The grammatical form is an external linguistic expression of grammatical significance. Types and features of grammatical forms
"Chemosynthesis bacteria" - what do the inhabitants of the local communities eat? Nitrifying bacteria - oxidize ammonia to nitrates. Back in 1887, the Russian microbiologist S.N. Vinogradsky opened bacterial chemosynthesis. The necessary enzyme systems are available in a number of types of bacteria. Anaerobic chemoavtotrophs. Molecular oxygen appeared in the earth atmosphere performed as a strong oxidizing agent.
"The difference in monocoons and dicotyledonous plants" - questions for repetition. What are the main signs of dicotyledonous plants? Differences of monocyan and dicotyledonous plants. What is the name of the root system for dicotyledonous plants? What is the name of the leave of the leaves of the bombing plants? The structure of the seed of monocryon plants. Monocotional plants. What are the main signs of monocotyledonic plants?
"Bacteria Lesson" - Bacteria habitat. Anthony Wang Levenguk. On the hot springs on the hot deserts in the craters of volcanoes in the sea depths in ultra-low temperatures of the Arctic and Antarctica. What are bacteria? I know that each of you is the smartest, the most erudite student. In the air in water in the soil in alive or dead organisms.
"The structure and value of bacteria" - bacteria play great importance in the biosphere, and in a person's life. Many bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Physiology bacteria. The value of bacteria. Among bacteria there are many moving forms. The main role in movement is played by flagella. Upon the occurrence of favorable conditions, the dispute germinates, and a vegetative cell is formed.
"Bacteriological weapons" - microbes and toxins are difficult to detect in the external environment. Fungi - single-celled and multicellular organisms. Unlike bacteria, viruses can grow and multiply alive fabrics. Fungi well tolerate drying, impact sunlight. Viruses. Bacteriological weapons are combat devices equipped with biological means.
"Biology of bacteria" - disputes are preserved dozens of years. Similarities and differences in bacterial and vegetable cells. Reproduction of bacteria. Bacteria size. Bacteria live in different natural conditions. Spores in bacteria are formed to transfer adverse conditions. Biology lesson. Living conditions bacteria. 1. Cell wall 2. Capacity for photosynthesis 3. Sizes 4. Cytoplasm 5. Organo 6. The core.
"The problems of the Russian language" - Russian abroad: how to increase the number of foreigners interested in the study of the Russian language? Problem number 3: Problem number 6: Russian Federation. The action "I want to speak Russian correctly!" (3 Stage). Problem number 4: Talk topic: The finalists of our share: Russian language and media: whether today's authors give journalists a sample of speech and communicate culture.
"Russian literary language" - Russian belongs to the group slavic languages. Lexical norm. Place of Russian. Russian literary language. Codification. Term. Society. Modern Russian literary language. Language of progressive political and cultural ideas. Norms may change. Norm. Akane. The course of modern Russian literary language.
"Why learn Russian" - concepts. The structure of the project links with knowledge regions. The ability to warn errors. The relevance of the project. Why need to study language. Cognitive interest. Antonyms. Human. Language - soul of the people. Stages of the project. results project activities. The combination of all the words of the Russian language. Curriculum.
"The role of the Russian language" - the Russian language will begin to study in all meridians. Russian ranks third in the world. The national language composition of the peoples of Russia. True love for your country. Russian language according to the total number of speakers. Knowledge of the Russian language makes it easy to communicate people. Russian word "Council. Russian language in international communication.
"Business Russian" is the topic - in discussions the topic is formulated briefly. About Russian speech etiquette. It is very important that solutions in business Games Collectively produced. Skills oral speech. Business man. Speech Spheres B. modern society. Language rate. The process in which the positions of the parties are produced. Problem search.
Home\u003e DocumentTikhomirova E.A.
