and styles of coping behavior) determinants of stress resistance.

The article also reflects such topical aspects of the problem as the impact of stress resistance on human health, on the learning process at a university and on pedagogical activity.

Key words: stress, mental resistance to stress, stress resistance, individual and subjective factors of stress resistance.

Abstract. The aim of this review article is to focus on the problem of stress resistance in the system of higher education by dint of its most urgent aspects consideration.

Sociopsychological and medical significance of stress resistance is determined by its direct connection with the well-being, individual's mental and physical health, the effectiveness of his or her activity and behavior.

The article deals with the main aspects of stress tolerance problem: phenomenology, individuality, personality (type A personality; power, inactivity-lability, steadiness of nerve processes; temperament; anxiety; gender; motivation and purposes; self-appraisal) and subjective ( personal style and the styles of coping behavior) determinative factors of stress resistance.

The article also concerns such important aspects as the influence of stress resistance on human health, educational process at the university, as well as the teaching activity.

At the present stage of development of the domestic system of higher education, the main task is to ensure its quality, the formation of an active, healthy, competitive personality of a professional and a citizen. However, full-

Address for correspondence: 210027, Vitebsk, Stroiteley Ave., 8, bldg. 1, apt. 52. - Tserkovsky A.L.

a valuable solution to this problem seems difficult without the organization of purposeful efforts to develop a number of individual psychological characteristics of a person, among which special place takes stress resistance.

Despite the fact that the problem of stress is devoted to a large number of works, public

At the same time, the phenomenon of stress resistance of students' personality is of particular interest due to its connection with success. learning activities and insufficient knowledge.

The appearance of disharmonious and deforming components that negatively affect the student's quality of life and his formation as a professional, which does not contribute to the development of stress resistance, actualizes the consideration of students' resistance to stress.

In modern scientific literature the problem of resistance to stress was developed by such scientists as L.M. Abolin, A. Yu. Malenova,

A. A. Baranov, B. Kh. Vardanyan, V. A. Bodrov, M. Yu. Denisov, L.V. Kulikov, A.V. Libina, A.V. Li-bin, L.A. Kitaev-Smyk, A.A. Rean, S.V. Subbotin and others.

In the works of L.I. Antsyferova, L.G. Wild stability, personality maturity is associated with a person's ability to focus on certain goals, with the nature of the time perspective, the organization of their activities [b, 19].

The work is devoted to the problem of the influence of the personal factor in overcoming stress

B.I. Medvedev, V.E. Milman, V.D. Neby-litsyna, G.S. Nikiforova and others.

Particular interest is paid to the problem of personality behavior in relation to difficult life circumstances arising in the process of coping life, called coping strategies of behavior.

The main approaches are reflected by the researchers R. Lasarus, R. Thoits [b5, bb, 71]. The specificity of the development of students' stress resistance is revealed in the works of A.A. Rean, T.V. Sereda, M.L. Tyshkova, A.Yu. Malenova,

O.V. Lozgacheva.

These approaches can make it possible to optimize the study of stress resistance in medical students.

The purpose of the review article is to actualize the problem of stress resistance in the higher education system by considering its most relevant aspects.

Phenomenological aspect of stress resistance

At the moment in psychological science a wide variety of definitions of the concept of "stress resistance" has developed.

So, under the term "stress resistance" S.V. Subbotin (1992) understands such its particular components as emotional stability, psychological resistance to stress, stress resistance, frustration tolerance. This view of the stress tolerance phenomenon is fairly common.

In engineering psychology, the problem of stress resistance is considered as the stability of the activity of a human operator in extreme (special) conditions, where it is analyzed in the unity of its three aspects: subject-effective, physiological and psychological.

And if, as V.A.Bodrov (1998) states, the subject-effective analysis of stability reflects the resulting parameters of activity that characterize changes in the subject of labor, its effectiveness and quality, then the physiological and psychological approaches determine the procedural support and provision of sustainable activity.

