Regional history. Regional history: the search for new research approaches
Federal Agency for Education State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Tula State University Department of History and Cultural Studies Study guide on the course "REGIONAL HISTORY" for students full-time department specialty 030402 "Historical and archival science" Tula 2007 Veprentseva Tatyana Alekseevna Regional history: Uch. - method. course manual / Veprentseva T. A .; Tula State University.- Tula: Publishing house of Tula State University, 2007.- 25 p. The manual covers all topics of lectures and practical classes in the course "Regional history". It provides practical recommendations for students to study topics presented in lectures, considered in seminars and provided for independent work. Each topic contains a list of references and a glossary of terms. At the end of the manual, sample tests for the course are presented. It is intended for full-time students studying the course "Regional history" in the specialty 030402 "Historical and archival studies". © Veprentseva T.A. © TulSU General characteristics of the course and guidelines for lectures, practical classes and independent work of students Regional history is a part of historical science, in which the most important research focus is on the analysis of historical changes in the territorial organization natural conditions , population, economy, culture, allowing to reveal the genesis of modern phenomena and events, to objectively assess the historical roots of modern processes. The sociopolitical and sociocultural state of Russian society is currently characterized by a significant regionalization of public life. As a result, the problem of the relevance of regional history and, above all, provincial culture, was clearly identified, which is explained, to a large extent, by the continuity of the cultural tradition, its invariance in relation to the change of government, and sometimes political regimes. Chronologically, the course includes the historical period from the entry of the region into the Russian state to the present time or until the 1990s, i.e. before the formation on the territory of independent national states. The Regional History course consists of 36 hours of classroom instruction (18 hours of lectures and 18 hours of seminars). Students are given 44 hours for independent work. The lecture course covers all subjects of the discipline according to the work program. The first lecture aims to introduce students to the essence of the discipline: to acquaint them with the subject of study, tasks, basic concepts. It also provides a description of the sources on regional history. The next lecture is devoted to the issues of the historiography of regional history since the 18th century. to the 1990s At the same time, the second question of the plan "The main directions of the study of regional history in the 2nd half of the XIX - early XX centuries." is covered by the lecturer very schematically, since it is presented as a separate topic of the first seminar lesson. In this lesson, students consider various aspects of the study of regional history by pre-revolutionary historians (A.P. Shchapov, T.N. Granovsky, S.M.Soloviev, V.O. Klyuchevsky, N.E. Zabelin), the teacher also recommends self-study of some of their work. Within the framework of the third lecture, the history and features of the development of Central Russia are considered, with special attention paid to the monuments of history and culture in different areas of the region. At the seminar on the relevant topic, a broader range of problems is taken, since the study of the history of the development of the Chernozem region is added, in particular, the question of the construction of the Zasechnaya line here in the 16th century is considered. In this topic, it is recommended to especially widely use the material of local lore. The fourth lecture is devoted to the consideration of issues on the development of the North and North-West of Russia. Since the first local lore societies arose precisely in the Russian North, this aspect is considered in the lecture especially fully. The features of the development of the North-West are also emphasized - ancient land Russia. At the seminar # 3, dedicated to the history of this region, as the questions that most characterize the development of the North and North-West of Russia, the questions about the monasteries of the Russian North, as well as the emergence of St. Petersburg and its influence on the development of the North-West of Russia, are highlighted. In the coverage of the materials of the fifth lecture, an emphasis is placed on the study of the economic development of the Ural region and the originality of its material and spiritual culture. At the seminar, students are invited to give a description of some of the largest cities in the Urals, as well as the topics of messages that students prepare in advance are determined. These are topics such as Stay and Kill royal family in Yekaterinburg "and" Industry of the Urals during the Great Patriotic War. " The sixth lecture examines the features of the development and development of Siberia as part of the Russian state, as well as the specifics of the development of the Volga region culture in different historical periods. At the seminar, the questions about the colonization of the Middle and Lower Volga regions, the peculiarities of the emergence and characteristics of the cities of Siberia and the Volga region are highlighted. Topics are offered as messages: "Old Believer and Cossack subcultures of the Volga region", "Ethno-confessional picture of the Middle and Lower Volga region". Lectures 7 and 8 are read in an overview. Particular attention is paid to the issues of joining Russia and the development of relations between Russia and such countries as Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic countries, the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia... At seminars 6 and 7, history, peculiarities of cultural development and intercultural contacts of these countries are considered as reports and messages of students, the most problematic and interesting questions during the message are noted and then brought up for discussion in the group. Independent work students is to study scientific sources and literature recommended by the teacher on specific topics (for seminars or lectures as a preliminary acquaintance). Students independently study some issues that are not considered in the framework of lectures and practical classes (as instructed by the teacher) or those issues that are not studied in sufficient detail. For example, students are encouraged to independently study the works on the regional history of A.P. Shchapova, T.N. Granovsky, S.M. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, N.E. Zabelina. Students independently consider issues related to the analysis of the socio-political situation in the country in the late 1920s - early 1930s. and the liquidation of local history societies. The history of Russian cities, not studied in the course, is considered by students independently. In addition, the history of individual countries (former Soviet republics), studied in the course rather fluently, is given to students for independent research. Lecture 1 Introduction to the subject Sources on regional history 1. Regional history as a field of scientific humanitarian knowledge. Purpose, objectives of the course, basic concepts. 2. Sources on regional history: a) written; b) cartographic; c) pictorial. Glossary of Concepts and Terms Regional history is a part of historical science, in which the most important research focus is on the analysis of historical changes in the territorial organization, natural conditions, population, economy, culture, allowing to reveal the genesis of modern phenomena and events, to objectively assess the historical roots of modern processes. A historical and cultural region (or a historical and ethnographic region) is a large territorial entity that is subdivided into regions. For example, the Siberian historical and cultural region is divided into the West Siberian and East Siberian regions (the Yenisei River serves as a watershed). Region (from Lat. "Region"). The region is divided into small (village, district, city), medium (republic, territory, region) and large. There is no universal definition of the concept of "region", while, more often, you can find definitions in which, first of all, a geographical criterion is highlighted. Region - region, district; a part of the country that differs from other regions by a set of natural and (or) historically formed, relatively stable economic, geographical and other features, often combined with the peculiarities of the national composition of the population. Locality: a part of the territory characterized by the commonality of any characteristics (natural, historical, cultural, etc.). Territory: 1) originally areas on the outskirts of the state (hence the name); 2) subsequently a significant territory Russian Empire consisting of several provinces (governorships or general governorships); 3) in the Russian Federation since 1924 - a large administrative-territorial unit. Locus is a populated area with a given degree of homogeneity of the internal environment and external relations. Province - (from Latin provincia - province, region). In Russia, an administrative-territorial unit in the 18th century. Abolished by the "Institutions of the provinces" 1775. The province is a special socio-cultural space, a kind of internal organism oriented towards the world of human everyday life (Danilov A. A., Memetov V. S.). Literature 1. Ashurkov V.N., Katsyuba D.V., Matyushin G.N. Historical Local Lore: Textbook. M., 1980. 2. Bogoslovsky M. Regional history of Russia, its purpose, substantiation and modern tasks. // Fatherland. Almanac of local lore. No. 4. M., 1993. 3. Goncharova N.N. Russian noble portrait in the graphics of the first half of the 19th century: From the collection of the State Historical Museum. - M., 1998. 4. Gautier Yu. V. History of regional administration in Russia from Peter I to Catherine II, v. 1-2, M. - L., 1913. 5. Danilov A. A., Memetov V. S. Provincial intelligentsia in history and the culture of Russia. Ivanovo: IvGU, 1997. 6. Kusov V. S. Cartographic art of the Russian state M., 1989. 7. Kusov V. S. Russian geographical drawing of the XVI-XVII centuries. Consolidated catalog. M., 1989. 8. Mashkovsky VP Problems of regional history as a factor of culture in the modern world. // Cultural studies in Siberia. - Issue. 1. - Omsk, 1999. 9. Sotnikova SI Monuments of Russian cartography of the 17th century. // Monuments of science and technology. 1987-1988. M., 1989.S. 176-201. 10. At the origins of photography. Collection of daguerreotypes of the State Historical Museum: Catalog / Author: T.G. Saburova, I.A. Semakov. - M .: Art-Rodnik, 1999. Lecture 2 Historiography of regional history (18th century - 1990s) 1. Study of regional history and local history in the 18th - 1st half of the 19th centuries. 2. The main directions of the study of regional history in the 2nd half of the XIX - early XX centuries. (seminar) 3. Historiography of regional history in 1917 - 1990s. Glossary of Concepts and Terms The Kunstkamera is the first natural science and history museum in Russia, founded in 1704 on the initiative of Peter I. The Free Economic Society is the first Russian scientific society, founded in 1765 during the reign of Catherine II. Academic expeditions - studies of the nature, economy and population of Russia, organized by the Russian Academy. General land surveying - conducting an accurate determination of the boundaries of land holdings of individuals, peasant communities, cities, churches and other landowners in the Russian Empire since 1766. to the middle of the 19th century. Measurements and economic description of the lands of 19 provinces were carried out. Russian geographic society- one of the oldest geographical societies in the world, founded in St. Petersburg in 1845. Organized in Siberia, on Far East, in Central and Central Asia geographical expeditions, which played a large role in the development of these regions. Since 1851, branches of the society have been opened in a number of cities. Provincial Statistical Committees - began to form in the first half of the 19th century in every provincial town, functioned until the beginning of the 20th century. Their task was to collect and initially process statistical data concerning various aspects of the administrative and public life of the province. Topographic descriptions are an important form of 18th century research on regional history. They were of an official nature and covered most of the provinces of the European part of Russia. The descriptions were encyclopedic in nature. They included geographical, statistical, historical research. Russian historical society- was created in St. Petersburg in May 1866, existed until 1917. The main goal of the society was to collect, process and publish materials and documents on Russian history from state and private archives. The "Golden Decade" of Russian local history is the period from 1918 to 1928. Then the local history movement developed at a faster pace than in the pre-revolutionary period and turned into an important phenomenon
This article is a report at the XVIII International Scientific Conference of the Center for Russian Studies of the Budapest University. Eotvos Laurentz on May 27, 2006 in Budapest and was first published in the collection: Books for Russian Studies XVIII: Regional Schools of Russian Historiography. Budapest, 2007, pp. 56–67.
The article presents the most significant intellectual and institutional achievements of Russian historians in the field of regional (local) history over the past 15 years. The conditions of post-Soviet reality have radically changed Russian historical science, academic and university structures, metropolitan and regional communities of Russian scientists, their scientific and communication ties and interactions with Western colleagues, thereby contributing to the formation of a fundamentally different intellectual identity of the corps of historians.
1991 was chosen as the "starting" date for a reason: not only the collapse of the USSR, but also the timely creation at the dawn of perestroika, in May 1990, in Chelyabinsk, at the founding conference of the Union of Local History of Russia (hereinafter - TFR), the leading and coordinating center of local history Of the Russian Federation, determined the general direction of development of the historical and local history movement, the emergence of original research and educational programs in the field of regional history and historical local history, the creation of new educational and educational centers and departments of regional history in Russian universities.
The TFR is headed by Sigurd Ottovich Schmidt, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Historical and Archival Institute Russian state Humanities University(hereinafter - RGGU), academician Russian Academy education. The TFR coordinates programs and problems of all-Russian conferences on historical local history and regional studies, large interdepartmental programs of historical, local history and regional studies.
After the First (Poltava, 1987) and Second (Penza, 1989) All-Union Conferences on Historical Local Lore, All-Union Scientific Readings dedicated to the 150th anniversary of V.O. Klyuchevsky (Penza, 1991), an interdepartmental program "Culture of the Russian province" was adopted, within the framework of which thematic all-Russian conferences "Culture of the Russian province" (Moscow, 1991), "Provincial city: cultural traditions. History and Modernity ”(Yelets, 1992),“ Russian Province of the 18th – 20th Centuries: Realities of Cultural Life ”(Penza, 1995),“ Culture of the Russian Province: Century of the 20th - 21st Centuries ”(Kaluga, 2000). The materials of these conferences have been published and received responses in the Russian and foreign press. In 2000, the IV All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference "Domestic Culture and the Development of Local Lore" was held in Penza, in 2001, and again in Penza, in the homeland of V.O. Klyuchevsky, another landmark for the history of regional studies and historical local lore in Russia, the All-Russian scientific forum “V.O. Klyuchevsky and the problems of Russian provincial culture and historiography ”. It was closely connected with the previous ones devoted to the great Russian historian and the problems of provincial culture. Let us note the reports of V.Yu. Afiani “Ten years of the program“ Culture of the Russian province ”and V.F. Kozlova "On the role of scientific and practical conferences in the development of the local history movement in the 1990s."