Analysis of the results of the regional stage All-Russian Olympiad Schoolchildren in Russian in 2011
According to the Regulation on the All-Russian Schoolchildren Olympiad (Order of the Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation dated December 2, 2009 No. 695 "On approval of the Regulation on the All-Russian Olympiad of Schoolchildren", PP.II.III), the Olympiad of schoolchildren in the Russian language is held in four stages: School, municipal, regional and final. Conducting the first three stages included in the structure of the final stage of the All-Russian Olympiad in the Russian language, subordinated to its main goals - the identification and development of educational creative abilities, the formation of spiritual and moral qualities, interest in research activities, creating required conditions To support gifted children, propaganda scientific knowledge, preparation for participation in the final stage of the All-Russian Olympiad in the Russian language. In accordance with the order Federal Agency By education No. 1163 of November 16, 2010. Third (regional) Stage of the All-Russian Olympiad of schoolchildren in Russian in 2010/2011 academic year He was held in the Tver region on January 29, 2011. No changes and additions to the tasks developed by the central subject-methodical commission was not made that it fully complies with the "Regulation on the All-Russian School Olympiad." The meaningful aspect of the Olympiad was assigned to the jury, which was determined by order to Tver Region No. 370/08 of 03.12.2010, "On holding the Regional Stage of the All-Russian School Olympiad." The jury consisted of 15 people who have appropriate qualifications (candidates of philological sciences, associate professors of the Department of the Russian TWU and teachers who have the title "Honored Teacher of the Russian Federation") and the experience of the regional stages of the schoolchildren's Olympiad in Russian. According to the recommendations of the central subject and methodological commission on the Russian language the next day (January 30), the tasks of the Olympics (by classes) were analyzed, the appeals from the participants of the Olympiad did not receive. Within the framework of the Olympics (outside of its official part), a tournament was held by the Russian language connoisseurs and a vocational guidance meeting with representatives of the Philological Faculty of TSU. At the fulfillment of the tasks of the Olympics, 4 academic hours were assigned, the participants began to work at 10.00, as was recommended by the central subject-methodical commission. Each parallel (9,10,11 classes) received its set of tasks, the jury members were carried out by the necessary instruction, the stamped notebooks and sheets for drafts were returned. After the completion of the workbook and drafts were transferred to the President of the jury (E.Tichomirova) to the Organizing Committee for encryption; The decoding was carried out after the design of the protocols. Checking the works and the definition of winners and prize-winners were held in accordance with regulatory documents (separately in 9, 10 and 11 classes) on the answers provided by the Central Subjectual Commission; Drafts were not checked. Checked work after the end of the regional stage were transferred to the Organizing Committee, which ensures the safety of the materials of the Olympiad (including proven student work) prior to the final stage of the 2010/2011 Olympics. For the first time, the regional stage of the All-Russian Olympiad of schoolchildren in the Russian language was held on the basis of TSU. Responsible for its holding S.N. Smirnov (as part of the organizing committee working Group) And his staff managed to solve all organizational issues on a high damage, without allowing not a single failure in the regulations and to ensure the observance of the Olympics and the work of the jury. At the Regional Stage of the All-Russian Schoolchildren Olympics in Russian, representatives from 36 municipalities took part in the Olympiad students from Andreapol, Navigonsky, Zharkovsky, Kimra, Penovsky, Rzhevsky, Sandovsky districts. Representatives of the GG. Tver, Vyshny Volochek, Torzhok, Zutovsky, Likhoslavl, Staritsky, Nelidovsky districts (i.e. 7 territories), participated in the Olympiad teams of the full composition (9, 10, 11 classes).