B.Kh. Vardanyan (1983) defines stress resistance as a special interaction of all components of mental activity, including emotional ones: “Stress resistance can be more specifically defined as a personality trait that provides a harmonious relationship between all components of mental activity in an emotiogenic situation and thereby contributes to the successful performance of activities” ...

One of the essential aspects of stress resilience draws attention to P.B. Silberman (1984), arguing that resilience may be an impractical phenomenon that characterizes the lack of adequate

reflection of the changed situation, indicating a lack of flexibility, adaptability. He also offers his own interpretation of stress resistance, understanding by it “. an integrative personality trait, characterized by such an interaction of emotional, volitional, intellectual and motivational components of an individual's mental activity, which ensures the optimal successful achievement of the goal of activity in a complex emotive environment. "

A similar definition of stress resistance from the standpoint of the theory of integral individuality of V.S. Merlin (1986) suggests in her dissertation research S.V. Subbotin:

“Stress resistance is an individual psychological feature, which consists in the specific relationship of the different-level properties of the integral individuality, which ensures the biological, physiological and psychological homeostasis of the system and leads to the optimal interaction of the subject with environment in various conditions of life and activity ".

As follows from all the above definitions of stress resistance, this phenomenon (quality, trait, property) is considered mainly from functional positions, as a characteristic that affects the productivity (success) of activities.

And only in the definitions of B.Kh. Vardanyan and S.V. Subbotin traces the idea of the dual nature of stress resistance

This feature is manifested in the consideration of stress resistance as a property that affects the result of activity (success-failure), and as a characteristic that provides homeostasis of the individual as a system. And from these positions, stress resistance can be considered as an indicator of activity (external) and personal (internal).

The "internal" personal component of stress resistance manifests its activity when the subject's potencies do not correspond to the conditions, requirements of a particular action.

ness. The role of this component is to develop a system for protecting the personality from stress factors, which would ensure the stability (protection) of a person from the development of a distress state.

Individual-personal factors of resistance to stress Personalities of type A

A large number of works are devoted to the analysis of stress resistance of individuals of type A. Many researchers state that people of type A (coronary type) are more susceptible to stress.

So, A.G. Maklakov, S.D. Polozhentsev, D.A. Rudnev (1993) cites data indicating a high likelihood of developing coronary heart disease in young people of type A under conditions of prolonged psychoemotional stress.

The same conclusions, but with respect to the representatives of all age groups, are contained in the works of V.N. Vasilyeva.

KV Sudakov emphasizes the dependence of ensuring individual resistance to emotional stress on the formation of the corresponding mechanisms of the sympathetic-adrenal and pituitary-adrenal functional systems.

Emphasizing the greater susceptibility to stress of representatives of type A, foreign authors note their tendency to inadequate assessment of the tasks facing them, haste in making decisions.

The strength of the nervous system

If we consider in connection with the determination of stress resistance the neurodynamic group of individual characteristics of a person, which, according to B.G. Ananyev, is included in the class of primary individual-typical properties, then we will see that the available results here are not entirely unambiguous.

So, E.P. Ilyin notes that with a small and medium degree of psychoemotional stress, the effectiveness of activity increases in all people, regardless of

what typological features of the manifestation of the properties of the nervous system are inherent in them. However, with great stress, the efficiency of activity in persons with a weak nervous system deteriorates earlier. Representatives with a high severity of the strength of nervous processes show greater resistance to significant psychoemotional stress, while with moderate stress levels, subjects with a weak nervous system demonstrate high efficiency of activity, sometimes even outstripping those with a strong nervous system. With a further increase in the intensity of activity, an increase in the significance of the result of labor, there is a decrease in the effectiveness of activity in persons with a weak nervous system. At the same time, representatives of the strong type in such conditions mobilize resources and, as a consequence, increase the effectiveness of their activities.