Within the framework of the report, it is impossible to list all conferences of a regional, all-Russian, international scale that have taken place in Russia over the past five to ten years, where, among others, there was an interested conversation about the language of modern historical science, the conceptual and categorical apparatus of Russian research on regional history. Let's note the most striking and significant conferences and seminars in this regard.
Concept regional history firmly entered the language of Russian historical science in the early 1990s, but so far this concept does not have a stable generally accepted definition of the subject and object of research. As an example, let us refer to the materials of the round table on the topic “Problems of regional history and historiography in the modern world” published in the journal “Regionology” (Saransk, 1995, no. 3). The participants of the round table expressed their attitude to the problems of history within the framework of the project of global studies and regional studies, provincial historiography and historical local history, local (local) and regional history. The texts of their speeches demonstrate different approaches to defining definitions regional history and regional (provincial) historiography, historical local history and regional studies, regionology and regionalistics .
In December 1999, the All-Russian conference "Current state and prospects for the development of local history in the regions of Russia" was held in Moscow. In the speech of O.G. Lasunsky "View from the provinces (notes on painful)", devoted to the analysis of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of Russian regional studies and historical studies of local lore, a tendency characteristic of those years was noted: "the semantic content of the concept of" regional studies " operate with another, as it were, a parallel definition - "historical regionology" (regional studies) ", which" denotes a new and, I think, a higher quality of local history knowledge, due to the realities of modern life. " Thus, part of Russian researchers quite quickly, in just two or three years, developed a common understanding of the scale of regional and local history, close to the interpretation of these definitions by Western scholars: P. Hubert, L. Stone, representatives of the Leicester school of local history, headed by Ch Fityan-Adams and others.
In June 1999, Ryazan hosted the first international conference dedicated to regional history as a direction in Russian and foreign historiography, where attempts were also made to develop a unified categorical format of definitions local and regional history, regionology, regionalistics and historical local history... Finally, in May 2000, in St. Petersburg, at the international seminar “Methodology of regional historical research: Russian and Foreign experience»S.O. Schmidt proposed the most successful, science-intensive definition of these definitions. “Today, regionology (or regional studies) has established itself as an interdisciplinary scientific and educational activity at the intersection of humanities and other sciences.<…>Regionology is a complex of broader (and at the same time less specific) knowledge than regional studies, including the current state of the region and the sphere of political science<…>Local lore is understood not only as a science that studies the development and current state of specific regional communities and territories, but also scientific, popularization and educational work on a certain topic: about the past and present of a region (usually its native land - "small homeland") and its monuments ... The object of interest of a local historian can be an area of different spatial scale and cultural and historical significance ... "In local history work" people of different ages, different sociocultural status, different levels special (scientific) training ".
At a seminar in 2000, the author of this article made a report "New frontiers of Russian history, or Thoughts aloud about the problems of Russian history." Definition domestic studies appeared in the middle of the 19th century, and during the second half of the century it existed along with the word homeland studies, which acquired the status of definition at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Definition homeland studies and today is actively used in the working curricula of primary and secondary schools in Russia along with the definition Social Studies... However, homeland studies are closer in interaction and semantic meaning to such terms as local history (historical local history), local, local history, regional studies, regional studies, Russian studies, Rosika, Russian studies. The formation and rooting of the above "nest" of words in the language of Russian historical science reflects the processes that took place during the 19th-20th centuries and are continuing at the present time. The historian's choice of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of regional studies, of certain definitions (local or local history, regional studies, regional studies, regional studies or provincial historiography, provincial studies, historical local lore) has recently been increasingly associated with the choice of an "empirical" or "theoretical" direction, adherence to the "old" or "new" methodology of history. This is somewhat reminiscent of the situation that developed in the "Petersburg school" of historiography in the 1890s between S.F. Platonov and A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky.
Let us briefly dwell on the research work of Russian universities in the field of regional research - historical, source study, historiographic. The most active, fruitful research work in this regard is carried out by teachers, graduate students, students of the Faculty of History of the Voronezh state university... The Center for the Spiritual Revival of the Chernozem Region has been established here, historical and local history conferences are regularly held, thematic editions of the collections "From the History of the Voronezh Region" and "Public Life of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia in the 17th - early 20th centuries" are regularly published. In October 2000, a scientific conference was held in Voronezh dedicated to the 200th anniversary of local historical study of local lore. The materials of the conference were published in the ninth issue of the collection "From the history of the Voronezh region" (2001). The collection opens with an article by S.O. Schmidt “E.V. Bolkhovitinov and the Formation of the Science of Russian History ”.
On the basis of Tver State University under the auspices of the TFR, conferences on city studies are held (2000, 2002), the materials of these conferences have also been published. The Faculty of History of the State University in Novgorod the Great specializes in holding regional historical and archival conferences. V Nizhny Novgorod regional conferences on monuments and archeology of the region are held. In 1999-2002, the Moscow Pedagogical Institute held three regional conferences under the general title “Problems of the History of the Moscow Region”.
Along with university conferences, a great contribution to the development of historiography and source study of regional history, as V.F. Kozlov, bring in personal readings. In Moscow - Zabelinskiy, Baranovskiy, Elizavetinskiy, Kurakinskiy; in St. Petersburg - the Antsiferovskys; in Vyatka (Kirov) - the Petryaevskys; in Yekaterinburg - Tatishchevskys; in Kotlas - Stefanovskiy, in Lipetsk - Bartenevskiy; in Mozhaisk - Makarievskys; in Murom - the Uvarovskys; in Murmansk - Ushakovskie; in Myshkin - Opochininsky; in Omsk - Makushinskiy; in Perm - Smyshlyaevskie; in Ryazan - Yakhontovskie, in Ussuriisk - Arsenievskie, in Chelyabinsk - Biryukovskiy, in Yaroslavl - Tikhomirovskie. And this is far from full list personal readings with the participation of local historians, scientists and cultural workers.
Today, practically in every regional city of Russia, through the efforts of local museums, libraries, archives with the assistance of regional branches of the TFR, historical and local history conferences are held with the publication of their materials. Local historians actively participate in the Christmas educational readings organized by the Moscow Patriarchate annually since 1993. Conferences of the revived Society for the Study of the Russian Estate are also held annually; materials of six such forums have been published. In 1990, 1994, 2001, Moscow local historians organized three conferences on the comprehensive study of the Russian necropolis.
It is impossible not to mention the special scientific and methodological conferences that are held within the framework of the program "Small towns of Russia: Problems of history and revival" (1999, 2001, 2002), as well as regular scientific and practical conferences organized by the scientific and cultural - educational society "Encyclopedia of Russian Villages".
The interest in Russian conferences and forums devoted to regional topics is evidenced by the international conference “Local History in Russia (1890–1990). Origins. Problems. Revival ". It was held in May 2000 in Paris on the initiative of the vice-rector of the Sorbonne IV Professor F. Comte with the participation of a representative Russian delegation of local history historians headed by S.O. Schmidt. Conference proceedings were published in Paris (in French).
Materials of conferences, seminars, personal readings and other forms scientific communication on historical local history, as well as literature on general issues of the state and development of local history movement, theory and practice of library local history in Russia and abroad can be found in the issues of the current bibliographic manual "Library and local history", which is published by the Russian National Library(hereinafter - RNB). Four issues of this handbook have already been published, containing bibliography for 1991-2000, and all this literature has been described de visu .
These are several thousand items; so, in the fourth issue of the edition 1510 titles are registered. The appendix to this issue contains a list of local history encyclopedias and reference books of 1997–2000, as well as articles of the RNL staff on the experience of research and bibliographic local history work, texts of reviews of the most interesting and significant local history bibliographic works of recent years.
The scientific level of local history research in the regions of Russia is clearly demonstrated by over fifty newest regional encyclopedias published over the past 10-15 years. These are excellent sources that demonstrate the "scale" and "image" of regional scientific and educational schools, local historiographic traditions and scientific publishing policy.
Among the latest electronic developments, electronic regional encyclopedias should be noted, as well as special sites on the regional and local history of the Urals, Siberia, the Far East, in the creation and replenishment of which scientists, students, high school students participate. In October 2003, the staff of the National Library of Russia and local historians from 25 cities of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus started to implement the Internet project "Regional Encyclopedias of Russia", which involves the creation of a meta-portal consisting of separate encyclopedic sites. The domain http://reg.enc.ru/ has already been registered to host this portal.
Our proposal echoes the project of the Internet portal "Regional Encyclopedias of Russia": it is advisable to think about the concept of the Internet portal "Historical Journalism", where historical and local history materials will be presented on the pages of Russian and foreign newspaper and magazine periodicals.
Vivid evidence of the originality of the historical and regional studies, which form themselves location(provincial historiography), are historical and local history scientific, cultural and educational, popular science periodicals... These are the revived in 1991 "Moscow Journal" (formerly "Architecture and Construction of Moscow"); "Tverskaya Starina", founded in 1911, and a number of other publications. Let us note the magazine “Yaroslavskaya Starina” (founded in 1992) that appeared in the early 1990s; the Kostroma magazines "Gubernskiy Dom" and "Kostroma Starina"; yearbooks "Tula Regional Studies Almanac", "From the History of the Voronezh Territory"; the Penza magazine "Regional Studies" and the popular scientific collection "The Penza time of lovers of antiquity." Among the historical and local history publications in the Urals, we note the collections "Shadrinskaya starina", "Tagil ethnographer", "Perm region". In Yekaterinburg, a historical and literary almanac "Ural Local History" and a collection-journal "Uralskaya Starina" are published, continuing the traditions of the collections of the same name, published in 1927 and 1928. It is impossible not to mention the journal "Echo of the Caucasus", which has been published since 1992 by the Association of the Peoples of the Caucasus, where the historical and local history topics occupy a leading place. We can name other equally significant regional publications.
A few words about the recently created educational and training centers of Russian universities, which managed to prove themselves in the development of regional studies and historical local history.
This is the Center for Historical Local Lore and Moscow Studies, created at the Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State University for the Humanities in 1997, headed by S.O. Schmidt. In 1997, the Department of Regional History and Local Lore (headed by V.F.Kozlov) was created at the Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State Humanitarian University, which by the middle of the first decade of the 21st century became one of the centers of the modern local history movement. The department and the center have organized a number of long-term local history programs: regular "Meetings on Nikolskaya", Baranovsky readings, conferences on university local history and Moscow studies. By 2005, the department and the center became the location of the Union of Regional Studies of Russia and the Moscow Local History Society.
Mention should also be made of the Interdisciplinary scientific center historical and psychological research, created in Krasnodar in 2001 on the basis of the Kuban State University of Culture and Arts under the leadership of S.S. Mints. At the same university, under the leadership of A.I. Slutsky, the recently established Research Center for the History of Books and Book Science in the North Caucasus is successfully operating. This is the Educational and Educational Center "New Local History", created in 2002 on the basis of the Stavropol State University. This center is an interuniversity center, teachers of the Historical and Archival Institute of the Russian State University for the Humanities take an active part in its formation and development, the institute is a co-founder of the center. Following the Stavropol center in the Ryazan State pedagogical university the Center for Historical Regional Studies and Regional Studies was created. This center is headed by A.A. Sevastyanova, who created her own scientific and pedagogical school on the history of provincial historiography in Russia in the 18th – 19th centuries. We also note the center "Oral History ( Oral History): method, source, scientific interpretation ”, operating in Barnaul on the basis of the Barnaul Pedagogical University.
This is the picture of the institutional development of regional studies and historical local history in Russia in 1991-2005. What is happening in the intellectual space of this project?
The most complex theoretical and methodological problems are in the center of attention of Russian historians:
1) the languages of historiography in the context of the problem of "ours" - "alien" in Russian regional studies, or, in other words, the implementation of the transition from an intuitive image to logically verified categories of science, which, in turn, is associated with the problem of translated literature and the specifics of the translation of scientific research;
2) “threshold incommensurability” of “old” and “new” theoretical and methodological foundations in the works of Russian historians and historians of local lore and the problem of overcoming the “incompatibility” of the results of their research;
3) differentiation of subject fields and disciplinary powers of historical local history and regional (provincial) historiography, regional studies and regional studies (provinciology), local (new local history) and local history;
4) an assessment of the contribution of Russian historians of local lore and regional (provincial) historiography to the development of the intellectual, institutional, socio-cultural space of Russian historical science.
Proposed by S.O. Schmidt's historical and cultural approach to the study of the history of scientific regional studies and historical and local history thought makes it possible to identify and comprehend the cultural and civilizational values and fundamental foundations of Russian regional studies.