olympiads in the Russian language
Regional stage Olympiad of schoolchildren in the Russian language was held in one tour. Within 4 academic hours, the participants of the Olympiad should have given written answers to questions: for graders of grade 9 - 9 questions, for students 10 and 11 classes - 10 issues. Most of the tasks of the Olympics were based on the school program, however, such tasks were also proposed that required more deep knowledgeleaving school program (especially in the history of the Russian language), which fully meets the requirements for the level of olympiad tasks. The tasks proposed by students of the 9th grades are diverse both in shape and in content and allow students to show not only knowledge of the norms of the Russian literary language, but also to show the language flair in solving extraordinary tasks concerning language System Russian language in its past and present. The tasks proposed by the participants of the Olympiad were based on several components: from the text to the language, from the language to the text, from the text to the text, from the language to the language, from the language to the language science. In the tasks of the first type, the text, a statement or usification in speech was offered and it was necessary to conclude the properties of language units as elements of the language system. In the tasks of the second type, the initial conditions are the rules, patterns, the properties of the language units that must be applied to the proposed facts of speech. Type of tasks "From text to text" is traditionally connected with philological work with text involving comparable analysis of texts or various interpretations of one text. The tasks of a structural-linguistic plan are quite varied, aimed at searching for laws on the proposed examples and the analysis of the "difficult" units and categories of the Russian language. Performing tasks "from language to language science", students should demonstrate their awareness in the field of Russian linguistics.
Analysis of the tasks of the Olympics and the level of their execution by students
Grade 9.
| № p / P. | Contents of the task | Labor difficulties |
| 1 | Call words that influenced the shift from the first syllable on the second in the form of units the words lip | 55% of participants did not even try to fulfill the task, although it was not necessary to know the knowledge of the language of the language, but the ability to logically think |
| 2 | Create examples and explain when the roots of words column, ton, operettawritten without a double consonant | Managed to choose only 1-2 examples, without giving the explanation, which indicates inconsistency by the word formation and spelling |
| 3 | What value was detected in antiquity handle (feed elephants handle / grain /) | Students in most did not cope with the task, because The wording itself did not imply the release of the roots and explaining their ancient and modern meaning With bringing examples |
| 4 | How an expression arose in the hair of deathwhether it corresponds to the standards of the literary language; If not, how to fix it | Many participants did not cope with the task, because Illustrative material ("Damoklov Sword, to be in the hairs from death - a symbol of danger") provoked a search for a response to the question in the expression "Damocles of the Sword", and not in comparison of expressions "hanging in the hairs" and "be on the hairs from ..." |
| 5 | Add rows one of the words, justify the choice: lamppost, elitar, handicraft, nightmare. COOL COOLED CUTTING SNOBUSTABLE POSITIONAL | Participants failed to determine the principle of distribution of words in columns and supplement them, because They do not know the term composite suffix. |
| 6 | virus, Ostrich, Plinth and how they manifest | 48% of participants did not cope, although the task corresponds to the level of the school program. The complexity arose, probably because of ignorance of the term grammatical differences |
| 7 | What is common and different in the grammatical structure of proposals: I know that you read I saw how he left I will ask when we return | Answers showed good knowledge syntax of the modern Russian language; Participants delimit the unions and allied words, seeing the difference in the grammatical structure of proposals and are able to explain. |
| 8 | Distribute the names of wolves, Kovalev, Vyazemsky by groups allocated by A.M. Selishchev. Call the section Linguistics learning the names of your own | The task checks the ability to logically think and comment, but 60% of participants failed to determine the principle of grouping and correctly distribute the names |
| 9 | Read, translate the ancient Russian text and perform tasks | Participants mostly coped with the translation and determination of the lexical significance of the proposed words, but not everyone was able to pick up one-sided words |
Grade 10
| №p / P. | Contents of the task | Labor difficulties |
| 1 | How to determine the unstressed ending (and / s or e) in the form of genus, dates. and offered. Cases of SUB.1 SKL. [School'i], [works] | 74% of the participants received 0 points, since they could not establish patterns associated with the alternation of paired by hardness / softness of consonants. Maximum result - 3 points out of 10 possible |
| 2 | Determine the spelling principle of writing words and indicate morphems that are most often affected by this principle (transcription / transcribed) | Students managed to determine the principle, but could not pick up their examples with the specified morphems |
