Project work "Investigation of the conditions for seed germination and development of the embryo." Topic: "Research methods in biology Describe a step-by-step scientific research on the example of studying
1. What is Science?
Science is one of the ways to study and understand the world around us.
2. What biological sciences do you know?
Traditionally, biological sciences are grouped according to the types of organisms studied: botany studies plants, zoology - animals, microbiology - microorganisms and viruses.
biochemistry studies the chemical foundations of life,
molecular biology - complex interactions between biological molecules,
cell biology and cytology - the main building blocks of multicellular organisms, cells,
histology and anatomy - the structure of tissues and the body from individual organs and tissues,
physiology - the physical and chemical functions of organs and tissues,
ethology - the behavior of living beings,
ecology - the interdependence of various organisms and their environment,
genetics - the transmission of hereditary information,
developmental biology - the development of an organism in ontogenesis,
paleobiology and evolutionary biology - the origin and historical development wildlife.
3. What research methods used in biology do you know?
Various methods are used in biology. Accurate, careful, unbiased observation and experiment are the primary sources of all scientific evidence. The comparative method allows you to compare the results of observations to identify common patterns. The descriptive method was widely used by scientists of antiquity, but it has not lost its significance today. The historical method helps to comprehend the obtained facts, comparing them with previously known results.
Questions
1. What is the main goal of science?
The purpose of science is knowledge of the surrounding world.
2. What is scientific method? What is its main principle?
The scientific method is a set of techniques and operations used in building a system of scientific knowledge in the course of scientific research. Regardless of what methods are used, the principle "Take nothing for granted" should remain the most important for every scientist. This is the principle of giving up blind trust in authority.
3. What is a Science Experiment?
Experiment is a method of studying a certain phenomenon under conditions controlled by an observer.
The results obtained in the course of observations and experiments must be verified by new observations and experiments. Only then can they be considered scientific facts.
5. How does a hypothesis differ from a law or theory?
A hypothesis is an assumption that can explain an observation.
Analysis of the results of the experiment will make it possible to decide which of the hypotheses is correct.
A hypothesis that has been tested and proved to be consistent with the facts and capable of serving as the basis for correct predictions can be called a theory or a law. Calling any provision a law, scientists, as it were, emphasize its universality, indisputability, great reliability. However, the terms "law" and "theory" are often used interchangeably.
6. What is the role of applied and basic research in science?
In science, any new discoveries contribute to the elimination of previous misconceptions and indicate new relationships between phenomena. In biology, new discoveries create the basis for many practical achievements in medicine, agriculture, industry and other areas of human activity.
Many believe that only biological research should be carried out that will help solve the specific practical problems of today. Of course, the development of applied sciences is very important, but we must not forget about the importance of research in "pure" science. Knowledge gained in basic research may seem useless for Everyday life people, but they help to understand the laws by which the world around us develops, and almost certainly, sooner or later, will find practical application.
Tasks
Formulate a research problem that interests you. Suggest the stages of this research.
Let us consider the stages of scientific research using the example of studying the respiration of plant organs.
Observations of plants have shown that they breathe (during respiration, oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released, and the plant, like all living organisms, as a result, receives the energy necessary for life). It remains to be seen whether certain organs are responsible for breathing or whether each organ breathes.
So, we can formulate a research problem: which organs of the plant breathe?
The next step is to hypothesize. We can assume that only individual organs (seeds, roots, stems, leaves) breathe in a plant, or each organ breathes.
Now, in order to check what conditions are really necessary for seed germination, we will develop and conduct an experiment.
Let's take three containers made of colorless transparent glass, for example a bottle. In one of them we will place 30-40 swollen, germinating seeds of peas, beans or other plants. Dry seeds should not be taken. They are at rest, and therefore all vital processes, including respiration, are very weak.
Put the carrot roots in the second bottle. To activate their cells, root crops should be kept in water for 2-3 days before the experiment.