The complexity of this approach is associated with the problem of adequate assessment of the "levels" of special (scientific) training of participants in the scientific process and historiographic discourse, professional historians and non-professional historians through the author's "source text" or personal "level" and "intertext" of the culture of the era, "level »Value-semantic unity of perception and objectification of the subject of historical, source study and historiographic research of regional history by communities of historians different in form and type of organization.
V such In posing the question, historical consciousness comes to the fore as a category that forms the attitude of a person (professional historian and amateur historian) and society of "different spatial scales" to the past and present, the subject and object of the historiographic process.
The spatial scale of regional studies is understood and interpreted by Russian authors in different ways, from different positions. And as "the history of a place, which is understood not as a territory, but as a" microcommunity ", a set of people who carry out certain historical activities." And as the history of the scientific "microcommunity" in the form of a "school", "direction", "flow" of historical thought. And vice versa: “history of a place” (region) as regional (provincial) historiography, historical local history as regional studies. With the emergence of the Internet, it is increasingly associated with a “virtual community” of researchers, which is born in the course of the development of Internet resources and Internet technologies by users, which form a new type of culture of historical “writing”. the new kind historical and historiographic source - an electronic document.
One or the other scale and image historiography, coinciding or not (fully or only partially) with the author's understanding of the above boundaries territory and space historiographic discourse is, perhaps, the most difficult problem of understanding the historiographic "source text" associated with another, no less difficult problem of identifying oneself in the historical and cultural context "one's own" - "someone else's" in the development of the theory and history of local historiography, practice historical "writing" of local history.
Today, every serious researcher sets himself the task of finding an adequate answer to the fundamental question for all humanitarians about the structure of modern humanities, intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary relations in the field humanities, thereby solving the problem of the correlation of macro- and microhistories, specifying the points of intersection of the disciplinary fields of intellectual history, cultural history, history of historical science, history of historical thought, history of historical knowledge. The answer to this very difficult question will help to find a way to productive development of cultural and civilizational values, fundamental foundations of science, "old" and "new" historiographic traditions.
A modern researcher solves one more and, perhaps, the most difficult problem of understanding the historiographic "source text", which philosophers explain as "the existence<…> natural singularity of our thought, <…>units of our thinking are not the same as we imagined them. " And there are two problems here. The first problem is related to the understanding of narrative, author's and narrative communication, and narratology, the choice of a model and theory of narration and interpretations - "narrative situations" and points of view in the "evaluation plan", in the "phraseology plan", in the "spatio-temporal characteristics" or "boundaries" and, finally, in the "plane of psychology." The second problem is the ability to peer into the historical discourse of researchers, the structure and content of their texts, the workshops where local history is “made”, and thus to identify the levels and types of represented historical knowledge. Naturally, such tasks involve the use of comparative approaches.
For us, not only the sources used by this or that historian are important, but also the historiographic operation itself - the methods of working with sources and historical literature, along with an analysis of the constructions of historical narratives. The most acceptable toolkit for effective analysis of historiographic operations is the comparative approach. The possibilities of comparative historiography should be used both in the study of national discourse techniques within the framework of the classical European historiographic tradition, as well as individual levels of historical knowledge, as well as types of historical writing in national historiography. It should not be forgotten, however, that any research that determines historiographic trends (state metanarrative, provincial / regional / local historiography, historical local lore, regional studies), in terms of its significance in maintaining collective memory and forming historical ideas at the regional level, is always deformed by modernity.
Thus, paying attention to historiographic practices that do not fit into the core of the cultural field of historiography will make it possible to see its multilevel character. "Telling" a national or local story is one of the forms of identity search. Another - "The construction of identity in a pretending to be scientific historical narrative", it differs from other forms of historical presentation in its consistency, logic, rules of "writing", developed by the cultural field of historiography. However, any historical narrative- this is the subjective construction of "identity", which also must not be forgotten.
Domestic historical thought belongs to the European and / or "Western tradition" of historical writing, and the antiquarian attitude to history, which was present in its research practice, often manifests itself in modern historical studies of local lore.
Provincial historiography, traditional historical local history differ from normative historiography in their craving for empirical knowledge, since they are based on "love of the region". This knowledge prompts local researchers to prioritize gathering “facts”. The process of "collecting" as the meaning of the story - extensive model research, in which there is commenting on everything that is in narrative sources, historical literature, legends, oral history. Often, such a historiography is associated with an uncritical attitude towards sources, an arbitrary attitude towards facts and opinions about them, up to the construction of arbitrary historical figures. Local historians have very often endowed and endow the practice of local history with "erudite features."
Having its relation to the periphery of the normative model and / or cultural field of historiography, the "antique" and "erudite" practice of historiography remain history, but sometimes they cause misunderstanding, reaching the level of rejection by members of the professional community of regional studies, who consider themselves carriers of normative historical knowledge. It is no coincidence that this practice is "different" for them.
There is nothing negative in the erudite practice of historiography, as well as in the antique attitude to history, we must reflect on them, calling the phenomena by their proper names, remembering that historical knowledge is not universal, it is not only multilevel, different types and forms historical memory and historical "writing".
Finally, there is one more observation of no small importance for the scientific and educational-disciplinary development of historical local history. In Russia, the concept of "Regional science"... Scientists are already reviewing the systemic and institutional "settings" of scientific knowledge. Global Studies and Regional Studies- two formats of the modern "tuning" of science at the institutional and paradigmatic levels of its development, they assert themselves as macrodisciplines, exerting a noticeable impact on the sectoral historical science, its institutional infrastructure, the "scale" and "standard" of historical "writing", the language and style of historical writing ...
Notes (edit)
1. See: V.O. Klyuchevsky and the problems of Russian provincial culture and historiography: Proceedings of a scientific conference, Penza, June 25-26, 2001. Book. 1-2. M., 2005. See also: Klyuchevsky: Sat. materials. Issue 1. Penza, 1995.
2. Kozlov V.F. On the role of scientific and practical conferences in activating the local history movement in the 1990s // V.O. Klyuchevsky and the problems of Russian provincial culture and historiography. S. 68–75.
3. See also: Yurchenkov V.A.... Regional historiography: Russian experience // Regionology. 1993. No. 3; Akinshin A.N., Lasunsky O.G.... Regional factor in the study of Russian history // Public life in Central Russia in the 16th - early 20th centuries: Sat. Art. Voronezh, 1995.S. 202–213.
4. Lasunsky O.G... A view from the provinces (notes on painful issues) // Current state and prospects for the development of local history in the regions of Russia: Materials of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference, December 10-11, 1999 in Moscow / Otv. ed. S.O. Schmidt. M., 1999.S. 37.
5. See: Repina L.P... "New Historical Science" and Social History. M., 1998. S. 63–65.
6. See: Regional history in Russian and foreign historiography. Abstracts of the international scientific conference, June 1-4, 1999 Ryazan, 1999. Part 1-2.
7. Schmidt S.O. Regional studies and regional history in modern Russia // Methodology of regional historical research: Materials of an international seminar, June 19–20, 2000 St. Petersburg, 2000. P. 11–15.
8. See: Shakhanov A.N. Russian historical science of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries: Moscow and St. Petersburg universities. M., 2003.
9. About the conference see: Kozlov V.F. Russian regional studies in the Sorbonne // Domestic archives. 2000. No. 5. P. 115-117.
10. See: Library and Regional Studies for 1991-1993. SPb., 1995.159 p .; for 1994-1996 SPb., 1998.320 p .; for 1997-1998 SPb., 2001.304 p .; for 1999-2000 SPb., 2003.376 p.
11. See: Mokhnacheva M.P.... Internet images of Russian provincial culture of the 18th – 19th centuries. // Local history in Russia: History, current state, development prospects: Materials of the All-Russian seminar of local historians "Love for a small homeland - the source of love for the Motherland", Zaraysk, January 30, 2004. M., 2004. pp. 59–68; She's the same. Historical and local history materials on the pages of newspaper periodicals of the 18th - mid-19th centuries. // Archaeographic Yearbook for 2004, M., 2005. pp. 245–259.
12. See: Mokhnacheva M.P.... Provincial historiography and historical local history: subject fields and disciplinary powers // Stavropol Almanac of the Russian Society of Intellectual History. Stavropol, 2005. Issue. 7. P. 37–50; Malovichko S.I., Mokhnacheva M.P. Regional studies - historical local history - local history: reflections on the thresholds and vices of "incompatibility" // Kharkiv istoriographic collection. Kharkiv, 2006. Vip. 8, pp. 23–37.
Plan
1. The significance of regional history in modern historical science... Subject, tasks, directions of historical local lore and its sources. Basic terms and concepts.
2. Formation of historical local history in Russia
3. Historical local history of the Volgograd region: results and development prospects
1) What determines the history of a particular people or state? The main determining factors historical development are
Natural and climatic conditions and geographical landscape
The nature and level of socio-economic development
Features of the political system
National composition of the population, cultural and religious characteristics
One of the peculiarities of Russian history is that it is the history of the constantly expanding Russian state, which colonized and developed new territories, annexed new peoples. The borders of Russia were constantly moving and were established late only by the middle of the 19th century. As a result, during the period of the USSR, our country occupied 1/6 of the inhabited land, on the territory of which there were natural and climatic zones from the subtropics to the subarctic with permafrost, landscapes from mountain ranges to semi-deserts, inhabited by more than 100 nations and nationalities who professed almost all the world religion, etc.
2) Therefore, one of urgent problems Russian historical science has always been and remains the ratio of the center (capital) and regions. In a country like Russia, it is impossible to view events only through the prism of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Being an integral part of Russian history, the history of individual regions of immense Russia confirms the fact that the political and civilizational choice on the ground could differ significantly from the capital, demonstrate both common and special features.
What determines this special choice or distinctive features of the region ?:
Natural and geographical living conditions
National and confessional composition of the population
The nature and method of joining the unified Russian centralized state (peaceful, military)
Features of the territorial and administrative structure (region, federal or autonomous republic, etc.)
Remoteness from the capital and cultural centers (for example, the borderline character of the territory or the inner region of Russia)
All these circumstances affect the economic, social, household, national and cultural ties both within the region (region) and beyond its side-altars, the type of local political elites (for example, the Saratov province is one of the centers of the peasant movement, populism and Socialist-Revolutionaries, from where they took the beginning of many riots, uprisings, spreading to the center; at the beginning of the twentieth century, a liberal-radical alliance of local departments of political parties in their opposition to the government and local authorities became a distinctive feature of the political life of the province); the presence of a special provincial culture, ideological type, mentality (at the beginning of the 20th century, local publicists argued that in a crowd a Saratov man differs, for example, from a downtrodden Penzyak, standing out in the crowd with his broken-down behavior, more like an urban worker) and many other factors.
At the same time, provincialism, provincial culture should not be regarded as a synonym for the weak, patriarchal, bone. This is a special system, in many of its manifestations different from the capital, a socio-cultural phenomenon. Karamzin argued that Russia is strong in its province.
Several local civilizations can be located on the territory of the historical region, therefore, the concepts of “historical region” and “regional civilization” should be distinguished. Regional civilization Is a set of local civilizations similar in their type of development, and historical region can unite local civilizations of various types, closely related to each other in the process of historical development. The ethnic groups inhabiting the region are characterized by the processes of interaction, mutual influence and historical synthesis that take place in a particular era in various specific forms and with varying degrees of intensity.
It is such a historical region for thousands of years, the territory of the modern Volgograd region, where nomadic and sedentary agricultural cultures have long converged, a native territory for many nations and nationalities professing different religions, a main road for many migrations ...
In historical science there is no unambiguous definition of the concept of "local history". The first interpretation, it can be called conditionally "Geographic" , understands knowledge of local lore native land within a settlement, administrative-territorial unit, historical-ethnographic or historical-cultural area.
The second draws attention to the wide coverage of scientific disciplines involved in the study of the region - disciplinary approach ... From this point of view, local history is a complex of sciences, different in content and research methods, studying a certain territory.
The third draws attention to the twofold nature of local history, which is not only research, but also an activity aimed at promoting the knowledge gained - A complex approach : local history is also a science, scientific, popularizing and social activity of a certain problem: the past and present of any region (locality).
The concept of "regional studies" is close in meaning to the study of local lore.
Regional studies as a discipline, it covers everything related to the region, its history and modernity. But if local lore attracts all those interested in the present and past of their native land, then the second is the business of professional specialists in both humanitarian and natural fields of knowledge.
Local lore in general and historical local lore in particular are usually distinguished by the forms of its organization: state, educational (school), public.
State local history local history museums, research institutions, local self-government bodies are engaged.
In educational local history the main role in the study of their native land is assigned to students under the direct guidance of a teacher.
The amateur population, non-professional ethnographers, and folk museums can also study the region. In this case, local history is called public.
Historical sources local history are different kinds oral, written and material sources.