A.A. Korotaeva confirm the fact that persons with a weak nervous system are much more unstable to any type of stress in comparison with representatives of a strong type of the nervous system.

In general, noting the high susceptibility of persons with a weak nervous system to distress, E.P. Ilyin (2008) explains this phenomenon by the fact that "weak" subjects at rest have higher energy costs and this indicates less energy resources that can be mobilized under stress.

Inertia and mobility

Analyzing another property of neurodynamics - inertia-mobility, E.M.Borisova proved that subjects with mobility of nervous processes are distinguished by high efficiency in stressful conditions. Persons with inertia are characterized by decreased activity, high anxiety, isolation, disruptions in activity. These qualities, in general, are indicators of low stress tolerance.

and was carried out when working on simulators) - characteristic of persons with mobility of nervous processes.

The benefits of high mobility of nervous processes in the work of operators of chemical production are evidenced by the work of Z.G. Turovskaya, E.L. Berezhkovskaya and E.M. Alexandrovskaya.

Also, the extremeness of the situation is a constant background in the widespread profession of a driver of urban transport, where V.A. Troshikhin and his co-authors with high mobility of nervous processes. Although they stipulate that drivers with inertia of nervous processes relatively rarely break the rules road traffic, but are more prone to accidents. It is noted that the highest reliability in driving is observed in persons with an average degree of mobility of nervous processes and a strong nervous system.

Balance of nervous processes

In the works of J. Reikovsky and L.M. Mitina showed that imbalance (equilibrium) of nervous processes is accompanied by a decrease in resistance to stress.

It can be argued that in most extreme activities, saturated with unexpected, super-difficult, low-stereotyped tasks, people with a strong, mobile and balanced nervous system, providing high noise immunity and stress resistance, have great chances of success.

But this position is not transferable to all types of professional activity with stressogens, in which the productivity of the activity and counteraction to professional stress factors are mediated by the personal and operational characteristics of the subject of the activity.

The totality of the most important properties of the individual and their complex formations appears

in the most integrative form in the form of temperament.

In the history of the doctrine of personality, researchers put forward different theories of temperament, depending on their consideration of the factors that determine the manifestation of temperament.

According to Eysenck (1960), temperament is characterized by two linearly orthodox symptom complexes: extraversion, introversion and neuroticism, which have a continuous and normal distribution.

R. Cattell identified a number of factors related to both temperament and character, which are independent and autonomous in relation to each other in the general structure of the personality.

Another group of scientists (C.G. Jung, 1995; O ^. A11rog% 1937) recognizes the existence of types of temperament and considers it as an intermittent, qualitative characteristic of individual differences.

At one time, the so-called morphological theories of temperament (E. Kretschmer; W. Sheldon), which saw the basis of individual differences in the features of constitutional organization, became widespread.

Theoretically, the teaching of I.P. Pavlova (1951) that it is the nervous system that is the substrate that determines the psychophysiological characteristics of behavior.

Developing the teachings of IP Pavlov, VD Ne-bylitsyn distinguishes three main components in the structure of temperament: the general mental activity of a person; motor component; "Emotionality" (impressionability, impulsivity, emotional lability).

VS Merlin under the type of temperament understands the regularity of connections of certain properties of temperament, to which he refers the following mental properties: sensitivity; emotional excitability; activity; reactivity; the ratio of activity and reactivity; rate of reactions; ri-

fluidity-plasticity; extrovertedness-introversion.

Polish psychologist J. Reikovsky provides data on the dependence of emotional stability on reactivity.

A.V. Makhnach and Yu.V. Bushov (1988) define a number of temperamental properties that determine the course of stress: extraversion, rigidity, impulsivity, the type of direction of reactions in frustrating situations.

Most researchers (A.A. Baranov, 1995; V.E. Milman, 1983; L.M. Mitina, 1992) note a direct unidirectional relationship between the severity of anxiety and the degree of exposure to stress.