In the third bottle we will place freshly cut stems of plants with leaves. Close the bottles tightly with corks and put them in a dark, warm place. The next day we will check if the composition of the air in the bottles has changed.
Let us put a lighted candle attached to a wire into each of the bottles.
Analysis and comparison of the results of the experiment: The candles go out, because in the process of breathing, the organs of the plant absorbed oxygen from the air in the bottles, and released a large number of carbon dioxide... This is easy to verify with the help of lime water, which becomes cloudy when interacting with carbon dioxide.
If instead of bottles you take a thermos, which retains heat well, then, by lowering the thermometer into it, it is easy to notice an increase in temperature. This is part of the energy released during breathing in the form of heat.
After analyzing the results of the experiment, we come to the conclusion that each of the studied plant organs breathes.
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Slide captions:
RESEARCH METHODS IN BIOLOGY Biology teacher GBOU gymnasium No. 293, St. Petersburg Popova Maria Sergeevna
SCIENCE IS ONE OF THE METHODS OF STUDYING AND KNOWING THE OUTSIDE WORLD. The scientific method is a set of techniques and operations used to build a system of scientific knowledge.
BIOLOGICAL METHODS: Observation Description Comparison Historical Method Experiment
OBSERVATION
DESCRIPTIVE METHOD
COMPARATIVE METHOD
HISTORICAL METHOD
EXPERIMENT
Observation Experiment Proven Results Scientific fact
Observation - deliberate, purposeful perception of objects and processes in order to realize its essential properties; Descriptive method - consists in describing objects and phenomena; Comparison - comparing organisms and their parts, finding similarities and differences; Historical method - comparison of observation results with previously obtained results; An experiment is a purposeful study of phenomena under precisely established conditions, which allows reproducing and observing these phenomena.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH An object or phenomenon is observed on the basis of the data obtained.
PROCEDURE FOR CONDUCTING A BIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT: Stage of work Implementation 1. Statement of the problem Development of a clear statement of the problem 2. Prospective solution, formulation of a hypothesis Formulation of expected results and their scientific significance, based on already known data 3. Planning Mental development of the procedure for conducting the experiment (sequence of implementation of individual stages research) 4. Carrying out the experiment Selection of the necessary biological objects, devices, reagents. Experiment. Collection and recording of observations, measured quantities and results 5. Discussion Comparison of the obtained results with the hypothesis, scientific explanation of the results
INTRODUCTION
Topic of work and justification for choosing a topic
The research work offered to the attention of the reader is devoted to ...
Have you ever wondered why ...? I drew attention to ... / thought about this question when ...
I've always wondered why ...
The desire to know ... appeared in my childhood. I was interested in …
The theme of our work: "...". I chose this particular topic for research because ...
In the future, I would like to connect my life with ... therefore I am already interested in ... and chose ... as the topic of my research.
I became interested ... after one day ...
When I ... I was amazed / I became interested ...
Relevance
... has become an integral part of our life today. We use ... without hesitation ...
The relevance of the topic of our work is determined by the fact that at present ...
V modern world… It has great importance, because …
V last years we often hear and use the word ...
Many are interested / carried away / think ...
Today the problem ... is one of the most pressing, because ...
The question ... in recent years has been in the focus of research attention ...
The topic is the subject of lively discussions ...
This is explained by the fact that ... affects our health / mood / success
The problem ... is attracting close attention of scientists and the public due to the fact that ...
Recently, it has appeared ... and people began to think more and more often about ...
Probably, every person at least once in his life thought about that ...
... has always raised many questions from people ...
Today there are two opposite views on this problem ...
There are disputes today / there is no consensus on this issue ...
Novelty
Today there are works devoted to ... in general. However, we decided to study this topic on the example of our class / school and this is the novelty of our research.
purpose of work
The purpose of the work is to find out why ...
The main purpose of the work is to answer the question ... / prove that ...