Traditions of historical local history have been in Russia for more than one century. Pre-revolutionary Russian historical science had a fairly well-developed tradition of local history research.
The comprehension of a specific local history was initially associated with the accumulation of factual data on the history of a particular region, archival research begun in the 18th century. Under the first Russian emperors, a document was sent to the localities, prescribing the study and compilation of "brief information about ancient history provinces, about the peoples who lived there, are there ancient remains, mounds and what are the stories about them ", what are the occupations of local residents, how many educational institutions, the number of souls of both sexes, the customs of local residents, their dialects, the coat of arms of the city and counties, and many others. information.
A significant impetus for the emergence of historical local history was given at the beginning of the 19th century. activities of Count N.P. Rumyantsev. On his initiative, research began in the Smolensk, Novgorod, Vyatka, Arkhangelsk, Kharkov provinces. He managed to interest a number of provincial state and church leaders in local history and, relying on their support, organize work to search for manuscripts and antiquities.
Further accumulation of material is associated with activities Archaeographic Expedition of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, which began work in 1829. Its members examined 200 archives and libraries in 13 provinces. To publish the materials in 1834, an Archaeographic Commission was created, which continued to collect factual material in the field. For example, N.V. Kalachev worked in Saratov, Simbirsk, A.V. Tereshchenko in Astrakhan and a number of other provinces.
A special role in the development of historical local lore in Russia was played by statistical committees, which were created in the provinces since 1834. Initially, they were engaged in the fulfillment of direct duties - the collection of statistical information on certain regions of the country, then the scope of their activities expanded dramatically, including the generalization of historical and archaeological material. The result of the activities of the provincial statistical committees was the publication of "Lists of populated areas of the Russian Empire". In addition, they published "Materials", "Memorable books", "Yearbooks" in their province, containing archival materials, ethnographic essays, folklore.
In addition to the provincial statistical committees, church statistical committees or commissions operated in a number of places.
Archaeographic commissions and statistical committees in their activities were guided to a large extent by the search and publication of materials on a particular region of Russia. Their detailed study fell to the lot scientific historical societies. It should be noted that, in addition to research societies, they also had educational functions. Moreover, the latter dominated in a number of cases.
According to the calculations of scientists from 1759 to 1917. in Russia there were 71 scientific historical societies. The first societies took shape back in the 18th century, but turned out to be unviable. The largest number of them arose in the post-reform era and the beginning of the twentieth century. Having received the right to its own opinion, the Russian province declared the right to its own history.
Concerning our region, the Society of Archeology, History and Ethnography at Kazan University is of interest, which has proclaimed its task to study the past and present of the Russian and non-Russian population of the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia and Central Asia. Before the revolution, it published 29 volumes of Izvestia.
The problem of NIO research was formed largely spontaneously, and the subjective factor played a huge role.
An attempt to combine archival research with research work was carried out during the formation and functioning of provincial scholars of archival commissions... In total, on the eve of 1917, there were 29 commissions in Russia, which published 897 books during their existence. Thanks to its activities, the GUAC turned into a massive scientific, historical and educational organization of the Russian provinces.
The first decade of Soviet power is characterized by the emergence of mass local history, developing in the process of restoring the economy of the young Soviet republic destroyed by the world and civil wars. From 1917 to 1929, the number of local history organizations increased from 246 to 2 thousand (according to other estimates, from 155 to 1761). 240 of them had their own periodicals. The Central Bureau of Local History is being created - an organizational and educational center for local history work. 4 local history conferences were held - in 1921, 1924, 1927 and 1930. In the writings of those years, the line of interpenetration of local (regional) and broader issues began to appear quite clearly, for example, through the prism of the question of the colonization of new territories by the Russian state.
Local history has emerged as a necessary means of communication with the school, with historical science, with a positive educational factor in the process of teaching history both in higher education and in high school as a condition for effective socialist construction.
At the end of the 20s. in the atmosphere of the beginning of the unification of historical science, repressions began against local historians. Many were accused of having links with the declared conspirators by academician-historians S.F. Platonov, E.V. Tarle, N.P. Likhachev, M.K. Lyubavsky. The terms "kulak, Menshivist-Socialist-Revolutionary study of local lore", "archival-archaeological study of local lore imbued with the ideology of Russian great power", etc. appeared. Local history was actually destroyed.
Its revival was outlined in the 50s - early 60s. due to the change in the general ideological situation in the country. Moreover, already the first most serious works on the history of regions have caused discussions of all-Russian significance, including those of a methodological nature. Primary organizations of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments, folk museums, etc. were created. In many cities, including Volgograd, cycles of books on the history of cities and villages in the region were published.
However, under conditions of stagnation, a weakening of the process of the revival of historical local history is observed.
At the present stage, historical local history has not completely overcome the crisis, but the ways out of it have already been outlined.
The modern historiographic situation is such that regional history has come to the fore. Local scientific schools are being formed, priority areas of research are being determined, the conceptual apparatus is being updated, considerable foreign experience is being drawn in in the study of local history (for example, a lot has been done by American scientists from the University of North Carolina to study the history of Saratov province in the 19th-20th centuries). (Gohlerner)
3.) Start collecting information about the past of our region put the request of the Governing Senate from the authorities of Tsaritsyn and Kamyshin about the origin of cities and about the presence of historical monuments and other attractions on their territory. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. Archpriest of one of Tsaritsyn's churches P. Lugarev, relying on these materials, prepared the first essay on the history of Tsaritsyn, which was called "On the beginning of the establishment of the city of Tsaritsyn and on the ancient accidents thereof, according to the oral assurances of old-timers who received information from their fathers and grandfathers." Around the same time, an unknown author finished work on a similar essay on the history of Kamyshin. Since the local archives perished in the XVII- early XVII I century, the main source of information for the first local historians was the memories of old-timers, oral legends and traditions, which were reproduced without any critical verification. The authors focused on the problems of the founding of Tsaritsyn and Kamyshin, the events associated with the riots of S. Razin, K. Bulavin, E. Pugachev, attacks by nomads, visits to cities by Peter I and other reigning persons.
New stage in the study of the past of Tsaritsyn, Kamyshin and their districts came after the publication of the "History of the Russian State" by N.M. Karamzin. In the last volumes of his work, the historiographer told about the Russian conquests of the Lower Volga region, the founding of Ts. And about the Lower Volga impostors at the beginning of the 17th century. The works of the famous historiographer prompted in Russian society an interest in the history of not only Russia, but also individual regions. Saratov ethnographer A.F. Leopoldov in the 30-40s. XIX century. published several works on the history, geography and statistics of the Saratov province. He completely took on faith the information provided by P. Lugarev and reproduced them without any scientific criticism. His conclusions were almost immediately challenged by another Saratov researcher A.V. Tereshchenko. Based on the data of the just published documentary sources of the Astrakhan clerk hut, in which Tsaritsyn is mentioned, the researcher challenged the assumption put forward by his predecessors that Tsaritsyn was founded under Ivan the Terrible, and tried to prove that the city was built much later - in 1589. The dispute between Leopoldov and Tereshchenko put the beginning of a long discussion about the time of the founding of Ts. The reference to Saratov of the famous historian N.I. Kostomarova made it possible to put this discussion on a scientific basis. The later works of the historian firmly included the Lower Volga subjects. For the first time he analyzed in detail the history of popular movements in Nizh. Volga in the 17th century. and the participation in them of the inhabitants of Ts. and K. The results of the work of local historians were taken into account when covering the Lower Volga plots by prominent Russian historians S.M. Soloviev, Metropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov), V.O. Klyuchevsky, S.F. Platonov.
The formation of the Saratov Scientific Archive Commission made it possible to significantly expand the range of historical and regional studies. A purposeful collection of sources and literature on the Saratov province began, the creation of a library, archive, and museum of the commission. In the "Trudy" SUAK, of which 33 issues were published, the first scientific publications of sources appeared, including those on the history of Ts., K., Dubovka, and others. The scope of research expanded. F.F. Chekalin for the first time paid special attention to the ancient and medieval history of the interfluve of the Volga and Don rivers, their colonization by Russian people of the 16th-17th centuries. The problems of colonization and economic development of the region became central in the studies of G.I. Peretyatkovich and N.F. Khovanskiy. The collection of legends and legends continued. The material was published on the most important relics. The Historical and Geographical Dictionary of A.N. Minha, Materials on the history of the Saratov province.
Astrakhan lovers of antiquities have collected important sources on the history of Ts. And its environs. In 1896, in the Astrakhan collection, they published a selection of translations of foreign certificates about the Lower Volga region.
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. in connection with the rapid transformation of Central and Central regions into large commercial and industrial centers of Nizh. An independent Tsaritsyn regional study began to take shape in the Volga region. About 20 employees of SUAK A.N. Minkh, M.V. Gotovitskiy, zemstvo chief of the central district P.I. Danilov, owner of the mustard plant "Sarepta" A.I. Knoblokh, head of the Kamyshinsky district N.D. Mikhailov, merchants I. Ya. Pyatakov and A.A. Repnikov, a number of gymnasium teachers and others.
In 1892, after the Gasner Wandering Museum stayed in Ts., The local intelligentsia had an idea to create their own permanent museum. In 1909, the City School Museum was created, which housed the collections collected by the railway engineer B.K. Levitsky. In 1914 it was transformed into a local museum. In 1915 it was housed in a built by A.A. Repnikov at the House of Science and Arts. In 1911, the first brochure appeared, the author of which was G.K. Turovsky, entirely devoted to the study of the past of the Central District.
Revolution and Civil War 1917-1920 destroyed much of what had been done in previous years. By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of June 1, 1918, the SUAK, along with other scholarly archival commissions, was disbanded. Museum funds were plundered. Patrons of the arts who support local lore lost their property and were forced to flee the city. At the same time, the role played by Tsaritsyn in the civil war in southern Russia demanded the study and perpetuation of the memory of the tragic events of those years.
Immediately upon completion of gr. war began the revival of the local historian. field research. What was new was that this movement was viewed by the new government as an important political matter, and it received broad state support. In 1920, SUAK employees established the Saratov Society of History, Archeology and Ethnography, which in its statutory documents set the goal of transforming amateur local history into a professional one. The Society began the release of the "Saratov Collection", which, according to the creators' plan, was to replace "Proceedings of the SUAK". In 1923 A.A. Heraclitov published the fruit of his long-term searches - "Essays on the history of the Saratov Volga region."
The revival of local history in Tsaritsyn took place at a new level. To a large extent, this was facilitated by the formation of the central province in 19120. In 1921 the Museum of Local History was transformed into a provincial one. In 1924 the Tsaritsyn society of local lore studies was established, which in 1929 held the first lip. congress. Local historians published the results of their research in the local press in the newspaper "Struggle", the magazines "At Work", "Economy on New Paths", "Flame".
Research into the revolutionary events of 1905 and 1917 comes to the fore. in the province and defense of the Red Tsaritsyn. Numerous collections of documents, monographs, memoirs published in the 1920s and 1930s were dedicated to this. The expositions of the regional museum of local lore were significantly updated, in which the central place was occupied by the defense of Ts-na, the stay in the city of Stalin, Orzhonikidze, Kirov, Budyonny, Gorky.
In 1936 V.I. Alekseev in the book "Historical Travels" published extracts from the notes of foreigners about Ts-no, which he took from the "Astrakhan collection".
Local historian. the movement was gaining strength, but was interrupted by the repressions of the 30s. Many local magazines are closed, and a number of local historians (20 people) have been accused of creating an underground fascist organization and sabotaging the ideological and educational policy pursued by the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. The workers of the local history museum were also subjected to repression. They all received different prison sentences. As a result, the local history movement was virtually defeated. The museum is closed for renovation. The problems of the history of the region at this time were developed mainly by metropolitan historians.
The Second World War caused irreparable damage to Stalingrad local history. The bombings destroyed the building of the Transfiguration Church, where the museum was located before the war. During the evacuation, a significant part of the exhibits perished. Many workers went to the front. Local historian to Stalingrad. the museum was able to return only in 1954 and was housed in a forestry technical school building that was completely unsuitable for it. The rich book collection of the museum was divided among the libraries of the city. Until 1962, the museum had no exposition and carried out only an exhibition display of exhibits.
In the 40-50s. brochures, collections of articles and memoirs about c. war and the first publications about the Battle of Stalingrad, written by party workers, the military, journalists. One of the first historical writings on this topic became the monographs of M.A. Vodolagina "Stalingrad in the Second World War".
The situation began to change in the 60s. The turning point was the defense of his doctoral dissertation, and then the publication of a monograph on the history of Tsaritsyn-Volgograd from 1589 to 1967. M.A. Vodolagin. Local history science began to develop rapidly, having received support at the regional level. The leading role in the research was played by the teachers of the Volgograd pedagogical institute... In collaboration with metropolitan scientists, they published the first textbook on local history "Reader on the history of the Volgograd region."