It determines the entire system of human relationships and is very closely related to such neurodynamic and temperamental properties as a weak nervous system, imbalance of nervous processes, sensitivity and emotional excitability.

Research by I.N. Yarushina (1993) showed that there is a negative relationship between the level of anxiety and the level of reliability of decision-making by the subject, that is, anxiety is a subjective factor that negatively affects the reliability of activity.

THEM. Feingerberg (1986) notes that in highly anxious people, performing activities under stressful conditions causes significant neuropsychic stress, due to their excessive demands on themselves. As a result, there is a shift in the motive of activity, in which the individual, instead of actively searching for ways to solve the problem, focuses on the quality of the success of his activity, overestimating the significance of the mistakes made and responsibility for them.

The neuropsychic stress developing for this reason is based on unproductive energy expenditures, which excessively increase the “prime cost” or “price of intellectual stress”.

The high conditionality of emotionality from the individual component of a person's individuality is also indicated by S.L. Rubinstein.

So, he writes: “. temperament is reflected in emotional excitability - in the strength of emotional excitement, the speed with which it embraces the personality, and the stability with which it persists. "

The overwhelming number of researchers studying a person's susceptibility to stress from the perspective of a gender approach, note a greater resistance to emotiogenic factors of medium intensity and long-acting representatives of the female half of humanity.

At the same time, it is emphasized that their better tolerance to stress is provided due to the biochemical and physiological specificity of the feminine principle, which is called upon in biological evolution to play a major role in ensuring the process of heredity, while the biological purpose of men is to introduce variability in the phenotypic component of the human race, and therefore it is more adapted to special, extreme conditions of activity.

Some typical male or female traits have their own evolutionary, genetic and physiological foundations, prerequisites.

For example, the level of aggressiveness and dominance (seen as typically masculine traits), as it turned out, correlates with the level of concentration in individuals of male sex hormones - androgens.

Other traits are formed in the process of socialization, education and personal development. It is no coincidence that there are social stereotypes of masculinity and femininity.

Although the matter is, for the most part,

nevertheless, so that the acquisition of certain typically male or typically female psychological traits occurs as a result of the joint influence of both groups of factors - biological and social order.

In this context, the psychological sex is radically different from the biological sex, but despite this, it can be assumed with a fair degree of probability that the level of stress resistance of persons with a prevalence of one or another psychological gender principle will be determined by: a) the conditions of the unfolding stressful situation; b) the requirements of the activity (including professional, status-role, etc.); c) the resources of the individual as a subject of activity.

Motivation, personality attitudes

Most researchers of the problem of the influence of the motivational factor on the efficiency of activity emphasize its dependence on the Yerkes-Dodson law. The named law states that the higher the strength of motivation (tension, activation), the higher the effectiveness of the activity, but this connection remains up to a certain, optimal level, beyond which further motivational and emotional stress leads to a deterioration in the effectiveness of activity.

It is also worth noting that the Yerkes-Dodson regularity and the time development of the stages of stress development according to G. Selye represent, in general, the dependence of the same configuration.

The socio-psychological attitudes of the personality that determine its attitude towards other people, and, accordingly, acting as a regulator of interaction with them, can be attributed to the localization of control over ongoing events (1.V. Rotter, 1966), otherwise interpreted as externality-internality.

Many researchers of this characteristic emphasize the greater stress resistance of individuals with an internal locus of control.

Externality, on the other hand, makes it difficult to overcome difficulties in professional

activity, more often contributes to the development of psychogenic diseases and reduces the likelihood of achieving success in the chosen profession.

Relationship to oneself, according to B.G. Ananyev, complete the structure of character, ensure the integrity of the personality, "perform the functions of self-regulation and control of development, contribute to the formation and stabilization of the unity of the individual."

The attitude towards oneself finds its concretization in such a concept as self-esteem. Self-esteem belongs to the central formations of the personality, to its core. The very formation of self-esteem occurs in the process of activity and interpersonal interaction.