Tasks
To achieve this goal, we need to solve the following tasks:
To achieve this goal, we set ourselves the following tasks:
Work tasks:
The tasks of the work include:
Explore the literature on the topic
Find out the meaning of terms ...
Find examples ... in ... / collect material ... / study the composition ... / measure the level ...
Conduct a survey / experiment / observation
Compare / contrast / analyze the results obtained
Draw conclusions about ...
CHAPTERS
First chapter (theoretical)
Basic terms and concepts, history of the issue
Key concepts for our research are….
... called ...
On the official website ... we found following definition term ... "..."
Ivanov V.V. in the book ... defines the concept ... as ...
V.V. Petrov understands by the term ...
Sidorov S.S. considers ... how ...
Andreev A.A. in the book "..." gives the following definition ...
… - this is …
The site ... offers the following definition of the concept ...
Ivanov's article "..." in the magazine "..." says that ...
It is generally accepted that ...
It is generally known ...
First, let's turn to the history of the issue ...
The history of the issue is covered in detail on the pages of modern encyclopedias, for example ..., as well as on the site ... For the first time ....
From the book ... we learned that ...
According to Ivanov I.I. ... in the article ... "...", ...
According to V.V. Ivanov ...
Perhaps this is due ...
Besides, …
Interesting that ...
It is widely believed that ...
It should be emphasized that ...
Chapter Two - Description of the Study
In order to find out ... we decided to conduct a survey ... among the students / parents in our class. The survey was conducted through a questionnaire / survey in social networks... The survey involved ... students and ... parents.
The respondents were asked the following questions: ...
The research was carried out on the material ...
As a material for research, we took….
The source of examples was ...
The results of the survey are presented in Table 1.
In Figure 2, you can see ...
Figure 3 shows ...
In this case, we see ... / we are dealing with ...
At the same time, it should be noted ...
Attention is drawn to the fact that ...
The diagram shows ...
CONCLUSIONS, CONCLUSION
Chapter Conclusions
Based on the above, we can state ...
All of the above allows us to draw the following conclusions: ...
Thus, we see ...
Hence …
It's obvious that …
As you can see from everything said above ...
It follows from the above that ...
Summing up the above, the following should be noted ...
Summing up chapter 2 it is necessary to emphasize ...
Summing up the interim results, we can say that ...
As a result of our research, we found out that ...
In conclusion, it should be noted ...
The conducted research allowed us to draw the following conclusions ...
The main conclusion I drew: ...
In the course of the study, it was revealed / found that ...
Thus, we made sure ...
All of the above proves that ...
Based on the above, it is logical to assume that ...
All of the above convinces us that ...
The most plausible version seems to us ... because ...
The examples found and analyzed by us allow us to reveal the following pattern: ...
Conclusion
Prospects for further research
We see prospects for further research of the problem in a more detailed / detailed study ...
In the future it would be interesting ...
In our opinion, it would be interesting to study / research / consider ...
In addition to ... considered in this work, in our opinion it would be interesting to study ...
The work considers only one aspect of the problem. Research in this direction can be continued. It could be a study not only ... but also ...
Purpose of work
The research can be useful and interesting for students of schools who are interested in ..., as well as for everyone who is interested in ...
The results of our research could help children in ...
The work may be of interest to ...
The research results can be used by teachers when preparing lessons / contests / quizzes on the topic….
The work can be used for further research ...
With my work, I wanted to draw the attention of my classmates to the problem ...
The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its results formed the basis for the rules I developed ... / memo on ... for ...
What gave the work to the researcher himself
In the process of writing a work, I learned / learned / discovered / found out ...
The work helped me to understand / realize / solve the problem / take a new look ...
In the process of working on the research, I gained experience ... I think that the knowledge I have gained will allow me to avoid mistakes / help me correctly ...
The research results got me thinking ...
It caused me the most difficulties ...
The research radically changed my opinion / understanding of ...
Program: ,
Lesson number 2
Topic: "Research methods in biology."