In the early 70s. a group of teachers from the VSPI, employees of the Volgograd Regional Museum of Local Lore and GAVO created a scientific circle, which set itself the goal of restoring the lost traditions of studying the past of the region. In 1973-77. five issues of "Historical and Local Lore Notes" were published. The topics of local history publications in the local press have expanded. Separate materials were published on the socio-economic history of the Golden Horde, the culture of Tsaritsyn in the 19th century, the history of the populated areas of the Volgograd region and the biographies of prominent compatriots. But the focus of attention was still the history of the Battle of Stalingrad, the revival and development of the city and the region in the 50-60s.
By the 60s. the emergence of an independent Volgograd archeology also belongs. Archaeological excavations on the territory of the region were carried out earlier, back in the 19th century, but they were carried out inconsistently and with long interruptions. If you do not take into account individual random amateur excavations, then professional excavations were carried out here in the period from 1843 to 1851 at the Tsarevskoye settlement on Akhtuba in the present Leninsky district under the leadership of A.V. Tereshchenko (Saray-Berke), and the following only in 1895 by the Petersburg professor A.A. Spitsyn on Ilovle near the village. Lebyazhye, where ancient burial mounds were excavated.
The Lower Volga archaeological sites began to be studied more consistently only in the 1920s. XX century, when a group of archaeologists was formed in Saratov, headed by Professor P.S. Rykov. But this promising team was forced to stop their studies in the second half of the 30s. as a result of the repressions suffered by a number of its members, including the head of the Saratov archaeologists.
In Volgograd, right up to the 60s. XX century archaeological science did not have any serious representation. Archeology was a metropolitan science for us. In the 50-60s. two expeditions worked here. The first of the Leningrad branch of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed by Shilov, began its work during the construction of the Volzhskaya and Tsimlyanskaya hydroelectric power plants, the Volga-Don canal, exploring the monuments located in the flooded zone. With the completion of construction, excavations continued mainly on the steppe mounds on the territory of the Volgograd, Rostov and Astrakhan regions. The second is the Volga expedition of the Institute of Archeology, headed by G.A. Fedorov-Davydov was engaged in the study of medieval monuments known in our region - Tsarevsky and Vodyansky settlements.
Volgograd archeology dates back to the archaeological circle, which was organized in 1959 at the history and philological faculty of the VGPI under the leadership of D.I. Nudelman, who, by her scientific interests as a researcher of antiquity, and not a specialist in steppe archeology, was able to close contacts with renowned archaeologists who acted as consultants for successful students. In 1964, the first Volgograd archaeologist V.I. Mamontov received an open sheet for exploration and excavation under the leadership of the Leningrad expedition. The Legend youth club, founded in 1963, played a significant role in these works.
In the 60s. in Volgograd, two archaeological centers took shape: the regional museum of local lore, headed by Mamontov, where they studied the Bronze Age, and the VGPI, headed by Skripkin, the Scythian-Sarmatians.
In the 70-80s. Volgograd has emerged as one of the leading provincial archaeological centers, where large-scale excavations were carried out. This new archaeological boom was fueled by the construction of irrigation systems. As a result, the richest material was obtained practically for all epochs during which the steppe mounds were built: the Bronze, Early Iron Ages and the Middle Ages. A number of monuments of the Neolithic and Eneolithic times were also identified. Such finds are a great success in archeology.
In 1980, in connection with the opening of VolSU, another center for archaeological research in the region appeared.
To date, excavated on the territory of the Volgograd region a large number of different plan of archaeological sites. Now there is a situation where a significant part of the material has not been processed and published at the proper level, much is destroyed. Now is the time to avoid chasing a large number of excavated monuments. The main tasks should be accounting, protection and comprehension of already excavated material.
80s were held in the history of local lore science of Volgograd under the sign of preparation for the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the city. The collective monograph "Volgograd: four centuries of history" was published. S.I. Ryabov wrote a book for teachers "History of the native land of the XVI-XVII centuries." in which he expressed a number of original hypotheses about the early history of Tsaritsyn. G.N. Andriyanova wrote a monograph on the history of culture in Tsaritsyn-Stalingrad-Volgograd. "Volgograd: A Chronicle of History 1589-1989" was published. In 1986, the Volgograd Society of Local Lore Studies was recreated at the Volgograd Regional Museum of Local Lore, which began to hold annual local history readings, the materials of which are published in the collections "Questions of Local Lore".
At the same time, a number of problems fell out of sight of local historians: the Khazar period in the history of the region, the history of the nomads who inhabited the Lower Volga region in the 15th-19th centuries, and some subjects of the Soviet era. In the Research Institute of Problems of the Economic History of Russia of the XX century. VolGu has developed a regional research program "Study and use of the historical, cultural and natural landscape heritage of the Volgograd region", which will bring historical and regional studies to a new level. In particular, publish a number of new sources on the history of the region, republish and historiographically study the works of Tsaritsyn local historians, prepare reference and educational literature. The publication of the regional scientific yearbook "Strezhen" was started.
Regional history in modern historical science
O.I. Lazarev, GBPOU ATSP Arzamas, Russia
One of the features of Patriotic history is that it has its own characteristics of development. The development of Russia was influenced by a huge number of factors. Nature and climate, the ratio of the area of the territory and its population, the multinational and religious composition of the population, the need to develop the territory, huge external factors. The history of the Fatherland is a history that conquered new territories, annexed new peoples.
The borders of Russia were formed by the middle of the 19th century. And the main result was that our country in the middle of the 20th century occupied almost 1/6 of the land, on the territory of which more than a hundred nations and various nationalities lived, who professed almost all world religions and had their own culture.
From this it followed that one of the urgent tasks in educational policy would be a competent combination of the federal and national-regional components: teaching the history of peoples, the development of distinctive cultures and languages.
In the study of the history of Russia, it is impossible to consider events and phenomena only "through" the history of large cities. Being an integral part of Russian history, the history of individual regions of Russia confirms the fact that political and civilizational choices on the ground could differ significantly from large cities, demonstrate both common and special features.
Considering the concepts of the national-regional component of historical education in the republics, territories and regions of the Russian Federation, it indicates that there is an active search in this direction. At the same time, regional culture should not be viewed as a “weak” element of Russian history. This is a special story that differs in many respects from the history of large cities and capitals. "Russia is strong in the provinces" - this authoritative opinion of the great historian Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin is still relevant.
Regional history as a discipline covers everything related to the region, its history and modernity. But if local lore attracts all those interested in the present and past of their native land, then the second is the business of professional specialists in both humanitarian and natural fields of knowledge. It can be emphasized that the course of national history should include the history of the Russian state, the peoples inhabiting it, and the history of the regions and local history (local history). It is this approach that will contribute to the awareness of students of their social identity in a wide range - as citizens of the Russian Federation, residents of their native land, hometown, and most importantly, as keepers and successors of the traditions of the clan and family.
Modern culturological research provides a huge prospect for creating the content of the course in Russian history. The characteristic of the diversity and interaction of cultures of peoples who entered the multinational Russian state at different stages of history helps to form in students a sense of belonging to the richest common cultural and historical space, respect for cultural achievements and the best traditions of their own and other peoples. This, in turn, serves as the basis for the ability to dialogue in school and out-of-school communication, social practice.
The approach to teaching regional history presupposes the unity of knowledge, value relationships and cognitive activity of students. In the current FSES LLC, the tasks of studying history are named:
Formation of guidelines for the younger generation for civic, ethno-national, social, cultural self-identification;
Mastering by students knowledge about the main stages of the development of human society from antiquity to the present day, with special attention to the place and role of Russia in the world-historical process;
Education of students in the spirit of patriotism, respect for their multinational Fatherland To the Russian state, in accordance with the ideas of mutual understanding, harmony and peace between people and nations, in the spirit of democratic values modern society;
Development of students' abilities to analyze information contained in various sources about events and phenomena of the past and present, to consider events in accordance with the principle of historicism, in their dynamics, interconnection and interdependence;
Regional history includes everything that relates to the region, past, present and future. Regional studies is a complex of broader and more generalized knowledge than regional studies, focused mainly on local features: natural, historical, artistic, memorial proper, that is, reminiscent of outstanding events, natives, local figures, monuments, etc. But dealing with regional history is a matter professional specialists. As a rule, local history museums, research institutions, and local self-government bodies are engaged in local history. In educational study of local lore, the main role in the study of the native land is assigned to students under the direct guidance of a teacher. The amateur population, non-professional ethnographers, and folk museums can also study the region. But at the same time, when studying regional history, they are usually not limited to the territory of the region itself: interrelations with other regions, with the capital, determination of the place of the region in the territorial
School programs on the history of Russia, the study of the history of the Nizhny Novgorod region from ancient times to the present is envisaged. Regional material has become an obligatory part of the study of the course of Patriotic history.
Teaching the history of the Nizhny Novgorod region in the context of the history of Russia is a necessary component of the development of a democratic state, the formation of a modern tolerant personality, ready to perceive the ethnic and confessional diversity of the world. To study regional history, a list of historical topics should be formed based on a balance between the history of the Fatherland, society and individuals, between political, social and cultural history, between national, world and local history.
Regional history is not an independent subject, but a course that includes the principle of teaching and educating a person based on the history of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Modern society requires from a graduate of an educational institution the ability to practically apply knowledge in order to actively participate in the construction of a modern information society.
Without knowing history, economics and natural resources edge, it is impossible to properly manage the construction of a modern society on the ground. Therefore, the school is called upon to prepare a worthy replacement of young builders of modern Russia, who know their land well. The process of education and upbringing is inextricably linked with the life of the native land.
The absence of a regional component greatly impoverishes the course of history, there remains only political history in the center of the country. And the life of the people, the culture of different nations does not reach the student.
SARATOV STATE UNIVERSITY
them. N. G. CHERNYSHEVSKY
Methodological problems of regional history
(Material to help graduate students studying in the specialty
07.00.02 - Domestic history)
Saratov - 2007
Introduction ………………………………………………………………… .3
2. The theoretical legacy of the cultural and historical study of the 1920s …………………………………………………………………… .. 14
3. Historical regional studies in the system of modern humanitarian knowledge ……………………………………………………………………… ..23
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………… ..29
List of used sources and literature ……… …… ... 30
Introduction
Since perestroika, in scientific and social practice, an indication of the cognitive, educational and educational value of studying local history has become an invariable rule; the motivation for research activities in this area is quite high. Along with the avalanche-like growth of publications varying in volume, plot scale and level of scientific character, the number of dissertations devoted to the history of individual regions has significantly increased. If earlier in Soviet historiography, geographical frameworks limiting one or two areas were quite rare and were found mainly in works on the history of the CPSU or in works on the history of national republics, now, on the contrary, work with an all-Russian, and even more so an all-Union topic is becoming a kind of "curiosity" available for writing, mainly to the capital's historians.
The expansion of the research field in regional history could not but affect the decline in the analytical level of works, including dissertations. In recent years, the theoretical approaches of microhistory and local history have often become a kind of methodological cover for works that have only local lore significance.
At the same time, the very subject of the study of regional history contains a serious challenge for the historical community. The fact is that regional historiography, like no other branch of historical knowledge, is heterogeneous in terms of its constituent segments. It includes state and social principles, professional science and amateur pursuits. However, in the work of amateur local historians, not everything is unambiguous. The works of non-professional historians are written, as a rule, on a limited range of sources, do not rise to the necessary generalizations and are essentially not a scientific, but an ordinary level of historical consciousness. At the same time, professional historians have to reckon with the versions of local historians, sometimes dubious and unsubstantiated.
All this makes us look at what is the peculiarity of the theoretical and methodological baggage of regional historiography. The practical reason for addressing this topic was the introduction of several methodological and historiographic lectures into the postgraduate training program at the Faculty of History in the section of regional history. When preparing for them, it became clear that there were no special manuals and scientific papers that could be guided by. Perhaps only an analysis of the theoretical and methodological aspects of cultural and historical local history is provided with the necessary materials. Perhaps only the collective textbook “History of Historical Knowledge” (Moscow, 2004) and the publication by D. Reilly, which contain some material touching upon regional history from a methodological point of view, could provide real help. Therefore, it took an appeal to the works of historians, sociologists and philosophers, political scientists, which make it possible to correlate the provisions of a general methodological nature in the study of regional history.
1
. Category "region" in historical research.
The concept of "region" is one of the most used today in the social sciences and in everyday life. But despite this, there is no universal definition of it. Moreover, many researchers believe that it is impossible to give it due to the disciplinary and methodological discord, the breadth of coverage of processes and phenomena, etc. For this reason, there are a large number of general scientific, methodological and specific disciplinary approaches to the definition of this concept.