Society greatly influences the formation of a person's self-esteem. The attitude of a person to himself is the latest formation in the system of a person's relationship to the world. But, despite this (and perhaps precisely because of this), in the structure of personality relationships, self-esteem has a particularly important place.

Self-esteem is directly related to the process of social adaptation and maladjustment of the individual. Adequate high self-esteem is a significant personality trait that increases stress tolerance under stressful conditions of activity.

Subjective factors of stress resistance

B.G. Ananyev insisted on the need to consider the mental essence of a person not only at the personal and individual levels, but also as a subject of basic social activities - "labor, cognition, communication", through which both the internalization of external actions and the formation of the internal life of the individual are carried out.

And if a person, according to B.G. Ananyev, characterizes the top of the entire structure of human properties, then individuality is its depth, and one of the channels through which an individual

visuality has a connection with outside world, along with the individual and personality, is the subjectivity of a person.

It is through different types activity, in the process of subject-subject (communication) and subject-object (labor, cognition) relations, in the main, individuality and personality are formed and manifested. This process is most accurately reflected in the styles of human activity.

Individual style of activity

He is, in the words of E.A. Klimova (1969), "the integral effect of interaction between subject and object." This is a leading mental education, determined by both personality traits and environmental conditions. Moreover, the presence of such a style provides a person with the most effective adaptation in general and the ability to withstand stressful influences in particular.

The success of countering the agents of professional stress depends on the formation of the individual style of activity, although the effectiveness of the activity itself may be low.

So, E.P. Ilyin (2004) gives the following possible combination of individual style and performance efficiency.

1. The style of activity is chosen according to inclination, but contrary to the requirements of the activity (a variant of the adaptation of activity to a person). Operational efficiency may be low.

2. The style of activity is chosen on the basis of expediency, that is, taking into account the requirements of the activity and the situation (a variant of a person's adaptation to activity). The efficiency of activity may increase, but at first a person experiences stress, discomfort, which affects the slowdown in the pace of mastering the profession.

3. The style is chosen according to inclination and does not contradict the conditions of activity and the requirements of the situation.

The degree of effectiveness of the activity is high, the personality is dominated by positive emotions and a sense of satisfaction

(the best option for the ratio of style and requirements of the activity).

When studying the activities of students and workers in different situations and when performing various tasks M.R. Shchukin (1995) found higher speed capabilities in individuals with a mobile and labile nervous system compared to individuals with an inert nervous system.

In some cases, these differences are pronounced, while in other situations they are weak and insignificant (statistically).

The severity of the noted neurodynamic properties is associated with the rapidity of mastering labor actions, accelerated workability, ease of switching to a new task, and the pace of activity.

Differences between mobile and inert subjects were revealed during the performance of tasks in the process of mastering initial labor skills and during the performance of standard working operations.

In addition, it is noted that people with a mobile and labile nervous system have high speed capabilities combined with an accurate response.

At the same time, when performing slow and uniform movements, the advantages of persons with an inert nervous system are revealed. This was found in a dedicated experiment and in preferences for tasks that require slow and repetitive actions.

An essential feature of the individual style is the ratio of indicative (including control) and executive actions.

E.A. Klimov and his followers showed that in some people orientational activity is more developed and more isolated from executive actions (in persons with an inert and weak nervous system), while in others this activity is less developed and is carried out to a greater extent in connection with executive actions (in persons with a mobile and strong nervous system).

The noted correlations can be traced not only in the current professional activity, but also in the educational process.

To describe the procedural side of an individual style, it is necessary to consider not only internal characteristics subject, but also the external side - the situation of the implementation of activities (creation of conditions, preparation, selection of tasks).

B.A. Vyatkin described data showing the relationship between student preferences in relation to certain tasks and the severity of the mobility and lability of the nervous system.