Tasks:
Educational: To acquaint students with research methods in biology, to consider the sequence of the experiment, to identify the difference between a hypothesis and a law or theory.
Developing: Promote the development of intellectual skills and memory; continue the ability to compare and analyze, highlight the main thing and give examples. Form a holistic picture of the world.
Educational: To contribute to the formation of a scientific worldview, to implement environmental and aesthetic education, sex and labor education.
Equipment: Tables showing the sequence of the experiment. Presentation.
Progress:
I. Organizing time
II. Knowledge update (10 minutes).
Work on cards (3 options): write a definition.
Option 1:
3. Write a definition:
Option 2:
1. What kingdoms are distinguished in living nature?
2. Why modern biology considered a complex science?
3. Write a definition:
Botany, geobotany, ornithology, physiology, histology, ecology, biochemistry.
Option 3:
1. What kingdoms are distinguished in living nature?
2. Why is modern biology considered a complex science?
3. Write a definition:
Zoology, bryology, paleobotany, ethology, anatomy, genetics, biotechnology.
III. Learning new material (20 minutes).
In the last lesson, we examined the concept of biology as a science in general. Today we will see what methods are used in biology.
The topic of our lesson today is "Research Methods in Biology" ( slide 1 ). – writing in a notebook.
What research methods does this science - biology - use?
Question: Before we start looking at it, let's define what science is?
Science is one of the ways of studying and knowing the world around ( slide 2 ). Writing in a notebook.
Biology helps to understand the living world. We already know that people have been studying since ancient times wildlife... First, they studied individual organisms, collected them, made lists of plants and animals inhabiting different places. Usually this period of the study of living organisms is called descriptive, and the discipline itself is called natural history. Natural history is the forerunner of biology.
What is the scientific method? The scientific method is a set of techniques and operations used to build a system of scientific knowledge. - writing in a notebook.
Biology is multifaceted and therefore needs systematic and versatile methods of study. The following research methods are distinguished (slide 3 ).
For example, a lot of biological research takes place directly in nature - observation, description, comparison. At the same time, a significant part of the research requires a laboratory. In laboratory conditions, biologists set up experiments, carry out modeling. Historical research methods are not alien to biology either, because biology studies living organisms in development, and this development can last for millions of years.
Let's consider each separately: (writing in a notebook)
Observation (slide 4)
Intentional, purposeful perception of objects and processes in order to realize its essential properties. Observation is the starting point of all scientific research. In biology, this is especially noticeable, since the object of its study is man and the living nature that surrounds him. Observation as a method of gathering information is, chronologically, the very first research technique that appeared in the arsenal of biology, this method has not lost its significance to this day. Observations can be direct or indirect, they can be carried out with the help of technical devices or without them. So, an ornithologist sees a bird through binoculars and can hear it, or he can record sounds outside the range audible to the human ear.
Descriptive (slide 5)
To clarify the essence of the phenomenon, a person must first collect factual information, and then describe it to present it for use by other generations. The essence of this method, in the collection of information, description of the characteristics and behavioral signs of the investigated process or living organism and research at the same time.
V early period In the development of biology, it was the collection and description of facts that were the main methods of study. The same methods are still relevant today. Description - is the result of the interpretation of observations. For example, when composing a description of a skeleton found, a paleontologist will call certain bones vertebrae insofar as he uses the method of establishing an analogy with the skeletons of already known animals. Description is the basic observation-based method of classical biology. Later, the descriptive method formed the basis of the comparative and historical methods of biology. Correctly written descriptions produced in different places at different times can be compared. This allows by comparison to study the similarities and differences between organisms and their parts.
Comparative method (slide 6)
In the XVIII century. the comparative method became popular. It is based on the comparison and study of similar and different features of living organisms, their structure. This method is the basis of taxonomy. Thanks to him, the largest generalization was discovered and a cell theory was created. This method is popular in our time. Comparison - comparing organisms and their parts, finding similarities and differences (for example, you observe insects and notice that many of them have black and yellow stripes. Many believe that all these are bees and wasps, so they treat them carefully.