Etymologically, a region (from the Latin regio, genus regionalis) denotes a region, district, territory (water area), very often significant in size. Thus, a region is defined as a region, region, parts of the country, the world, characterized by some commonality - economic, geographic, cultural, national, political. Somewhat different from this definition theoretical and methodological interpretations of the region. Without conducting a special study in this case, we will use the consolidated material already available in a number of publications.
Among such definitions, first of all, it is necessary to highlight the formal legal interpretation that characterizes the region as a subject of a federation or other subnational unit, whose rights and obligations are determined by the constitution or other laws. Another interpretation can be called philosophical. Within its framework, F. Braudel defined the region as a special “world” with its inherent mentality, way of thinking, traditions, worldview and attitude.
Along with the legal and philosophical, the retrospective methodological understanding of the region has also become widespread. In the Middle Ages, those territories that researchers call micro-regions in Europe were often tied to a church parish or diocese, municipality or city. The so-called microregions that existed in South America in the form of viceroyalty and "audience" were transformed after the wars of independence into modern states.
Within the framework of the theoretical and cultural direction, attention is drawn to the definition of the region given by M. Lerner. In his opinion, the regions represent the unity of people and places, natural conditions, ethnic groups, economy, history, nature of thinking and way of life. Region is cultural education inscribed in the general landscape; in some cases, these are mountains, river basins, lakes, floodplains; in others, the dominant cereal; thirdly, forced isolation or racial unity, as well as common traditions, can play a decisive role. Elements can change, but in order for a region or sub-region to arise, a more or less homogeneous physical environment or a more or less homogeneous economy is needed, which together constitute the framework of communal life and the general background of historical and moral development.
The researcher considers the considered factors to be equal, although they manifest themselves in their own way in different situations. Territorially, in the view of M. Lerner, the region acts as a cross between the region and the federation and, according to its characteristics, embodies a complete fragment of the whole. In the political sense, the concept of a region does not imply decentralizing, but unifying tendencies.
In Western social science, the foreign policy understanding of the region is very widespread. So, for American authors, a regional problem usually concerns an entire geopolitical zone: it can be the Near and Middle East, Central or Eastern Europe, North or Tropical africa... A region is a group of countries that, in many obvious ways, correlate more with each other than with other countries. At the same time, the states united into a region should have an integrating geographic factor (a common access to the sea or a system of natural transport communications). Economically, these countries should have a similar type of economy or common natural resources. The factor of cultural community is also significant.
In addition to the broad interpretation, there are narrower, socio-scientific definitions of the region. So, in urban planning, a region is a territorial community, distinguished on the basis of a “city-neighborhood”. In economic theory, the region is interpreted as sufficient large territory countries with more or less homogeneous conditions and a characteristic direction of the development of productive forces based on a combination of a complex of natural resources with an appropriate existing and promising material and technical base, production and social infrastructure. The main criterion for distinguishing a region in this case is the commonality of national economic tasks, determined by the nature of natural resources, as well as by the structure of economic activity. In geographic interpretation, "region" is used to describe a type of environment in which elements are connected to each other in definite and permanent relationships.
In political science, an attempt is made to analyze the region from the point of view of power relations, the activities of governing bodies. It was undertaken by one of the first well-known Russian jurists and historians, who considered the province, the area as an administrative-social organism, a combination of society and administration. Accordingly, he analyzed Administrative division and local government in Russia in unity with the development of local society, proceeding from the fact that the unity of society precedes the unity of the state and determines the latter.
V. Ostrom gave a rather peculiar interpretation of the region. Regional problems are reduced to him to study the regions of large cities, which interest him due to the intersection of all levels of government in their management, from federal to local. V. Ostrom takes the positions traditional for American federalists, considering the term "region" as a synonym for the state.
Citing these interpretations of the term "region", the authors of the above works pursued a quite definite goal of attesting their limitations, since, as a rule, they, as a rule, allegedly have one criterion at their core - natural, territorial, economic, political, etc. And this is not accidental. , since, according to Pierre Bourdieu, the region has long been a stake in the struggle between representatives of various scientific disciplines for a monopoly of the legitimacy of definitions. Geographers and economists were the first to join this struggle, using the field of regional economic life as an object of claims.
Recognizing geography as the dignity of a pioneer in the “annexation” of a region as a scientific space, economists, P. Bourdieu believes, emphasize the narrowness of the geographer's scientific strategies (his tendency toward “internalism” and his tendency to accept “geographical determinism”), and also indicate the social foundations of these strategies. ... It is through the qualities and limitations that the economist ascribes to geography and which are so clearly recognized by the representatives of this discipline (secondary and forced to "modestly" be satisfied with what is offered to it) that geography is forced to do only what is entrusted to more "ambitious" disciplines, namely small, particular, concrete, real, visible, details, details, description (as opposed to grand, general, abstract, theory, etc.).
At present, it is quite obvious that in the regional, if I may say so, megacognition, sociology tends to take priority positions. Representatives of this discipline believe that the dominance in other sciences of one criterion in determining the region cannot contribute to the creation of a holistic image of the region, which is what sociologists are striving for. Therefore, among sociologists, there is increasing support for the combined use of criteria in determining the region. Quite often, for example, the definition given and is cited: “A region is the sociological qualification of one or another administrative-territorial unit, the population of which is united by common production and economic relations, a single social infrastructure, local mass media, authorities and local government... The region is a natural-historical space within which socio-economic and social activities of the people living in it are carried out. "
Modern Russian historical regional studies, of course, should welcome the complexity in the interpretation of the concept of "region", while understanding the inevitable focus on the aspects arising from the tasks that the researcher solves (economic, political, cultural, etc.). However, the question of the territorial affiliation of the objects of study, given the dynamics of historical development, is often not as simple as it seems at first glance. Obvious inconsistencies and absurdities begin when modern researchers, especially those who study the history of the local region, try to evaluate various stages of the pre-revolutionary, and partly Soviet development of territories united by one or another key word, for example, “Saratovskaya”. But throughout the centuries-old history, the territorial boundaries of the regions, like its name itself, have repeatedly changed. The problem of territorial boundaries is most acute for the authors of generalizing works on the history of regions - like textbooks on the history of their native land, etc. Even with the declared desire to reflect the history of the entire region, events in those areas that are outside the subject of the federation are hardly considered. Events in those areas that are now part of the region (region), but in the past were outside of it, are mentioned episodically; at the same time, the authors themselves clearly feel the inferiority of the approach - considering the history of the region with an almost mechanical addition of the history of pieces of adjacent territories does not give a holistic picture.
Establishing the territorial framework of a specific study is a fairly traditional task; so traditional that the definition of such is done almost automatically, without much thought. The argument of a particular researcher that a number of historians have previously indicated this framework in this way can be accepted, but it is not an indisputable argument either. An appeal to geography also does not remove contradictions, since in various branches of this science there are different variants hierarchy of regions. The authors of one of the textbooks on regional studies argue that today there are more than 50 categories of regions. Hence, there are many signs and many options, the leading of which are natural, economic and administrative-territorial.
The orientation of historians towards the administrative boundaries of the period under consideration is the second common method of defining the boundaries of research. In cases where in the research identified chronological framework the boundaries of the province (region) did not change, the issue is solved relatively simply. But if this happened, then the task of "matching" the results obtained inevitably emerges. However, in the first case (with the boundaries unchanged), serious questions may arise, since, as one might assume, the meaning of historical research is not so much in the presentation of data, but in the analysis of them. Comparison of data, even for one province at different periods of its history, can be effective only if the initial ones are equal. Changing the territory (increasing or decreasing it) "explodes" the final average statistical indicators. Therefore, in many respects, the indicators of average yield, power-to-weight ratio, etc., are incomparable. in the Saratov province after civil war with similar indicators of the notorious 1913.That is, in this case for 1913, it is necessary to take into account those territories that were part of the province in 1920 (without the territories that went to the Tsaritsyn province and German autonomy, but with part of the former Novouzensky district of the Samara province ).
Quite often in the works one can find, as it were, an intermediate version of judgments about the territorial framework - a geographic region is taken and its components are specified, as such are administrative entities. For example, "The Lower Volga region, which included the Saratov and Astrakhan provinces." But what about the Nikolaev and Novouzensky districts? It turns out that until 1850 they were included in the Lower Volga region, and then they did not exist for several decades, and, finally, in the XX century. - became Lower Volga again. The opposite situation is emerging with Serdobsky and Kuznetsk districts. There are many clues about the Astrakhan province. Thus, if we use geographical definitions such as "Lower Volga region" - exclusively as a tribute to tradition, then the main thing disappears - a convincing explanation of the choice. If we go only from the administrative boundaries (two, three, five, etc. provinces nearby), then the layout of the territory can be, in principle, arbitrary - “just because it is nearby”.
And yet, of all the approaches to defining boundaries, the variant of administrative boundaries seems to be more acceptable for works of a historical nature, although it is vulnerable. There is a judgment in the literature that the administrative boundaries were never intended to accurately outline the boundaries of certain regions. This is, of course, so. The decisions were based on specific administrative or political needs, economic tasks (this was especially evident in the Soviet era). Administrative and political boundaries were drawn arbitrarily - history knows many examples when they deliberately destroyed the unity of traditional boundaries (for example, tribes, unions, etc.).
But, as it seems, even in an artificially created administrative entity (say, from pieces of adjacent territories), a certain unity is gradually emerging - political (management from a single center) and economic (folding of the economic mechanism). How soon this happens, the question is different, the main thing is that the basis for assessing the territory as a single region arises. truly unified territories. A very important condition must be considered the factor, which is also pointed out by regional experts, the presence of the so-called "regional consciousness". It can be interpreted in different ways - and as the similarity of thinking, values, the presence of "regional patriotism", etc.
The importance of self-identification in the process of regionalization was convincingly shown by the Omsk historian in his studies on imperial topics. In his opinion, “it seems important that the population living in a given region realizes that they belong to a special territorial community, which has its own economic and socio-cultural specifics, identifies itself, opposing residents of other regions. Regional self-identification is not so much ethnic as territorial in nature, being determined by special territorial interests that convey, in the eyes of their own residents and in the eyes of those around them, special socially significant psychological and even anthropological features. Despite the dynamism of the administrative and economic borders, the regional community has a fairly solid stability and a long historical inertia in the awareness of its unity. "
In other words, the definition of administrative boundaries as a territorial framework is possible, but it is also quite vulnerable, since the territories of provinces, regions, districts are constantly changing, or, more correctly, changed until the 1940s. Hence the need for a rigid fixation of administrative boundaries for a long time and the use of materials for a general description of the subject of research of those areas that at a certain historical period are included or were included in other administrative-territorial formations. Naturally, such a circumstance greatly complicates the search for archival material, and territories are simply discarded. As a result, the "purity" of the analysis disappears. Hence the "leapfrog" with the data cited by the researchers, accusations of each other in scientific negligence.
2.Theoretical and methodological heritage of the cultural and historical study of local lore of the 1920s.
Having arisen on a scientific basis in the 18th century, regional (provincial, local) historiography in the methodological respect for a long time did not have any noticeable originality, representing at the same time a constantly growing segment of historical knowledge in Russia. An important factor further development historical research in the field can be considered the spread in the second half of the XIX century. positivism. The declaration in positivist philosophy of the priority of concrete (empirical) knowledge over the construction of abstract schemes was the best possible response to the factual orientation of regional historical literature. At the same time, provincial historians found fruitful ideas for themselves in the works of famous Russian scientists who shared a basically positivist concept. Thus, in local texts, great importance was attached to the thesis to consider the history of Russia as "the history of a country that is being colonized." Zemstvo-regional theory also had an undoubted influence on local research. According to Shchapov, it is preferable to study Russian history "as the history of regions, various associations of provincial masses of the people - before and after centralization." In general, among Russian historians the opinion has been established that the study of local (regional) history should concretize the provisions of an all-Russian character and provide material for new generalizations on a national scale.