The mobile ones prefer tasks that require a variety of operations and frequent switching, and inert ones prefer tasks associated with monotonous and slow actions. In addition, the mobile tends to diversify their activities. Separately, it is necessary to touch upon the effective side of the individual style.

Traditional ideas about it are built on the unambiguity and rigidity of the interpretation of success as a mandatory sign of style.

But, firstly, success can have a fairly large range, and secondly, high success in one of the aspects of activity (productive or qualitative) can be combined with low indicators in the other, and, thirdly, individual differences in the result should not be interpreted as differences in success.

For example, in the mainstream of individual differences in performance, the manifestations of speed and precision types of activity (impulsive and reflexive cognitive styles) should be considered: in the first type, success prevails in quantitative, and in the second, in the qualitative side of activity.

It is necessary to pay attention to the connection between the effective and procedural aspects of the activity. In an individual style, it is not unambiguous.

Certain features of the procedural side can be in different ways

be reflected in the results of activities. That is, individual differences in the result are not an indicator of failure, but manifestations of different levels of development of an individual style, therefore it must be recognized that along with a rational style there is an irrational and that a rational style can have different levels development.

Thus, we can conclude that “. the success of work, labor productivity do not directly depend on the psychodynamic characteristics of behavior, but are manifested in the style of performance. "

At the same time, stylistic characteristics depend on many factors that are comprehended and evaluated by the subject, acquiring a specific personal meaning and determining his choice.

In other words, a person owns his individual properties, choosing, depending on their assessment, "meaning", certain ways to achieve goals.

Thus, selection strategies contribute to the formation of not only the style of a specific professional activity, but also the individual style of the individual as a whole.

Coping styles

The subject of coping psychology as a special area of research is the study of the mechanisms of emotional and rational regulation of a person's behavior with the aim of optimal interaction with life circumstances or their transformation in accordance with their intentions.

To highlight the specifics of response, depending on the characteristics of a person's attitude to a situation and on his ability to understand it in a behavioral approach, it became necessary to highlight styles of response.

In the most generalized form, these styles are divided into defensive (a person reacts in the form of psychological defense) and constructive (personality activity aimed at solving a problem).

In a number of studies, both forms of behavior are called coping ("coping" with something, for example, with problem situation), but in later works these styles

began to differ and the term "coping" began to refer only to constructive forms, and for the defensive style, the word "defense" was used ("protection" from something, for example, from unpleasant experiences).

Basically, researchers single out the already named two poles - actually co-dominant behavior, emphasizing its constructive nature, and defensive behavior, extreme point which is maladaptive.

That is, despite the significant individual diversity of behavior in stress, there are, according to the leading specialist in the study of coping styles, Richard Lazarus, two global types of response styles.

At the same time, some researchers propose to space these poles in the form of a scale or to build a hierarchy, which is actually the same scale, only turned vertically.

Between the poles (levels of this hierarchy) there are stylistic characteristics that reflect the specificity of the response. They were identified and described by Hans Tome. This is a hierarchy of typical reactions, or techniques of life.

The "upper" techniques include such methods as "behavior aimed at achieving success", "reflection on the situation", "self-rewarding", etc., and the "lower", along with passive actions, also include "evasive behavior" , “Devaluation of the importance of others”, “health complaints”.

The scheme proposed by G. Tome seems to be very convenient for analyzing the behavior of an individual in real life situations and for predicting the degree of effectiveness of a behavioral reaction, and the use of tactics is due to the general attitude to life situations.

Stress tolerance and health

In the study by B.B. Velichkovsky (2009) revealed regular links between the level of individual resistance to

stress and various aspects of human well-being.

In particular, it was found that a high individual resistance to stress leads to a decrease in the likelihood of developing acute diseases during the six-month period preceding the survey, and also that high individual resistance to stress is associated with a lower risk of developing chronic diseases.

At the behavioral level, high individual resistance to stress is manifested in the less frequent use of inappropriate forms of coping with stress, such as smoking and drinking alcohol.