| 3 | Value in antiquity of the verb find and educated noun nashan (in the text) | The difficulty caused the definition of the root value -, so 16% of participants managed to explain the meaning of the noun |
| 4 | Determine the difference in the meaning of the communities formed from the verb delete (remote tooth remote access) | Did not cope with the task of 50% of participants |
| 5 | Restore initial View phraseological expressions, their meaning and sources (... and no other "nails of the season!") | 43% of participants did not cope with the task, almost no one remembered the poem of V.V. Mamakovsky, where the expression "shine - and no nails!" |
| 6 | Distribute words according to the morpheme composition and come up with a word according to the scheme morphem composition | 1 person did not cope with the task |
| 7 | Determine the grammatical differences in words microbe, syrup, cyclops | Ignorance linguistic term "Grammatical differences" led to the substitution of the task and determination of phonetic and spelling features |
| 8 | What types of (on the basis of the framework) include suggestions | Participants showed good syntax knowledge simple sentence. I did not cope with the task of 5 people |
| 9 | Working with text: Disposition and correct errors | The task did not cause difficulties, did not cope with the task of 1 person |
| 10 | Read, translate the ancient Russian text and perform tasks to it | In general, the task coped with, the difficulty caused the definition of the word kiss and ancient Russian language |
Grade 11
| №p / P. | Contents of the task | Labor difficulties |
| 1 | Determine words according to the described articulation | 96% of participants did not cope with the task, because on the proposed characteristics it is impossible to name the word |
| 2 | What consonant can appear before the initial ABOUT and why | Incomplete answers, because Participants could not establish the cause of this language phenomenon. |
| 3 | Formulate spelling words | Difficulty caused an explanation of the grammatical nature of the rule |
| 4 | Old Russian meaning of the Wordexercise (in the text) | The task on the etymology caused difficulties from most participants; Only 1 person al is the right and detailed answer. |
| 5 | Determine the difference in the meaning of the communion ( miscelled Match - Water Missed through Filter) | Errors are associated with fuzzy understanding of the relationship source - derivative word |
| 6 | From what basis and with the help of which suffixes are formed dialect forms nicogenic and niciusement | Task is complex, because Based on the dialect material; Even by defining the production basis and affixes, the participants could not answer the question about the unusualities of such entities. |
| 7 | What are the grammatical differences in words bacteria, Prairie, Furi | The ignorance of the term "grammatical differences" led to the substitution of the task and identifying the words of the signs of other levels of the language system |
| 8 | Different with the grammatical properties of adjectives august, thick, holy | Instead comparative analysis The degrees of comparison, the participants focused on the definition of the lexical value and the morpheme composition of words |
| 9 | Disassemble | Non-existence inconsistent definitions and additions |
| 10 | Read and translate the ancient Russian text, perform tasks | Errors are associated with the inability to conduct a comparative historical analysis |
Results of the tasks
| Maximum number of points | Middle scorePicky participants | Maximum I. minimum pointsscored by participants | Number of students who scored over 75% and over 50% of points |
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Analysis of the results of the regional stage of the All-Russian Olympiad of schoolchildren on history in 2011
DocumentIn accordance with the order of the Federal Agency for Education No. 1163 of November 16, 2010, the Regional Stage of the All-Russian Schoolchildren Olympiad on History in the 2010/2011 academic year was held in the Tver region on February 1-2, 2011.
Methodical recommendations for the development of tasks for school and municipal stages of the All-Russian Schoolchildren Olympics in the Russian language in the 2011/2012 academic year Moscow 2011
GuidelinesMethodical recommendations for the development of tasks for school and municipal stages of the All-Russian Schoolchildren Olympiad in Russian in the 2010/2011 academic year Moscow 2010
Guidelinesknowledge of the semantic system of the modern Russian literary language, elementary awareness in the origin of words and understanding of patterns historical Development lexical meaning of the word;
Methodical recommendations for the development of tasks for the school and municipal stages of the All-Russian Olympiad of schoolchildren in computer science in the 2010/2011 academic year Moscow 2010
GuidelinesReal guidelines Prepared by the Central Sub-Methodological Commission on Informatics and are aimed at helping municipal and regional methodological commissions in drawing up tasks for school and municipal
All words in Russian one way or another obey the rules and concepts associated with it. One of these concepts is a grammatical form. Each of us, starting to explore the Russian language, is necessarily faced with the rule under consideration.