However, the appearance at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. the concept of "local history", which implied a comprehensive study of a particular locality (region) in geographic, historical, economic, linguistic and other terms, indicated a tendency to establish interdisciplinary connections within this lesson, and at the same time required the representation of its historical part. To consider, as before, the work on the study of local history as only a branch of historical knowledge was no longer considered sufficient. It is no coincidence that at the First All-Russian Conference on Local History (1921), a basically correct indication of the double meaning of studying the "regional history of Russia" did not find a wide response. On the one hand, the famous Russian historian pointed out, “searches in regional history support those general propositions, those conclusions that can already be proven, but which in these regional studies receive their new and new confirmation. Here, interest in a general phenomenon is in the foreground, and this general phenomenon finds itself tested in the studies of regional history. " On the other hand, “the general process of our history was composed of local histories of individual processes, just as a large river is formed from the combination of separate small streams. These initial observations of the history of individual places, of all sorts of local features, economic, household, cultural and other phenomena, then fall into the general channel of studies of the historical process as a whole. Our general conclusions should be based, if they claim to be a scientific basis, on these preliminary private and local observations, and only with the availability of these local observations will our general construction be true and correct. "
This position was criticized by the academician, who soon said that "local history work can not only confirm or not confirm the general position obtained without taking it into account, but also overturn the posing of the question and impose a new method of research itself, demanding the restructuring of the entire work." The most fruitful in this respect were at that time theoretical developments in the field of cultural and historical local history, which were based on empathy for the "hero" and feeling in the reconstructed era. In fact, these methods were based on the main provisions of V. Deltey's hermeneutics, which implied understanding an alien world by completely immersing in it. The fusion and interaction of the methodological foundations of local history and philosophy allowed the scientists of the "school of cultural and historical local history" to develop special techniques - "excursion" and "full immersion". Let's consider this issue in more detail.
In the mid-1920s. Simultaneously with the growth of local history organizations, discussions began about the essence of local history (is it a method or a science?), about its relationship with other areas of scientific knowledge, including history. The last question was resolved almost unambiguously (this can be judged, for example, from articles and): the study in all details of the history of individual regions (places, territories and regions) was declared a necessary solid basis for further generalizations and should have taken an honorable place in general historiography; the local method was viewed as very promising for historical research, although it requires certain conditions (for example, mandatory scientific and methodological planning, coordination of actions and a broad exchange of opinions).
Among all the discussion materials of that time, the article "History in Local Lore" stands out, which was a revision of his report at the organizational regional congress of the North-Western Region in May 1926. It is undoubtedly of a general nature and sums up many aspects of the scientific and practical activities of a major Russian historian -medievist.
The main feature of the article "History in local history" is the breadth of the author's vision of the problem, determination of the possibility of its solution only by studying the whole ("whole" cognition), the perception of the region as a living organism of a special kind, in which all production processes are interconnected (creative and material goods, and spiritual values). From this methodological premise, it was concluded that it was necessary to study the entire culture in order to create a "complete and integral portrait of the region", while the focus of attention is transferred to a person ("the most important and most remarkable natural productive force", "cognitive and creative being"). Thus, connecting the concept of "culture" with human activity, he included spiritual creativity in the subject of regional studies.
The article was directed against the imposition by the governing bodies of Soviet science of the orientation of local history towards the study of modern "productive forces" of a particular locality. The scientist substantiated the need to be guided by the principle of historicism by the fact that "in the past are sources and embryos, precedents of health and diseases of the present, of all the content of what is living today." However, he emphasized that in this case one should not forget about the ideas of dynamics and evolution (the same inherent in the methodology of the humanities as in the natural sciences), it is necessary to rely on the cooperation and friendly unity of all branches of knowledge and workers in different fields. Even more relevant is the following thought in defense of the historical approach from the priority of emerging current tasks: “... only continuous(Grevs italics .- V. D.) development can move knowledge; the termination of any cycle of work, albeit for a short time, inevitably leads to the withering of the entire industry, which is left in desolation ... ". Unfortunately, this was confirmed in relation to many scientific disciplines that emerged in the 1920s, including in relation to historical local history.
So, considering the study of local history to be an important matter of historical science, to which much less attention was paid in Russia than in the West, he urged, without wasting time, to start correcting the situation and recommended the joint efforts of scientists and amateur local historians approximate circle works, which consisted of seven main, in his opinion, private areas: archaeological research, the study of settlements (with special attention to the city), the history of the economy, the study of "regional cultural nests" (this concept Grevs proposed to be interpreted more broadly than its author), the study of the history of the revolutionary movement, ethnographic developments, the historical knowledge of artistic creation (including folk art and folklore). The proposals for the study of local history that appeared in the above-mentioned articles were less developed and not so broad in terms of problems, they were dominated by socio-economic aspects.
The differences are explained by the originality of the theoretical and methodological approaches that are characteristic of his followers (, and others). Their views reflected many traditions of domestic and foreign historiography, especially in the study of the history of culture. Some additions to the use of the local method by local historians were gradually determined as a result of scientific and practical activities to develop excursion studies as a special branch of knowledge and a valuable method of teaching history in universities and schools. And in this case, the goal was to give a living way of immersion in the concreteness of human history and life, rich in individual colors, to realize, with the help of humanitarian excursions, “a way of knowing the human world, for culture determines the special environment where a person lives and acts, and which is the fruit of centuries of work humanity ". These ideas have significantly expanded the subject area of historical local history. Somewhat later, he proposed to define the local method not only as the study of local (regional) history in its archives, but also as the study of those places that were carriers of historical and cultural phenomena ("historical and cultural landscapes"). Thus, determining the place of the cultural and historical direction in general structure study of local lore, Leningrad scholars did not doubt his belonging to historical science, but tried to give him a character open to contacts with other disciplines.
Gradually, theorists of cultural-historical local lore deepened the concept of "whole culture". The stages of this process: from short definitions culture as a "synthesis of the development of the world outlook (spirit) and life (body, embodiment), people, human societies" (1921) to a deeper interpretation of the connection in it of two indissoluble boundaries - external (material is a human situation) and internal (spiritual, intangible and weightless, but no less real and moving, changing over time) (); then to the aforementioned concept of culture as a special "supra-organic" world, embracing the material and spiritual creativity of man (1926), and, finally, to its expanded definition (1929) as the totality of what people have "produced" for all centuries of history for satisfaction of their needs with the forces of the spirit and the exertion of physical labor on the basis of external nature, forming in its bosom a special new world, as well as enriching their own nature with knowledge, revealing in themselves new properties - ideas, feelings, motives. Undoubted theoretical and methodological interest is the clarification given in this article (1929) about the presence within culture of three of its parts: material ("the embodiment of human creative labor in objects"), social ("unions and institutions as receivers and conductors of vital forces in the body of a developing society ") And spiritual (" the infinite and changing content of the inner being of people, partially finding expression in created things - objects of art, books; partially stored in the depths of consciousness ").
Reflecting on the special world of culture created by human labor, he proposed to classify cultural monuments into four types: prehistoric monuments; monuments of synthetic type (city and village); other characteristic groups(monasteries, estates, separate buildings); archival documents, books, works of oral folk art up to "verbal monuments"). In addition to the specified grouping, he subdivided the monuments into "stationary" and "mobile". The latter included the time-varying "countless accumulation of things and chains of objects" (especially characteristic of the "wreckage" of everyday life in its socio-class aspect). The way to study them could be the formation of "cultural complexes" (re-creation of connections through registration and classification).
In studies of the 1920s. considerable attention was paid to the city in connection with the process of formalizing the national “city studies” (its origins date back to the beginning of the 20th century). On the basis of cooperation of historians with art historians, architects and urban planners, and with the mutual exchange of ideas, a general concept for the study of the city was formed. Its methodological core was the understanding of the city as a special product of human activity, the strongest concrete embodiment of culture, an integral social and spiritual organism that has its various parts that are in full interaction with each other; therefore, the life of the city should be cognized in the aggregate of economic, material, everyday, socio-political, mental, artistic, and religious processes. By definition, a city is a material and spiritual being that has developed for a long time, it grows in “layers”, new ones, forming, often crush older ones. Proceeding from this, the scientist considered it impossible to preserve all the monuments of urban culture, and called for museum savings (mandatory photographing and sketches) that cannot be used for the needs of the “renewing working society”. The “landscape” approach aimed at studying the city in two “sections”: a) the statuary landscape (all natural and material signs of the city's appearance, up to the topographic nomenclature); dynamic landscapes (social functions of the city, characteristics of the population in all parameters, assessment of the city as a cultural nest, city and village with drawing parallels throughout the material).
Thus, the methodology of the "school of cultural-historical local history" in a complex with well-known historical methods made it possible to work fruitfully on research in the field of studying a separate region as a special self-sufficient organism with its own laws of existence. However, the defeat in the early 1930s. social local history for a long time brought theoretical and methodological approaches of the "school of cultural and historical local history" out of scientific practice. Again, they have become popular in domestic humanities since the late 1980s, but rather not among historians, but philosophers dealing with the theory and history of culture, thereby becoming one of the methodological foundations of an essentially new (for our country) scientific industry - the historical cultural studies.
As for the regional historiography itself, in the e's. she was charged with following the official historical concept in general and often even in private issues related to the initial stages of local history. The fact that this was the case with the literature of local lore character is evidenced, in particular, by the materials of the discussion in 1952 of the historical and economic essay of B. Ilyin "Saratov". The author of this book was accused not only of making certain factual mistakes and excessive attention to the pre-Soviet history of the city, but also of deviating from Marxism-Leninism in such matters as defining the initial status of Saratov as a fortress city (it must have been “the center of the craft and trade ") and the reasons for the defeat of the Pugachev uprising (in the region, it turns out," there was no support from the proletariat "). Since the Khrushchev era, the zealots of ideological purity have undoubtedly not allowed such passages, and regional historical research has become fairly widespread. Although it is unlikely that the works of a local plan were considered in the academic environment to have independent significance. “It is the study of local lore,” the historian wrote, “that should be the driving belt with the help of which Soviet historical science will be able to study general laws, taking into account all the diversity of their manifestation in various historical conditions ...”. Soviet historians were not familiar with the new approaches of their foreign colleagues, capable of updating the theoretical and methodological tools of historical and regional studies.
3. Historical regional studies in the system
modern humanitarian knowledge
Some historiographers tend to associate a significant increase in the number of studies devoted to the history of individual regions in the last fifteen years with the methodological turn in the direction of a microhistorical approach and local history that has taken place in Russian historical science. Such statements are more likely to serve as a theoretical justification for the practice of provincial professional historians that have developed over the past years, rather than revealing the real initial motives for expanding the front of works on local history. It seems that, first of all, this was influenced by the financial difficulties of the post-Soviet period for dealing with all-Russian (all-Union) topics, the opening of new funds in local archives and the opportunity to study new problems. Indeed, in recent years we have had a lot of works of a regional nature on such previously unacceptable topics as the history of private entrepreneurship, the nobility, zemstvo institutions, political parties, anti-Soviet forces, religious denominations, charity, repressive state policy, etc. As a rule, work on this and on previously developed problems are carried out using traditional approaches, and the presence in some dissertations of an adherence to the civilizational concept (which is often preceded by criticism of the formation theory) is nothing more than a tribute to the historiographic fashion. Naturally, now, in contrast to the Soviet era, historians are freed from the need to prove the "typicality" of the object under study. Logically, they need to show to a greater extent that the region in question has "specialness" in the aspect that is the subject of research.
In the knowledge of regional history, professional researchers faced a sharply increased flow of amateur local history literature, to which they were forced to react and not always without losses for the scientific level of their work. However, this was a kind of reflection at the regional level of the spread of the phenomenon of "massive history" in Russian society. Everyday rethinking of Russian history was accomplished with the active participation of fiction, as well as literary and historical journalism, which significantly outstripped professional historiography in “renaming” the past. The "reduction" of the philosophical and theoretical and methodological problems of Russian history opened up the possibility of involving masses of people in the polemics and, it seemed, confirmed the right of any person to authoritatively talk about the past from the standpoint of "common sense". As they also write, “the crisis state of professional historiography, which was outwardly expressed in the disintegration of the“ national-official ”paradigm, was revealed in the need for the writing historians to observe the rules of the historical profession and, at the same time, in the realization of the unreality of their implementation. Overcoming this duality was largely due to the inclusion of everyday thinking procedures in the practice of research work, the introduction of archaic ideas-images and concepts from collective memory into professional historical discourse ... In the scientific and educational literature, the tendency of a conscious return to the descriptiveness characteristic of early historiography, to writing has become stronger. in the form of a "historical story".
Thus, for the community of historians, the urgent task was to preserve their professional identity, and this cannot be done in modern conditions without an equal entry into the world historiographic space. Of particular importance here is the creative perception and development of a whole complex of theoretical and methodological ideas that have long been "experienced" in foreign scientific culture and are innovative. This is what will allow regional (local) history to become an equal genre of historical science, without abandoning all the positive that has been accumulated before, including turning to the well-forgotten.
One of the most important theoretical positions, gleaned from modern world social science and added by Russian historiography to traditional methods, is interdisciplinary methodology, that is, techniques, categories, concepts characteristic of sociology, political science, anthropology and other social sciences in most foreign countries. They have a serious, in some cases fundamental difference from the conceptual and categorical apparatus of Russian social science, including the historical science of the Soviet period, which cannot but influence the nature and content of historical interpretation.