A particular danger of these "bad habits" is that, while bringing a certain short-term relief, in the long term they can lead to significant impairments to somatic health and significantly reduce a person's ability to withstand stressors.

The trends were traced, suggesting that individuals with a high individual resistance to stress are significantly less likely and less intensively smoking and drinking alcohol than individuals with a low individual resistance to stress.

In general, individuals with a high individual resistance to stress are characterized by a healthier lifestyle, which is manifested in the observance of the work and rest regimen and the regularity of physical exercises.

Also, a significant relationship was found between the level of individual resistance to stress and the severity of one of the most dangerous consequences of chronic psychological stress - psychological burnout syndrome.

Thus, high individual resistance to stress plays a large - if not central - role in preventing this complex psychological disorder, which not only leads to a sharp decrease in the quality of a person's life, but also significantly reduces the conscientiousness of his attitude to professional interpersonal interactions. The latter can lead to

increasing the risk of developing dangerous situations that threaten the well-being of society.

In general, the role of individual resistance to stress in preventing the development of negative consequences of psychological stress was identified.

Individual resistance to stress performs a "buffer function", neutralizing the effect of objective existing stressors, which allows maintaining high mental and somatic health even in the event of long-term life difficulties.

IN modern conditions When the intensity of the stress load objectively steadily increases, the task of maintaining and forming a high level of individual resistance of the population to stress is of particular importance.

Resistance to stress and university education

Today's students, who experience high intellectual and emotional stress in the process of studying at a university, today often observe negative dynamics of attitudes towards educational activities.

One of the reasons for this situation is a decrease in the level of their stress resistance in educational activity, which is expressed in a violation of the cognitive, emotional, motivational and behavioral spheres of the student's personality.

In modern scientific literature, the problem of attitude to educational activity was considered by such scientists as A.M. Akbaeva, I. G. Antipov, A. Zakharova and others.

Some studies are devoted to stress resistance within the framework of the problems of educational psychology, but they are mainly aimed at studying and developing resistance to stress in teachers.

The formation of stress resistance in the educational activities of students is a poorly studied problem, although some of its aspects are reflected in the works of a number of authors.

The foregoing testifies to the insufficient development of the problem of the relationship between stress resistance and educational de-

activities among students in educational psychology. The following contradictions are still not fully resolved: between the theoretical and methodological understanding of this problem and the degree of its insufficient study in educational psychology; between the theoretical elaboration of the problems of stress resistance in various aspects and their inactive implementation in relation to the development of a positive attitude towards educational activity among students; between the practical necessity of developing a positive attitude towards educational activity among students and the lack of psychological and pedagogical technologies for the development of a positive attitude towards educational activity among students.

In one of the few scientific works (A.A. Andreeva, 2009), the stress resistance of students in educational activities is considered as a complex personality trait, which includes such personal components as low personal and situational anxiety, a low level of neuropsychic tension, adequate self-esteem, high working capacity. , emotional stability, which ensures the successful achievement of the goal of the activity and is realized in the cognitive, emotional, motivational and behavioral spheres of the personality.

According to A.A. Andreeva, the positive attitude of students to educational activity is a conscious, selective, active position of the student, characterized from the emotional side by its acceptance, from the content side - by the harmony of motives in the process of developing stress resistance through positive results of educational activity.

She identified the factors influencing the development of stress resistance and a positive attitude to learning activities. She referred to them: external factors - pedagogical influence, interpersonal interaction, the system of activities in the university, stimulation; and internal - psychophysiological, socio-psychological, psychological and pedagogical personality traits.

A. Andreeva also proposed a psychological and pedagogical technology for increasing the level of stress resistance of students, which is a combination of psycho-pedagogical methods, techniques, techniques, means and is an effective form of developing a positive attitude of students to educational activities.