Historical (slide 7)
The historical method is used to study the patterns of the appearance and development of organisms, the formation of their structure and functions.
Experiment (slide 8)
Purposeful study of phenomena in precisely defined conditions, allowing the reproduction and observation of these phenomena. Full cycle experimental research consists of several stages. Like observation, experiment presupposes a well-defined research goal. Therefore, starting an experiment, you need to determine its goals and objectives, consider possible results. Science experiment must be well prepared and carefully conducted.
(Slide 9) So, as a result of observation and experiment, the researcher gains some knowledge about the external signs, properties of the studied object or phenomenon, that is, new facts. The results obtained in the course of observations and experiments must be verified by new observations and experiments. Only then can they be considered scientific facts. - writing the circuit in a notebook.
Let's write down the definitions of these methods: writing in a notebook (slide 10)
Observation - deliberate, purposeful perception of objects and processes in order to understand its essential properties;
Descriptive method - consists in the description of objects and phenomena;
Comparison - comparison of organisms and their parts, finding similarities and differences;
Historical method - comparison of observation results with previously obtained results;
Experiment - Purposeful study of phenomena in precisely established conditions, allowing the reproduction and observation of these phenomena.
How does it happen Scientific research? (slide 11) - writing the scheme in a notebook.
Now let's consider the procedure for conducting a biological experiment: (slide 12) - writing in a notebook.
IV. Securing the material (10 minutes). (slide 13).
Describe a step-by-step scientific study, using an example of studying the conditions necessary for seed germination (pp. 7-8).
V. Homework (slide 14).
§ 2. Describe the step-by-step conduct of a biological experiment on the topic:
Option I: "Influence of pollution of the reservoir on the number of animals and plants";
Option II: "Influence different types and doses of fertilizers for certain varieties of cultivated plants. "
Do you know?
3. What research methods used in biology do you know?
We usually say "scientific knowledge", "scientific fact", "scientific picture of the world." What is the difference between scientific knowledge from the unscientific? What fact can be considered scientific?
Science is one of the ways to study and understand the world around us. Biology helps to understand the world of wildlife.
We already know that people have been studying living nature since ancient times. First, they studied individual organisms, collected them, made lists of plants and animals inhabiting different places. Usually this period of the study of living organisms is called descriptive, and the discipline itself is called natural history. Natural history is the forerunner of biology.
Each science has its own research methods.
However, no matter what methods are used, the principle "Take nothing on faith" should remain the most important for every scientist. This is the principle of giving up blind trust in authority.
The scientific method is a set of techniques and operations used to build a system of scientific knowledge.
Various methods are used in biology, the most important of which are observation, experiment and comparison.
Accurate, careful, unbiased observation and experiment are the primary source of all scientific evidence.
The results obtained in the course of observations and experiments must be verified and rechecked by new observations and experiments. Only then can they be considered scientific facts.
For example, in funds mass media the so-called "Bigfoot" was repeatedly reported, eyewitness accounts of meetings with him, sketches and Photo allegedly his tracks and even the "Bigfoot" itself. Several expeditions were organized to search for the "Bigfoot". But until now, no one has been able to imagine either a living "Bigfoot", or his remains, or any other irrefutable evidence of his existence. Therefore, despite the numerous testimonies of "eyewitnesses", the existence of "Bigfoot" cannot be recognized as a scientific fact.
Usually, scientific research begins with observing an object or phenomenon. After summarizing the resulting data, hypotheses (assumptions) are put forward that can explain the observations.
At the next stage of the research, experiments are developed and carried out to test the hypotheses put forward. A scientific experiment must necessarily be accompanied by a control experiment, the conditions of which are different. from the experimental conditions by one (and only one) factor. Analysis of the results of the experiment will make it possible to decide which of the hypotheses is correct.