For grammatical characteristic, the presence of several definitions. In particular, the definition is a broad sense or narrower. Considering the concept in a narrow sense, it can be argued that the grammatical form is the designation of the word form or a special state of the word, its shape. And at the same time, in a broader sense, the form of the word in Russian is a lexically identical condition of the same expressions.
Wordforms may differ in grammatical values \u200b\u200b(the car - the car, grandmother - grandmother, etc.). However, they are not considered separate leks (new words). And vice versa. It is believed that they form one of the paradigms of the Great and Mighty, the essence of which lies in the fact that the examples given are the words of one lexeme. The formal unity of the lexeme is in the unity of the opinion of the basic basis of its wordform. Although in practice it is possible to face exceptions in the form of phonetic and morphological "doublet" (galosha - Kalosh, read - read). But it is important to remember that lexical and grammatical values \u200b\u200bdo not exist separately, and constantly interact.
Paradigm
Paradigm is a system reflecting the modification of the same word influenced by grammatical categories. There are four main varieties of the paradigm:
- morphological with a constant part, which is called the root;
- lexical (homonyms, synonyms, antonyms and so on);
- word-formative - system of education of words from one basis;
- syntax - group of various structures expressing new syntactic values.
Tools language
And the grammatical form is a type of language tools, thanks to which the meaning of words is being built. The tools, considering as a semantic carrier, can be expressed using special forms: suffixes, affixes, endings, strokes, prefixes.
Thus, it is possible to designate, the case and the number of names of nouns, adjectives, communals and pronouns. The suffixes, in turn, are designed to reflect the shape of the verb in the past time, the form of communion and verbalism. Emphasis shows the genus, the number of names of nouns, form of verb species. Prepositions are needed to designate the names of the names of nouns, numerical and pronuchers.
Crab variability
If we talk about grammatical form in a narrow sense, then in this case it is generally about the variability of words. Under this, in Russian, it is customary to understand the differences in the modified words, but only in detail (endings, separate words etc.). For example, tea - tea, if only. Or words duplicate each other semantically: cakes - cakes (different stroking), accountants - accountant, in the shop - in the workshop.
Units of speech
If you combine the concepts, then the grammatical form is an association grammatical meanings with the means of its expression. The grammatical form can reflect several values \u200b\u200bat once.
As a house is built from bricks, this is how it is formed. They have their own phonetic structure and grammatical meaning. Sometimes they are pronounced equally, but have a completely different meaning.
The grammatical meaning of the word is the average concepts that are not related to the specific lexical values \u200b\u200bof these words. That is, it is an abstract, generalized understanding of words.
The grammatical form is, as already noted a little higher, the concept is wide and volumetric. The categorical difference of the word may vary on cases. For example, Madagascar, Madagascar, Madagascar. IN next case Changes the change in the category of time. For example, we go, let's go, I will go. Then we are talking about the change in the category of faces. For example, bloomed, bloomed, blurted out. Also in Russian are permissible to change the grammatical form of the word in the category of ignition. For example, worked, work, it would work.
The grammatical meaning of words has a different degree of abstraction. So, nouns names may have differences on cases. However, there are exceptions here, since not any noun can change the form by childbirth. For example, you can say altruist - altruist, climber - Alpinist, teacher - teacher, actor actress. But the words director, professor, conductor, the musician is always the only (male) race. At the same time, the case declination considered exceptions, like all other words.