In his dissertation, M.L. Khutornaya (2007) described the structure of the personality component of a student's stress resistance in a situation of intellectual tests, including adequate self-esteem, internal locus of control, motivation for achieving success, emotional stability. She identified a group of psychological factors that inhibit the development of stress resistance. She attributed to them the experience of distress, anticipation of failure, health problems, low self-esteem, lack of time.

Resilience and pedagogical activity

Many researchers note that the professional activity of teachers is one of the most stressful (in psychological terms) types of social activity and is included in the group of professions with a large presence of stress factors, which, in turn, imposes increased requirements on such an integral characteristic as stress resistance.

Interest in the study of stress resistance acquires special significance in connection with the ever-increasing stressful nature of pedagogical activity, due to the breaking of social stereotypes, the social order for the upbringing of the younger generation, taking into account new strategies for the development of society, increasing competition, etc. Meanwhile, today there are a limited number of works devoted to the study of the teacher's stress resistance.

In his dissertation research A.A. Baranov (1995) studied the relationship of various components of stress resistance in teachers with high (HPM) and low (NPM)

level teaching excellence... As a result, he found that VFM teachers are distinguished by a high degree of resistance to mental stress. This fact is confirmed by the fact that low-performing teachers have a higher severity of such stress indicators as depression, irritability, shyness and emotional lability.

In addition, VFM teachers are characterized by an increase in stress resistance with an increase in introversion, strength and balance of the nervous system, and a decrease in stress manifestations in the group of NPM teachers is associated with an increase in extraversion and poise.

This study revealed significant differences in the structure of the motivational sphere. VPM teachers have less pronounced external negative motivation and a greater degree of optimality of the motivational complex. In addition, the motives reflecting the need for self-realization (constituting internal motivation) are more pronounced among the teachers of the VPM in comparison with the teachers of the NPM.

According to A. A. Baranov, the character traits that are part of the personality structure of the VFM and NPM teachers and participate in the process of countering the stressors of pedagogical work have some peculiarities. So, if an increase in job satisfaction (an integrative property that reflects an attitude to activity) contributes to a decrease in stress manifestations in both groups of teachers, then an increase in self-esteem (a characteristic that expresses a teacher's attitude to himself) in the group of teachers of the VFM is positively associated with stress resistance, while NPM it reflects an increase in the degree of exposure to stress. A.A. Baranov experimentally proved the superiority of HFM teachers in terms of the level of development of socio-psychological tolerance (based on indicators of irritability and reactive aggressiveness) over NPM teachers, which significantly affects the degree of their stress resistance.

A review of the literature on the problem of stress resistance allows us to draw several conclusions.

1. A significant number structural components personality can act as factors influencing a person's resistance to mental stress.

2. A certain contribution to the study of stress resistance is made by the stylistic characteristics of a person (individual style, styles of coping behavior), which allow us to expand our understanding of the subjective aspects of personality.

3. Of all the considered cases of applied use of stress resistance, research related to educational and pedagogical activities is of great importance for VSMU. From this point of view this direction research should be considered as the highest priority in the research work of the Department of Psychology and Pedagogy for the coming years.

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Test methodology for determining the level of personality stress resistance. Holmes and rage stress test

Instructions

Test

The key to the Holmes and Rage stress test

Description

The key to the test

Interpretation of the result

Test for determination of personality stress resistance28

Stress resistance test

Stress resistance test

Development of a modified psychological relief room for a subdivision of the 3rd company of the State Fire Service Academy of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia

Self-assessment of personality stress tolerance

Self-assessment test of stress tolerance (S. Cohen and G. Williamson) 26

Personality resistance to stress

How to increase stress resistance

Modern views on the problem of stress resistance The text of the scientific article in the specialty " Psychology»

Abstract of a scientific article on psychology, the author of the scientific work is Tserkovsky A.L.

Similar topics of scientific works in psychology, the author of the scientific work is Tserkovsky A.L.,

Text of the scientific work on the topic "Modern views on the problem of stress resistance"