A hypothesis that has been tested and proved to be consistent with the facts and capable of serving as the basis for correct predictions can be called a theory or a law. Calling any provision a law, scientists, as it were, emphasize its universality, indisputability, and great reliability. However, the terms "law" and "theory" are often used interchangeably.
Let us consider the stages of scientific research using the example of studying the conditions necessary for seed germination.
Observations of the seeds have shown that they do not always germinate. Obviously, certain conditions are necessary for their germination.
So, we can formulate a research problem: What conditions are necessary for seed germination?
The next stage is the formulation of hypotheses. We can assume that light, darkness, water, a certain temperature, air, soil are necessary for seed germination.
Now, in order to check what conditions are really necessary for seed germination, we will develop and conduct an experiment.
Let's take six samples of 100 seeds of the same species, for example, corn, and place them in conditions that differ only in one trait.
Place the vessel with the first sample in a bright, warm place. Pour water into the vessel so that it covers the seeds up to half. In this case, air will freely penetrate to the seeds.
We place the second sample of seeds in the same conditions as the first, but fill the vessel with boiled water to the top, thus depriving the seeds of air.
Place the vessel with the third sample in the same conditions as the first, but in a tempo place.
In the fourth vessel we will leave the seeds dry.
We will keep the fifth sample at a temperature of +1 ° C.
Fill the sixth vessel with moist soil and put it in a warm place.
After analyzing the results of the experiment, we come to the conclusion that light and the soil are not prerequisites for seed germination. Corn seeds germinate when there is water, air and a certain temperature. However, if we carefully consider our samples, we will see that even under favorable conditions, the first seeds have sprouted. After examining these seeds, we find out that their embryo is dead. Therefore, only seeds with a living embryo can germinate.
If you are comparing the conditions necessary for the germination of plant seeds different types then make sure they are very different. For example, for the germination of corn kernels, water will require half of their own weight, and for the germination of clover water should be one and a half times more mass seeds. At the same time, clover seeds germinate at a temperature of +1 ° C, corn - at temperatures above +8 ° C, and for melon seeds the germination temperature will be +15 "C. You will establish, in addition, that most seeds germinate as if in the light , and in the dark, but there are plants (for example, tobacco, string), for the germination of seeds of which light is needed.On the contrary, the seeds of small-fruited camelina germinate only in the dark.
So, even the simplest scientific research requires a well-thought-out and carefully conducted experiment, on the basis of which scientifically reliable conclusions can be drawn. When conducting observations and experiments, the most modern devices, apparatus, instruments are used - electron microscopes, radars, chromatographs, etc.
Life is amazingly diverse.
To understand that diversity, it is necessary to identify and streamline the code and differences in living organisms. To solve these problems, a comparative method is used. It allows you to compare the results of observations to identify common patterns.
Biologists use other research methods as well. For example, the descriptive method was widely used by scientists of antiquity, but it has not lost its significance today.
The historical method helps to comprehend the obtained facts, comparing them with previously known results.
In science, any new discoveries contribute to the elimination of previous misconceptions and indicate the relationship between phenomena. In biology, new openings create the basis for many practical advances in medicine, agriculture, industry, and other areas of human endeavor.
Many believe that only biological research should be carried out that will help solve specific practical problems of today. Of course, the development of applied sciences is very important, but we must not forget about the importance of research in "pure" science. The knowledge gained in fundamental research may seem useless for the daily life of a person, but it helps to understand the laws by which the world around us develops, and will almost certainly find practical application sooner or later.
Scientific research. Scientific fact. Observation. Hypothesis. Experiment. Law. Theory.
1. What is the main goal of science?
2. What is the scientific method? What is its main principle?
3. What is a Science Experiment?
4. What fact can be considered scientific?
5. How does a hypothesis differ from a law or theory?
6. What is the role of applied and fundamental research in science?
Kamensky A.A., Kriksunov E.V., Pasechnik V.V. Biology Grade 9
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