In 1992, only a few Saratov historians could understand the statement made by D. Reilly at the international conference "Politics and Society in Russia and in the West" about the blurring of boundaries in the humanities and social sciences. “Historians are moving farther and farther away from constructing theoretical models of society (as, for example, in Marxism),” he said, “and are beginning to use concepts that have their origins in cultural anthropology and literary criticism. Literary scholars are increasingly turning to history for a deeper understanding of the historical context in which cultural works were created, and many of them now analyze historical documents in the same way as outstanding literary texts. By studying the history of their own discipline, anthropologists have been able to demonstrate how a highly disciplinary dictate was established. " Special works written in recent years in our country presented a fairly complete picture of how the convergence of history and anthropology led to the emergence of such a historiographic direction as historical anthropology, and what is the meaning of the “anthropological turn” in world historical science.
According to the words, "historical anthropology is one of the most promising areas of modern humanitarian knowledge." And further: “The development of historical anthropology has led to a sharp expansion of the range of questions that the historian asks the texts that have come from the past. These questions are aimed at reconstructing the worldview of the people of the epoch under study, the ways of their behavior and the underlying system of values, at the content of collective ideas. " Historical anthropology, thus, introduces new dimensions in the knowledge of history, "because immersion in the picture of the world of people of the past, in their emotions and ideas means a transition from the position of an external observer to the study of culture" from the inside ", as it was perceived and experienced by the participants in the drama of history" ...
The authoritative methodologist of history considers the formation of historical anthropology as overcoming the positivist paradigm, a challenge to traditional historical sciences, the transition from a chronologically linear description of an event to the study of the structures of everyday life, to a holistic consideration of the object of cognition. The anthropological orientation of historical science brings to the fore in the knowledge of the history of human society sociocultural groups, as well as the personality, its self-identification and forms of its identification through the images of various models of behavior.
Turning to the "picture of the world" of a person, studying the strategy of his behavior marked the beginning of the formation and development of a new scientific direction- stories of everyday life. Along with the transition from the dominance of speculative schemes and constructions to the "history of the details of life", the positive moment of bringing the category of "everyday life" to one of the foregrounds in the interest of modern world historiography can be considered the unification into a common subject of a wide area of previously separate plots and topics of historical research (everyday life , leisure, work, gender history, etc.). At the same time, as the researchers note, excessive enthusiasm for everyday life, the hypertrophy of the significance of this topic conceals the threat of "splitting historical reality", smearing "the endless fragmentation of history, without eliminating the danger of schematism, because everyday life should also be structured, but here it is possible as really scientific approach and subjective arbitrariness in the choice of topics and angles. Serious methodological difficulties in the study of the history of everyday life arise in connection with the problem of the source base of the study. As a matter of fact, a radical change in the research source study consciousness is required.
The main technique for studying the history of everyday life is microanalysis. At its core, the microhistorical approach contains a rather fragmented set of ideas expressed by a group of Italian historians headed by K. Ginzburg and J. Levy. Its feature is the deliberate limitation of the scope of observation in space and time. In this connection, a sign of identity is often put between microhistory and local history. It is in the "new local history", according to the authors study guide“The History of Historical Knowledge” (Moscow, 2004), opened the most promising path to the implementation of the project of sociohistory, including in its subject the social aspects of all aspects of the historical life of man.
The collective biography of a local community has become the main method of "history from below", combining various subdisciplines of social history and historical anthropology: its implementation presupposed a combination of demographic and local analysis, with the inclusion of a sociocultural aspect. The studies carried out have demonstrated two main approaches to the study of human communities that have developed in the "new local history". The first of them approaches the solution of the problem from the side of individuals constituting a community and has the subject of research life path a person, from birth to death, described through a change in social roles and stereotypes of behavior and considered in the context of the social life space he occupies at one stage or another. The second approach starts from the disclosure of the internal organization and functioning of the social environment in the broadest sense of the word: including the historical landscape reflecting the physical reality of the local world, human social ecology, the microcosm of the community, the diversity of human communities, formal and informal groups, various associations and corporations, and reveals their relationship with each other, as well as with social strata, estate groups, classes. In this case, the entire set of local sources is used, recording various aspects of the activities of individuals. As a rule, studies of “new local history” are initially focused not on deriving the average or typical path of development, but the maximum consideration of all regional variations in their specific connection with the national whole. The practice of using microhistorical approaches in the study of territorial communities in modern English historiography is recognized as the most successful.
Conclusion
Regional history is an important and integral part of historical research both abroad and in our country. It has gone through a long period of its formation and development, constantly correlating with the general historiographic process. Therefore, the issues of methodological support were not of the same importance as for studies on a broader scale. The methodology determines the nature of the formulation of scientific problems, the choice of adequate ways and principles for their solution, the development and critical assessment of research methods.
It is quite obvious that in the current conditions, in order to really raise the study of local history to the level of a primary, equal genre, it is necessary not only to work performed in the traditional manner of presenting the material, it is necessary to significantly update the research tools, master modern scientific methods, and use interdisciplinary approaches. An excellent opportunity opens up in this case in connection with the study of the history of everyday life, cultural and anthropological aspects of the functioning of urban and rural societies. All this will help to avoid peripherality in scientific activities and will enable historians studying local history, drawing on the experience of the past, using local material, to contribute to the formation of new directions developing in the historical discipline as a whole. However, these approaches cannot be opposed to traditional methods. Historical science cannot refuse to identify trends that characterize the general direction of the historical process in a given epoch.
List of used sources and literature
Antsifirov N. P... Ways to study the city as a social organism. Experience in an integrated approach. L., 1825.
How to explore your city. M.-L., 1929.
Local method in historical science // Regional studies. 1927. T. 4. No. 2.
, Recent historiography Ural history: experience of statistical study of topics dissertation research// Historian in the changing space of Russian culture: collection of articles. Chelyabinsk, 2006.
Barzilov S., Chernyshov A. Region as a political space // Free thought. 1997. No. 2.
Tasks historical study edges // Regional studies. 1928.Vol. 5.No. 3
Regional history of Russia, its scientific foundations and modern problems // Questions of local history. Sat. reports made at [I] Vseros. Scientific conferences societies for the study of the local area in Moscow in December. 1921, convened by the Academy. Center. N.-Novgorod, 1923.
Bourdieu P. Identity and Representation: Elements of the Critical Reflex of the Idea of the “Region” // Ab Imperio. Kazan, 2002. No. 3.
Power and trends in the formation of new social communities in the region. Saratov, 2004.
, Regional studies. M., 2000.
Study of the social history of Russia in the second half of the XIX - early XX century: "microhistorical" approach // Images of historiography. M., 2001.
History in local history // Local history. 1926. T. 3. No. 4.
Grevs I. M... Cultural Monuments and Modernity // Regional Studies. 1929. T. 6. No. 6.
Gurevich A. Ya... To understanding history as a science of man // Historical science at the turn of the century. M., 2001.
Works: in 9 volumes.Moscow, 1987.Vol. I.
Local history. L., 1925.
Historical anthropology as a phenomenon of humanitarian knowledge: development prospects // Historical anthropology: place in the system of social sciences, sources and methods of interpretation. M., 1998.
City museums by October 1927. An essay on the history of the museum and a guide. L., 1928.
Fundamentals of regional studies. Experience in developing a lecture course. / Ed. ... Saratov, 2003.
Regional cultural nests. Historical and local history seminar. M.-L., 1928.
Acceleration A. M... Ways of Soviet Local Lore // History of the USSR. 1967. No. 4.
Reilly Donald J.
Regional parameters of the imperial "geography of power" (Siberia and the Far East) // Ab Imperio. Kazan, 2000. No. 3-4.
, History as an academic discipline // Teaching humanitarian disciplines in Russian universities: state, problems, prospects. M., 2001.
, History of historical knowledge. M., 2004.
Everyday life as a methodological problem of micro and macro-historical research (based on the materials of the Russian history of the XX century) // History in the XXI century: a historical and anthropological approach in teaching and studying the history of mankind. M., 2001.
Sergunin A... Problems and opportunities of regional studies // Polis. 1994.
Region as a subject of politics. Saratov, 1999.
Works: in 3 volumes. St. Petersburg, 1906.Vol. 1.
Paramonova of historical knowledge. M., 2004.
Reilly Donald J. . Some thoughts about the crisis in historical science and the study of local history // History of Russia: a dialogue between Russian and American historians. Materials of the Russian-American scientific conference (Saratov, May 18-20, 1992). Saratov, 1994.
See: A. Sergunin. Problems and opportunities of regional studies // Polis. 1994.S. 5-6; Fundamentals of regional studies. Experience in developing a lecture course. / Ed. ... Saratov, 2003.S. 7-9; Power and trends in the formation of new social communities in the region. Saratov, 2004.S. 15-19.
Bourdieu P. Identity and Representation: Elements of the Critical Reflex of the Idea of the “Region” // Ab Imperio. Kazan, 2002. No. 3.P. 46.
In the same place. P. 47.
Certain evidence of this is the discovery educational specialty"Regional studies" at Saratov University are precisely sociologists.
See: Power and trends in the formation of new social communities in the region. P. 18.
Barzilov S., Chernyshov A. Region as a political space // Free thought. 1997. No. 2. P. 6; Chernyshov as a subject of politics. Saratov, 1999.S. 58.
Chistobaev. M., 2000.S. 113.
Remnev parameters of the imperial "geography of power" (Siberia and the Far East) // Ab Imperio. Kazan, 2000. No. 3-4. P. 347.
Klyuchevsky: in 9 volumes. M., 1987. T. I. p. 50.
Shchapov: in 3 volumes. St. Petersburg, 1906.Vol. 1.P. 754.
Theological history of Russia, its scientific foundations and modern tasks // Questions of local history. Sat. reports made at [I] Vseros. Scientific conferences societies for the study of the local area in Moscow in December. 1921, convened by the Academy. Center. N.-Novgorod, 1923.S. 118-119.
Marr. L., 1925.S. 8.
Arkhangelsk method in historical science // Regional studies. 1927. T. 4. No. 2. S. 181-194; Bakhrushin of the historical study of the region // Regional studies. 1928. T. 5. No. 3. S. 129-140.
Grevs in local history // Local history. 1926. T. 3. No. 4. S. 487-508.
Local history. 1926. T. 3. No. 4. S. 489.
In the same place. P. 490.
See: Piksanov cultural nests. Historical and local history seminar. M.-L., 1928.S. 3-5, 7.
Grevs excursions and the main types of excursions to culture // Excursions to culture. M., 1925.S. 24.
Antsifirov path in historical science // Regional studies. 1928. No. 6. S. 321-338.
Excursion business. 1921. No. 1. P. 21; Excursions to culture. M., 1925.S. 25; Local history. ... T. 1.No. 3.P. 247, 255, etc.
Grevs of culture and modernity // Regional studies. 1929. T. 6. No. 6. S. 311-312.
Local history. 1926. T. 3. No. 4. S. 498; Antsyphyrs study the city as a social organism. Experience in an integrated approach. L., 1825; City museums by October 1927. An essay on the history of the museum and a guide. L., 1928.S. 12-25; Excursion business. 1921. No. 1. S. 28 and others.
Antsifirov explore their city. M.-L., 1929.S. 27-28.
State Archives of the Contemporary History of the Saratov Region, f. 30, op. 22, d.112, l. 102.
The dispersal of Soviet local history // History of the USSR. 1967. No.
See:, Fokin historiography of the Ural history: the experience of statistical study of dissertation research topics // Historian in the changing space of Russian culture: a collection of articles. Chelyabinsk, 2006.S. 463.
Zvereva as academic discipline// Teaching humanitarian disciplines in Russian universities: state, problems, prospects. M., 2001.S. 193.
Reilly Donald J. Some Thoughts on the Crisis in Historical Science and on the Study of Local History // History of Russia: Dialogue between Russian and American Historians. Materials of the Russian-American scientific conference (Saratov, May 18-20, 1992). Saratov, 1994.S. 26.
See: On the Understanding of History as a Science of Man // Historical Science at the Turn of the Century. M., 2001.S. 173.
In the same place. P. 174.
See: Medushevskaya Anthropology as a Phenomenon of Humanitarian Knowledge: Development Prospects // Historical Anthropology: Place in the System of Social Sciences, Sources and Methods of Interpretation. M., 1998.S. 34.
Senyavsky as a methodological problem of micro and macro-historical research (based on the materials of the Russian history of the XX century) // History in the XXI century: a historical and anthropological approach in teaching and studying the history of mankind. M., 2001.S. 27.
See: Gordeeva of the social history of Russia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries: “microhistorical” approach // Images of historiography. M., 2001.S. 122.
History of historical knowledge. M., 2004.S. 239.
Paramonova of historical knowledge. S. 239-240.
Loading...