Grammatical content
The grammatical form is a particular grammatical content that is characteristic of this word. What is understood by this? For example, the word "restored" denotes the verb in the last form, the action for the noun meaning of the word is transmitted by language instruments. To write a word "windowson" in the articulated case of the only number, it is necessary to use the ending.
the only number of the present time is "paint", transformed with the end of the end. Another example: the verb "risk" with graduation, indicates the verb of an imperfect species, and the noun "car" with the help of ending-and indicates that this word is certainly a female kind, and has a single number.
Words denoting actions
The grammatical form of the verb in Russian is characterized by six categories: pledge, inclinations, numbers, time, face, kind. In addition, there are three types of leaps in the language:
- imperative (eating, go, throw), that is, this will be the willing;
- the expressive, acting act in the current time, permissible, both in the present, and in the planned (we repair. He will come tomorrow. I did not find journalists);
- the subjunctive indicates the desired action that is quite possible and permissible (here it would be called. Could stay at home. I would like to believe).
The designation has only verbs in the past time. Here, the grammatical form of the word, for example, is strictly defined endings. For male It is absent. For female, and for medium kind - -o. For example, ran, fled, ran away.
Fundamental basis
The basis of grammatical forms is the language signs necessary in order to designate the grammatical meaning of the word. The grammatical forms are divided into word-forming and word dissimilar. Forms are lexical and grammatical. But in no case cannot be confused by the relationship with the grammatical forms of words. These are different things.
Related words are united by a general root, but still it different words! House, home, homeless, home. If we talk about the right grammatical form of the word "house", then it will be, for example, at home, house, at home, houses.
Forms with complexity
Grammar forms differ in complex and simple. As a rule, grammatical forms are created using language signs - affixes, endings. Either repetitive language instruments are resistant in certain variants. For example, a diminutive-lascate form is denoted by suffixes -Ob, -EP, - For example, pot, son, granddaughters, flower.
Creating and transformation of words is a complex and sedimulated process. Paradigms of some words are considered complex. Such grammatical forms, both in learning a language and in practice, are found quite often. For example, the Paddy Paradigm of Nouns is the symbiosis of the case of the only and multiple number. The complete paradigm consists of no less than five private paradigms.
Writes differently than hears
It is worth knowing some features of grammatical forms . The letter "G" sounds like "B" in the endings of the genitive case of the male and medium kind of adjectives and pronuches. For example, my, spicy, strong, fast. Or - Total today. In the usual conversation, some numerals are also pronounced otherwise than they are written. For example, a thousand (thousand), sixty (pile), fifty (peysy).
There are also special forms Words starting with two-, dvug- or two-. It is necessary to remember how to write correctly: two-ficker, twirling, two-time, two-year, two-volume, dugorble, two-volume, two-handed, double-grade. It is also worth remembering the correctness of the pronunciation of such words as paid, paid, paid. And not gluable, burned, moor.
Different forms
In Russian, the following types of grammatical forms are presented:
- Syntactic. The syntax word formed in antiquity. It is not characterized for it, but several ways of word formation, taking into account the greater diversity of sound and writing words. Often synthetic forms of words are used in artistic style, as they are considered more poetic, with a bright way. The least is used in the scientific language. Sometimes, transforming through all the rules of the Russian language, the words of the syntactic form are acquired by an intact or hard-acting state, or are excessively
- Morphological. They, in turn, are divided into lexico-grammatical and video measurement forms.
The features of grammatical categories are directly dependent on which part of speech they relate. So, for example, only a change in case of cases is numerical. Comparative degree Have the names of adjectives, adverbs and words meaning states. Verbs are inherent in almost all categories. Propheate - exclusively genus, number and case.
Generalization
According to our rules, complex languageThe grammatical structure of the speech is based primarily on certain laws and the rules of education and the transformation of words. To know these rules, it is necessary to study morphology, that is, everything that is related to paradigmatic words, know the abstract meaning of words. After all, the word is the main unit of grammar. It combines the sound component, lexical meaning and formal grammatical specifics. And the grammatical form is nothing but a language sign that combines the material side and an abstract meaning. And the semantic form is the grammatical meaning.
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